1.
Chippendale, New South Wales
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Chippendale is a small inner-city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on the southern edge of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Sydney. Chippendale is located between Broadway to the north and Cleveland Street to the south, Sydney Central railway station to the east, the area was first occupied by the Gadigal people of the Dharug Nation. William Chippendale was granted a 95-acre estate in 1819 and it stretched to the present day site of Redfern railway station. Chippendale sold the estate to Solomon Levey, emancipist and merchant, in 1821, Solomon Levey died while in London, in 1833. Leveys heirs sold over 62 acres to William Hutchinson, the eastern side of Chippendale, being adjacent to the CBD has a greater mix use than other parts of the suburb. It includes smaller offices and warehouses as well as cafes and pubs, Chippendale has also more recently become known as one of the key creative art districts of Sydney, with more than a dozen galleries in the small neighbourhood. Various creative events in the suburb also take place each year such as the Beams Festival, artist residencies were offered with the cooperation of Frasers during the construction of Central Park and Chippendale houses a lively creative community. The historic Regent Street railway station or Mortuary Station is located on the side of the suburb. The John Storey Memorial Dispensary was built in 1926 as a memorial to John Storey and it is located on Regent Street and still functions as a pathology and methadone clinic. Chippendale is the location of the 168-year-old Carlton & United brewery which closed in December 2006, in 2007, Frasers Property Australia purchased the brewery site from the Foster’s Group and lodged a modified concept plan for the 5.8 Hectare site. Central Park, Sydney is the renewal project in the area. Balfour Street Park, at the corner of Balfour and O’Connor Streets, acts as a gateway to Central Park. One Central Park is a large residential building on the site. Transport New South Wales has its headquarters in Chippendale, the University of Notre Dame Australia sits along the northern border with campus buildings scatterd through the suburb. The University of Technology, Sydney and the University of Sydney have campuses nearby, the Sydney campus of Curtin University is located at the eastern edge of Chippendale on Regent Street. The Boston University Sydney Campus is located on Regent Street in Chippendale, according to the 2011 census, there were 4,057 residents in Chippendale. 38. 3% of people were born in Australia, the most common other countries of birth were China 10. 6%, England 3. 8%, New Zealand 3. 3%, Indonesia 2. 6% and India 2. 5%. In Chippendale 50. 1% of people only spoke English at home, other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 10. 5%, Cantonese 3. 0%, Indonesian 2. 2%, Thai 2. 2% and Vietnamese 2. 1%
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
RailCorp
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Rail Corporation New South Wales is a State-owned corporation of the State of New South Wales established under the Transport Administration Act 1988 in 2004. From 2004 until 2013, RailCorp operated passenger services in New South Wales. Other functions include network access, leasing and managing the NSW Governments contract with Airport Link Company, the acting chief executive of RailCorp is Sydney Trains chief executive Howard Collins. Initially governed by a Board of Directors as a State owned corporation, changes to the Transport Administration Act,1988 resulted in abolition of the Board effective 1 July 2010 and the repositioning of RailCorp as an entity under Transport NSW. RailCorp reports to the Minister for Transport, in a series of seven reports released during 2008, the ICAC reported that more than $21 million in improper contracts and deals through the procurement of services in just three years. In June 2009, RailCorp terminated the contract of Vicki Coleman, its Chief Information Officer, the ICAC recommended charges against 33 people, yet by April 2012, only eight people had faced the courts. Those that received custodial sentences included Allan Michael Blackstock and Renea Hughes, youssef Madrajat was directed to undertake community service. Further charges are expected to be laid on others, and several are still waiting the outcome of criminal proceedings, RailCorp maintains a statewide Emergency Response Unit. The function of this unit is to attend incidents, such as derailments, the unit also undertakes cross-training with Fire and Rescue NSW. The units motto is Semper Paratus, translated from Latin to mean Always Ready, Rail transport in New South Wales Railways in Sydney RailCorp
4.
Rookwood Cemetery railway line
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The Rookwood Cemetery Line used to be a part of the Sydney suburban network now known as Sydney Trains. The line serviced Rookwood Cemetery and was built in 1864, opening on 22 October 1864, the term necropolis comes from the Greek nekropolis or city of the dead. This line would run as a line from the existing station at Haslems creek and allow easier movement into. The railway line began in November 1864 and from 1 January 1865 trains began their run into the cemetery. However, The Sydney Morning Herald advertised the first regular services from 1 April 1867, the times advertised were for services at 8. 30am and 4. 15pm. Later this was changed to 9. 15am and 3pm and it stopped at prearranged stations on the journey from central Sydney in order to pick up mourners and coffins. Some stations, such as Newtown had special platform areas and buildings reserved for mourners, at the time of its opening the line went as far as Cemetery Station No.1. On 26 May 1897, an extension of the line to Cemetery Station No.3 was opened, the extension required the removal of a waiting room on the rear wall of the Cemetery Station No. 1, so the line could pass right through the building, a final extension, to Cemetery Station No.4 opened on 19 June 1908. The last trains that ran funeral processions all but ceased in the late 1930s, following this, they were only used for visitors on Sundays and Mothers Day. The service was revived during World War II during petrol rationing. The last railway timetable was recorded in 1947 and read Sydney 2.17 p. m. to Strathfield 2.33 p. m. to Rookwood #1,2.50 p. m. On 3 April 1948, the service was terminated with the spur was recorded as closed on 29 December 1948. The tracks remained until the 1980s with the used to transport stonework. Station names are based on the current name of the station, regent Street Cemetery Station No.1 Cemetery Station No.2 Cemetery Station No.3 Cemetery Station No.4 Rookwood Cemetery line in openstreetmap. The Rookwood Cemetery Line Singleton, C. C, australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, February 1960 pp17–28
5.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
6.
Australian non-residential architectural styles
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Their distribution follows closely the establishment and growth of the different colonies of Australia, in that the earliest colonial buildings can be found in New South Wales and Tasmania. Edwardian architecture is less ornate than high or late Victorian architecture. Woodgate Centre, UTS Tower, St Anthonys Church, a subset of postmodernism is mock-historicism tries to imitate historic styles using modern materials to the point where it is difficult to tell them apart from historic buildings. The most imitated styles are those that are easiest to clone, list of Australian architects Apperly, Richard, Robert Irving, Peter Reynolds. A pictorial guide to identifying Australian architecture, ulrike Laule, Rolf Toman, Achim Bednorz - Architecture of the Middle Ages - Background to the Gothic Revival style
7.
Government of New South Wales
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The Government of New South Wales, also referred to as the New South Wales Government or NSW Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of New South Wales, in Australia. The Government of New South Wales, a constitutional monarchy, was formed in 1856 as prescribed in its Constitution. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, under the Australian Constitution, New South Wales ceded legislative and judicial supremacy to the Commonwealth, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth. Section 109 of the Australian Constitution provides that, where a State law is inconsistent with a federal law, initially the Australian states retained significant independence. Over time, however, that independence has been eroded by both the proliferation of Commonwealth Law, and the increasing financial domination of the Commonwealth. New South Wales is governed according to the principles of the Westminster system, Executive power rests formally with the Executive Council, which consists of the Governor and senior ministers. The Governor, as representative of the Crown, is the repository of power, which is exercised by him or her on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales. The Premier and Ministers are appointed by the Governor, and hold office by virtue of their ability to command the support of a majority of members of the Legislative Assembly. In 2006, the Sesquicentenary of Responsible Government in New South Wales, the Act was assented to by the Queen on 3 April 2006. The following individuals serve as government ministers, at the pleasure of the Queen, the government ministers are listed in order of seniority, while their opposition counterparts are listed to correspond with the government ministers. All Opposition counterparts are members of the Parliament of New South Wales
8.
Sydney sandstone
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It forms the bedrock for much of the region of Sydney, Australia. Well known for its quality, it is the reason many Aboriginal rock carvings and drawings in the area still exist. This bedrock gives the city some of its personality by dint of its meteorological, horticultural, aesthetic, one author describes Sydneys sandstone as a kind of base note, an ever-present reminder of its Georgian beginnings and more ancient past. Sydney sandstone was deposited in the Triassic Period probably in a delta and is the caprock which controls the erosion. Six kilometres of sandstone and shale lie under Sydney and this means that the highest part of the visible lines almost always faces approximately south. It is a porous stone and acts as a giant filter. It is composed of pure silica grains and a small amount of the iron mineral siderite in varying proportions. It oxidises to the warm yellow-brown colour that is notable in the buildings which are constructed of it, the sand was washed from Broken Hill, and laid down in a bed that is about 200 metres thick. Currents washed through it, leaching out most of the minerals and they washed out channels in some places, while in others, the currents formed sand banks that show a characteristic current bedding or cross-bedding that can often be seen in cuttings. At a time in the past, monocline formed to the west of Sydney. The monocline is a bend that raises the sandstone well above where it is expected to be seen. From the beginnings of the colony in 1788, settlers and convicts had to work with the stone, the sandstone had a negative effect on farming because it underlay most of the available flat land at a very shallow depth. In the late 19th century, it was thought that the sandstone might contain gold, some efforts were made at the University to test this idea. The sandstone is the basis of the nutrient-poor soils found in Sydney that developed over millennia and came to nurture a brilliant and it is, for example, the heartland of those most characteristic of Australian trees, the eucalypts. As plants cannot afford to lose leaves to herbivores when nutrients are scarce so they defend their foliage with toxins, in eucalypts, these toxins give the bush its distinctive smell. Sandstone escarpments box in the Sydney area on three sides, to the west the Blue Mountains, and to the north and south, the Hornsby and Woronora plateaux. These escarpments, avoided by the settlers, kept Sydney in its bounds. Other rock types found in Sydney include Narrabeen shale and the younger Wianamatta shale, the quality of the sandstone known to Sydneysiders as Yellow block became well known early
9.
Carrara
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Carrara is a city and comune in the Province of Massa and Carrara, notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione River, some 100 kilometres west-northwest of Florence and its motto is Fortitudo mea in rota. There were known settlements in the area as early as the 9th century BC, the current town originated from the borough built to house workers in the marble quarries created by the Romans after their conquest of Liguria in the early 2nd century BC. Carrara has been linked with the process of quarrying and carving marble since the Roman Age, Marble was exported from the nearby harbour of Luni at the mouth of river Magra. The Bishops acquired it again in 1230, their ending in 1313. Later it was acquired by Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, Carrara and Massa formed the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century. Under the last Malaspina, Maria Teresa, who had married Ercole III dEste, after the short Napoleonic rule of Elisa Bonaparte, it was given back to Modena. During the unification of Italy age, Carrara was the seat of a revolt led by Domenico Cucchiari. At the end of the 19th century Carrara became the cradle of anarchism in Italy, the quarry workers, including the stone carvers, had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. Ideas from outside the city began to influence the Carrarese, anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. According to a New York Times article of 1894 many violent revolutionists who had expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885. Carrara has remained a hotbed of anarchism in Italy, with several organizations located openly in the city. The Anarchist marble workers were also the force behind organising labour in the quarries. They were also the protagonists of the Lunigiana revolt in January 1894. In 1929, the municipalities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were merged in a single municipality, in 1945 the previous situation was restored. Carrara is the birthplace of the International Federation of Anarchists, formed in 1968, as a titular Duke of Modena, the current holder of the title of Prince of Carrara would be Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este. Ducal Palace, now the seat of the Fine Arts Academy, built over pre-existing Lombard fortification, it dates to the reign of Guglielmo Malaspina, becoming in 1448 the permanent seat of the dynasty. It includes two distinct edifices, the Castello Malaspiniano, dating to the 13th century, and the Renaissance palace, under the medieval loggia are exposed several ancient Roman findings
Media related to Regent Street railway station at Wikimedia Commons