1.
Kareena Kapoor
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Kareena Kapoor, also known by her married name Kareena Kapoor Khan, is an Indian actress who appears in Hindi films. She is the daughter of actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita, and this initial success was followed by a series of commercial failures and repetitive roles, which garnered her negative reviews. The year 2004 marked a point for Kapoor when she played against type in the role of a sex worker in the drama Chameli. She went on to receive Filmfare Awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for her performances in the 2007 romantic comedy Jab We Met, married to actor Saif Ali Khan, with whom she has a son, Kapoors off-screen life is the subject of widespread coverage in India. She has a reputation for being outspoken and assertive, and is recognised for her contributions to the industry through her fashion style. In addition to acting, Kapoor is a stage performer and has contributed as a co-author to three books, an autobiographical memoir and two nutrition guides. She has also launched her own clothing line in association with the retail chain Globus, born on 21 September 1980 in Bombay, Kapoor is the younger daughter of Randhir Kapoor and Babita, her elder sister Karisma is also an actress. She is the granddaughter of actor and filmmaker Raj Kapoor, maternal granddaughter of actor Hari Shivdasani. According to Kapoor, the name Kareena was derived from the book Anna Karenina and she is of Punjabi descent on her fathers side, and on her mothers side she is of Sindhi and British descent. As a child, Kapoor regularly practised Hinduism with her family, despite her family background, her father disapproved of women entering films because he believed it conflicted with the traditional maternal duties and responsibility of women in the family. This led to a conflict between her parents, and they separated and she was then raised by her mother, who worked several jobs to support her daughters until Karisma debuted as an actress in 1991. After living separately for years, her parents reconciled in October 2007. Kapoor remarked My father is also an important factor in my life though we did not see him often in our initial years, Kapoor attended Jamnabai Narsee School in Mumbai, followed by Welham Girls School in Dehradun. She attended the institution primarily to satisfy her mother, though later admitted to liking the experience, according to Kapoor, she wasnt inclined towards academics though received good grades in all her classes except mathematics. After graduating from Welham she studied commerce for two years at Mithibai College in Vile Parle, Kapoor then registered for a three-month summer course in microcomputers at Harvard Summer School in the United States. She later developed an interest in law, and enrolled at the Government Law College, Mumbai, during this period, however, after completing her first year, Kapoor decided to pursue her interest to become an actress. She began training at an institute in Mumbai mentored by Kishore Namit Kapoor. While training at the institute, Kapoor was cast as the lead in Rakesh Roshans Kaho Naa
2.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
3.
Karisma Kapoor
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Karisma Kapoor is an Indian actress, who appears in Hindi films. Kapoor is often regarded as the nations most beautiful actress, and is the recipient of several accolades, including a National Film Award and four Filmfare Awards. Born and raised in Mumbai, she is a member of the Kapoor family, despite her family background, her father disliked women entering films, and separated from her mother. Kapoor, at the age of seventeen, left her studies to pursue a career for financial support. Subsequently, Kapoor starred in a number of hits, including the dramas Jigar and Anari, the comedies Raja Babu, Coolie No.1 and Saajan Chale Sasural. However, she was criticised for her brief, repetitivein roles, the 1996 blockbuster romance Raja Hindustani marked a significant turning point in Kapoors career, earning her praise and a Filmfare Award for Best Actress. She later won the National Film Award and Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for her portrayal of a dancer in Yash Chopras blockbuster musical romance Dil To Pagal Hai. Kapoor achieved further success by featuring as the lead in three of David Dhawans top grossing romantic comedies—Hero No.1, Biwi No. She also received praise for her performance in the 2002 revenge drama Shakti. Kapoor took a sabbatical from acting in 2004, and made her comeback with the 2012 supernatural thriller Dangerous Ishqq. Kapoor was born on 25 June 1974 in Mumbai, to actors Randhir Kapoor and her younger sister, Kareena, is also an actress. Her paternal grandfather was the actor and filmmaker Raj Kapoor, while her grandfather was actor Hari Shivdasani. She is the niece of actors Rishi and Rajiv, and insurance agent Ritu, actor Ranbir Kapoor and businessman Nikhil Nanda are her first cousins, while actress Sasha Agha is her distant relative. Actress Sadhana, was her mothers first cousin, according to Kapoor, the name Lolo was derived after her mother made a passing reference to the Italian actress Gina Lollobrigida. Both of her paternal and maternal grandparents were from Peshawar, Lyallpur and Karachi respectively, Kapoor is of Hindu Punjabi descent on her fathers side, and on her mothers side she is of Sindhi and British descent. She was particularly inspired by the work of actresses Sridevi and Madhuri Dixit, despite her family background, her father disapproved of women working in films, because he believed it conflicted with the traditional maternal duties and responsibility of women in the family. This led to a conflict between her parents and they separated in 1988 and she and her sister, Kareena, were raised by her mother, who worked several jobs to raise them, until she made her debut in films as an actress. The couple reconciled in 2007, after living separately for several years, Kapoor studied at the Cathedral and John Connon School and later, for a few months, at Sophia College
4.
Great Rann of Kutch
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The Great Rann of Kutch is a seasonal salt marsh located in the Thar Desert in the Kutch District of Gujarat, India and the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is about 7,505.22 square kilometres in size and is reputed to be one of the largest salt deserts in the world and this area has been inhabited by the Kutchi people. The name Rann comes from the Hindi word ran meaning desert, the Hindi word is derived from Sanskrit/Vedic word iriṇa attested in the Rigveda and Mahābhārata. As early as 325 BCE, Alexander the Great was aware of the area, the marsh can be accessed from the village of Kharaghoda in Surendranagar District. In Indias summer monsoon, the desert of salty clay and mudflats. In very wet years, the wetland extends from the Gulf of Kutch on the west through to the Gulf of Cambay on the east. Traces of the delta and its channels on the northern boundary of the Rann of Kutch were documented by the Geological Survey of India in 2000. The Luni River, which originates in Rajasthan, drains into the desert in the northeast corner of the Rann, other rivers feeding into the marsh include the Rupen from the east and the West Banas River from the northeast. There are sandy islets of thorny scrub, forming a wildlife sanctuary, Wildlife, including the Indian wild ass, shelter on islands of higher ground, called bets, during the flooding. This is one of the hottest areas of India - with summer temperatures averaging and peaking at 49.5 °C, winter temperatures reduce dramatically and can go below 0 °C. Many religions are found here, including Hinduism, Islam, Jainism & Sikhism, there are several wildlife sanctuaries and protected reserves on the Indian side in the Rann of Kutch region. This inhospitable salty lowland, rich in gas, was one scene of perennial border disputes between India and Pakistan that, in April 1965, contributed to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. Later the same year, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Wilson persuaded the combatants to end hostilities, a verdict was reached in 1968 which saw Pakistan getting 10% of its claim of 9,100 square kilometres. 90% was awarded to India, although India claimed 100% of the region, tensions spurted again in 1999 during the Atlantique Incident. The Indus river had been flowing in to Rann of Kutch area, Indus river branch called Koree river, shifted its course after an earthquake in 1819 isolating Rann of Kutch from its delta. The 500 km long LBOD, begins from northern Ghotki district in Sindh province of Pakistan, Rann of Kutch is joint water body of India and Pakistan. Water released by the LBOD is enhancing the flooding in India, the Government of Gujarat hosts an annual 3 month long festival during winter called the Rann Utsav festival of the Rann where tourists can see the various sights of the Rann. For 2016, rann utsav- starts from 1 November 2016, Rann Utsav gives visitors not only a chance to experience full moon on salt deserts but also get a taste of the local culture, cuisine and hospitality
5.
Bihar
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Bihar is a state in the eastern part of India. It is the 13th-largest state of India, with an area of 94,163 km2. The third-largest state of India by population, it is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges which flows from west to east. On November 15,2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand, only 11. 3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas, which is lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh. Additionally, almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, the official languages of the state are Hindi and Urdu. Other languages commonly used within the state include Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, Bajjika, in ancient and classical India, Bihar was considered a centre of power, learning, and culture. From Magadha arose Indias first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as one of the worlds most widely adhered-to religions, Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was a centre of Brahmanical learning. Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social, the state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state. The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word, Vihara, the region roughly encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabakat-i-Nasiri that in 1198, Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town now known as Bihar Sharif, chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age. Regions of Bihar—such as Magadha, Mithila and Anga—are mentioned in religious texts, the power centre of ancient Bihar was in the region of modern-day southwestern Bihar called Magadha, which remained the centre of power, learning, and culture in India for 1000 years. The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BC, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha, the two well-known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha and he declared war and conquered the Vajji of north Bihar, another powerful Mahajanapada north of Ganges with its capital at Vaishali. Vaishali was ruled by the Licchavi clan, who had a form of government where the king was elected from the number of rajas. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga dynasty, later the Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab. The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, Indias first empire, the Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BC, was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and it had its capital at Pataliputra
6.
East Pakistan
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Inter-religious violence during the partition drove Bengali Muslims and Hindus further apart, leading to political upheaval in Bengal. From 1947 until 1954, East Bengal was an independent administrative unit which was governed by the Pakistan Muslim League led by Nurul Amin. In 1955, the Bengali Prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra devolved the province of East Bengal, in the 1954 elections the Pakistan Muslim League were completely defeated by the United Front coalition of the Awami League, the Krishak Praja Party, the Democratic Party and Nizam-e-Islam. The Awami League gained the control of East Pakistan after appointing Huseyn Suhrawardy for the office of prime minister and this authoritarian period that existed from 1958 until 1971, is often regarded as period of mass repression, resentment, and political neglect and ignorance. Allying with the population of West Pakistan, the Easts population unanimously voted for Fatima Jinnah during the 1965 presidential elections against Ayub Khan. The elections were widely believed to be rigged in the favour of Ayub Khan using state patronage. The economic disparity, impression that West Pakistan, despite being less populated than East Pakistan, was ruling and prospering at its cost further popularize the Bengali nationalism. As response to this operation, the Awami League announced the declaration of independence of East Pakistan on 26 March 1971, East Pakistan had an area of 147,610 km2. India bordered it on three sides with the Bay of Bengal to the South, East Pakistan was one of the largest provincial states of Pakistan, with the largest population, the largest political representation, and the largest economy. Finally, on 16 December 1971, East Pakistan was officially disestablished and was succeeded by the independent state of Bangladesh, many notable Muslim Bengali figures were among the Founding fathers of present date, State of Pakistan. The country came into existence on 14 August 1947 confronted by seemingly insurmountable problems, until 1947, the East Wing of Pakistan, separated from the West Wing by 1,600 km of Indian territory, had been heavily dependent on Hindu management. Bengal was divided into two provinces on the midnight of 14 August 1947 following the Radcliffe Line, the two provinces each had their own chief ministers and governors. In August 1947, the West Bengal became part of India, throughout this time, the tensions between East Bengal and the West Pakistan led to the One-Unit policy by Bengali Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra. In 1955, most of the wing was combined to form a new West Pakistan province while East Bengal became the new province of East Pakistan. In 1955, Bogra appointed communist leader Abu Hussain Sarkar as chief minister, the main objective of the new government was to end disruptive provincial politics and to provide the country with a new constitution. After a revision, the Supreme Court of Pakistan declared that the Pakistan Constituent Assembly must be called, governor-General Ghulam Mohammad was unable to circumvent the order, and the new Constituent Assembly, elected by the provincial assemblies, met for the first time in July 1955. Bogra, who had support in the new assembly, fell in August and was replaced by Choudhry. Ghulam Mohammad, plagued by health, was succeeded as governor-general in September 1955 by Mirza
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