1.
Spielberg, Styria
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Spielberg is a city located in the Bezirk Murtal in Styria, Austria. The city of Spielberg, with a population of about 5,000 inhabitants, is located north of the Mur in the east of Aichfeld, the municipal area of Knittelfeld has grown together with a part of the township. From 1986 to 2009 Spielberg was a Marktgemeinde, on October 1,2009 it became a “Stadtgemeinde”. Within the district you can find both municipal and countrified mintages, the township is composed of 9 Katastralgemeinden. Pausendorf is the major Katastralgemeinde with 1500 inhabitants, the Katastralgemeinde Spielberg is only a small part of the township but gives the whole municipality its name. Einhörn Laing Lind Maßweg Pausendorf Sachendorf Schönberg Spielberg Weyern The SPÖ has been the dominant position of the township since 1960 and this was triggered when a number of industrial firms moved to the township, above all the Austria Antriebstechnik AG. Spielberg is home to the Red Bull Ring, from 1970 until 1987 and from 1997 until 2003 the Grand Prix of Austria took place there. In 2014, it returned to the Formula 1 calendar, american film director and producer Steven Spielberg gets his last name from his descent from Hungarian Jews living in 17th-century Spielberg
2.
Styria
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Styria is a state or Bundesland, located in the southeast of Austria. In area it is the second largest of the nine Austrian federated states and it borders Slovenia and the Austrian states of Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Salzburg, Burgenland, and Carinthia. The capital city is Graz which had 276,526 inhabitants at the beginning of 2015, the March of Styria derived its name from the original seat of its ruling Otakar dynasty, Steyr, in todays Upper Austria. In German, the area is still called Steiermark while in English the Latin name Styria is used, the ancient link between Steyr and Styria is also apparent in their nearly identical coats of arms, a white Panther on a green background. The term Upper Styria used by an Austrian refers to the northern and northwestern parts of the federal-state, the term West Styria is used for the districts to the west of Graz, the districts east of Graz are referred to as East Styria. The western and eastern parts of the district Graz-Umgebung may or may not be considered parts of West and East Styria, the southern parts of the Duchy of Styria, which have formed part of Yugoslavia or Slovenia since 1918, were referred to as Lower Styria. During early Roman times, Styria was inhabited by Celtic tribes, after its conquest by the Romans, the eastern part of what is now Styria was part of Pannonia, while the western one was included in Noricum. During the Barbarian invasions, it was conquered or crossed by the Visigoths, the Huns, the Ostrogoths, the Rugii, the Lombards, the Franks, in 595 the latter were defeated by the Slavs, who thenceforth ruled it. In 1180 Styria separated from the Duchy of Carinthia and became a Grand Duchy of its own, after the hereditary subdivision of the latter, Styria formed the central part of Inner Austria. Styria developed culturally and economically under John, Archduke of Inner Austria between 1809 and 1859, as elsewhere in the developed world, there has been a shift away from the manufacturing sector towards the service sector in Styria. This has had consequences for the industrial regions of upper Styria which have suffered a steady decline in population in recent years. Styria is home to more than 150 clean technology companies, of one dozen are world technology leaders in their field. The revenue of Styrian cleantech companies totals €2.7 billion and this equals to 8 percent of the Gross Regional Product, and is one of the highest concentrations of leading clean technology companies in Europe. The companies have a growth rate of 22 percent per year—well above the worldwide cleantech market growth of 18 percent per year. The region created roughly 2,000 additional green jobs in 2008 alone, the state is divided into 13 districts, one of them a statutory city. Graz however is a stronghold of the left-wing Communist Party, the governor has usually been an ÖVP member. In these elections, the KPÖ also received votes after it had gained much popularity through its role in local politics in Graz during the preceding few years. The two right-wing populist parties, the Freedom Party of Austria and the Alliance for the Future of Austria, gebirgsdivision Robert Stolz, composer born in Graz Getty Kaspers, lead vocals of Dutch band Teach-In, who won the 1975 Eurovision Song Contest
3.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
6.
Austrian Grand Prix
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The Austrian Grand Prix is a Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile sanctioned auto race which was held in 1964, 1970–1987 and 1997–2003. The Grand Prix returned to the Formula One calendar in 2014, the Austrian Grand Prix has been held at two different locations in the Zeltweg area located in Spielberg in southeastern Austria. A non-championship event was held in 1963 at a track on the Zeltweg Airfield. The first championship event took place in the year. The race was a success, but the track was deemed too dangerous, it was narrow and very bumpy, the FIA removed the race from the F1 calendar until a suitable track was built. From 1970 until 1987, the event was held at the Österreichring and it was built in the scenic Styrian mountains and it was a fast, flowing track where every corner was high speed and long. The Austrian Grand Prix was designated the European Grand Prix once,1975, the very fast track was popular with drivers, and the events were moderately successful. The first race on track was dominated by Ferrari, with their more powerful Flat-12 engines enabled them to be 10 mph faster- which is a lot in racing terms. The 1971 race saw Swiss driver Jo Siffert dominate in his BRM, what was the fastest corner on the track was now the slowest corner there and would become known as the Hella-Licht Chicane. This race was won by Australian Alan Jones in a Shadow,1978 saw the dominant Lotus 79s on the front row, and American Mario Andretti crashed at the Glatz Kurve on the first lap, and his teammate, Swede Ronnie Peterson took victory. 1979 started to show the superiority of turbo-charged engines on this fast, although Jones won again in a Williams, Jean-Pierre Jabouille and Rene Arnoux in their Renaults were able to dominate this event and the following years race, which Jabouille won. After Prosts retirement, the race turned into a sprint between Italian Elio de Angelis in a Lotus and Finn Keke Rosberg in a Williams. 1984 saw Lauda finally take victory at home in his McLaren, the 1985 race saw a fearsome crash at the Panorama Curve when Andrea de Cesaris spectacularly rolled his Ligier, which led to him being fired from the team. Increasing speeds were also a problem at the Österreichring, polesitter Nelson Piquet averaged 159.457 mph in his 1,100 hp Honda-powered Williams. Piquet finished second to his teammate, Briton Nigel Mansell, attempts to bring the race back were unsuccessful, and the event disappeared for a decade. In 1995 and 1996, the Österreichring was refurbished and brought up to date, which allowed the race to run again in 1997. Since the larger portion of the track, which was renamed A1-Ring after a sponsor, is located on the municipal territory of Spielberg, Spielberg was now given as the site of the Grand Prix. The 2002 event received negative publicity after Ferrari instructed Rubens Barrichello to cede his victory to Michael Schumacher and it was a mainstay on the calendar until hosting its final race in 2003
7.
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters
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The Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters is a touring car series using a silhouette racing car based in Germany, but also with rounds elsewhere in Europe. From 2000 onwards, this new DTM continued the former Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft, since 1997 many ideas have been discussed in order to find a compromise for rules of a new DTM. As too many races were planned outside Germany, no Championship status was granted by the DMSB, Alfa Romeo, who at the time were mounting successful campaigns in the European Touring Car Championship, did not return to the series. BMW was also involved in the ETCC and was not satisfied with a championship only for Germany, Audi did not enter as they insisted on using their signature quattro 4WD. Unlike the previous incarnation which primarily used sedan models like the Mercedes-Benz W201, Opel used the upcoming Coupé version of the Astra as in the concept car, and Mercedes the CLK model which already was used as a pattern for the Mercedes-Benz CLK-GTR. Attempts of Zakspeed to enter with a car looking like a Volvo C70 were not approved, the 1999 STW-Supertouring-champion Christian Abt could not defend his STW title as this series was also discontinued, with Opel moving into DTM. Abt used the Audi TT as a basis, as Audi had no suitable 2-door coupé, in May 2000, the new DTM started with the traditional Hockenheimring short track version. Some cars still had no or few sponsorship decals, while Opel could match the speed of most Mercedes in the 2000 season, the hastily developed Abt-Audis were mainly outclassed. As the TT shape had rather poor aerodynamic properties, Abt was allowed to use a form later. Further benefits like a rear wing helped the Abt-Audi TT-R win the DTM championship in 2002 with Laurent Aïello. In 2000, Manuel Reuter came second in the championship, after that year, no Opel driver was among the top three, with few podium finishes and no victory for the disappointing lightnings. The Opels did not win in most of their entries in the VLN endurance races as they were testing, but the speed was impressive. They won however the 2003 Nürburgring 24 Hours against factory efforts by Audi, after their successes with the Audi R8 and the official support of the Abt-TTRs at the Nürburgring, Audi finally joined the DTM as a factory entry in 2004. The three constructors involved decided to switch to saloon bodies, the road models used as patterns since 2004 are the Audi A4, Opel Vectra GTS and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class. All dimensions, like wheelbase, are identical in order to equal opportunities without the actual design of the road cars having any influence. Initially the gap looked set to be filled by MG Rover, however their plans to enter the series were cancelled after the company collapsed in April 2005. Audi and Mercedes fielded 10 cars each in 2006, but the important television deal with the television station ARD required three marques in 2007. Rumours surfaced that Alfa Romeo would return to the DTM in 2007 and these rumors were helped by Alfa Romeo Sport boss Claudio Berro being seen in the Barcelona paddock
8.
European Le Mans Series
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The European Le Mans Series is a European sports car racing endurance series inspired by the 24 Hours of Le Mans race and run by the Automobile Club de lOuest. The European Le Mans Series is similar to the American Le Mans Series based in the United States and Canada that was running with ACO, ELMS team champions and runners-up receive an automatic entry to the following years 24 Hours of Le Mans. Originally titled the Le Mans Endurance Series before becoming simply the Le Mans Series in 2006, the aged IMSA GT Championship was taken over and became the new American Le Mans Series, and met with much success in 1999. Europe had lacked a major sports prototype series since the demise of the World Sportscar Championship in 1992, following the success of the ALMS, Panoz attempting to bring sports prototype racing back to Europe. This led to the 2000 American Le Mans Series season, which included two races in Europe as the Nürburgring and Silverstone Circuit, as well as a round in Australia and these races would serve as a precursor to what would become the separate European Le Mans Series in 2001. To aid in the development of the ELMS, the 2001 season shared some races between both ALMS and ELMS, the 12 Hours of Sebring and Petit Le Mans, normally ALMS races, were considered optional races for ELMS teams. At the same time, the ELMS races at Donington Park and this allowed for the possibility of boosting the draw from international teams to either series. For the ELMS events that included ALMS teams, very few teams actually bothered to make the trip across the Atlantic to participate in races that appeared to have very few serious competitors. Thus the entry lists for each race fell from 25 at the beginning of the season to a mere 14 at seasons end, with some classes only having one or two competitors. With a lack of involvement from teams, and less interest from the due to the lack of teams. Seeing the success of the American Le Mans Series, the ACO decided that a run by themselves would be a better alternative for Europe. The ACO would instead attempt to attract factory backed teams with longer endurance races than ALMS, the series would also be European based instead of international, thus it could be closer to the factories of a large number of sportscar teams to help attract them to the series. Winners of the LMES championship would go on to earn automatic entries in the 24 Hours of Le Mans, similar to the American Le Mans Series. The series was previewed in an open race run under the LMES banner in 2003 at the 1000km of Le Mans. For the 2004 Le Mans Series, the participated in four events, including resurrecting classic races like the 1000km Monza, 1000km Nürburgring,1000 km Silverstone. A large number of turned out, making the racing very exciting. 2005 saw the series expand to a five race format with the addition of the Istanbul Racing Circuit, in 2007, the LMS held its first and single overseas race with Mil Milhas Brasil as the sixth round. For 2013 a twenty-nine car field has been announced including eleven LMP2 cars, in 2016 the GTC class featuring GT3-spec cars was dropped from the series
9.
2014 4 Hours of Red Bull Ring
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The 20144 Hours of Red Bull Ring was an endurance auto race held at the Red Bull Ring in Spielberg, Styria, Austria on 19–20 July 2014. It was the round of the 2014 European Le Mans Series season. This was the first race held at the Red Bull Ring in European Le Mans Series history, the Signatech Alpine trio of Paul-Loup Chatin, Nelson Panciatici, and Oliver Webb won the race over recent Le Mans class winners Jota Sport. AF Corses Matt Griffin, Duncan Cameron, and Michele Rugolo won the LMGTE class for the time in the season. SMP Racing scored a victory in GTC with the Kirill Ladygin, Aleksey Basov
10.
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
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The FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix is the premier class of motorcycle road racing, held since 1949. Grand Prix motorcycles are purpose-built racing machines that are available for purchase by the general public nor able to be ridden legally on public roads. The championship is divided into three classes, MotoGP, Moto2 and Moto3. All three classes use four-stroke engines, in 2010 the 250cc class was replaced by the new Moto2600 cc four-stroke class. After that, MotoGP gave the four-strokes a 490cc advantage over the two-strokes, a 2 stroke engine produces power with every rotation of the crank, where as the 4 stroke engine produces power every fourth rotation. In theory, a 500cc 2stroke produces the power as a 1000cc 4 stroke. Carburation vs fuel injection, engine mapping, power/torque curves, practice showed the 4 strokes generating 10 to 15 more Hp and turning in much faster lap times then their 2 stroke counterparts. 4 stroke engines would be the choice for years to come. Moto2 and 3 are four-stroke only, a FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix was first organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme in 1949. The commercial rights are now owned by Dorna Sports, with the FIM remaining as the sanctioning body. Teams are represented by the International Road Racing Teams Association and manufacturers by the Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association, rules and changes to regulations are decided between the four entities, with Dorna casting a tie-breaking vote. In cases of technical modifications, the MSMA can unilaterally enact or veto changes by unanimous vote among its members and these four entities compose the Grand Prix Commission. There have traditionally been several races at each event for various classes of motorcycles, based on engine size, and one class for sidecars. Classes for 50 cc,80 cc,125 cc,250 cc,350 cc, and 500 cc solo machines have existed at some time, up through the 1950s and most of the 1960s, four-stroke engines dominated all classes. In part this was due to rules, which allowed a multiplicity of cylinders, in the 1960s, two-stroke engines began to take root in the smaller classes. In 1969, the FIM — citing high development costs for non-works teams — brought in new rules restricting all classes to six gears, by this time, two-strokes completely eclipsed the four-strokes in all classes. The 50 cc class was replaced by an 80 cc class, then the class was dropped entirely in the 1990s, after being dominated primarily by Spanish, the 350 cc class vanished in the 1980s. Sidecars were dropped from world events in the 1990s, reducing the field to 125s, 250s
11.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
12.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
13.
Michael Schumacher
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Michael Schumacher is a German retired racing driver. He is a seven-time Formula One World Champion and is regarded as one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He was named Laureus World Sportsman of the Year twice and he won two titles with Benetton in 1994 and 1995 before moving to Ferrari where he drove for eleven years. His time with Ferrari yielded five consecutive titles between 2000 and 2004, Schumacher holds many of Formula Ones driver records, including most championships, race victories, fastest laps, pole positions and races won in a single season –13 in 2004. In 2002, he became the driver in Formula One history to finish in the top three in every race of a season and then also broke the record for most consecutive podium finishes. According to the official Formula One website, he is statistically the greatest driver the sport has ever seen, after beginning in karting, Schumacher won the German drivers championships in Formula König and Formula Three before joining Mercedes in the World Sportscar Championship. In 1991, his Mercedes-funded race debut for the Jordan Formula One team resulted in Schumacher being signed by Benetton Formula One team as their driver for the rest of that season. Establishing himself as a top driver, finishing third in 1992 and fourth in 1993, in 1995 he repeated the success, this time with a greater margin. Schumacher moved to Ferrari in 1996, Schumacher came close to winning the 1997 and 1998 titles, before breaking his leg at the 1999 British Grand Prix, ending another title run. Things then came good for Schumacher who won five consecutive drivers titles from 2000 to 2004. Schumacher retired from Formula One driving in 2006 staying with Ferrari as an advisor and he came close to an eighth title that year, but due to technical problems in the final two races he fell short to Fernando Alonso. Schumacher agreed to return for Ferrari part-way through 2009, as cover for the badly injured Felipe Massa, Schumacher returned to Formula One on a permanent basis from 2010 with the Mercedes team before retiring for a second time at the conclusion of the 2012 season. Off the track, Schumacher is an ambassador for UNESCO and a spokesman for driver safety and he has been involved in numerous humanitarian efforts throughout his life and donated tens of millions of dollars to charity. In December 2013, Schumacher suffered a head injury while skiing. He was airlifted to a hospital and placed in an induced coma. He was in the coma for six months from 29 December 2013 until 16 June 2014 and he left the hospital in Grenoble for further rehabilitation at the University Hospital in Lausanne. On 9 September 2014, Schumacher was relocated to his home where he continues to receive medical treatment, Schumacher was born in Hürth, North Rhine-Westphalia, to Rolf Schumacher, a bricklayer, and his wife Elisabeth. When Schumacher was four, his father modified his pedal kart by adding a small motorcycle engine, when Schumacher crashed it into a lamp post in Kerpen, his parents took him to the karting track at Kerpen-Horrem, where he became the youngest member of the karting club
14.
Scuderia Ferrari
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Scuderia Ferrari S. p. A. competing as Scuderia Ferrari is the official name of the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer, Ferrari, and competes in Formula One racing. It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team, the team was founded by Enzo Ferrari, initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo, though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars. As a constructor, Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors Championships, Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Mike Hawthorn, Phil Hill, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers Championships for the team. Since Räikkönens title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers title with Felipe Massa, Schumacher is the teams most successful driver. Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team. His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004, including the constructors title of 1999 consecutively being won until the end of 2004, this was the teams most successful period. Currently, World Champions Kimi Räikkönen and Sebastian Vettel are the two race drivers. The team is known for its passionate support base known as the tifosi. The Italian Grand Prix at Monza is regarded as the home race. The Scuderia Ferrari team was founded by Enzo Ferrari on 16 November 1929 and became the team of Alfa Romeo. In 1938, Alfa Romeo management made the decision to enter racing under its own name, establishing the Alfa Corse organisation, Enzo Ferrari disagreed with this change in policy and was finally dismissed by Alfa in 1939. The terms of his leaving forbade him from motorsport under his own name, in 1939 Ferrari started work on a racecar of his own, the Tipo 815. The 815s, designed by Alberto Massimino, were thus the first Ferrari cars, World War II put a temporary end to racing, and Ferrari concentrated on an alternative use for his factory during the war years, doing machine tool work. After the war, Ferrari recruited several of his former Alfa colleagues and established a new Scuderia Ferrari, the team owns and operates a test track on the same site, the Fiorano Circuit built in 1972, which is used for testing road and race cars. The team is named after its founder, Enzo Ferrari, Scuderia is Italian for a stable reserved for racing horses and is also commonly applied to Italian motor racing teams. In 1947 Ferrari constructed the 12-cylinder,1.5 L Tipo 125, a Formula One version of the Tipo 125, the Ferrari 125 F1 was developed in 1948 and entered in several Grand Prix, at the time a World Championship had not yet been established. In 1950, the Formula One World Championship was established, and it is the only team to have competed in every season of the World Championship, from its inception to the current day. The company later switched to the large-displacement naturally aspirated formula for the 275,340, after the 1951 Formula One season the Alfa team withdrew from F1, causing the authorities to adopt the Formula Two regulations due to the lack of suitable F1 cars
15.
Ferrari F2003-GA
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The Ferrari F2003-GA was the car used by Scuderia Ferrari in the 2003 Formula One season, designed by Rory Byrne and Ross Brawn. Its development was based on the previous Ferrari F2002, featuring bulbous sidepods, the engine and gearbox were developed versions of the previous model. The car was designated GA as a mark of respect to Gianni Agnelli, the car was introduced just before mid season in 2003, as the F2002 was seen as good enough to be competitive whilst the F2003-GA was developed further. As a result, Williams and McLaren were able to mount a consistent challenge to Ferrari, the car won seven races, five pole positions, and five fastest laps before being replaced with the dominant F2004 in 2004, a car which was almost identical to its predecessor. Schumachers fastest lap at the Red Bull Ring is still the lap record as of 2014, *32 points scored with the F2002B
16.
2003 Austrian Grand Prix
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The 2003 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 18 May 2003 at the A1-Ring. It was the round of the 2003 Formula One season. The 69-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher driving a Ferrari car after starting from pole position, Kimi Räikkönen finished second driving for McLaren with Rubens Barrichello third in the other Ferrari. It was the last Austrian Grand Prix to be held until it returned to the renamed Red Bull Ring in 2014, the Grand Prix was contested by ten teams with two drivers each. The teams were Ferrari, Williams, McLaren, Renault, Sauber, Jordan, Jaguar, BAR, Minardi and Toyota. It was announced in January 2003 that the Austrian Grand Prix would be dropped from the Formula One calendar in 2004 and this was because an exit clause was enabled in response to the European Union pushing forward a ban on tobacco advertising to 1 October 2005. Before the race, McLaren driver Kimi Räikkönen led the Drivers Championship with 32 points, ahead of Michael Schumacher, Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 20 points, while David Coulthard was a close fifth on 19 points. In the Constructors Championship, McLaren were leading with 51 points, Renault and Williams contended for fourth place and Jordan were fifth on eleven points. Qualifying was interesting, as there was no knowledge of what the weather would be for the race, making tyre, Michael Schumacher qualified on pole despite a huge slide on his best qualifying lap. Championship leader Kimi Räikkönen qualified second, and was given dispensation from the FIA to change his cracked valve. Fernando Alonso chose to start from the pitlane in the spare car and this meant Webber could not change tyres or add fuel until the race started, whereas Alonso could. His Jaguar broke this rule, and so Webber received a 10-second stop/go penalty, cristiano da Matta had a faulty launch control, which caused 2 aborted starts, reducing the race to 69 laps. On the third lap, Heinz-Harald Frentzens Sauber did not start. At the start, Jos Verstappens launch control broke, and he retired and this caused the safety car to be deployed. Michael eventually led Montoya and Räikkönen when the flag came out at the end of lap 4. The field remained relatively stable for the next several laps, after 11 laps, it started to rain lightly, although it was not enough to force cars into the pits. Moments later, Jarno Trullis Renault spun at turn one and he rejoined without problems. On lap 23, Michael pitted and there was a problem with his fuel filler, possibly caused by the fact that the team had used it to fill up Rubens Barrichellos car, which had a very slow first stop
17.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
18.
Nelson Piquet
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Nelson Piquet Souto Maior, known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian former racing driver and businessman. Since his retirement, Piquet has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls, Piquet had a brief career in tennis before losing interest in the sport and subsequently took up karting and hid his identity to prevent his father discovering his hobby. He became the Brazilian national karting champion in 1971-72 and won the Formula Vee championship in 1976, with advice from Emerson Fittipaldi, Piquet went to Europe to further success by taking the record number of wins in Formula Three in 1978, defeating Jackie Stewarts all-time record. In the same year, he made his Formula One debut with the Ensign team and drove for McLaren, in 1979, Piquet moved to the Brabham team and finished the runner-up in 1980 before winning the championship in 1981. Piquets poor performances in 1982 saw a resurgence for 1983 and his world championship. For 1984–85, Piquet had once again lost chances to win the championship and he moved to the Williams team in 1986 and was a title contender until the final round in Australia. Piquet took his third and final championship in 1987 during a battle with team-mate Nigel Mansell which left the pairs relationship sour. Piquet subsequently moved to Lotus for 1988–89 where he experienced his third drop in form and he eventually went to the Benetton team for 1990-91 where he managed to win three races before retiring. After retiring from Formula One, Piquet tried his hand at the Indianapolis 500 for two years and he also tried his hand at sports car racing during and after his Formula One career. Piquet is currently retired and runs several businesses in Brazil and manages his sons Nelson Piquet Jr. Piquet was born in Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil, the son of Estácio Gonçalves Souto Maior, a Brazilian physician. His father moved his family to the new capital, Brasília, in 1960, Piquet had two brothers, Alexis, and Geraldo, and a sister Genusa. Piquet was the youngest of the children, Piquet started kart racing at the age of 14, but because his father did not approve of his racing career, he used his mothers maiden name Piquet misspelt as Piket to hide his identity. His father wanted Piquet to be a tennis player and was given a scholarship at a school in Atlanta. Piquet started playing tennis at the age of 11 and he won tournaments in Brazil and eventually took a trip to California to test his skill against tougher American players. During his time, he had learned to speak English and greatly matured and his short tennis career saw Piquet to be prized as a good player, but not thought sufficiently exciting for the sport to devote his career to motor racing. Piquet dropped out of a University two years into a course in 1974. In the 1978 British Formula 3 season he broke Jackie Stewarts record of the most wins in a season, Piquet made his Formula One debut for Ensign in Germany, starting 21st only to retire on lap 31 with a broken engine. After the race, Piquet signed a deal with the McLaren of BS Fabrications to race in the three races, where he left good impressions
19.
Williams Grand Prix Engineering
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Williams Grand Prix Engineering Limited, currently racing in Formula One as Williams Martini Racing, is a British Formula One motor racing team and constructor. It was founded and is run by team owner Sir Frank Williams, the team was formed in 1977 after Frank Williams two earlier unsuccessful F1 operations, Frank Williams Racing Cars and Wolf-Williams Racing. All of Williams F1 chassis are called FW then a number, Williams first race was the 1977 Spanish Grand Prix, where the new team ran a March chassis for Patrick Nève. Williams started manufacturing its own cars the year, and Switzerlands Clay Regazzoni won Williams first race at the 1979 British Grand Prix. Williams won nine Constructors Championships between 1980 and 1997 and this stood as a record until Ferrari surpassed it in 2000. Each of these drivers, with the exception of Senna and Button, have captured one title with the team. Of those who have won the championship with Williams, only Jones, Rosberg, Williams have worked with many engine manufacturers, most successfully with Renault, Williams won five of their nine constructors titles with the French company. Williams F1 also has business interests beyond Formula One racing, in April 2014, Williams Hybrid Power were sold to GKN. Williams Advanced Engineering had a centre in Qatar until it was closed in 2014. Frank Williams started the current Williams team in 1977 after his previous outfit, Frank Williams Racing Cars, despite the promise of a new owner in the form of Canadian millionaire Walter Wolf, the team rebranded as Wolf-Williams Racing in 1976, the cars were not competitive. Eventually Williams left the rechristened Walter Wolf Racing and moved to Didcot to rebuild his team as Williams Grand Prix Engineering, Frank recruited young engineer Patrick Head to work for the team, creating the Williams-Head partnership. In February 2011, Williams F1 announced their intention to float via a public offering on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Swiss-based Bank am Bellevue AG will act as sole global co-ordinator of up to 27. 39% of existing shares, Sir Frank Williams will remain majority shareholder and team principal after the IPO. The shares are valued at between 24 and 29 euros, which values the Williams F1 team at 265 million euros. In February 2017 the shares are divided in this way, Frank Williams 52, 25%, Brad Hollinger 14, 75%, Patrick Head 9%, 20% on the market place. Williams entered a custom March 761 for the 1977 season, lone driver Patrick Nève appeared at 11 races that year, starting with the Spanish Grand Prix. The new team failed to score a point, achieving a best finish of 7th at the Italian Grand Prix, for the 1978 season, Patrick Head designed his first Williams car, the FW06. Williams signed Australian Alan Jones, who had won the Austrian Grand Prix the previous season for a devastated Shadow team following the death of their lead driver, Tom Pryce
20.
Honda in Formula One
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Honda has participated in Formula One, as an entrant, constructor and engine supplier, for various periods since 1964. Hondas involvement in Formula One began with the 1964 season, their withdrawal in 1968 was precipitated by the death of Honda driver Jo Schlesser during the 1968 French Grand Prix and they returned in 1983 as an engine supplier, a role that ended in 1992. They returned again in 2000, providing engines for British American Racing, by the end of 2005 they had bought out the BAR team, based at Brackley, United Kingdom, and renamed their new subsidiary Honda Racing. It was announced on 5 December 2008 that Honda would be exiting Formula One with immediate effect due to the financial crisis and were looking to sell their team. On 27 February 2009 it was announced that team principal Ross Brawn had led a management buyout of the Brackley team, the team raced successfully as Brawn GP in 2009, and was subsequently sold to Daimler AG and renamed Mercedes GP for the 2010 season. On 17 May 2013, Honda announced their intention to return to the sport in the 2015 season under an agreement with McLaren to supply V6 engines. Honda entered Formula One Grand Prix racing in 1964, just four years after producing their first road car and they began development of the RA271 in 1962 and startled the European-dominated Formula One garages with their all-Japanese factory team. More startling was the fact that Honda built their own engine and chassis, something only Ferrari, in only their second year of competition, Honda reached the coveted top step of the podium with Ginthers win in the RA272 at the 1965 Mexican Grand Prix. For the new 3. 0L rules from 1966, Honda introduced the Honda RA273, although the RA273s engine was a well-designed, ~360 bhp V12, the car was let down by a relatively heavy and unwieldy in-house chassis. Honda returned to the circle in 1967 with the new Honda RA300. This won the 1967 Italian Grand Prix in only its first Formula One race, the RA300 chassis was partly designed by Lola in the UK, and this resulted in the car being nicknamed the Hondola by the motoring press. This was the last competitive car that Honda produced for Formula One in the 1960s, the following years Honda RA301 only reached the podium twice. The teams new Honda RA302 appeared in only a race at Rouen-Les-Essarts. The death prompted Honda to withdraw from Formula One at the end of the 1968 Formula One season, mugen-powered cars had won 4 Grands Prix by the end of the 1999 season. In 1998, Honda was seriously considering entry in Formula One as a constructor, going as far as producing an engine and hiring Harvey Postlethwaite as technical director and designer. In addition, Honda pulled engineer Kyle Petryshen from HRC to help with the design, implementation, a test car, RA099, designed by Postlethwaite and built by Dallara, was made and tested during 1999, driven by Jos Verstappen. The team impressed at test sessions, beating some more experienced and better financed teams, even if they were mostly in the midfield. At a test of car, Postlethwaite suffered a fatal heart attack
21.
Williams FW11
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The Williams FW11 was a Formula One car designed by Frank Dernie as a serious challenger to McLaren and their MP4/2 car. The car took over from where the FW10 left off at the end of 1985, when that car won the last three races of the season. The FW11s most notable feature was the Honda 1.5 Litre V6 turbo engine, one of the most powerful in F1 at the time producing 800 bhp at 12, 000rpm and well over 1,000 bhp in qualifying. Added to the power were the aerodynamics, which were ahead of the MP4/2. That and its excellent driving pairing of Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell made it a force to be reckoned with, the car was an instantly recognisable product of the turbo era of F1. In 1986, the car won first time out in Brazil with Piquet, Williams were shaken by the near fatal road crash of Frank Williams which demoralised the team. Patrick Head stepped up and managed the team until Williams returned late in the season and this may have caused the in-fighting between the two team mates, and the lost points helped Alain Prost take his second world championship. That and Mansells spectacular blow out in the race in Australia where all he had to do was finish third to win the title. The points built up between Piquet and Mansell were enough for Williams to take the championship, however. Reportedly, both Nelson Piquet and Honda, whom it was rumored were paying the bulk of the Brazilians USD$3.3 million retainer, left Australia angry with Head and Williams Management. The FW11 was updated slightly for 1987 to become the FW11B, as for Mansell, he scored six victories including a memorable come from behind win at the British Grand Prix at Silverstone, passing Piquet for the lead with just 3 laps remaining. He scored twice as many wins as Piquet, but also had the share of bad luck. Piquets third championship was assured after Mansell had a crash during practice for the Japanese Grand Prix. The new suspension was a suspension system, but was renamed due to the Lotus team having a copyright on the active name for the system. It took until the race in Portugal before Mansell would try the reactive car during a Grand Prix weekend. There were also plans in 1987 to introduce an automatic transmission. It was believed there were two reasons for this. Honda were unhappy with Williams management for not honoring the number 1 status contract of their driver Nelson Piquet
22.
1987 Austrian Grand Prix
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The 1987 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on August 16,1987. It was the round of the 1987 Formula One season. It was the twentieth Austrian Grand Prix and the last to be held at the Österreichring for ten years and it was held over 52 laps of the six kilometre circuit for a race distance of 309 kilometres. The race was won by British driver Nigel Mansell driving a Williams FW11B and he led home team mate Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet by 56 seconds. It was Mansells third win of the season, and Williams fifth consecutive win, teo Fabi finished third in the best result of the season so far for the Benetton team. It was, however, the first of only two podiums for Benetton for the 1987 season and it was also the second and final podium of Fabis Formula One career having previously had a third place at the 1984 Detroit Grand Prix. The race was plagued with accidents, the first major incident came when Stefan Johansson hit a deer with his McLaren MP4/3 after it wandered onto the circuit during Friday practice. The terrified deer was crossing the track to seek refuge from the noise of the cars when it was struck by Johansson traveling at close to 140 mph, killing it instantly. The McLaren left front suspension was broken in the impact causing it to spear off into the guardrail and all four corners of the car, as well as the carbon fibre monocoque were destroyed. Johansson was fortunate to escape with little more than a headache, though he was flown by helicopter to a hospital in Klagenfurt for x-rays after complaining of headaches. His crash caused McLaren to have to fly a spare car overnight from the base in Woking. Nelson Piquets Williams-Honda had collided with the AGS of Pascal Fabre, the second attempt to start was more serious. Mansell on the front row crawled away with clutch problems and the grid compacted behind him, for the third start Streiff was missing. Tyrrell had run out of cars and Palmer got the use of the surviving DG016 as he had qualified higher than his team mate. Several drivers were in repaired cars or in cars, including Ayrton Senna after a CV joint failed in his Lotus during the second start. The third start, over two hours late, continued to claim cars, alain Prost had an electrical failure as the warm-up lap began. The team mechanics got the car going and Prost started from pitlane along with Senna, the third attempt to start had no problems although Johansson soon pitted with a puncture then had a tyre fall off on his out lap after a chaotic pitstop. Johansson made it back to the pits and resumed, Piquet led early from Thierry Boutsen in his Benetton and Mansell
23.
Niki Lauda
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Andreas Nikolaus Niki Lauda is an Austrian former Formula One driver and a three-time F1 World Drivers Champion, winning in 1975,1977 and 1984. He is currently the driver to have been champion for both Ferrari and McLaren, the sports two most successful constructors. More recently an aviation entrepreneur, he has founded and run two airlines and he is also Bombardier Business Aircraft brand ambassador. He was also a consultant for Scuderia Ferrari and team manager of the Jaguar Formula One racing team for two years and he is currently working as a pundit for German TV during Grand Prix weekends and acts as non-executive chairman of the Mercedes AMG Petronas F1 Team. Lauda owns 10% of the team, however, he survived, and recovered enough to race again just six weeks later at the Italian Grand Prix. Niki Lauda was born on 22 February 1949 in Vienna, Austria and his paternal grandfather was the Viennese-born businessman Hans Lauda. Lauda became a racing driver despite his familys disapproval, after starting out with a Mini, Lauda moved on into Formula Vee, as was normal in Central Europe, but rapidly moved up to drive in private Porsche and Chevron sports cars. With his career stalled, he took out a £30,000 GBP bank loan, secured by an insurance policy. Because of his familys disapproval he had a feud with his family over his racing ambitions. He was quickly promoted to the F1 team, but drove for March in F1, although the F2 cars were good, Marchs 1972 F1 season was catastrophic. Lauda took out another loan to buy his way into the BRM team in 1973. Regazzoni spoke so favourably of Lauda that Ferrari promptly signed him, after an unsuccessful start to the 1970s culminating in a disastrous start to the 1973 season, Ferrari regrouped completely under Luca di Montezemolo and were resurgent in 1974. The teams faith in the little-known Lauda was quickly rewarded by a finish in his début race for the team. His first Grand Prix victory – and the first for Ferrari since 1972 – followed only three races later in the Spanish Grand Prix and he finished fourth in the Drivers Championship and demonstrated immense commitment to testing and improving the car. The 1975 F1 season started slowly for Lauda, after no better than a finish in the first four races. Lauda famously gave away any trophies he won to his garage in exchange for his car to be washed and serviced. It would be a feat not achieved since Jack Brabhams victories in 1959 and 1960 and he also looked set to win the most races in a season, a record held by the late Jim Clark since 1963. Most of the other drivers voted against the boycott and the race went ahead, unlike Lunger, Lauda was trapped in the wreckage
24.
Ferrari 312T
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The Ferrari 312T was a Ferrari Formula One car design, based on the 312B3 from 1974. In various versions, it was used from 1975 until 1980 and it was designed by Mauro Forghieri for the 1975 season and was an uncomplicated and clean design that responded to mechanical upgrades. The 312T series won 27 races, four Constructors and three Drivers Championships, and was replaced for the 1981 season by the 126 C, Ferraris first turbocharged F1 car, the car was powered by the powerful and ultra reliable flat-12 engine which gave around 510 bhp. The T in the name stood for transverse, as the gearbox was mounted in this way, improving the handling characteristics. The development of the 312T began in 1974, as it became apparent that problems with the handling of the then current 312B3 chassis could not be solved, as with all Ferrari F1 cars of this era, the design of the new model was led by Mauro Forghieri. The gearbox design allowed it to be positioned ahead of the rear axle, the suspension was also significantly different from that of the 312B3, and the front of the chassis was much narrower. The handling of the car was found to be inherently neutral, Niki Lauda tested the car extensively during the off season, ready for a full-on championship challenge. The first 312T was completed in the autumn of 1974, however, the team used the old 312B3 at the first two races of the 1975 season, and it was not until the South African Grand Prix the 312T received its race debut. The cars performance at its debut race was disappointing, with Clay Regazzonis car being set up incorrectly, a subsequent test of Laudas engine proved that there was a technical problem. Lauda went on to win the US Grand Prix at seasons end, the Formula 1 technical regulations were changed for the 1976 season – from the Spanish Grand Prix in May, the tall air boxes which had become popular would be banned. The rules therefore allowed Ferrari to continue to use the 312T for the opening 3 races of the 1976 season, before the introduction of its successor, a total of five 312T chassis were used in races. The cars final world championship race was at the 1976 United States Grand Prix West, the 312T2 was launched at Fiorano and featured a number of modifications over the 312T. In order to comply with the revised rules, the car no longer featured an airbox behind the cockpit. Instead NACA shaped air intakes were incorporated into the cockpit sides, at 2560mm, the wheelbase was 42mm longer than that of the 312T. The 312T2 was given its debut at the non-championship Brands Hatch Race of Champions in March 1976 and was first used in a world championship race in May at the Spanish Grand Prix. The 312T2 was, if anything, more successful than the 312T, Lauda was comfortably leading the world championship after another 3 wins, when at the 1976 German Grand Prix at Nürburgring he had a massive accident caused by a suspected rear suspension failure. In the aftermath he nearly burned to death, but was back to racing just 6 weeks later. Lauda conceded the title by just a point to James Hunt
25.
1975 Austrian Grand Prix
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The 1975 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on 17 August 1975. It was the eighth Austrian Grand Prix and the sixth to be held at the Österreichring and it was held over 29 of the scheduled 54 laps of the six kilometre circuit for a race distance of 171 kilometres. The race was shortened by rain, meaning that only half points were awarded. Mastering the wet weather, the race was won by Italian driver Vittorio Brambilla driving a March 751 and it was Brambillas only Formula One win in his seven-year Grand Prix career. He took a 27-second win over British driver James Hunt in his Hesketh 308, eight seconds further back was the Shadow DN5 of British driver Tom Pryce in the first of just two podiums in his abbreviated career. With neither Carlos Reutemann nor Emerson Fittipaldi featuring in the points, if Lauda scored any points at all at the Italian Grand Prix the Austrian driver could claim the championship. Niki Lauda delighted his home crowd by claiming his seventh position of the year. Rolf Stommelen returned after his crash in Spain, Chris Amon had returned for Ensign, practice was marred by a series of accidents, Brian Henton crashing his Lotus when he hit an oil patch and Wilson Fittipaldi breaking two bones in his hand. During the final session, Mark Donohue crashed at Vost-Hugel. The catch fencing balled up under the car, catapulting it into an advertising hoarding, both Donohue, who had suffered a brain hemorrhage, and a track marshal who had been hit by debris died two days later. As the grid formed up, there were reports of rain at the far side of the track, thunderclouds were forming ominously and the cars were returned to the pits to change to wet tyres. After 45 minutes, the grid reformed, Lauda led off the start from James Hunt and Patrick Depailler who had shot up from the fourth row. Mario Andretti spun off, whilst Bob Evans retired the BRM, Vittorio Brambilla had shot through the spray to gain a magnificent third place, with Ronnie Peterson leaping from tenth to fourth. By lap 12, it was obvious that Laudas car was not set up fully to cope with wet conditions, however, this was to be short-lived. The Heskeths engine was running on seven cylinders and Brambilla was clambering all over the back of the car. Ahead of them Lunger was driving carefully in his first wet race, Brambilla seized the lead and it took a further two laps for Hunt to finally pass his team-mate. Peterson had to pit to replace a faulty visor, whilst the Brabham drivers found they had been racing with one of their own rear tyres, as Brambilla took the flag, he crashed into the barriers and the March team celebrated a historic victory. However, behind the scenes, there was confusion, some teams were preparing for a restart, but as the race had been stopped with a chequered flag only, this could not happen
26.
Race track
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A race track is a facility built for racing of vehicles, athletes, or animals. A race track also may feature grandstands or concourses, racetracks are also used in the study of animal locomotion. Some motorsport tracks are called speedways, a racetrack is a permanent facility or building. Racecourse is a term for a horse racing track, found in countries such as the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Hong Kong. Race tracks built for bicycles are known as velodromes, circuit is a common alternate term for racetrack, given the circuit configuration of most race tracks, allowing races to occur over several laps. A race course, as opposed to a racecourse, is a term for non-permanent tracks for sports, particularly running, water sports, road racing. Many sports usually held on racetracks also can occur on temporary tracks, there is some evidence of racetracks being developed in several ancient civilizations. The most developed ancient racetracks were the hippodromes of the Ancient Greeks, both of these structures were designed for horse and chariot racing. The stadium of the Circus Maximus in Ancient Rome could hold 200,000 spectators, racing facilities existed during the Middle Ages, and there are records of a public racecourse being opened at Newmarket in London in 1174. In 1780 the Earl of Derby created a course on his estate at Epsom. Racecourses in the British Isles are based on grass, known as turf tracks, in the United States, the race tracks are dirt. With the advent of the automobile in the late twentieth century. The earliest tracks were modified horse racing courses, racing automobiles in such facilities began in September 1896, at Narragansett Park in Cranston, Rhode Island. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway was opened in August 1909, beginning in the early 1900s, motorcycle races were run on high, banked, wooden race tracks called board tracks. During the 1920s, many of the races on the AAA Championship circuit were run on board tracks. Modern racetracks are designed with safety being paramount, following incidents of spectator. These often involve run off areas, barriers, and high fencing, several racetracks are incorporated into larger venues or complexes, incorporating golf courses, museums, hotels, and conference centres. Some racetracks are small enough to be contained indoors, for such as motocross, cycling
27.
1970 Formula One season
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The 1970 Formula One season was the 24th season of the FIAs Formula One motor racing. It featured the 21st World Championship of Drivers and the 13th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, thirteen races were held between 7 March 1970 and 25 October 1970, with the Championship won by Jochen Rindt and the constructors title by Lotus. Rindt died four races before the end of the season, but had earned enough World Championship points such that no other driver managed to surpass his total by the end of the season. It is the season to date in which the World Championship title has been awarded posthumously. Jacky Ickx driving for Ferrari finished the season strongly, but a 4th-place finish in the penultimate round ensured that Rindts title lead would stand, in the end, all of Rindts points came from his five wins. The following teams and drivers competed in the 1970 World Championship, for the 1970 Formula One season, following an agreement with Simca, Tyrrell were asked by Matra to use their V12 rather than the Cosworth. Stewart tested the Matra V12 and found it inferior to the DFV, the new wedge-shaped Lotus 72 had very innovative car design, featuring torsion bar suspension, hip-mounted radiators, inboard front brakes and an overhanging rear wing. The 72 originally had suspension problems, but when dive and squat were designed out of the suspension the car showed its superiority. Lotus new leader, the Austrian Jochen Rindt, dominated the championship until he was killed at Monza when he crashed into some poorly installed crash barriers right before the Parabolica corner and he took the 1970 title posthumously for Lotus. Jacky Ickx won the Austrian, Canadian and Mexican Grands Prix to come second in the Drivers Championship, had he won the United States Grand Prix instead of Brazilian newcomer Emerson Fittipaldi, Ickx would have been crowned champion. The 1970 season was one of the most tragic in Formula One history,1970 saw the introduction of slick tyres by Goodyear. After a Formula One career that began at the 1955 British Grand Prix, the first round was the South Africa Grand Prix held at the Kyalami circuit between Johannesburg and Pretoria. Jack Brabham won the race in a Brabham BT33, the Spanish Grand Prix took place on the Jarama circuit. The defending champion Jackie Stewart won in a March 701, the Monaco Grand Prix ended in a close finish. At the last corner of the last lap, Jack Brabham skidded off the track, allowing Austrian Jochen Rindt in a Lotus 49 to pass and win the race. Formula One had recently lost one of its top drivers, Bruce McLaren had been killed testing a Can-Am car at the Goodwood circuit in southern England, a chicane had also been inserted at the incredibly fast Malmedy corner to reduce speeds onto the Masta straight. Stewart took pole, followed by New Zealander Chris Amon and Rindt, Rindt took the lead going into Eau Rouge, and once the cars came back around towards La Source, Amon was leading. Then, Stewart took the lead, but then retired his March-Ford/Cosworth with engine problems.1 seconds, Frenchman Jean-Pierre Beltoise took the final podium spot, followed by home favorite Jacky Ickx in a Ferrari
28.
1987 FIA Formula One World Championship
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The 1987 Formula One season was the 41st season of Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1987 FIA Formula One World Championship for Drivers and Constructors which commenced on 12 April 1987, the 1987 World Championship featured a season long duel between the two Williams drivers, Brazilian two-time champion Nelson Piquet and British driver Nigel Mansell. The pair won nine of the sixteen races in their Williams FW11Bs. Their mid-season dominance eliminated all competition however, Mansell took six wins compared to the more consistent Piquet with three. Williams-Honda dominated the Constructors Championship, claiming 137 points compared to McLaren-TAG on 76 points, Lotus-Honda claimed third in the points resisting a late season charge from Ferrari led by Austrian driver Gerhard Berger who won the final two races of the year in Japan and Australia. Two new sub-championships were created for the 1987 season, British driver Jonathan Palmer won the championship, wrapping it up early in Japan and finishing 21 points ahead of his French teammate Philippe Streiff. As Tyrrell was the only team in the Colin Chapman trophy. Philippe Alliots results in the Larrousse-entered Lola LC87 were sufficient to earn him third place in the Jim Clark Trophy and Lola second in the Colin Chapman Trophy. As part of a plan to phase turbos out of Formula One. The FIA also banned the super soft qualifying tyres in 1987, after six years in F1, Pirelli retired from the sport for the 1987 season, therefore Goodyear became the single tyre supplier. The following drivers and constructors competed in the 1987 season, points towards the 1987 FIA Formula One World Championship for Drivers were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six placed drivers at each round. However, only the best eleven round results were counted towards each drivers championship total, † Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance. Awarded to drivers of cars equipped with naturally aspirated engines, points towards the 1987 FIA Formula One World Championship for Constructors were awarded on a 9-6-4-3-2-1 basis for the top six placed cars at each round. † Dalmass Lola was ineligible for Constructors Championship points, as the team had entered one car for the championship. Team Lotus changed color with JPS being replaced by Camel and landed a Honda engine deal for drivers Ayrton Senna, Martin Brundle left Tyrrell to join Christian Danner at Zakspeed while Zakspeeds Jonathan Palmer joined Philippe Streiff at Tyrrell, which had gone back to using Cosworth DFZ engines. The only BMW engines left were the supply to Brabham. Derek Warwick left Brabham to join F1 returnee Eddie Cheever at Arrows with rebadged upright BMW engines which were now known as Megatrons, the team also got a new technical director Ross Brawn joining from the Haas Lola team. Riccardo Patrese was joined at Brabham by Andrea de Cesaris while his place alongside Sandro Nannini at Minardi as taken by wealthy Spanish newcomer Adrian Campos, Osella had only one Alfa Romeo-engined car in Brazil for Alex Caffi
29.
Red Bull
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Red Bull is an energy drink sold by Austrian company Red Bull GmbH, created in 1987. Red Bull has the highest market share of any drink in the world. Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz was inspired by an energy drink named Krating Daeng. He took this idea, modified the ingredients to suit the tastes of Westerners, in Thai, daeng means red, and krating is the large bovine called gaur in English. Red Bull is sold in a tall and slim blue-silver can, the two are different products, produced separately. The Red Bull company slogan was Red Bull gives you wings, the product is marketed through advertising, events, sports team ownerships, celebrity endorsements, and music, through its record label Red Bull Records. Energy drinks have the effects caffeine and sugar provide. In 1976, Chaleo Yoovidhya introduced a drink called Krating Daeng in Thailand and it was popular among Thai truck drivers and labourers. While working for German manufacturer Blendax in 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz traveled to Thailand and met Chaleo, during his visit, Mateschitz discovered that Krating Daeng helped cure his jet lag. In 1984, Mateschitz co-founded Red Bull GmbH with Yoovidhya and turned it into an international brand, each partner invested US$500,000 of savings to found the company. Yoovidhya and Mateschitz each held a 49 percent share of the new company and they gave the remaining two percent to Yoovidhyas son, Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company. The product was launched in Austria in 1987, in Thailand, energy drinks are most popular with blue-collar workers. Red Bull repositioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, pricing was a key differentiator, with Red Bull positioned as a premium drink and Krating Daeng as a lower cost item. In many countries both drinks are available, dominating each end of the price spectrum, in 1992, the product expanded to international markets, Hungary and Slovenia. It entered the United States via California in 1997 and the Middle East in 2000, in 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$4 billion. Red Bull GmbH is headquartered in Fuschl am See, an Austrian village of about 1,500 inhabitants near Salzburg, the company is 51 percent controlled by the Yoovidhya family, who for technical reasons own the trademark in Europe and the US. In Southeast Asia, Red Bull and Krating Daeng are often confused for one another as Krating Daeng uses the Red Bull name in their packaging and they are two separate entities marketing for different markets. The main differences are that Red Bull is in a blue silver tall can packaging while the Thailand Red Bull or Krating Daeng is in a smaller gold packaging and they differ in terms of tastes as well
30.
Dietrich Mateschitz
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Dietrich Mateschitz is an Austrian billionaire businessman. He co-founded the Red Bull energy drink company, and holds 49% of the companys shares, Mateschitzs net worth, as of August 2016, is estimated to be $14.7 billion. Mateschitz was born in Sankt Marein im Mürztal, Styria, Austria to a family of Croatian ancestry and his parents were both primary school teachers and separated when he was a young child. Although never married, he has a son and he holds a pilots licence and enjoys flying a Falcon 900 and a Piper Super Cub. After taking ten years to graduate from the Hochschule für Welthandel with a degree, Mateschitzs first employer was Unilever. He subsequently moved to Blendax, the German cosmetics company since bought by Procter & Gamble, where he worked on, among other things and it was as part of his travels for Blendax that he discovered Krating Daeng, the drink that would later become Red Bull. In 1984, he founded Red Bull GmbH with his Thai partners Chaleo and his eldest son Chalerm Yoovidhya, subsequently, he turned the Red Bull drink into a world market leader among energy drinks. He is co-founder of the Wings for Life foundation that supports spinal cord research together with Heinz Kinigadner, since 2014 the foundation has organised the Wings for Life World Run to raise funds. He lives in Fuschl am See, Austria but also owns Laucala Island, off Fiji, in 2013 Mateschitz purchased a custom DeepFlight Super Falcon, an extreme $1.7 million submarine for guests at his Laucala Island resort in Fiji. Mateschitzs brands are marketed as associated with the physical and mental attributes needed for various types of extreme sports through commercial sponsorship. Red Bull formerly owned more than 60 percent of the Sauber Formula One motor racing team, in November 2004, Mateschitz bought the Jaguar Racing Formula One team from its previous owners, Ford, and renamed it Red Bull Racing. The team was renamed Scuderia Toro Rosso, Toro Rosso meaning Red Bull in Italian, in 2010, Red Bull Racing won the Formula One World Constructors Championship and Drivers Championship with Sebastian Vettel. They then went on to win both titles for the three years running in 2011,2012 and 2013, making Vettel and Red Bull Racing four-time world champions. From 2006 to 2011, Mateschitz also owned Team Red Bull who competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, in late 2004, he bought the A1-Ring racing circuit, which had formerly hosted the Formula One Austrian Grand Prix, and renamed it the Red Bull Ring. The circuit re-opened in May 2011 and hosted a round of the 2011 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters season, in July 2013, Red Bull announced the return of the Austrian Grand Prix to the Formula One World Championship in 2014. The race took place on 22 June 2014 and was won by Nico Rosberg, Mateschitz has his own hangar, where he keeps his collection of old planes, including the last ever Douglas DC-6B to be produced, and which once belonged to Marshal Josip Broz Tito. He also sponsors the World Stunt Awards, a fundraiser to benefit his Taurus Foundation. In 2007, Red Bull founded Red Bull Brasil, a team based in Campinas
31.
1986 Austrian Grand Prix
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The 1986 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on 17 August 1986. Berger later pitted and lost 4 laps as his team repaired an issue with his battery, in the morning warmup, the gearbox on his Brabham broke, which over-revved the BMW. The car was repaired, the BMWs cylinder head was changed, when Riccardo Patrese took his place on the grid, the gearbox in his car broke leaving him with no 2nd or 3rd gears. Warwick later admitted that team owner Bernie Ecclestone had to drag him from the car as he refused to hand it over. Gerhard Berger, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
32.
Horsepower
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Horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. There are many different standards and types of horsepower, two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower, which is approximately 746 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric motors. The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions, most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1,2010, units called horsepower have differing definitions, The mechanical horsepower, also known as imperial horsepower equals approximately 745.7 watts. It was defined originally as exactly 550 foot-pounds per second [745.7 N. m/s), the metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts. It was defined originally as 75 kgf-m per second is approximately equivalent to 735.5 watts, the Pferdestärke PS is a name for a group of similar power measurements used in Germany around the end of the 19th century, all of about one metric horsepower in size. The boiler horsepower equals 9809.5 watts and it was used for rating steam boilers and is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. One horsepower for rating electric motors is equal to 746 watts, one horsepower for rating Continental European electric motors is equal to 735 watts. Continental European electric motors used to have dual ratings, one British Royal Automobile Club horsepower can equal a range of values based on estimates of several engine dimensions. It is one of the tax horsepower systems adopted around Europe, the development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines and this royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour, the wheel was 12 feet in radius, therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π ×12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force. So, P = W t = F d t =180 l b f ×2.4 ×2 π ×12 f t 1 m i n =32,572 f t ⋅ l b f m i n. Watt defined and calculated the horsepower as 32,572 ft·lbf/min, Watt determined that a pony could lift an average 220 lbf 100 ft per minute over a four-hour working shift. Watt then judged a horse was 50% more powerful than a pony, engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds per minute
33.
Gerhard Berger
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Gerhard Berger is an Austrian former Formula One racing driver. He competed in Formula One for 14 seasons, twice finishing 3rd overall in the championship and he won ten Grands Prix, achieved 48 podiums,12 poles and 21 fastest laps. With 210 starts he is amongst the most experienced Formula One drivers of all time and he led 33 of the 210 races he competed in and retired from 95 of them. His first and last victories were also the first and last victories for the Benetton team and he was also a race winner with Ferrari and with McLaren. When at McLaren, Berger drove alongside Ayrton Senna, contributing to the teams 1990 and 1991 constructors titles, between 2006 and 2008 Berger owned 50% of the Scuderia Toro Rosso Formula One team. Gerhard Berger was born in Wörgl, Austria and his father Johann worked in his own truck company with Gerhard later working for his father and before being promoted to a driver. Berger, a race winner in European Formula Three, moved up to Formula One in 1984 driving for the ATS team. Berger was fortunate to be alive after a road accident shortly after entering Formula One. A week after the 1984 season ended, he was driving home in his BMW 323i through the hills above Salzburg when his car was rammed from behind, Berger was thrown clear of the BMW through the rear window. By chance, the first car on the scene was occupied by two surgeons who specialised in back injuries. The doctors realised the extent of his injuries and made sure he was not moved, following emergency surgery, and a stay in hospital in Innsbruck, he made a full recovery. Although he had some good drives, Berger would finish the season in 20th place having scored 3 points in the last two races of the year in South Africa and Australia and it was not until joining Benetton in 1986 that his F1 career took off. Berger was also on course for a victory at his home race. Berger out-qualified team-mate Teo Fabi 12–4 in 1986 though Fabi, who as a Rookie had qualified on the pole for the 1983 Indianapolis 500, took pole at the faster Österreichring and Monza circuits. Berger established himself as a very fast driver in Formula One that year, recording the fastest speed trap of the season and this remains the fastest straight line speed attained by a turbocharged car in the first turbo era. He won the 1985 Spa 24 Hours partnering Italian touring car ace Roberto Ravaglia and fellow Formula One driver, Marc Surer of Switzerland. Until the mid-1980s when teams began stopping their drivers competing in categories of racing, it was not uncommon for a Grand Prix driver to race in sports. However, by 1985 Formula One drivers were not permitted race in any other category within 24 hours of the start of a Grand Prix
34.
Benetton B186
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The Benetton B186 was the Formula One car built and raced by the Benetton team for the 1986 Formula One World Championship. The B186 was a car, in the hands of drivers Gerhard Berger and Teo Fabi. The B186, along with the Brabham BT55, Arrows A9, the B186 in particular, being the most competitive of the BMW engined cars that season could produce 1, 350+ hp in qualifying trim, and about 900 hp in race trim. Despite the buyout of the small Toleman team by the power of the Benetton Group, its organisation. Peter Collins stayed on as manager, whilst Rory Byrne continued as chief engineer. The planned 1986 chassis, labelled the Toleman TG186, was renamed as the Benetton B186. Also, despite the team being Italian owned, they remained based at its Witney headquarters in England, however, the chassis was refined and tidied up in several areas, such as the sidepods, to produce more aerodynamic downforce. Indeed, in terms of horsepower, the BMW engines provided to Benetton, Brabham. The deal between Benetton and Toleman was only agreed in October 1985, leaving little time before the first race of the 1986 season on March 23 in Brazil. Byrne only started designing the B186 when the deal was made with BMW in the last week of October. Nevertheless, three B186s were built in time for race, and a further four chassis were completed during the course of the season. As had become standard practice in the sport in the 1980s, the first part of the season was chiefly concerned with producing enough spare parts for the existing cars at the expense of chassis development and improvement. This indicated the Benetton Groups United Colors of Benetton brand, the team also ran with tyres that had multi-coloured sidewalls at the Detroit Grand Prix. The sheer top-end power of the BMW engines ensured that the B186s were always competitive, indeed, Berger set the highest top speed of the season at Monza with 352 km/h. However, the handling of the chassis did not match this in the first part of the season as the team struggled with the light switch power delivery of the BMW engine. The handling was eventually sorted but the car was not on the ultimate pace of the front runners. Once the supply of spare parts had been assured by mid-season, the chassis was also strengthened further to cope with the stress caused by the power of the BMW engine. The cars competitiveness improved throughout the season, particularly during the second half, in addition, it also became more reliable, although this aspect remained suspect throughout the year with a total of nineteen retirements from 32 starts
35.
BMW M12
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The BMW M12/13 turbo 1500 cc 4-cylinder turbocharged Formula One engine, based on the standard BMW M10 engine introduced in 1961, powered the F1 cars of Brabham, Arrows, Benetton. Nelson Piquet won the FIA Formula One Drivers Championship in 1983 driving a Brabham powered by the BMW M12/13 turbo and it was the first Drivers Championship to be won using a turbocharged engine. The engine also powered the BMW GTP and in the 2.0 liter naturally aspirated form, as BMW M12, the engine design since the 1960s became one of the most successful engines in racing. Starting with the European Touring Car Championship, it was used in Formula 2. In the Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft, a 1400 cc variant was turbocharged by Paul Rosche according to FIA Group 5 rules, at well over 350 hp from the beginning, it rendered the normally aspirated engines in the two liter category useless. After some development, power, driveability and reliability improved, especially in the IMSA car, and BMW began to think about entering F1, the BMW proved to be fast in its first year in Formula One, though its reliability with turbocharging still in its infancy was lacking. Reigning World Champion Nelson Piquet recorded the first win for the engine in F1 when he led home Brabham team mate Riccardo Patrese in the crash marred 1982 Canadian Grand Prix. Piquet, who won the Brazilian, Italian and European Grands Prix in 1983, piquets win was the first time a car powered by a turbocharged engine had won the World Championship. 1984 and 1985 were lean years for the BMW engines in Formula One, also, with FISA imposing a maximum fuel limit of 220 litres per race, the 4 cylinder BMW suffered from high fuel consumption which often led to drivers running out of fuel. In the years 1986 and 1987, the version M12/13/1 was tilted sideways by 72° for use in the extremely low Brabham BT55, the design was not successful, probably due to cooling issues in the tight compartment. The BMW GTP IMSA series car was powered by the 2.0 liter M12 turbo engine. Claimed output figures were generally accepted from the theoretical calculations. During the 1986 Italian Grand Prix at Monza, Gerhard Bergers BMW powered Benetton B186 recorded the highest straight line speed by a turbocharged Formula One car when he was timed at 352.22 km/h. In fact, the top five cars through the trap at Monza were all powered by the BMW M12. Founded by long-time F1 aficionado John J. Schmidt, who coined the phrase Horse racing may have been the sport of kings, the engines were serviced by Arrows long time engine guru Heini Mader from Switzerland, a former mechanic of Jo Siffert. Rebadged as Megatron, the BMW engines were used by the Arrows team for the 1987 and 1988 seasons, in the final season for the turbos, Arrows were one of only six teams still running turbocharged engines and the only team to still use the old BMW engines. During the 1988 season the Megatron engines were the oldest turbos still in use in Formula One dating back to 1982, with turbos banned from the 1989 season, the Arrows team reverted to using 3,499 cc, naturally aspirated Ford DFR V8 power plants. The M12s major shortcoming as a Formula One engine was its lack of response due to turbo lag
36.
1986 FIA Formula One World Championship
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The 1986 Formula One season was the 40th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1986 Formula One World Championship which commenced on 23 March, the Formula One World Championship for Drivers was won by Alain Prost and the Formula One World Championship for Manufacturers was awarded to Williams. Prost became the first driver since Jack Brabham 26 years before to defend his championship title, the championship culminated in a points battle between the Williams duo of Nelson Piquet and Nigel Mansell versus McLarens Alain Prost at the final race, the 1986 Australian Grand Prix. This enabled Prost to take the lead and the race victory, Mansell, Piquet, Prost, along with Lotus rising star Ayrton Senna, dominated throughout the season and formed what was popularly dubbed as the Gang of Four. For the first time, turbocharged engines were due to a ban on naturally aspirated engines. The law banning atmospheric engines was rescinded in 1987, in preparation for a ban on all forced induction engines for 1989, for 2014 turbocharged engines are now the norm effectively ending naturally aspirated engines. The Formula One cars of 1986 are the most powerful Grand Prix cars to ever have raced and these drivetrain units were then taken out and then replaced with the boost-restricted engines and specifically prepared gearboxes for races. When these turbocharged engines were fitted to the cars, the whole package weighed about 540 kg – so the power-to-weight ratios were extreme, to put that in perspective, a modern family car produces about 80–100 hp/ton and the fastest modern road-going cars produce about 450–550 hp/ton. But a consistent problem for these new turbo engines that was smoothed over over the years was the terrible turbo lag. This was similar to what had gone on in American IndyCar racing in the early 1970s, the boost of the engines would often be restricted to the point where they would only be producing around 900–1,000 hp during the race. The major automotive manufacturers participating in F1 at the time, with their superior money, the power difference in engines from 1980 to 1986 was huge – the power of engines over those 6 years doubled. As a result, fuel became an problem for most teams since the engines were slightly more powerful than before. He got out and desperately tried to push his car across the finish line, ultimately never making it. The Honda engines had the edge on fuel consumption and reliability, the three races exiting the calendar were the Dutch Grand Prix after 33 years, the infrequently run European Grand Prix, and the South African Grand Prix after 21 years. The following competitors contested the 1986 Formula One World Championship, the 1986 Formula One World Championship was contested over a sixteen race series. There had been big changes over the winter with most of the teams changing at least one driver. Ferrari was unchanged but McLaren had hired Keke Rosberg from Williams, Ayrton Senna stayed at Team Lotus but the Brazilian had blocked the recruitment of Derek Warwick and so rising British star Johnny Dumfries had been signed. Eddie Cheever and Derek Warwick were left out of work while Patrick Tambay joined Alan Jones in the new Haas team, Bergers place at Arrows was taken by Marc Surer
37.
Zeltweg Air Base
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Zeltweg Air Base, now known as Fliegerhorst Hinterstoisser, is a military airfield in Styria, Austria near Zeltweg. It is the airfield of the Austrian Air Force. It was also used as a racing circuit in the 1960s. Built in 1959 in Styria, the idea for the track came from the United Kingdoms success at Silverstone Circuit, however, the track engineers at Zeltweg failed to take into account the abrasive nature of the surface. A lone Formula One World Championship grand prix was held in 1964 before moving elsewhere due to the surface, the World Sportscar Championship Zeltweg 500 Kilometres was held later, until the track was abandoned in 1969 following the construction of the purpose-built Österreichring on a nearby area
38.
Derek Warwick
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Derek Stanley Arthur Warwick is a British former racing driver from England, who lives in Jersey. He raced for many years in Formula One, collecting four podiums and he did, however, win the 199224 Hours of Le Mans and 1992 World Sportscar Championship. In 2005 and 2006 he raced in the season of the Grand Prix Masters formula for retired Formula One drivers. He has served as the steward for three Grands Prix in 2010 and 2011. He is president of the British Racing Drivers Club, succeeding Damon Hill, Warwick was born in Alresford, Hampshire, England. He began his career in British stock car racing under the Spedeworth organisation at tracks such as his local Aldershot Stadium and he won the Superstox English Championship in 1971 and the World Championship at Wimbledon Stadium in 1973. His younger brother Paul also raced with success in Superstox before progressing to Formula 3000. Derek won the 1978 British Formula 3 Championship, Warwick began his Formula One career with the fledgling F1 team Toleman for the 1981 season. He managed to qualify for one race that year, the season finale at Las Vegas. Warwick had mainly dismal 1982 and 1983 seasons in the Toleman car and he joined Renault in 1984 after Alain Prost left them at the end of 1983. He finished in place in both the Belgian and British Grands Prix in 1984 and placed seventh in the championship. 1984 would prove to be the beginning of the end for the factory Renault team, neither Warwick nor new teammate Patrick Tambay won a race in 1984, the first time since 1978 that the team did not win a Grand Prix. The turning point in Warwicks career was his decision to stay at Renault for 1985,1985 was a poor one for Renault and the team withdrew from Formula One at the end of the year. Following the death of Elio de Angelis in a accident in May, however. Warwick explained, I got a call from Bernie, who said that he really appreciated the fact that I didn’t call him five minutes after Elio had died. As no Grands Prix clashed with his Sportscar commitments, Warwick was able to race in world championships. In 1987, Warwick moved to the Arrows team alongside his Jaguar teammate Eddie Cheever and his best race of the season was 4th in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza where he finished only half a second behind Cheever. For the first time this allowed both Warwick and Cheever to fully exploit the power of the 640 bhp Megatron engine and be closer to the front than they had been previously
39.
Brabham BT55
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The Brabham BT55 was a Formula One racing car designed by Gordon Murray and David North for the Brabham team owned by Bernie Ecclestone. It used a BMW four-cylinder turbocharged engine tilted over on its side to allow a supply of air to the rear wing. The car competed during the 1986 Formula One season and it was not successful and its introduction coincided with the end of Brabhams time as a competitive team. Murrays next car, McLarens MP4/4, is claimed to be based on the same principles. By 1985, Brabham had reached the limit of development of their BT52-BT53-BT54 series of cars. The 1985 car won only one race when Piquet won in France, Brabhams tall, relatively heavy straight-four BMW M12 engine was particularly difficult to package to allow a good flow of air to the rear wing. Designers in the 1950s had addressed the problem of reducing the cars cross sectional area by tilting the engines around a vertical or longitudinal axis by a small amount. Examples include the 1950s Kurtis-Kraft and Epperly Championship Cars and Colin Chapmans Formula One Lotus 16, the driver was placed in a lying down position, as had been common in the 1960s, but had become rare by the 1980s. BMW designed a version of their four-cylinder turbocharged engine with the engine block tilted almost horizontally. The car was also Brabhams first fully composite monocoque and he was not happy to employ a two piece composite chassis, preferring to develop a technique which produced a seamless monocoque of carbon fibre/kevlar composite over a nomex honeycomb. This structure was reinforced, like his designs, by machined aluminium bulkheads. At Murrays request, BMW designed a version of their M12 inline four engine. Differences from the standard upright unit were few, mainly concerning the oil scavenging system, like the upright version the unit was not a stressed component. Mounting the engine on its side meant that the takeoff from the unit. A special 7-speed 3-shaft gearbox from American gearbox specialists Weismann was produced to deal with this. This saw the Brabhams off the pace on the circuits such as Monaco, Detroit, and the then new circuits of Jerez. The team scored just two points all season, both by driver Riccardo Patrese with sixth placings in San Marino and Detroit and it should be noted that, as in 1985, the Brabhams performance was severely hampered by inconsistent Pirelli race tyres. Qualifying at Imola during Round 2 of the season highlighted both the problems and advantage that the lowline Brabham BT55 had during 1986, acceleration out of the Variante Bassa chicane before the start-finish line showed the Brabhams as among the slowest cars when they crossed the line
40.
1985 Austrian Grand Prix
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The 1985 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on August 18,1985. It was the round of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was the 25th Austrian Grand Prix and the 24th to be held at Österreichring, the race was held over 52 laps of the six-kilometre circuit for a total race distance of 309 kilometres. The race was won by French driver Alain Prost driving a McLaren MP4/2B and it was Prosts fourth victory of his championship-winning season. Prost won by 30 seconds over Brazilian driver Ayrton Senna driving a Lotus 97T, italian driver Michele Alboreto driving a Ferrari 156/85 finished third, tying Alboreto and Prost in the championship. Missing from the grid was RAM driver Manfred Winkelhock who had killed in a sportscar race in Canada just a week before. His place was taken in the team by Kenny Acheson for his first Formula One race since the 1983 South African Grand Prix, a second Toleman was driven by Piercarlo Ghinzani. Dennis was reportedly unhappy as he had paid Lauda a considerable amount of money to make his F1 comeback in 1982, a now relaxed Lauda gave his home fans something to cheer about when he qualified a season-high third. Laudas team mate Alain Prost captured pole position, averaging 155.478 mph, followed by Nigel Mansell, Lauda, Keke Rosberg, after a troubled qualifying, Senna only qualified 14th on the grid in his Lotus-Renault. The race was restarted after one lap, Mansell had got away very slowly in his Williams, but behind him Teo Fabi in the Toleman-Hart barely moved. Elio de Angelis dived left to avoid Fabi and was hit by the Ferrari of Alboreto, Fabi suffered damage as did the Arrows-BMW of Austrias other driver in the race Gerhard Berger. Luckily for those with damaged cars the first lap was declared null and void, lucky too was Prost who was able to change cars after his McLaren had developed a misfire. Piercarlo Ghinzani became a non-starter in his Toleman after team mate Fabi took over the spare TG185 for the race as he had qualified 6th while Ghinzani started 19th and this left Ghinzani without a drive. Somehow as soon as the Ligier came to a rest, de Cesaris undid his belts and walked away with nothing more than a mud-splattered helmet. When he returned to the pits, de Cesaris told the team that the reason for his DNF was that the car had stalled and it was reported at that point that the Ligier team had not seen a replay of the accident. With his 20th career victory, Prost moved into a lead in the World Drivers Championship alongside Alboreto. Stefan Johansson, Elio de Angelis, and Marc Surer, completed the points-scoring finishers, lap Leaders, Alain Prost, Niki Lauda Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
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Michele Alboreto
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Michele Alboreto was an Italian racing driver. He is famous for finishing runner up to Alain Prost in the 1985 Formula One World Championship, Alboreto competed in Formula One from 1981 until 1994, racing for a number of teams, most notably his five seasons driving for Ferrari. The Italians career in began in 1976, racing a car he. The car, however, achieved little success and two years later Alboreto moved up to Formula Three. Wins in the Italian Formula Three championship and a European Formula Three Championship crown in 1980 paved the way for the Italians entrance into Formula One with the Tyrrell team. Two wins, the first in the round of the 1982 season in Las Vegas. Alboreto took three wins for the Italian team and challenged Alain Prost for the 1985 Championship, eventually losing out by 20 points, further seasons with Footwork, Scuderia Italia and Minardi followed during the tail end of his F1 career. In 1995, Alboreto moved on to sportscars and a year later the American IndyCar series and he took his final major victories, the 1997 Le Mans 24 Hours and 2001 Sebring 12 Hours, with German manufacturers Porsche and Audi respectively. In 2001, a month after his Sebring victory, he was killed testing an Audi R8 at the Lausitzring in Germany, Michele Alboreto started his career in 1976 racing in Formula Monza with a car he and his friends built, known as the CMR. The car itself proved to be uncompetitive and in 1978 Alboreto, now in a more competitive March, Two years later Alboreto moved up to Formula Three, racing in a Euroracing-entered March-Toyota in both the European and Italian series. In his début Formula Three season, Alboreto finished 6th and 2nd respectively in the two championships, scoring three wins in the Italian series, an appearance in the British Championship was also made that year. Alboretos European title earned him a move into Formula Two, a series for Formula One. He scored Minardis only F2 victory, at Misano, during the 1981 season where he finished eighth in the championship. He shared the Group 5 category Lancia Beta Montecarlo with Walter Röhrl or Eddie Cheever on four occasions during the 1980 season, Alboreto again ran a partial schedule in 1981 even though he was also running Formula Two and Formula One. This season included his first participation in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and he earned an eighth-place finish overall, second in class, and was the highest finishing Lancia. He followed this with his first win in the championship, at the Six Hours of Watkins Glen with co-driver Riccardo Patrese, Alboreto finished the year 52nd in the Drivers Championship, the highest ranked Lancia driver. When Lancia chose to move to a new class of competition with the Lancia LC1 as the championship concentrated solely on endurance races in 1982, a small schedule for the championship, as well as an emphasis on European circuits allowed him to compete in every race that year. Although the LC1 suffered from mechanical problems on its debut, Alboreto, teo Fabi joined the duo for the 1000 km of the Nürburgring, where they once again earned a victory
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Ferrari 156/85
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The Ferrari 156/85 was a Formula One car designed by Mauro Forghieri and Harvey Postlethwaite and manufactured by Scuderia Ferrari and used in the 1985 Formula One season. Michele Alboreto drove the car to place in the 1985 World Drivers Championship. It was also driven by René Arnoux and Stefan Johansson, Arnoux was to drive for the season but was replaced after the opening Brazilian Grand Prix despite a fourth-placed finish. Johansson was hired to drive in his place for the rest of the season, the exhaust systems were set outside of the vee, opposite to the preceding 126C4. The turbocharger for each bank was located at the outside of the vee, thus the intake chambers were located inside the vee. The Ferrari Tipo 031/2 V6 Turbo produced around 900 bhp during the 1985 season and it was this unreliability that ultimately would cost Alboreto, who actually led the points standings for most of the season, the drivers championship. Alboreto famously drove half a lap of the Brands Hatch circuit on lap 13 of the European Grand Prix with the rear of his car on fire following another turbo failure. While Alboreto had unreliability, his teammate Johansson finished fifth twice, the Constructors Championship had the same story as Alboretos. Ferraris unreliability had allowed McLaren to overtake them in the leaving the Maranello outfit as runners up. YouTube video showing Alboreto at Brands Hatch
Kimi Räikkönen, Ferrari SF71H, 2018, Formula One)
Michael Schumacher, Ferrari F2003-GA, 2003, Formula One)
Nelson Piquet, Williams-Honda FW11B, 1987, Formula One)
Niki Lauda, Ferrari 312T, 1975, Formula One)
