Reflux
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Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial and laboratory distillations. It is also u
Laboratory reflux apparatus.
Toluene is refluxed with sodium-benzophenone desiccant before it is distilled to give pure oxygen- and water-free toluene.
Industrial fractionating columns all of which use reflux
Distillation
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Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances by selective boiling of the mixture a
Distillation equipment used by the 3rd-century alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis (as imagined by the anonymous illustrator of the 15th-century Byzantine Greek manuscript Codex Parisinus graecus 2327).
Hieronymus Brunschwig's Liber de arte Distillandi de Compositis (Strassburg, 1512) Science History Institute
A retort
Old Ukrainian vodka still