1.
Chippendale, New South Wales
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Chippendale is a small inner-city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on the southern edge of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Sydney. Chippendale is located between Broadway to the north and Cleveland Street to the south, Sydney Central railway station to the east, the area was first occupied by the Gadigal people of the Dharug Nation. William Chippendale was granted a 95-acre estate in 1819 and it stretched to the present day site of Redfern railway station. Chippendale sold the estate to Solomon Levey, emancipist and merchant, in 1821, Solomon Levey died while in London, in 1833. Leveys heirs sold over 62 acres to William Hutchinson, the eastern side of Chippendale, being adjacent to the CBD has a greater mix use than other parts of the suburb. It includes smaller offices and warehouses as well as cafes and pubs, Chippendale has also more recently become known as one of the key creative art districts of Sydney, with more than a dozen galleries in the small neighbourhood. Various creative events in the suburb also take place each year such as the Beams Festival, artist residencies were offered with the cooperation of Frasers during the construction of Central Park and Chippendale houses a lively creative community. The historic Regent Street railway station or Mortuary Station is located on the side of the suburb. The John Storey Memorial Dispensary was built in 1926 as a memorial to John Storey and it is located on Regent Street and still functions as a pathology and methadone clinic. Chippendale is the location of the 168-year-old Carlton & United brewery which closed in December 2006, in 2007, Frasers Property Australia purchased the brewery site from the Foster’s Group and lodged a modified concept plan for the 5.8 Hectare site. Central Park, Sydney is the renewal project in the area. Balfour Street Park, at the corner of Balfour and O’Connor Streets, acts as a gateway to Central Park. One Central Park is a large residential building on the site. Transport New South Wales has its headquarters in Chippendale, the University of Notre Dame Australia sits along the northern border with campus buildings scatterd through the suburb. The University of Technology, Sydney and the University of Sydney have campuses nearby, the Sydney campus of Curtin University is located at the eastern edge of Chippendale on Regent Street. The Boston University Sydney Campus is located on Regent Street in Chippendale, according to the 2011 census, there were 4,057 residents in Chippendale. 38. 3% of people were born in Australia, the most common other countries of birth were China 10. 6%, England 3. 8%, New Zealand 3. 3%, Indonesia 2. 6% and India 2. 5%. In Chippendale 50. 1% of people only spoke English at home, other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 10. 5%, Cantonese 3. 0%, Indonesian 2. 2%, Thai 2. 2% and Vietnamese 2. 1%
2.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
3.
Australian non-residential architectural styles
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Their distribution follows closely the establishment and growth of the different colonies of Australia, in that the earliest colonial buildings can be found in New South Wales and Tasmania. Edwardian architecture is less ornate than high or late Victorian architecture. Woodgate Centre, UTS Tower, St Anthonys Church, a subset of postmodernism is mock-historicism tries to imitate historic styles using modern materials to the point where it is difficult to tell them apart from historic buildings. The most imitated styles are those that are easiest to clone, list of Australian architects Apperly, Richard, Robert Irving, Peter Reynolds. A pictorial guide to identifying Australian architecture, ulrike Laule, Rolf Toman, Achim Bednorz - Architecture of the Middle Ages - Background to the Gothic Revival style
4.
Government of New South Wales
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The Government of New South Wales, also referred to as the New South Wales Government or NSW Government, is the Australian state democratic administrative authority of New South Wales, in Australia. The Government of New South Wales, a constitutional monarchy, was formed in 1856 as prescribed in its Constitution. Since the Federation of Australia in 1901, New South Wales has been a state of the Commonwealth of Australia, under the Australian Constitution, New South Wales ceded legislative and judicial supremacy to the Commonwealth, but retained powers in all matters not in conflict with the Commonwealth. Section 109 of the Australian Constitution provides that, where a State law is inconsistent with a federal law, initially the Australian states retained significant independence. Over time, however, that independence has been eroded by both the proliferation of Commonwealth Law, and the increasing financial domination of the Commonwealth. New South Wales is governed according to the principles of the Westminster system, Executive power rests formally with the Executive Council, which consists of the Governor and senior ministers. The Governor, as representative of the Crown, is the repository of power, which is exercised by him or her on the advice of the Premier of New South Wales. The Premier and Ministers are appointed by the Governor, and hold office by virtue of their ability to command the support of a majority of members of the Legislative Assembly. In 2006, the Sesquicentenary of Responsible Government in New South Wales, the Act was assented to by the Queen on 3 April 2006. The following individuals serve as government ministers, at the pleasure of the Queen, the government ministers are listed in order of seniority, while their opposition counterparts are listed to correspond with the government ministers. All Opposition counterparts are members of the Parliament of New South Wales
5.
Sydney sandstone
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It forms the bedrock for much of the region of Sydney, Australia. Well known for its quality, it is the reason many Aboriginal rock carvings and drawings in the area still exist. This bedrock gives the city some of its personality by dint of its meteorological, horticultural, aesthetic, one author describes Sydneys sandstone as a kind of base note, an ever-present reminder of its Georgian beginnings and more ancient past. Sydney sandstone was deposited in the Triassic Period probably in a delta and is the caprock which controls the erosion. Six kilometres of sandstone and shale lie under Sydney and this means that the highest part of the visible lines almost always faces approximately south. It is a porous stone and acts as a giant filter. It is composed of pure silica grains and a small amount of the iron mineral siderite in varying proportions. It oxidises to the warm yellow-brown colour that is notable in the buildings which are constructed of it, the sand was washed from Broken Hill, and laid down in a bed that is about 200 metres thick. Currents washed through it, leaching out most of the minerals and they washed out channels in some places, while in others, the currents formed sand banks that show a characteristic current bedding or cross-bedding that can often be seen in cuttings. At a time in the past, monocline formed to the west of Sydney. The monocline is a bend that raises the sandstone well above where it is expected to be seen. From the beginnings of the colony in 1788, settlers and convicts had to work with the stone, the sandstone had a negative effect on farming because it underlay most of the available flat land at a very shallow depth. In the late 19th century, it was thought that the sandstone might contain gold, some efforts were made at the University to test this idea. The sandstone is the basis of the nutrient-poor soils found in Sydney that developed over millennia and came to nurture a brilliant and it is, for example, the heartland of those most characteristic of Australian trees, the eucalypts. As plants cannot afford to lose leaves to herbivores when nutrients are scarce so they defend their foliage with toxins, in eucalypts, these toxins give the bush its distinctive smell. Sandstone escarpments box in the Sydney area on three sides, to the west the Blue Mountains, and to the north and south, the Hornsby and Woronora plateaux. These escarpments, avoided by the settlers, kept Sydney in its bounds. Other rock types found in Sydney include Narrabeen shale and the younger Wianamatta shale, the quality of the sandstone known to Sydneysiders as Yellow block became well known early
6.
Carrara
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Carrara is a city and comune in the Province of Massa and Carrara, notable for the white or blue-grey marble quarried there. It is on the Carrione River, some 100 kilometres west-northwest of Florence and its motto is Fortitudo mea in rota. There were known settlements in the area as early as the 9th century BC, the current town originated from the borough built to house workers in the marble quarries created by the Romans after their conquest of Liguria in the early 2nd century BC. Carrara has been linked with the process of quarrying and carving marble since the Roman Age, Marble was exported from the nearby harbour of Luni at the mouth of river Magra. The Bishops acquired it again in 1230, their ending in 1313. Later it was acquired by Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan, Carrara and Massa formed the Duchy of Massa and Carrara from the 15th to the 19th century. Under the last Malaspina, Maria Teresa, who had married Ercole III dEste, after the short Napoleonic rule of Elisa Bonaparte, it was given back to Modena. During the unification of Italy age, Carrara was the seat of a revolt led by Domenico Cucchiari. At the end of the 19th century Carrara became the cradle of anarchism in Italy, the quarry workers, including the stone carvers, had radical beliefs that set them apart from others. Ideas from outside the city began to influence the Carrarese, anarchism and general radicalism became part of the heritage of the stone carvers. According to a New York Times article of 1894 many violent revolutionists who had expelled from Belgium and Switzerland went to Carrara in 1885. Carrara has remained a hotbed of anarchism in Italy, with several organizations located openly in the city. The Anarchist marble workers were also the force behind organising labour in the quarries. They were also the protagonists of the Lunigiana revolt in January 1894. In 1929, the municipalities of Carrara, Massa and Montignoso were merged in a single municipality, in 1945 the previous situation was restored. Carrara is the birthplace of the International Federation of Anarchists, formed in 1968, as a titular Duke of Modena, the current holder of the title of Prince of Carrara would be Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este. Ducal Palace, now the seat of the Fine Arts Academy, built over pre-existing Lombard fortification, it dates to the reign of Guglielmo Malaspina, becoming in 1448 the permanent seat of the dynasty. It includes two distinct edifices, the Castello Malaspiniano, dating to the 13th century, and the Renaissance palace, under the medieval loggia are exposed several ancient Roman findings
7.
Toona ciliata
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Toona ciliata is a forest tree in the mahogany family which grows throughout southern Asia from Afghanistan to Papua New Guinea and Australia. It is commonly known as the red cedar, toon or toona, Australian redcedar, Burma cedar, Indian cedar and it is also known as Indian mahogany. In Australia its natural habitat is now extensively cleared subtropical rainforests of New South Wales, the Australian population was formerly treated as distinct species under the name Toona australis. The species can grow to around 60 m in height and its trunk can reach 3 m in girth, the largest recorded T. ciliata tree in Australia grew near Nulla Nulla Creek, west of Kempsey, New South Wales and was felled in 1883. The southernmost limit of distribution is on basaltic soils, growing west of the Princes Highway near the village of Termeil, south of Ulladulla, southern Illawarra. It also naturally occurs at Norfolk Island and it is one of Australias few native deciduous trees. The timber is red in colour, easy to work and very highly valued and it was used extensively for furniture, wood panelling and construction, including shipbuilding, and was referred to as red gold by Australian settlers. Heavily and unsustainably exploited in the 19th Century and early 20th Century, almost all the trees have been cut out. Availability of this timber is now limited, timber is currently also harvested in New Guinea. Although it is not generally a viable plantation species, trees are harvested by Forestry in the Atherton region of Queensland. The tree exudes a chemical that the cedar tip moth seeks out. The red cedar is planted in subtropical and tropical parts of the world as a shade tree. It is grown in the Hawaiian Islands and southern and eastern Africa, in parts of Zimbabwe and South Africa, it has naturalised, growing to maturity and spreading from seed. It is a seed producer and establishes readily. Cedar wood Macleay River Toona sureni Australian timbers National Register of Big Trees Distribution Map
8.
James Barnet
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James Johnstone Barnet was the Colonial Architect for Colonial New South Wales, serving from 1862 to 1890. The list of Barnets work includes 169 post and telegraph offices,130 courthouses,155 police stations,110 lock-ups and 20 lighthouses, born the son of a builder, Barnet was educated at the local high school. In 1843, at the age of sixteen, Barnet moved to London and he then became of clerk of works with the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers. In 1854 he married and sailed for Sydney, Australia, with his new wife, in Sydney, he worked first as a builder for Edmund Blacket, then became Clerk of Works at the University of Sydney. In 1860, he joined the Colonial Architects Office, in 1862, he was acting head of the office, in 1865, he was promoted to the post of Colonial Architect. Between 1865 and 1881, Barnet had supervised 1,490 projects, other roles were assigned to Barnet, for example, he was put in charge of the arrangements for the visit of the Duke of Edinburgh in 1868. In 1879, Barnet was put in charge of the design, night shifts were used to get through the project using the first electric light in Sydney. Although the project was judged a success at the end, Barnet was constantly criticised in Parliament during the construction, the project overran its budget of £50,000 by more than three times, costing £184,570. Barnet had previously been criticised in 1874 over the new wing of the Australian Museum by the Museums trustees, by contrast, also in 1874, his General Post Office in Martin Place received high praise. Between 1870 and 1889 Barnet was on the set up to plan the colonys defence. Barnet built new batteries and barracks, in July 1889, defence works became the responsibility of a military works branch of the Public Works Department. The new director was Lieutenant–Colonel F. R. de Wolski, Barnet was not prompt in handing over plans and documents for defence works. There had been rumours about the project at Bare Island battery in Botany Bay, on 1 July 1890, a Royal Commission was set up to investigate the letting of contracts and report on the work completed. The evidence presented by staff of the Colonial Architects office and Barnet was contradictory, the Commission found that the work was below standard and the Colonial Architects supervision of the project was not adequate. While the minister supported Barnet, the Commissions censure was an end to his distinguished career. He believed that de Wolski had significantly influenced the Commission and held that the Commission’s findings were unjust, petty, in 1899, Barnet published Architectural work in Sydney, New South Wales, 1788-1899. Barnets work was influenced by the Italian Renaissance. He had little time for the new styles of architecture becoming fashionable in Sydney at the end of the nineteenth century, Barnet was also critical of domestic architectural fashions, cluttered with what he saw as useless ornamentation, and surmounted with blazing red tiles from France
9.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
10.
Funeral train
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A funeral train is a train specially chartered in order to carry a coffin or coffins to a place of interment. Funeral trains today are often reserved for leaders and national heroes, as part of a state funeral, Funeral trains remain mostly steam locomotive hauled, due to the more romantic image of the steam train against more modern diesel or electric locomotives. The first funeral train was run by The London Necropolis and National Mausoleum Company on 7 November 1854, trains ran once a day from London Necropolis railway station to Brookwood Cemetery. The train carried not only the bodies of the dead, different classes were available for both the living and the dead, a more expensive first class ticket would provide a more ornate coffin and greater care of the body during transit. The public were initially reserved about the project, one bishop expressed fears that It may sometimes happen that persons of opposite characters might be carried in the same conveyance. For instance, the body of some profligate spendthrift might be placed in a conveyance with the body of some member of the church. The line ran daily – including Sundays – for almost 50 years until 1900, the railway remained in operation through the First World War and Second World War until 16 April 1941, when the London Necropolis station was bombed in the London Blitz. The station was never rebuilt and the fell into disuse. While this practice is discontinued, the side gates still remain. Following the 1947 nationalisation of Britains railways, the use of the railway to transport coffins went into steep decline. The last railway funeral to be carried by British Rail anywhere was that of Lord Mountbatten in September 1979, in Sydney, Australia, there was a similar service whereby the Rookwood Cemetery railway line served the Rookwood Cemetery complex. From 1867 until 1948 trains would depart Mortuary Station in Sydney City, in Melbourne funeral services operated to the Springvale Necropolis along the dedicated Spring Vale Cemetery railway, while the Fawkner Cemetery was served by trains to Fawkner station. In Helsinki, a 2 km long side track ran from the Malmi railroad station to the Malmi cemetery, coffins were transported to the cemetery from Harju morgue in Kallio. The track was decommissioned in 1954, and has been removed, the Berlin Friedhofsbahn, opened in 1913, ran from Berlin-Wannsee station to Stahnsdorfs Forest Cemetery, about 20 kilometres southwest of Central Berlin. It was serviced by both trains with passenger and hearse carriages, as well as regular S-Bahn services. Funeral train service ended in 1952 and the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 spelled the end for cross-border S-Bahn services, although most funeral services now make use of road-going hearses rather than trains, funeral trains remain common for the funerals of heads of state. Most British Prime Ministers do not receive funeral trains, russia, In 1894, the body of Tsar Alexander III, was transported by train from Livadia Palace in the Crimea, back St. Petersburg, by way of Moscow. On January 23,1924, body of Vladimir Lenin was carried by train to Moscow Paveletskaya railway station
11.
Rookwood Cemetery
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Rookwood Cemetery is the largest necropolis in the Southern Hemisphere, located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Rookwood is a suburb, close to Lidcombe railway station about 17 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, Rookwood Cemetery is divided into denominational and operational areas with individual offices, staff, and equipment to run different parts of the entire area. The cemetery is now managed by three trusts, Rookwood Necropolis Trust are the custodians of Rookwood on behalf of the NSW Government. The two denominational trusts are responsible for the care and maintenance of a number of sections catering to various ethnic. Those trusts are, Rookwood General Cemetery Reserve Trust and the Catholic Cemeteries, the NSW Cremation Company, which founded and operates The Rookwood Memorial Gardens Crematorium, is the oldest operating crematorium in Australia. The NSW Cremation Company is the private company operating a cemetery section within the Necropolis grounds. Today the company is part of the InvoCare company, Rookwood also contains a number of memorial shrines including those dedicated to victims of the Holocaust and to members of the merchant marines killed in wartime. The Sydney War Cemetery is located in the section of the Necropolis. The Circle of Love is a dedicated to stillborn children or those who died in young infancy. There are 915,000 people that have buried and cremated at Rookwood. The Friends of Rookwood Inc is an organisation dedicated to preserving the site. As the largest Victorian era cemetery still in operation in the world, some older sections of Rookwood are overgrown with a riot of plants, early horticultural plants, some now large trees or groves, as well as an interesting array of remnant indigenous flora. This results in quite a mix of flora to be found within the necropolis. In 1818, Governor Lachlan Macquarie had Sydneys main burial ground established near the towns brickworks, by the 1840s, the Devonshire Street Cemetery was close to being full so another larger site was needed. A location near Randwick was chosen but abandoned in 1859 without ever being used due to complaints from local residents, in Australia, as in Europe, there was an increasing trend to move burial sites outside of the cities for practical, hygienic and other more aesthetic purposes. With a railway line having been completed to Parramatta in 1856, several sites were surveyed and found to be inappropriate. However, in 1862 the government purchased 80 hectares of land at Haslems Creek from the estate of Edward Cohen. Cohens land had previously formed part of a parcel known as Hyde Park that had been given to the magistrate and parliamentarian Henry Grattan Douglass in 1833
12.
Central railway station, Sydney
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The Central railway station is a railway station located at the southern end of the central business district in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Often abbreviated as Central or Central station, the station is the largest and busiest railway station in New South Wales and it services almost all of the lines on the Sydney Trains network, and is the major terminus for NSW TrainLink services. Actual patronage was 11.35 million passenger movements in 2013, there have been three terminal stations in Sydney. The original Sydney station was opened on 26 September 1855 in a known as Cleveland Fields. This station, called Redfern, had Devonshire Street as its northern boundary, when this station became inadequate for the traffic it carried, a new station was built in 1874 on the same site and also called Redfern. This was a building with two platforms. It grew to 14 platforms before it was replaced by the station to the north of Devonshire Street. The new station was built on a site occupied by the Devonshire Street Cemetery, a convent, a female refuge, a police barracks, a parsonage. The remains exhumed from the cemetery were re-interred at several other Sydney cemeteries including Rookwood, bodies were moved to Botany by steam tram motors and flat cars. The present station was opened on 4 August 1906 and opening for passengers on 5 August 1906. The new station included the previous Mortuary railway station used to transport funeral parties to Rookwood Cemetery, the last train departed platform 5 of the 1874 station at midnight. During the remainder of that night, the concourse was demolished. The Western Mail arrived at 05,50 on 5 August 1906 at the new station, Devonshire Street, which separated the two stations, became a pedestrian underpass to allow people to cross the railway line and is now known by many as the Devonshire Street Tunnel. An 85. 6-metre-tall clock tower in the Free Classical style was added at the corner of the station. The clock was designed by Richard Lamb and Alfred Fairfax, the co-founders of Fairfax & Roberts, Central station was designed by the Government Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon. It is listed on the NSW State Heritage Register and the now defunct Register of the National Estate, a riot, dubbed the Battle of Central Station, took place in 1916. Soldiers rebelling against camp conditions had raided hotels in Liverpool and travelled to the city by commandeered trains, upon arrival at Central station, the rioters set about destroying the station facilities, and fire was exchanged between rampaging rioters and military police. One rioter was shot dead and several were injured, the only remaining evidence of the gun battle is a small bullet-hole in the marble by the entrance to platform 1
Media related to Regent Street railway station at Wikimedia Commons