1.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
2.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
3.
Army
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An army or ground force is a fighting force that fights primarily on land. In the broadest sense, it is the military branch. It may also include other branches of the such as the air force via means of aviation corps. Within a national force, the word army may also mean a field army. They differ from army reserves who are activated only during such times as war or natural disasters, in several countries, the army is officially called the Land Army to differentiate it from an air force called the Air Army, notably France. In such countries, the army on its own retains its connotation of a land force in common usage. By convention, irregular military is understood in contrast to regular armies which grew slowly from personal bodyguards or elite militia, regular in this case refers to standardized doctrines, uniforms, organizations, etc. Regular military can also refer to full-time status, versus reserve or part-time personnel, other distinctions may separate statutory forces, from de facto non-statutory forces such as some guerrilla and revolutionary armies. Armies may also be expeditionary or fencible, india has had some of the earliest armies in the world. During the Indus Valley Civilization however, there was just a small force as they didnt fear invasion at the time. After the Aryan invasion, kingdoms and city-states started forming armies to protect their cities, one of the first known recorded battles, the Battle of the Ten Kings, happened when a Hindu king defeated an alliance of ten kings. During the Iron Age, the Maurya and Nanda Empires had large armies, in the Gupta age, large armies of longbowmen were recruited to fight off invading horse archer armies. Elephants, pikemen and cavalry were other featured troops, in Rajput times, the main piece of equipment was iron or chain-mail armour, a round shield, either a curved blade or a straight-sword, a chakra disc and a katar dagger. China has existed as a culture for thousands of years, the states of China raised armies for at least 1000 years before the Spring and Autumn Annals. By the Warring States period, the crossbow had been perfected enough to become a military secret, thus any political power of a state rested on the armies and their organization. China underwent political consolidation of the states of Han, Wei, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Qi, until by 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huang, sun Tzus The Art of War remains one of Chinas Seven Military Classics, even though it is two thousand years old. Since no political figure could exist without an army, measures were taken to only the most capable leaders could control the armies. Civil bureaucracies arose to control the power of the states
4.
Arnhem
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Arnhem /ˈɑːrnəm/ or /ˈɑːrnhɛm/ is a city and municipality, situated in the eastern part of the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of Gelderland and located on banks of the rivers Nederrijn and Sint-Jansbeek, which was the source of the citys development. Arnhem had a population of 151,356 in 2014 and is one of the cities of the Netherlands. The municipality is part of the city region Arnhem-Nijmegen, which has a combined 736,500 inhabitants, Arnhem is home to the Hogeschool van Arnhem en Nijmegen, ArtEZ Institute of the Arts, Netherlands Open Air Museum, Royal Burgers Zoo and National Sports Centre Papendal. The oldest archeological findings of human activity around Arnhem are two firestones of about 70,000 years ago and these come from the stone age, when the Neanderthals lived in this part of Europe. In Schuytgraaf, remnants of a camp from around 5000 BC have been discovered. In Schaarsbergen,12 grave mounds were found from 2400 BC, the earliest settlement in Arnhem dates from 1500 BC, of which traces have been found on the Hoogkamp, where the Van Goyenstraat is currently located. Arnhem arose on the location where the road between Nijmegen and Utrecht/Zutphen split, Seven streams provided the city with water, and only when the flow of the Rhine was changed in 1530, was the city located on the river. Arnhem was first mentioned as such in 893 as Arneym or Arentheym, in 1233 Count Otto II of Guelders from Zutphen, conferred city rights on the town, which had belonged to the abbey of Prüm, settled in, and fortified it. Arnhem entered the Hanseatic League in 1443, in 1473, it was captured by Charles the Bold of Burgundy. In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy, in 1543, as capital of the so-called Kwartier van Veluwe it joined the Union of Utrecht during the Eighty years war in 1579. After its capture from the Spanish forces by Dutch and English troops in 1585 the city part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands. The French occupied the town 1672–74, from 1795 to 1813, it was reoccupied by the French, by both revolutionary and imperial forces. In the early 19th century, the fortifications were almost completely dismantled. The Sabelspoort is the remaining part of the medieval walls. In the 19th century, Arnhem was a resort town famous for its picturesque beauty. It was known as het Haagje van het oosten, mainly because a number of former sugar barons or planters from the Indies settled there. Even now the city is famous for its parks and greenery, the urbanization in the north on hilly terrain is also quite unusual for the Netherlands
5.
Geoje prison camp
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Geoje-do POW camp was a POW camp located in Geoje at the southernmost part of Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. Geojedo Camp was built to hold prisoners shortly after the outbreak of the Korean War, in February 1951, the UN High Command ordered the removal of all Communist POWs from the Korean peninsula to Geoje island. The first collective violence against camp guards occurred on 18/19 June 1951, when a South Korean guard detail entered Compound 76 of the camp, the prisoners stoned the guards and the soldiers opened fire, killing three POWs. More incidents followed including demonstrations within the compounds, work refusals, threats against camp personnel, in July and August 1951, the guards killed eight more POWs. On one occasion, the guards had to rescue 200 POWs from Compound 78, POWs had too much free time and independence and surrounding refugee camps allowed the easy flow of information and contraband into the camp. Van Fleet sent a new U. S. Army military police battalion to the island, in December 1951, a battalion of the U. S. 23rd Infantry Regiment augmented the guard force as did additional South Korean MPs. While the guard force now numbered 9,000 officers and men, by 1952 over 170,000 prisoners of war were held at the camp, however, U. N. forces lacked sufficient manpower and experience in controlling such large numbers of prisoners. On 2 February 1952, U. S. Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs U, on 27 February 1952, this approach was adopted as the U. N. position at the Panmunjom talks. After the incident, Eighth Army commander Lieutenant General James Van Fleet, in the meantime, some 280 Communist agents were instructed to be captured in order to gain access to the camp and organise the anti-voluntary repatriation actions. On 13 March 1952, resisters in Compound 76 stoned a passing work detail, South Korean guards opened fire, killing 12 POWs and wounding 26. In April 1952 the U. N. started Operation Spreadout to separate repatriates from those who chose not to return, koreans who refused repatriation were removed from Geoje-do to mainland camps at Pusan, Masan, Yeongcheon, Kwangju, and Nonsan. The Chinese, divided into repatriates and nonrepatriates, would be sent to new camps on opposite sides of Jeju-do, on 7 May 1952, General Dodd visited Compound 76 to listen to complaints aired by the Communist leaders of the compound. While standing near the gate, Dodd and one of his subordinates. LTC Raven grabbed hold of a gatepost long enough for the American guards to rescue him, for the next 78 hours, Dodd was held captive. This statement delivered a victory to the Communists. While the Dodd incident was taking place Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark arrived in South Korea as the new UNC commander on 12 May 1952. Clark swiftly demoted Colson and Dodd, appointing Brigadier General Haydon L. Boatner as the new camp commander, on 10 June 1952 BG Boatner ordered the 187th Regimental Combat team supported by tanks of the 64th Tank Battalion to take control of Compound 76. More than 31 POWs were killed and 131 were injured, while one U. S. soldier died and this action effectively ended the uprising
6.
Presidential Unit Citation (United States)
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The unit with the most Presidential Unit Citations is the USS Parche with 9 citations. The Army citation was established by Executive Order 9075 on 26 February 1942, superseded by Executive Order 9396 on Dec.2,1943, as with other Army unit citations, the PUC is in a larger frame than other ribbons, and is worn above the right pocket. All members of the unit may wear the decoration, whether or not they participated in the acts for which the unit was cited. Only those assigned to the unit at the time of the action cited may wear the decoration as a permanent award, for both the Army and Air Force, the emblem is a solid blue ribbon enclosed in a gold frame. The Air Force PUC was adopted from the Army Distinguished Unit Citation after the Air Force became a military branch in 1947. By Executive Order 10694, dated Jan,10,1957 the Air Force redesignated the Distinguished Unit Citation as the Presidential Unit Citation. The Air Force PUC is the color and design as the Army PUC but slightly smaller. The Citation is carried on the units colors in the form of a blue streamer,4 ft long and 2.75 in wide. For the Army, only on rare occasions will a larger than battalion qualify for award of this decoration. The Navy citation was established by Executive Order 9050 on 6 February 1942, the Navy version has blue, yellow, and red horizontal stripes, and is the only Navy ribbon having horizontal stripes. These are only worn by persons who meet the criteria at the time it is awarded to the unit, unlike the Army, those who later join the unit do not wear it on a temporary basis. The current decoration is known as the Department of Homeland Security Presidential Unit Citation. A Coast Guard version of the award was awarded to all U. S. Coast Guard and Coast Guard Auxiliary personnel responding to Hurricane Katrina by President George W. Bush for rescue, the United States Public Health Service Presidential Citation was established in 2015. The design was finalized by the Army Institute of Heraldry on 17 August 2015, two units of the Free French Forces were awarded Presidential Unit Citations during World War II. On April 22,1986, the 1st Fighter Group Força Aérea Brasileira was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions in the Po Valley region of Italy in World War II. The Brazilians, operating in Italy in support of Allied forces, destroyed in one day over 45 vehicles, strafed pontoon bridges on the River Po, eleven missions of 44 sorties were flown destroying nine motor transports and damaging 17. One Belgian-Luxembourgian battalion of the Belgian United Nations Command was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation once for actions during the Battle of the Imjin River, the Colombia Battalion received the citation while attached to the American 21st Infantry Regiment in 1951. One Dutch unit, the Netherlands Detachment United Nations, part of the Regiment Van Heutsz, was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation twice for actions during the Korean War, the first citation was awarded after the battle near Wonju and Hoengson in February 1951
7.
Battle honour
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In European military tradition, military units may be acknowledged for their achievements in specific wars or operations of a military campaign. These honours usually take the form of a place and a date, theatre honours could be listed and displayed on regimental property but not emblazoned on the colours. Since battle honours are emblazoned on colours, artillery units. These honour titles were permitted to be used as part of their official nomenclature, similar honours in the same tenor include unit citations. Battle honours, theatre honours, honour titles and their ilk form a part of the variety of distinctions which serve to distinguish military units from each other. For the British Army, the need to adopt a system to recognise military units battlefield accomplishments was apparent since its formation as an army in the later part of the 17th century. Although the granting of battle honours had already been in place at the time, before then, a regiments colours were practical tools for rallying troops in the battlefield and not quite something for displaying the units past distinctions. The first battle honour to be awarded in the British Army was granted to the 15th Hussars for the Battle of Emsdorf in 1760, thereafter, other regiments received battle honours for some of their previous engagements. The battle honour is held by the successor regiment, the Princess of Waless Royal Regiment. During these early years of the British standing army, a regiment needed only to engage the enemy with musketry before it was eligible for a battle honour, thus in 1882, a committee was formed to adjudicate applications of battle honour claims. This committee, later called the Battles Nomenclature Committee, still maintains its function in the British Army today. A battle honour may be granted to infantry/cavalry regiments or battalions, as well as ships and squadrons, they are granted to sub-units such as companies. Battle honours are presented in the form of a name of a country, region, or city where the units distinguished act took place. Not every battle fought will automatically result in the granting of a battle honour, conversely, a regiment or a battalion might obtain more than one battle honour over the course of a larger operation. Similarly, while in Korea, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry earned both Kapyong and Korea 1951–1953, supporting corps/branches such as medical, service, ordnance, or transport do not currently receive battle honours. However and uniquely the Royal Logistic Corps has five battle honours inherited from its previous transport elements, Commonwealth artillery does not maintain battle honours as they carry neither colours nor guidons—though their guns by tradition are afforded many of the same respects and courtesies. However, both the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers were in 1832 granted by King William IV the right to use the Latin Ubique, meaning everywhere and this is worn on the cap badge of both the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The practice was extended to these same regiments and corps in the successor Commonwealth armed forces
8.
Infantry
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Infantry is the general branch of an army that engages in military combat on foot. As the troops who engage with the enemy in close-ranged combat, infantry units bear the largest brunt of warfare, Infantry can enter and maneuver in terrain that is inaccessible to military vehicles and employ crew-served infantry weapons that provide greater and more sustained firepower. In English, the 16th-century term Infantry describes soldiers who walk to the battlefield, and there engage, fight, the term arose in Sixteenth-Century Spain, which boasted one of the first professional standing armies seen in Europe since the days of Rome. It was common to appoint royal princes to military commands, and the men under them became known as Infanteria. in the Canadian Army, the role of the infantry is to close with, and destroy the enemy. In the U. S. Army, the closes with the enemy, by means of fire and maneuver, in order to destroy or capture him, or to repel his assault by fire, close combat. In the U. S. Marine Corps, the role of the infantry is to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy fire and maneuver. Beginning with the Napoleonic Wars of the early 19th century, artillery has become a dominant force on the battlefield. Since World War I, combat aircraft and armoured vehicles have become dominant. In 20th and 21st century warfare, infantry functions most effectively as part of a combined arms team including artillery, armour, Infantry relies on organized formations to be employed in battle. These have evolved over time, but remain a key element to effective infantry development and deployment, until the end of the 19th century, infantry units were for the most part employed in close formations up until contact with the enemy. This allowed commanders to control of the unit, especially while maneuvering. The development of guns and other weapons with increased firepower forced infantry units to disperse in order to make them less vulnerable to such weapons. This decentralization of command was made possible by improved communications equipment, among the various subtypes of infantry is Medium infantry. This refers to infantry which are heavily armed and armored than heavy infantry. In the early period, medium infantry were largely eliminated due to discontinued use of body armour up until the 20th century. In the United States Army, Stryker Infantry is considered Medium Infantry, since they are heavier than light infantry, Infantry doctrine is the concise expression of how infantry forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not a set of hard, doctrine provides a very common frame of reference across the military forces, allowing the infantry to function cooperatively in what are now called combined arms operations. Doctrine helps standardise operations, facilitating readiness by establishing common ways of accomplishing infantry tasks, doctrine links theory, history, experimentation, and practice
9.
Regiment
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A regiment is a military unit. Their role and size varies markedly, depending on the country, in Medieval Europe, the term regiment denoted any large body of front-line soldiers, recruited or conscripted in one geographical area, by a leader who was often also the feudal lord of the soldiers. By the 17th century, a regiment was usually about a thousand personnel. In many armies, the first role has been assumed by independent battalions, battlegroups, task forces, brigades and other, similarly-sized operational units. By the beginning of the 18th century, regiments in most European continental armies had evolved into permanent units with distinctive titles and uniforms, when at full strength, an infantry regiment normally comprised two field battalions of about 800 men each or 8–10 companies. In some armies, an independent regiment with fewer companies was labelled a demi-regiment, a cavalry regiment numbered 600 to 900 troopers, making up a single entity. With the widespread adoption of conscription in European armies during the nineteenth century, the regimental system underwent modification. Prior to World War I, a regiment in the French, German, Russian. As far as possible, the battalions would be garrisoned in the same military district, so that the regiment could be mobilized. A cavalry regiment by contrast made up an entity of up to 1,000 troopers. Usually, the regiment is responsible for recruiting and administering all of a military career. Depending upon the country, regiments can be either combat units or administrative units or both and this is often contrasted to the continental system adopted by many armies. Generally, divisions are garrisoned together and share the same installations, thus, in divisional administration, soldiers and officers are transferred in and out of divisions as required. Some regiments recruited from specific areas, and usually incorporated the place name into the regimental name. In other cases, regiments would recruit from an age group within a nation. In other cases, new regiments were raised for new functions within an army, e. g. the Fusiliers, the Parachute Regiment, a key aspect of the regimental system is that the regiment or battalion is the fundamental tactical building block. This flows historically from the period, when battalions were widely dispersed and virtually autonomous. For example, a regiment might include different types of battalions of different origins, within the regimental system, soldiers, and usually officers, are always posted to a tactical unit of their own regiment whenever posted to field duty
10.
Royal Netherlands Army
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The Royal Netherlands Army is the land forces element of the military of the Netherlands. The Royal Netherlands Army was raised on 9 January 1814—however, its origins back to 1572. Therefore, the Netherlands has one of the oldest standing armies in the world, dating back to the 16th century. It fought during the Napoleonic Wars, World War II, the Indonesian War of Independence, Korean War,2 of 3 Dutch Army Brigades are now under German Command. In 2014 the 11th Airmobile Brigade, was integrated into the German Division of fast forces, also the Dutch 43rd Mechanized Brigade, will be integrated into the 1st Panzer Division of the German army. With the integration starting at the beginning of 2016, and the unit becoming operational at the end of 2019, the Dutch-German military cooperation are seen as an example for setting up a European defense union. The Royal Netherlands Army was raised on 9 January 1814, but its origins back to 1572. Therefore, the Netherlands operates one of the worlds oldest standing armies, the Staatse Leger was replaced by the army of the Batavian Republic in 1795, which in turn was replaced by the army of the Kingdom of Holland in 1806. It fought alongside the French in the Anglo-Russian Invasion of Holland in 1799 and several campaigns in Germany, Austria, the independent army was disbanded in 1810 when Napoleon decided to reunite Holland into France. The army units became part of the Grande Armée, the present day French 126th Infantry Regiment has Dutch origins. Dutch army elements participated in the French invasion of Russia in 1812, most notable were the actions of the Pontonniers company under Captain Benthien at the Berezina River. New research points out that, contrary to what is currently believed, an independent Dutch army was resurrected by the new Kingdom of the United Netherlands in 1814, following the Orangist uprising against Napoleonic rule in 1813. This new force, the Netherlands Mobile Army, formed a part of the allied army during the Hundred Days Campaign that culminated in the Battle of Waterloo. Units such as Baron Chassés were key in securing victory for the allied army, since 1814, the army have been involved in several military conflicts (Waterloo campaign 1815, several colonial wars 1825–1925, and the Belgian Revolution 1830–1832. At the beginning of the Second World War, the I Corps was the strategic reserve and was located in the Vesting Holland, around The Hague, Leiden, Haarlem. The Royal Netherlands Army was defeated in May 1940 and only began to rise again with the formation of the Princess Irene Brigade Group in exile, in the Far East, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army was defeated by the Japanese in 1942, few elements managed to escape. The army then fought in the Indonesian War of Independence 1945–1949, in Korea in 1950-53, the Royal Netherlands Navy and an army battalion were sent to Korea between 1950 and 1954. In total,3,972 Soldiers were sent to fight the war in Korea,123 died in combat, the I Corps stood watch alongside its NATO allies in Germany during the Cold War
11.
J. B. van Heutsz
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Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz was a Dutch military officer who was appointed governor general of the Dutch East Indies in 1904. He had become famous years before by bringing to an end to the long Aceh War, Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz was born on 3 February 1851 in Coevorden in the Netherlands. He was the son of Joannes Franciscus van Heutsz and Maria Lucilla Kocken. Both his father and grandfather were artillery officers, Van Heutsz, who was a difficult and talkative student, went to school in Breda. His family could not afford to send him to the Royal Military Academy in Breda, following twenty-five years of protracted warfare, Van Heutsz was appointed as Military Governor of Aceh. He also solicited the support of the Acehnese ruling classes while isolating the rebels from their rural bases, Van Heutsz commissioned Colonel Van Daalen with the challenge of breaking any remaining resistance. Van Daalen destroyed several villages, killing at least 2,900 Acehnese, Dutch losses numbered just 26, and Van Daalen was promoted. By todays standards, these actions would be considered war crimes, having overcome the secular elements of the resistance, Aceh was declared by the Dutch to be officially pacified by 1903. Despite this, resistance from the ulama continued until 1913, hendrikus Colijn, future Prime Minister of the Netherlands, was the adjutant of Van Heutsz. In the Netherlands at the time, Van Heutsz was considered a hero and his efforts boosted support for imperialism in Dutch society and government while weakening the position of anti-imperialists. Van Heutsz moved to Amsterdam in 1909, after his wife died in 1919, he moved to Bussum. He lived in Montreux in Switzerland and Merano in Italy from 1922 and he died in Montreux on 11 July 1924, at the age of 73. On 9 June 1929, he was reburied in Amsterdam, during the 1920s and 1930s, monuments to Van Heutsz were erected throughout the major cities of the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies including Amsterdam, Banda Aceh and Batavia. On 15 June 1935, The Van Heutsz Monument in South Amsterdam was inaugurated by Queen Wilhelmina, the monument underwent many defacements several times during various protests from 1965 to 2004. The municipality of Amsterdam changed its name and purpose in 2004, the monument is now known as the Dutch East India – Netherlands Monument, and all references to Van Heutsz have been removed. Vol.3, ed. Anthony Reid, Sian Jay, an Indonesian Frontier, Acehnese & Other Histories of Sumatra. Media related to Joannes Benedictus van Heutsz at Wikimedia Commons
12.
Dutch East Indies
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The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony. It was formed from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company. During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded and this colony was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empires rule, and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century. The colonial social order was based on racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from. The term Indonesia came into use for the location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, Japans World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution, the word Indies comes from Latin, Indus. The original name Dutch Indies was translated by the English as the Dutch East Indies, the name Dutch Indies is recorded in the Dutch East India Companys documents of the early 1620s. Scholars writing in English use the terms Indië, Indies, the Dutch East Indies, the Netherlands Indies, centuries before Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states, including commercially oriented coastal trading states and inland agrarian states. The first Europeans to arrive were the Portuguese in the late 15th century, following disruption of Dutch access to spices in Europe, the first Dutch expedition set sail for the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. When it made a 400% profit on its return, other Dutch expeditions soon followed, recognising the potential of the East Indies trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing companies into the United East India Company. The VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, a capital was established in Batavia, which became the centre of the VOCs Asian trading network. Smuggling, the expense of war, corruption, and mismanagement led to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was dissolved in 1800 and its colonial possessions in the Indonesian archipelago were nationalised under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies. From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late 16th century, to the declaration of independence in 1945, although Java was dominated by the Dutch, many areas remained independent throughout much of this time, including Aceh, Bali, Lombok and Borneo. Piracy remained a problem until the mid-19th century, finally in the early 20th century, imperial dominance was extended across what was to become the territory of modern-day Indonesia. In 1811, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including Java, Dutch control was restored in 1816. Under the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the Dutch secured British settlements such as Bengkulu in Sumatra, in exchange for ceding control of their possessions in the Malay Peninsula, the resulting borders between British and Dutch possessions remain between Malaysia and Indonesia
13.
Korean War
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The Korean War began when North Korea invaded South Korea. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, China came to the aid of North Korea, and the Soviet Union gave some assistance. Korea was ruled by Japan from 1910 until the days of World War II. In August 1945, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as a result of an agreement with the United States, U. S. forces subsequently moved into the south. By 1948, as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, Korea was split into two regions, with separate governments, both governments claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither side accepted the border as permanent. The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces—supported by the Soviet Union, on that day, the United Nations Security Council recognized this North Korean act as invasion and called for an immediate ceasefire. On 27 June, the Security Council adopted S/RES/83, Complaint of aggression upon the Republic of Korea and decided the formation, twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force, with the United States providing 88% of the UNs military personnel. After the first two months of war, South Korean forces were on the point of defeat, forced back to the Pusan Perimeter, in September 1950, an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Inchon, and cut off many North Korean troops. Those who escaped envelopment and capture were rapidly forced back north all the way to the border with China at the Yalu River, at this point, in October 1950, Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war. Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951, after these reversals of fortune, which saw Seoul change hands four times, the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition, with the front line close to the 38th parallel. The war in the air, however, was never a stalemate, North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign. Jet fighters confronted each other in combat for the first time in history. The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed, the agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no treaty has been signed, and the two Koreas are technically still at war. Periodic clashes, many of which are deadly, continue to the present, in the U. S. the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a police action as it was an undeclared military action, conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. In South Korea, the war is referred to as 625 or the 6–2–5 Upheaval. In North Korea, the war is referred to as the Fatherland Liberation War or alternatively the Chosǒn War. In China, the war is called the War to Resist U. S
14.
International Security Assistance Force
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From 2006 to 2011, ISAF had become increasingly involved in more intensive combat operations in southern and eastern Afghanistan. Troop contributors included the United States, United Kingdom and Canada, other NATO member states, the intensity of the combat faced by contributing nations varied greatly, with the United States sustaining the most casualties overall. In early 2010, there were at least 700 military bases inside Afghanistan, about 400 of these were used by American‑led NATO forces and 300 by ANSF. ISAF ceased combat operations and was disbanded in December 2014, with some troops remaining behind in a role as part of ISAFs successor organization. For almost two years, the ISAF mandate did not go beyond the boundaries of Kabul, according to General Norbert Van Heyst, such a deployment would require at least ten thousand additional soldiers. The responsibility for security throughout the whole of Afghanistan was to be given to the newly reconstituted Afghan National Army, however, on October 13,2003, the Security Council voted unanimously to expand the ISAF mission beyond Kabul with Resolution 1510. Shortly thereafter, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien said that Canadian soldiers would not deploy outside Kabul, on October 24,2003, the German Bundestag voted to send German troops to the region of Kunduz. Approximately 230 additional soldiers were deployed to that region, marking the first time that ISAF soldiers operated outside of Kabul. On July 31,2006, the NATO‑led International Security Assistance Force assumed command of the south of the country, ISAF Stage 3, and by October 5, also of the east of Afghanistan, ISAF Stage 4. ISAF was mandated by UN Security Council Resolutions 1386,1413,1444,1510,1563,1623,1659,1707,1776, the last of these extended the mandate of ISAF to March 23,2011. The mandates given by the different governments to their forces varied from country to country and this meant that ISAF suffered from a lack of united aims. The initial ISAF headquarters was based on 3rd UK Mechanised Division and this force arrived in December,2001. Until ISAF expanded beyond Kabul, the force consisted of a roughly division-level headquarters and one covering the capital. The brigade was composed of three groups, and was in charge of the tactical command of deployed troops. ISAF headquarters served as the control center of the mission. Eighteen countries were contributors to the force in February,2002, Turkey assumed command of ISAF in June,2002. During this period, the number of Turkish troops increased from about 100 to 1,300, in November,2002, ISAF consisted of 4,650 troops from over 20 countries. Around 1,200 German troops served in the force alongside 250 Dutch soldiers operating as part of a German-led battalion, Turkey relinquished command in February,2003, and assumed command for a second time in February,2005
15.
Battle honor
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In European military tradition, military units may be acknowledged for their achievements in specific wars or operations of a military campaign. These honours usually take the form of a place and a date, theatre honours could be listed and displayed on regimental property but not emblazoned on the colours. Since battle honours are emblazoned on colours, artillery units. These honour titles were permitted to be used as part of their official nomenclature, similar honours in the same tenor include unit citations. Battle honours, theatre honours, honour titles and their ilk form a part of the variety of distinctions which serve to distinguish military units from each other. For the British Army, the need to adopt a system to recognise military units battlefield accomplishments was apparent since its formation as an army in the later part of the 17th century. Although the granting of battle honours had already been in place at the time, before then, a regiments colours were practical tools for rallying troops in the battlefield and not quite something for displaying the units past distinctions. The first battle honour to be awarded in the British Army was granted to the 15th Hussars for the Battle of Emsdorf in 1760, thereafter, other regiments received battle honours for some of their previous engagements. The battle honour is held by the successor regiment, the Princess of Waless Royal Regiment. During these early years of the British standing army, a regiment needed only to engage the enemy with musketry before it was eligible for a battle honour, thus in 1882, a committee was formed to adjudicate applications of battle honour claims. This committee, later called the Battles Nomenclature Committee, still maintains its function in the British Army today. A battle honour may be granted to infantry/cavalry regiments or battalions, as well as ships and squadrons, they are granted to sub-units such as companies. Battle honours are presented in the form of a name of a country, region, or city where the units distinguished act took place. Not every battle fought will automatically result in the granting of a battle honour, conversely, a regiment or a battalion might obtain more than one battle honour over the course of a larger operation. Similarly, while in Korea, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry earned both Kapyong and Korea 1951–1953, supporting corps/branches such as medical, service, ordnance, or transport do not currently receive battle honours. However and uniquely the Royal Logistic Corps has five battle honours inherited from its previous transport elements, Commonwealth artillery does not maintain battle honours as they carry neither colours nor guidons—though their guns by tradition are afforded many of the same respects and courtesies. However, both the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers were in 1832 granted by King William IV the right to use the Latin Ubique, meaning everywhere and this is worn on the cap badge of both the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Royal Regiment of Artillery. The practice was extended to these same regiments and corps in the successor Commonwealth armed forces
16.
Korean Augmentation To the United States Army
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Korean Augmentation To the United States Army is a branch of Republic of Korea Army which consists of Korean enlisted personnel who are augmented to the Eighth United States Army. KATUSAs are drafted from pool of qualified volunteers who are subjected to military service for Korean male citizens. While ROK Army holds the responsibility for management of KATUSAs, KATUSA members are equipped with standard United States Army issues. The KATUSA program provides the U. S. military with Korean-speaking soldiers, KATUSA soldiers are assigned to each Eighth United States Army units with their Military Occupational Specialty like the United States Army soldiers and do the part of their MOS. On top of that KATUSA soldiers serve as translators between the populace and the U. S. Army, and help the U. S. maneuver in unfamiliar terrain. Informally, they help U. S. soldiers new to the peninsula understand Korean customs and it saves the U. S. money and manpower, and symbolizes the two nations friendship and mutual support. According to Richard Weiz, author of An Enduring Partnership, South Korea, security relationship…The most recent period of tensions flared up after the North’s long-range rocket launch in December 2012 and underground nuclear test in February 2013. Providing valuable information on the peninsula as well as translations, KATUSA soldiers carry out their MOS effectively, nirav Patel and Lindsey Ford, authors of The future of the U. S. As the selection process is random, all eligible candidates have an equal chance of winning. Qualified Korean draftees who demonstrate a level of English fluency. Conscripts with qualifying test scores are selected on a random basis via lottery by the Korean government, once selected, KATUSAs must complete six-weeks of ROK Army basic training. A brief orientation and OJT is conducted by the U. S. Army before they begin their full-time duty with a United States Army unit garrisoned in Korea for the duration of their military service. The number of candidates vying for an opening is extremely high because many soldiers believe that the U. S. In 2012, roughly 3,400 KATUSA soldiers served with 25,000 United States Forces Korea, soldiers in South Korea decreases, the number of KATUSA soldiers is decreasing as well. The ratio of KATUSA soldiers to U. S soldiers is roughly 1,10, because KATUSA program was built as a temporary measure during mid-war and stayed in that way, there has been no legal legitimation for the program in Korean law system to this date. The oral agreement between General MacArthur and President Rhee on conscripting Korean civilians for the U. S, EUSA designates the state of KATUSA program in Army in Korea Regulation 600-2. One criticism of the KATUSA program arises from the difference in promotion systems, a KATUSA soldier may be senior in rank to an American counterpart with significantly more field experience. Another criticism arising from the Korean Army side is based on the fact that most of the KATUSA soldiers are from the top universities in Korea, for the ROKA, this means that they are losing intelligent soldiers to the US Army
17.
Missing in action
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Missing in action is a casualty classification assigned to combatants, military chaplains, combat medics, and prisoners of war who are reported missing during wartime or ceasefire. They may have killed, wounded, captured, or deserted. If deceased, neither their remains nor grave has been positively identified, becoming MIA has been an occupational risk for as long as there has been warfare or ceasefire. Until around 1912, service personnel in most countries were not routinely issued with ID tags, as a result, if someone was killed in action and his body was not recovered until much later, there was little or no chance of identifying the remains. Starting around the time of the First World War, nations began to issue their service personnel with purpose-made ID tags and these were usually made of some form of lightweight metal such as aluminium. However, in the case of the British Army the material chosen was compressed fiber, alternatively, there could be administrative errors e. g. g. The forgotten mass grave at Fromelles, as a result, the remains of missing combatants might not be found for many years, if ever. When missing combatants are recovered and cannot be identified after a thorough forensic examination the remains are interred with a tombstone which indicates their unknown status. Although it is possible to take samples from a close relative of the missing person. It is a fact of warfare that some combatants are likely to go missing in action, however, by wearing ID tags and using modern technology the numbers involved can be considerably reduced. In addition to the military advantages, conclusively identifying the remains of missing service personnel is highly beneficial to the surviving relatives. Having positive identification makes it easier to come to terms with their loss. Otherwise, some relatives may suspect that the person is still alive somewhere. However, many of these procedures are not typically used for combatants who are members of militias, mercenary armies, insurrections. It is possible some of the combatants who took part of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC went missing in action. Certainly, the wars which followed over successive centuries created many MIAs. The list is long and includes most battles which have ever fought by any nation. This made the difficult task of identification even harder
18.
United Nations Memorial Cemetery
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The United Nations Memorial Cemetery, located at Tanggok in the Nam District, City of Busan, Republic of Korea, is a burial ground for United Nations Command casualties of the Korean War. It contains 2,300 graves and is the only United Nations cemetery in the world, laid out over 14 hectares, the graves are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried servicemembers. The Korean War began when North Korean Peoples Army forces attacked south in June 1950, as the fighting progressed, temporary military cemeteries for battle casualties were established by United Nations forces near the towns of Taejon, Kwan-ui, Kum-chon, and Sindong. When the North Korean forces pushed towards Pusan, these cemeteries had to be abandoned, later, as the Battle of Pusan Perimeter developed, temporary cemeteries were established at Masan, Miryang, and Taegu, with a Pusan cemetery being established on July 11,1950. As the fighting pushed into North Korea, temporary cemeteries were established in or near the towns of Kaesong, Sukehon, Wonsan, Pupchong, Yudarn-ni and Koto-ri. Some 11 division-level cemeteries were established in the first two months of fighting and later 5 UN military cemeteries were established in North Korea. The 108th was reconfigured as the 114th Graves Registration Company and deployed to establish temporary cemeteries at Hungnam, Pyongyang, when UN forces launched the Inchon Invasion in September 1950, a platoon from the 565th Graves Registration Company accompanied them. Other mortuary affairs units included the 293rd Graves Registration Company, activated in April 1951 and it was difficult to recover remains and conduct burials in Korea, due to the rugged geography and harsh climate, and the threat of unexploded ordnance and booby-traps. Construction of the United Nations Military Cemetery at Tanggok began on January 18,1951 and was carried out by hand-labor over a 28.2 hectares site and it was dedicated by General Matthew Ridgeway on April 6,1951. Graves Registration units then concentrated American and allied remains at Tanggok before they were buried or repatriated. Besides burial services, refrigeration units to store remains were added, today the 2,300 graves in the cemetery are set out in 22 sites designated by the nationalities of the buried service members. Following the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement in July 1953, cemeteries for POWs in North Korea were established at 16 POW camps. From 1950 to 1954, approximately 11,000 casualties were interred at UNMC and it was officially established as the United Nations Memorial Cemetery on December 15,1955 with the passage of UN General Assembly Resolution 977. Following the war, the cemetery was funded from the United Nations budget, the cemetery is designated as Site 359 in the listing of Registered Cultural Heritage Sites in Korea by the Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. Also, it is an attraction for Pacific Rim tourists. In 2011, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon described it as the only United Nations cemetery in the world, an Honour Guard from the Republic of Korea 53rd Division carries out flag ceremonies daily. The UN Sculpture Park was established in October 2001 and twenty-nine permanent memorials are in the cemetery, the UNMCK maintains a website in Korean, English, and Turkish, which allows website visitors to post online flowers and tributary messages. The cemetery contains the graves of 2,289 military personnel and 11 non-combatants, amongst those are the graves of Bill Madden GC, 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Kenneth Muir VC, and Philip Curtis VC
19.
Busan
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Busan, officially Busan Metropolitan City, romanized as Pusan before 2000, is South Koreas second most-populous city after Seoul, with a population of approximately 3.6 million. The population of the area, including the adjacent cities of Gimhae. The city is located on the southeastern-most tip of the Korean peninsula, located within South Koreas largest industrial area, The Southeast Economic Zone, the city is the cultural, educational and economic center of the region. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth busiest seaport by cargo tonnage. The most densely built up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong River and the Suyeong River, with mountains separating most of the districts, administratively, it is designated as a Metropolitan City. The Busan metropolitan area is divided into 15 major administrative districts, Busan was the host city of the 2002 Asian Games and the APEC2005 Korea. It was also one of the host cities for the 2002 FIFA World Cup, on November 14,2005, the city authorities officially announced its bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics Games. After Pyeongchangs successful bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics, Busan is considering bidding to host the 2028 or 2032 Summer Olympics, Busan has Koreas largest beach and longest river, and is home to the worlds largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. Geochilsan-guk existed in the second and 3rd and 4th centuries as a chiefdom of Jinhan and it was absorbed by Silla and renamed Geochilsan-gun. The word Geochilsan means rough mountain, probably referring to Hwangbyeongsan, the mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No,38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. In 757, Geochilsan-gun was again renamed Dongnae, which it is still called, from the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement, called Waegwan at the time, after the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan Waegwan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, though relocated into Choryang later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876, in 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea. During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan, Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. During the Korean War, Busan was one of two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the War. As a result, the city became a camp site for Koreans during the war. As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and autumn of 1950
20.
Military Order of William
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The Military William Order, or often named Military Order of William, is the oldest and highest honour of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Orders motto is Voor Moed, Beleid en Trouw, the chivalric order was established on 30 April 1815 by King William I and was presented for feats of excellent bravery on the battlefield and as a meritorious decoration to senior military officers. To date the Order is extremely rarely awarded and only for excellent bravery in battle, in the spring of 1940 it was decided that civilians would receive the Military Order of William for heroic acts in the resistance. After the liberation of the Netherlands and the Dutch East Indies, several men, the Grand Cross was awarded to Prince William of Orange, the Duke of Wellington, Fürst Blücher von Wahlstatt, Graf von Bülow von Dennewitz and Graf von Gneisenau. Until 1940, a total of 5,874 persons had been awarded the Military Order of William, in 1940, the Order was awarded to soldiers who had served with extreme valour in the defence of Netherlands from the 10 May attack by Nazi-Germany. Of the 3,500 servicemen who served in the Netherlands United Nations Detachment in Korea, since 1940,199 names have been added to the register of the Military Order of William. The latest conflict that has been cause for the honour to be awarded is the war in Afghanistan. Kroon was honoured for bravery, leadership, and devotion to duty during his service in Afghanistan from March to August,2006. By 1945, the classes of the Military William Order were in existence. The Grand Cross could also be awarded as a presentation to heads of state which had displayed feats of loyalty to the Netherlands during wartime. Only US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the British King George VI were conferred such an honour, in the 19th century, the Grand Cross was often conferred on foreign monarchs as a mere mark of respect. The 4th Class could also be awarded as a presentation to military commands which had displayed feats of gallantry during wartime. The badge of the Order is a white-enamelled Maltese Cross, in silver for the 4th Class and in gilt for higher classes, the obverse bears a golden firesteel at the centre, and the motto Voor Moed – Beleid – Trouw on the arms of the Maltese Cross. The reverse central disc bears a crowned monogram W surrounded by a laurel wreath, the badge hangs from a royal crown. The star of the Grand Cross is a silver, 8-pointed star with straight rays, the breast cross of the Commander is completely identical to the obverse of the badge of the Order. The ribbon of the Order is orange with blue stripes near the border, to be awarded the Military William Order a military unit must distinguish itself in battle to such a degree as would warrant the personal presentation of the Military William Order. The units Regimental Colour are decorated with the badge of the 4th Class itself, the version of the Military William Order for unit members is known as the Orange Lanyard. Only those who served in a unit at the particular time of action are entitled to wear the Orange Lanyard
21.
Surinamese people
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Surinamese people are the citizens of Suriname and their descendants abroad. Suriname is a nation, home to people of different ethnic. As a result, Surinamese do not consider their nationality as an ethnicity, the population of Suriname is a mixture of different ethnic groups, East Indians form 27% of the population. They are descendants of 19th-century contract workers from India and they are from the Indian states of Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh, in Northern India, along the Nepali border. Africans form about 37% of the population, and are divided into two groups, the Creoles, mixed descendants of African slaves and Europeans, and Maroons, the two main Maroon groups are the Ndyuka and Saramaccans. Javanese, form 14% of the population, amerindians, the original inhabitants of Suriname, form 3. 7% of the population. The main groups are the Akurio, Arawak, Kalina, Tiriyó and they live mainly in the districts of Paramaribo, Wanica, Para, Marowijne and Sipaliwini. Chinese, mainly descendants of the earliest 19th-century contract workers, the 1990s and early 21st century saw renewed immigration on a large scale. In the year 2011 there were over 40,000 Chinese in Suriname, Europeans, descendants of Dutch 19th-century immigrant farmers, known as Boeroes, Portuguese from Madeira and other European groups. Most Boeroes left after independence in 1975, levantines, primarily Maronites from Lebanon, and Jews, mainly descendants of Sephardic Jews and Ashkenazi Jews. In their history, Jodensavanne plays a major role, many Jews are mixed with other populations. Multiracial people form 13. 4% of the population, the least populated county is Sipaliwini, which covers most of the nations interior and is sparsely inhabited. More than half of the lives in and around the capital. Migration to the Netherlands began during the colonial era, initially this was mainly the colonial elite but expanded during the 1920s and 1930s to the less fortunate inhabitants looking for better education, employment, or other opportunities. Surinamese continued to migrate to the Netherlands throughout the 1990s because of the tough economic situation in Suriname. Other emigration destinations include French Guiana and the United States, in Suriname, there are no fewer than twenty languages spoken. In terms of numbers of speakers are the languages in Suriname, successively the Dutch language, Sranan Tongo, Sarnami, Javanese. In recent years, English is being more and more by the majority of the younger populace
22.
11th Airmobile Brigade (Netherlands)
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Deployment can be as part of NATO or the United Nations. Since 2014, the 11th Airmobile Brigade has been part of the German Special Operations Division, when the Airmobile Brigade, an Army brigade, operates integrated with the Dutch Defence Helicopter Command, an Air Force command, they form the 11th Air Manoeuvre Brigade. Helicopters from the Defence Helicopter Command support 11th Airmobile Brigade with troop transports, attack helicopters are used for reconnaissance, to give air support, and to provide cover for infantry on the ground. When helicopters are used in combination with infantry as parts of an operation it is called an Air assault operation. When troopcarrier helicopters are just used to bring infantry from A to B it is called an Air mobile operation, with attack helicopters performing on their own it is called an Air mechanized operation. When paratroopers are deployed it is called an Airborne operation, the brigade is also able to operate Motorized with heavily armed light armored vehicles. Specially trained units are able to assist Special Forces as a Special Operations Task Group. In 2003 in Poland,2012 in the Netherlands and 2014 in Hungary the brigade had, passing the test it proved to be able to run a brigade operation with the Air Mobile Brigade and Defence Helicopter Command integrated as the 11th Air Manoeuvre Brigade. The worlds security situation changed drastically after the fall of the Berlin wall in 89, in the Netherland arose the need for a rapid reaction force for global operations in the entire warfare spectrum. In 9211 Air Manoeuvre Brigade was created and it became unfavorable for the Dutch government to send drafties on missions and this brigade was put together with volunteers from other units. After 10 years of pioneering the brigade got its operational readiness state in October 2003, the emblem of 11th Airmobile Brigade is a diving Falcon on a maroon shield with two crossed swords underneath. The color is related to the color of the beret, Air assault infantry distinguish itself by the beret and is allowed to wear it after completing the Air assault infantry training. The maroon beret is the standard for air landing troops. The EM stands for Expeditionare Macht, which stands for, Expeditionary Force, Operations can be performed either by foot, using light vehicles or using airlift capabilities from the Airforce. A share of the brigade can be deployed as paratroopers and these forms of airlanding make the brigade effective in operating behind the enemy frontline to occupy strategic locations like bridges till being relieved by mechanized infantry and cavalry. Another task is the destruction of targets, evacuation of personnel. Previously, the brigade also included 11 Mortar company and 11 Air Defense company and their tasks have been taken over by the artillery and anti-aircraft artillery. 20 National Reserves Battalion come under the command of the 11th Airmobile Brigade in 2012, the battalions are the actual boots on the ground
23.
Task Force Urozgan
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The Netherlands Army Task Force Uruzgan was part of NATOs Regional Command South, International Security Assistance Force, in Afghanistan. The Dutch lead one of the four Provincial Reconstruction Teams in the region of the country. 1,200 to 1,400 Dutch military, mandated by the Dutch Parliament in February 2006 and they will also attempt to develop political and economic infrastructure and to train the Afghan police. The unit was located at one Main Operating Base and a few smaller Forward Operating Bases, the MOB was Kamp Holland in Tarin Kowt, the TFU was under command of Colonel Kees Matthijssen and consisted of a Provincial Reconstruction Team, a battlegroup and an air detachment. The battlegroup consists of infantry with armored vehicles and artillery Howitzers, elements of 42 en 43 Brigadeverkenningseskadron are also based as part of the battlegroup. If needed, they could rely on support of F-16 MLUs, six AH-64D Apache, the PRT was working together with Australian troops and soldiers of the Afghan National Army and Afghan police officers. During June 2007 a Taliban offensive and a Dutch counterattack proved to be the heaviest fighting in Uruzgan province since ISAF extended its Area of Responsibility to the south of Afghanistan, a large part of Task Force Uruzgans battlegroup took part in the Battle of Chora. On May 29,2009 Marco Kroon, who fought in Afghanistan, was awarded the Militaire Willems-orde, the highest medal awarded by the Netherlands, in December 2009, the relatives of 21 Dutch military who died on foreign missions were presented with official government documents honouring the deceased. At a ceremony in The Hague Defence Minister Van Middelkoop personally handed the documents to their relatives, in The Netherlands, the tradition to decorate military killed in action had been abolished, but was reinstated by Minister Van Middelkoop. Among the recipients was the Netherlands Commander in Chief, General Van Uhm, whose son Dennis was killed in action in Uruzgan in April 2008, all Dutch troops will withdraw from Uruzgan in 2010 as scheduled. The United States would take over from The Netherlands, stated Van Uhm during a television talk-show in May 2010, there was a proposal that the US would continue the Dutch militarys work in collaboration with Australia and Singapore, two other ISAF-members that also have troops stationed in Uruzgan. After August 2010, the Dutch will be replaced by an American-led coalition force including Australian, Slovak, the departure of the Dutch troops started when the command was actually transferred to US and Australia on August 1,2010. The Dutch Foreign Affairs Ministry said in a statement that the security situation in central Uruzgan province had improved considerably since the beginning of the Dutch operations, the province has 1,600 police officers of its own, a 100% gain in four years. There were 1,900 Dutch soldiers operating in Afghanistan
24.
Afghanistan
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Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north and its territory covers 652,000 km2, making it the 41st largest country in the world. The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khiljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, the political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, King Amanullah unsuccessfully attempted to modernize the country and it remained peaceful during Zahir Shahs forty years of monarchy. A series of coups in the 1970s was followed by a series of wars that devastated much of Afghanistan. The name Afghānistān is believed to be as old as the ethnonym Afghan, the root name Afghan was used historically in reference to a member of the ethnic Pashtuns, and the suffix -stan means place of in Persian. Therefore, Afghanistan translates to land of the Afghans or, more specifically in a historical sense, however, the modern Constitution of Afghanistan states that he word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan. An important site of historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites. The country sits at a unique nexus point where numerous civilizations have interacted and it has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo-Iranian languages in the region. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within large regional empires, among them the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Indian Maurya Empire, and the Islamic Empire. Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east, west. Artifacts typical of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of Mundigak may have been a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization. More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan, making the ancient civilisation today part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, in more detail, it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan. There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well, after 2000 BCE, successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan, among them were many Indo-European-speaking Indo-Iranians. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, the region at the time was referred to as Ariana
25.
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
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The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army was the military force maintained by the Netherlands in its colony of the Netherlands East Indies, in areas that are now part of Indonesia. The KNILs air arm was the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force, elements of the Royal Netherlands Navy were also stationed in the Netherlands East Indies. The KNIL was formed by decree on 10 March 1830. It was not part of the Royal Netherlands Army, but a military arm specifically formed for service in the Netherlands East Indies. Its establishment coincided with the Dutch drive to expand colonial rule from the 17th century area of control to the far larger territories comprising the Dutch East Indies seventy years later. In 1894, Lombok and Karangasem were annexed in response to reports of the local Balinese aristocracy oppressing the native Sasak people, Bali was finally taken under full control with the Dutch intervention in Bali and the final Dutch intervention in Bali. In the nineteenth and early centuries, the KNIL prosecuted the conquest of the Indonesian archipelago. Once the archipelago was considered pacified the KNIL was mainly involved with military policing tasks, in 1922 a supplemental legal enactment introduced the creation of Home Guard for European conscripts older than 32. No large-scale armed threat to Dutch rule existed until World War II, Dutch forces in the Netherlands East Indies were severely weakened by the defeat and occupation of the Netherlands itself, by Nazi Germany, in 1940. The KNIL was cut off from external Dutch assistance, except by Royal Netherlands Navy units, the KNIL, hastily and inadequately, attempted to transform into a modern military force able to protect the Dutch East Indies from foreign invasion. By December 1941, Dutch forces in Indonesia numbered around 85,000 personnel, regular troops comprised about 1,000 officers and 34,000 enlisted soldiers, the remainder were made up of locally organised militia, territorial guard units and civilian auxiliaries. The KNIL air force, Militaire Luchtvaart KNIL numbered 389 planes of all types, the Royal Netherlands Navy Air Service, or MLD, also had significant forces in the NEI. During the Dutch East Indies campaign of 1941–42, most of the KNIL, most European soldiers, which in practice included all able bodied Indo-European males, were interned by the Japanese as POWs. 25% of the POWs did not survive their internment, a handful of soldiers, mostly indigenous personnel, mounted guerilla campaigns against the Japanese. These were usually unknown to, and unassisted by, the Allies until the end of the war, during early 1942, some KNIL personnel escaped to Australia. Some indigenous personnel were interned in Australia under suspicion of sympathies with the Japanese, the remainder began a long process of re-grouping. In late 1942, an attempt to land in East Timor. Four “Netherlands East Indies” squadrons were formed from ML-KNIL personnel, under the auspices of the Royal Australian Air Force, KNIL infantry forces, were augmented by recruitment among Dutch expatriates around the world and by colonial troops from as far away as the Dutch West Indies
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Grenadiers' and Rifles Guard Regiment
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The Grenadiers and Rifles Guards Regiment is a regiment of the Royal Netherlands Army, along with the Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene it is one of the two Dutch Guard regiments. The regiment was formed in 1995 by the amalgamation of two antecedent regiments, the Garderegiment Grenadiers and the Garderegiment Jagers, the two antecedent regiments were formed in 1829 following the withdrawal of the regiments of Swiss mercenaries from Dutch service. Willem I ordered that two regiments would be formed to replace the Swiss, to serve as his guards, both served with distinction, especially during the Second World War in the defence of The Hague. The regiments single battalion currently serves in the role as part of 11 Luchtmobiele Brigade. It is organised with an HQ Company, a weapons company. The three infantry companies and the anti-tank company perpetuate the two antecedent regiments, with A and D companies being classed as Grenadiers and B and C Companies being classed as Jagers. These are the bands in service in the Guards units of the RNA as the Band. Tiendaagse Veldtocht 1831 Ypenburg en Ockenburg 1940 West-Java 1946 -1949 Oost-Java 1947 -1949 Metalen Kruis Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers
27.
Regiment Stoottroepen Prins Bernhard
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The Regiment Stoottroepen Prins Bernhard is an infantry regiment of the Royal Netherlands Army. The formation took place on the orders of Prince Bernhard, in his capacity as Commander of the Dutch armed forces. By the time of the surrender of the last German forces in the Netherlands, on 5 May 1945, following the liberation of the Netherlands, the regiment was incorporated into the RNLA, and it component battalions took part in the police actions in the Dutch East Indies 1946-1949. During the 1950s, the Dutch army underwent reorganisation, and the Regiment Stoottropen was reduced to one battalion,41 Infantry Battalion, in due course, this unit was converted to mechanized infantry. Following the death of Prince Bernhard in 2004, the regiment was renamed Regiment Stoottroepen Prins Bernhard in his honour, in 2011 the Charlie Company took over the traditions of the ‘Margrietcompagnie’
28.
Nederlandse Omroep Stichting
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The Nederlandse Omroep Stichting, English, Dutch Broadcast Foundation, is one of the broadcasting organizations making up the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system. It has a statutory obligation to make news and sports programmes for the three Dutch public television channels and the Dutch public radio services. The NOS also acts as technical co-ordinator for the Dutch public broadcasting system as a whole, the NOS does have correspondents in multiple countries, including a permanent studio in Washington DC. Programmes produced by the NOS include its daily television and radio bulletins, parliamentary reports are shown from a special studio in The Hague. It also supplies news programmes aimed at children, teens and young adults and sports fans, programmes are made available via television, radio and online. The NOS also broadcast text pages and a website, which are often used by the public. The Netherlands Radio Union was established in 1947, the associations were responsible for their own output, but studios, orchestras and outside broadcast facilities were managed by the NRU. Weekly radio plays were also the domain of the NRU and would run until 1986, the NRU became the Dutch founding member of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950. Meanwhile the Netherlands Television Service was created in 1951, two years after public television returned to the airwaves, the NTS served as a similar organization to the NRU, in that broadcast and transmission facilities were supplied to member associations for making programmes. It wasnt until 1956 that the NTS itself produced its first programme and this was followed by a sports round-up, Sport in Beeld in 1959, and in 1967 of Langs de Lijn, a joint production of several broadcasting associations. A new Media Act was passed into law in 1967, merging the Netherlands Radio Union, the new organization, the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting was created on 29 May 1969. The NOS, as was its predecessors, was tasked with co-ordinating the whole public broadcasting system, as well as providing news and it also inherited the technical and production facilities needed to make and broadcast radio and television programmes. All broadcasting members of the NRU and the NTS were made members of the NOS, on 2 May 1977, a strike by sound engineers affected television news broadcasts. Upset viewers called on all broadcasters to resolve the situation, on 1 April 1980 the NOS launched its teletext service, in the framework of supplying news and information. It first experimented with teletext in 1977, on the 25th anniversary, the NOS aired its first televised youth news bulletin, called the Jeugdjournaal. The Media Act of 1988 meant several changes to NOS and the broadcasting system, the Netherlands Broadcast Production Company consisted of those facilities, mainly based in Media Park in Hilversum. The Media Act also required broadcasting association members take up positions on the NOS Board of Directors, a new government commission oversaw content and financial matters, as well as admitting potential new broadcasting associations. In 1995, saw another Media Act enacted which saw the broadcasting duties of the NOS greatly reduced, the NPS took on the programming tasks of the NOS concerning culture, art, children, education and ethnic-minorities, whilst the NOS concentrated on news, sport and live events
29.
North Korea
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North Korea, officially the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia, constituting the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Pyongyang is both the capital as well as its largest city. To the north and northwest the country is bordered by China and by Russia along the Amnok, the country is bordered to the south by South Korea, with the heavily fortified Korean Demilitarized Zone separating the two. Negotiations on reunification failed, and in 1948 two separate governments were formed, the communist Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea in the north, an invasion initiated by North Korea led to the Korean War. The Korean Armistice Agreement brought about a ceasefire, and no peace treaty was ever signed. North Korea officially describes itself as a self-reliant socialist state and formally holds elections, critics regard it as a totalitarian dictatorship. Various outlets have called it Stalinist, particularly noting the elaborate cult of personality around Kim Il-sung, International organizations have assessed human rights violations in North Korea as belonging to a category of their own, with no parallel in the contemporary world. Over time, North Korea has gradually distanced itself from the world communist movement, Juche, an ideology of national self-reliance, was introduced into the constitution as a creative application of Marxism–Leninism in 1972. The means of production are owned by the state through state-run enterprises, most services such as healthcare, education, housing and food production are subsidized or state-funded. From 1994 to 1998, North Korea suffered from a famine that resulted in the deaths of between 0.24 and 3.5 million people, and the continues to struggle with food production. North Korea follows Songun, or military-first policy and it is the country with the highest number of military and paramilitary personnel, with a total of 9,495,000 active, reserve, and paramilitary personnel. Its active duty army of 1.21 million is the fourth largest in the world, after China, North Korea is an atheist state with no official religion and where public religion is discouraged. The name Korea derives from the name Goryeo, the name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a shortened form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After the division of the country into North and South Korea, the two sides used different terms to refer to Korea, Chosun or Joseon in North Korea, in 1948, North Korea adopted Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea as its new legal name. After the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War, Korea was occupied by Japan, Japan tried to suppress Korean traditions and culture and ran the economy primarily for its own benefit. Korean resistance groups known as Dongnipgun operated along the Sino-Korean border, some of them took part in allied action in China and parts of South East Asia. One of the leaders was the communist Kim Il-sung, who later became the leader of North Korea
30.
Korean People's Army
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The Korean Peoples Army constitutes the military force of North Korea and, under the Songun policy, the central institution of North Korean society. Kim Jong-un is the Supreme Commander of the Korean Peoples Army, the KPA defence force consists of five branches, Ground Force, the Navy, the Air Force, the Strategic Rocket Forces, and the Special Operation Force. The Worker-Peasant Red Guards also come under control of the KPA, the KPA faces its primary adversaries, the Republic of Korea Armed Forces and United States Forces Korea, across the Korean Demilitarized Zone, as it has since the Armistice Agreement of July 1953. As of 2016, with 5,889,000 paramilitary personnel and this number represents 25% of the population. North Korea officially dates the foundation of the KPA back to the establishment of Kim Il-sungs anti-Japanese guerrilla army, in 1978, Military Foundation Day was changed from 8 February to 25 April, the nominal day of establishment of this army in 1932. In 1939, the Korean Volunteer Army, was formed in Yanan, the two individuals responsible for the army were Kim Tu-bong and Mu Chong. At the same time, a school was established near Yanan for training military, by 1945, the KVA had grown to approximately 1,000 men, mostly Korean deserters from the Imperial Japanese Army. During this period, the KVA fought alongside the Chinese communist forces from which it drew its arms, by September 1945, the KVA had a 2,500 strong force at its disposal. The headquarters felt a need for a unit for security around railways. That unit was activated on 15 August of the year to supervise existing security forces. Military institutes such as the Pyongyang Academy and the Central Constabulary Academy soon followed for education of political, after the military was organized and facilities to educate its new recruits were constructed, the Constabulary Discipline Corps was reorganized into the Korean Peoples Army General Headquarters. The previously semi-official units became military regulars with distribution of Soviet uniforms, badges, the State Security Department, a forerunner to the Ministry of Peoples Defense, was created as part of the Interim Peoples Committee on 4 February 1948. In addition, the Ministry of State for the Peoples Armed Forces was established, before the outbreak of the Korean War, Joseph Stalin equipped the KPA with modern tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms. On 4 November, China openly staged a military intervention, on 7 December, Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. The KPA subsequently played a minor role to Chinese forces in the remainder of the conflict. By the time of the Armistice in 1953, the KPA had sustained 290,000 casualties, in 1953, the Military Armistice Commission was able to oversee and enforce the terms of the armistice. Soviet thinking on the scale was replaced since December 1962 with a peoples war concept. The Soviet idea of warfare was replaced with a Maoist war of attrition strategy
31.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
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Republic of Korea Armed Forces
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The Republic of Korea Armed Forces are also known as the ROK Armed Forces, are the armed forces of South Korea. Created in 1948, following the division of Korea, the Republic of Korea Armed Forces is one of the largest standing armed forces in the world with a personnel strength of 3,725,000 in 2016. The ROK military forces are responsible for maintaining the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the republic, more recently the ROK military began increasing its participation in international affairs, acknowledging its role and responsibility as the eleventh economic power in the world in terms of GDP. The ROK military has participated in peacekeeping operations, and counter-terrorism operations. The South Korean armed forces were largely constabulary forces until the outbreak of the Korean War and it was heavily damaged by North Korean and Chinese attacks and in the beginning relied almost entirely on American support for weapons, ammunition and technology. After the Korean War South Korea maintained a military ground force. Today, the South Korean armed forces enjoy a mix of avant-garde as well as older conventional weapons. South Korea has one of the highest defense budgets in the world, ranking 12th globally in 2011 and its capabilities include many sophisticated American and European weapon systems, complemented by a growing and increasingly more advanced indigenous defense manufacturing sector. For example, by taking advantage of the local shipbuilding industry. South Korea has a joint military partnership with the United States, alliance, as outlined by the Mutual Defense Treaty signed after the Korean War. During the outbreak of the Vietnam War, ROK Army and the ROK Marines were among those fighting alongside South Vietnam, more recently, South Korea also takes part in regional as well as pan-Pacific national military wargames and exercises such as RIMPAC and RSOI. Until January 2011, mixed-race men were prohibited from being conscripted into the South Korean military, the military authority runs from the President to the Minister of Defense, who is commonly a retired 4-star General. Traditionally, the position is filled by an officer of the Army, the chain of Operational Authority runs straight from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Commandants of the several Operational Commands. Currently there are five Operational Commands in the Army, two in the Navy and one in the Air Force, the respective Chiefs of Staff of each Service Branch has administrative control over his or her own service. Each Chief of Staff is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Republic of Korea Joint Chiefs of Staff headquarters is a group of Chiefs from each branch of the armed services in the Republic of Korea Armed Forces. Unlike the United States, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff has operational control all military personnel of the armed forces. All regular members are 4-star generals or admirals, although the deputy chairman sometimes has only 3 stars, the ROK Army is by far the largest of the military branches, with 495,000 personnel as of 2014
33.
Australia in the Korean War
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The military history of Australia during the Korean War was very eventful. Japans defeat in World War II heralded the end to 35 years of Japanese occupation of the Korean Peninsula, the Soviet forces entered the Korean peninsula on 10 August 1945, followed a few weeks later by the American forces who entered through Incheon. U. S. Army Lieutenant General John R. Hodge formally accepted the surrender of Japanese forces south of the 38th Parallel on 9 September 1945 at the Government House in Seoul. Although both rival factions tried initially to diplomatically reunite the nation, it was the Northern faction that eventually decided to try. Troops from the Soviet backed North Korean Army crossed the 38th parallel on 25 June 1950 beginning a civil war, the invasion of South Korea came as a surprise to the United Nations. The Liberal government of Australia, led by Prime Minister Robert Menzies,17,000 Australians served in the Korean War between 1950 and 1953, and they suffered 339 dead, and 1200 wounded. They were called Korean Force or K-Force, a portion of the force were recruited in Great Britain. At the end of their enlistment, personnel recruited from the United Kingdom could elect to be discharged in Australia and their previous military experience would facilitate rapid deployment to Korea. When the North Korean Army crossed into South Korea on 25 June 1950, they advanced for the capital Seoul, North Koreas forces continued toward the port of Pusan, a strategic goal. In two days, the United States offered assistance and the United Nations Security Council asked its members to help repel the North Korean attack. Australia immediately contributed No.77 Squadron RAAF and the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, No.77 Squadron converted to P-51D Mustang fighters before arriving in Japan in February 1946 to participate in the British Commonwealth Occupation Force. Occupation duties proved uneventful, and No.77 Squadron was preparing to leave Japan for Australia when the Korean War broke out in June 1950. 77 Sqn was immediately dispatched to Korea, where became the first UN air unit to enter the war, primarily in ground support, combat air patrol. 3 RAR was rapidly committed as Australias main land force contribution to the United Nations forces in the Korean War, after a period of intensive training and reinforcement in Japan, the battalion arrived in South Korea in late September 1950. It was one of three units to receive the Presidential Unit Citation after the Battle of Kapyong, in addition to combat personnel, the Australian military provided the majority of supply and support personnel to BCOF, which was superseded in 1952 by British Commonwealth Forces Korea. Australian, British, Canadian, Indian and New Zealand units were part of BCFK, by the time 3 RAR arrived in Pusan on 28 September, the North Korean army was in retreat. As a part of the force under the UN Supreme Commander. By 21 October, the United States 24th Infantry Division, with the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade leading, crossed the Taedong River at Pyongyang and headed north
34.
Belgian United Nations Command
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The battalion served in Korea between 1951 and August 1955, staying in Korea even after the signing of the armistice. By the end of period,3,171 Belgians and 78 Luxembourgers had served tours of duty in Korea. When the Korean War broke out in 1950, Belgium was experiencing a period of turmoil, Belgium had been occupied by the Nazis during the Second World War between 1940–4 and reconstruction was still very much in progress. Politically, the country was torn over the issue of the so-called Royal Question, with the centrist parties thus occupied, both Communist and right-wing Flemish nationalist parties enjoyed considerable support. Both the Belgian and Luxembourgish governments decided to comply with the UN request to send troops to assist South Korea, over 2000 Belgians volunteered for service in B. U. N. C. Of these, initially only 700 were selected for training at Leopoldsburg, after training, volunteers received their characteristic brown berets. Soldiers from Luxembourg who were trained alongside the Belgians were organised into 1st Platoon, the Belgian-Luxembourg Corps sailed from Antwerp to Pusan and arrived on 31 January 1951. In April 1951, the Belgians fought in one of the key battles of the Korean War – the Battle of the Imjin River, in August, the First Battalion was relieved by a new battalion fresh from Belgium in August 1951 which stayed until 1955. At the Battle of the Imjin River in 1951, the Belgian battalion held a key pass alongside the British Gloucestershire Regiment, for actions at the Imjin, the Belgians received a US Presidential Citation. During the battle, Albert Crahay, commander of the unit, was wounded by a Chinese phosphorus shell and was evacuated to a hospital in Japan, the last main action fought by the Belgian contingent was at the Battle of Chatkol in April 1953. Belgian forces held a defensive arc position in the Iron Triangle for over 55 nights of Chinese assaults, BELGIANS CAN DO TOO. was a slogan written across the windshield of Padre of the Units Jeep during the battles around the Iron Triangle. Seeing the exhaustion of the troops, the Padre copied the motto of the US 15th Infantry Regiment alongside whom the Belgians were serving at the time to try to raise morale. The phrase was made famous in Belgium and is thought to summarise the spirit,101 Belgian soldiers,2 Luxembourgish soldiers and 9 South Korean soldiers attached to the Belgian contingent were killed during the war. 478 Belgians and 17 Luxembourgers were wounded in action and 5 Belgians are still posted as missing,2 died in North Korean POW Camps. B. U. N. C. was awarded two South Korean Presidential Unit Citations and one American Unit Citation, the 3rd Parachute Battalion maintains the traditions of BUNC and is based in Tielen. The National Museum of Military History in Diekirch, Luxembourg has a permanent gallery, there is a small museum attached to the Barracks of the 3rd Parachute Battalion, Belgian Army, in Tielen, Belgium which focuses on the Belgian participation in the Korean War. In 2011, The Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History in Brussels, twin Belgian battalion monuments exist in Brussels – on Avenue Jules César- and in South Korea -Dongducheon-si in Gyeonggi-do province. There is a monument outside the Freedom Protection Museum, also in Dongducheon-si
35.
25th Canadian Infantry Brigade
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The 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade was Canadas primary combat-formation intending to be sent as part of the British Commonwealth Forces Korea. Originally composed of three battalions and two armoured squadrons, several individual units rotated through the brigade. Although a full brigade had trained and armed by 1951. However, Chinese and North Korean forces subjected Canadian forces to fierce fighting throughout April 1951, 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricias Canadian Light Infantry earned a Presidential Unit Citation for their actions during the Battle of Kapyong while serving with the 27th Commonwealth Brigade. It had detached from the 25th Brigade in order to leave for Korea in advance of the formation, although the United States sent immediate military aid to South Korea, Canada did not initially prepare to send ground forces to the country. On 7 August 1950, Canadas government authorized the creation of the Canadian Army Special Force. M, due to the massive success of the Inchon Landings, only the 2nd Battalion of Princess Patricias was initially sent to Yokohama, and then onto Korea. By the time the transports arrived in Japan, however, the situation had changed significantly, china had sent substantial forces to the aid of North Korea, pushing UN-forces back into South Korea. As a result, the PPCLI was sent directly to the front lines, located near Seoul, the first contact made with North Korean and Chinese forces came at the end of that month. In early March, United Nations forces initiated a counteroffensive against Chinese forces, in April 1951, the Chinese Peoples Liberation Army launched a series of massive offensives across the Korean front, with the intention of recapturing Seoul. American and South Korean forces quickly began to retreat, with Canadian and Australian forces holding Kapyong Valley, the brigade was deployed to Korea deployed in 1951 made up of the units listed here. Units were rotated as the war progressed, the Korean War Veterans Associate maintains a complete list of Canadian units both before and after the armistice. United Nations Memorial Cemetery, in Busan, Korea, where 378 Canadian soldiers are buried, Canadian Order of Battle in Korea, kvacanada. com
36.
People's Volunteer Army
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The Peoples Volunteer Army was the armed forces deployed by the Peoples Republic of China during the Korean War. The Peoples Volunteer Army entered Korea on October 19,1950, although the United Nations forces were under United States command, this army was officially a UN police force. In order to avoid a war with the US and other UN members. Technically speaking, the PVA was the PLAs North East Frontier Force, the CPVA soldier was reasonably well clothed, in keeping with the PLAs guerrilla origin and egalitarian attitudes. All ranks wore a cotton or woolen green or khaki shirt and trousers combination with leaders uniforms being different in cut and with red piping and collar tabs. The nominal strength of a PLA division was 9,500 men, with a regiment comprising 3,000, however, many divisions sent to the Korean War were below-strength while the divisions stationed opposite Taiwan were above-strength. There was also variation in organization and equipment as well as in the quantity and quality of the military equipment, some of the PLAs equipment was from the Imperial Japanese Army or were captured from the Kuomintang military forces. Some Czechoslovak-made weapons were purchased on the open market by the PRC. The Peoples Republic of China had issued warnings that they would intervene if any non-South Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel, Truman regarded the warnings as a bold attempt to blackmail the UN. On October 8,1950, the day after American troops crossed the parallel, Chairman Mao issued the order for the NEFF to be moved to the Yalu River, ready to cross. Mao Zedong sought Soviet aid and saw intervention as essentially defensive and we must be prepared for the US to declare. War with China, he told Joseph Stalin, premier Zhou Enlai was sent to Moscow to add force to Maos cabled arguments. Mao delayed his forces while waiting for Soviet help, and the attack was thus postponed from 13 October to 19 October. Soviet assistance was limited to providing air support no closer than 60 miles from the battlefront, the MiG-15s in PRC colours would be an unpleasant surprise to the UN pilots, they would hold local air superiority against the F-80 Shooting Stars until newer F-86 Sabres were deployed. The Soviet role was known to the U. S. and it has been alleged by the Chinese that the Soviets had agreed to full scale air support, which never occurred south of Pyongyang, and helped accelerate the Sino-Soviet Split. On October 15,1950, Truman went to Wake Island to discuss the possibility of Chinese intervention, macArthur reassured Truman that if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang there would be the greatest slaughter. On October 19,1950, Pyongyang, North Koreas capital, on the same day, the PVA formally crossed the Yalu River under strict secrecy. The Chinese assault began on October 25,1950, under the command of Peng Dehuai with 270,000 PVA troops, after these initial engagements, the Chinese withdrew into the mountains
37.
National Army of Colombia
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The National Army of Colombia is the land military force of Colombia and the largest branch of the Colombian Armed Forces. It is responsible for carrying out land-based military operations along with the Colombian Naval Infantry, after their triumph against the Spanish, the Congress of Angostura created the Greater Colombian Army, to replace the disbanded Commoners Army. On July 20 of 1810, Colombia declared its independence from the Spanish Empire, the junta declared themselves sovereign from each other as result of the lack of communications between many provinces and cities due to Colombias complicated mountain terrain. This prevented a full establishment of an army, and it would take 9 years before a truly national army would be formed. This gave a rise to a period of instability and Spanish were able to take advantage of this with Spanish crown sending General Pablo Morillo. The Greater Colombian Army was consolidated on August 7,1819, since then the Colombian Army has been the biggest organization in Colombia. There upon the Gran Colombian Army was formed, in 1828 a war broke out with Peru and the Gran Colombian Army was called upon to defend the nations sovereignty. The war lasted into 1829 with a Peruvian naval victory, the war ended in a stalemate. After the dissolution in 1830 of Gran Colombia and the death of Bolivar and its officers were not well trained or technically skilled. The government addressed this by founding and organizing military schools and colleges, in 1839 General Tomas Cipriano de Mosquera hired Italian Colonel Agustin Códazzi as an inspector of the army. As a consequence of civil wars over partisan affairs, the chiefs. The need to professionalize and retrain the army prompted the creation of a military school, in order to reorganize the army, the government hired a French military mission. Its mission was fruitful and the organization along French lines based on divisions, regiments and this civil war lasted until 1903. With the ending of the Thousand Days War, General Rafael Reyes Prieto was elected President of Colombia with many plans to reorganize and professionalize the army. The first thing he did was to reduce troop numbers drastically, in 1907 a military reform was carried out by President Rafael Reyes Prieto right in the aftermath of the Thousand Days War which had devastated the country economically and morally. The ministry of war hired a Chilean military mission to advise the ministry on how to professionalize the army and this led to the creation of the Colombian Military Academy in June 1907. This military reform allowed the Colombian army to become professionalized and a truly National army was established, the army remained under the influence of the Chilean military mission until the mission left in 1914. In 1926 the Colombian Government hired another military mission, this time from Switzerland, as a result of this new combined brigades were implemented
38.
Kagnew Battalion
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Even after the armistice, a token Ethiopian force remained in the country until 1965. Altogether,3,158 Ethiopians served in Kagnew Battalions during the war, Kagnew was the name of the warhorse of Ras Makonnen, Menelik IIs General and the father of Haile Selassie during the First Italo-Ethiopian War. Military units from Imperial times would often adopt a name of a military commander. The regular Armed Forces of the Ethiopian Empire consisted of four Divisions roughly of 10,000 men with support armor and artillery elements and complementary Air and this numbered roughly 50,000 men and women. The 1st Division Imperial Bodyguard had primary responsibility for security in the North of the country including Eritrea, each Kagnew Battalion was drawn completely from the officers and men of the 1st Division Imperial Body Guard or the Kebur Zabagna, sometimes also referred to as Ethiopias Royal Guards. The troops selected for Korea were given training in the mountains of Ethiopia for aclimatisation. At the conclusion of the war the Ethiopians were the only contingent that had no prisoners to collect from the North Koreans since no Kagnew soldier ever surrendered and they had the additional distinctions of having never been bested in battle during the war. The Kagnew Battalion engaged in combat 238 times and won every encounter, another distinction was that they never left their dead behind, and it was noticed that there never seemed to be dead bodies of Kagnew soldiers on the battlefield. This earned them the respect of their American colleagues, while fostering the belief among their opponents, who had never even seen black people before. When next we looked, the eight had become ten, the patrol was dragging back two Chinese prisoners, having snatched them from the embrace of the Communist battalion. A Silver Star and eighteen Bronze Stars were also awarded to the Ethiopians, two members, Colonel Irgetu and 2nd Lt. Haptewold Mamo, were awarded the highest Ethiopian gallantry award, and became Knights of the Order of Emperor Menelik. When the US established a base in Eritrea they named it Kagnew Station in honor of the officers. Kagnews exploits have been covered in detail in Pork Chop Hill by S. L. A and it is currently under the leadership of Brigadier General Desta Gemeda. When the Communist Junta of Mengistu Hailemariam came to power it did everything to erase the embarrassing record of the Kagnews service against the communists. L. A, marshall and Komon Skordiles for their efforts in ensuring that the feat of those that had served was not forgotten. This new publication included many pictures and stories from the battalion, one member of the battalion, Gebre M. Kassa, was later the commanding officer of future Communist dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam. Komon Skordiles, Kagnew, the story of the Ethiopian fighters in Korea,1954, marshall, Pork Chop Hill,1964 Ethiopian Korean War Veterans website An Ethiopian hero of the Korean War, bbc. co
39.
French Battalion (Korean War)
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The French Battalion arrived in Pusan, South Korea on November 29,1950 and was placed under the operational control of the 23rd U. S. Despite initial fears about French forces being on the rout, the battalion carried out several successful early actions and earned the respect of General Matthew Ridgway, commander of the U. S. From January 7–12,1951, the French Battalion participated in the First and it was followed by the Battle of the Twin Tunnels and of Chipyong-ni. These battles, during which the battalion resisted the attacks of four Chinese divisions for three days, allowed the 8th Army to score a victorious counter-offensive. Three weeks later, the battalion was engaged in combat for Hill 1037, in the spring of 1951, the battalion crossed the 38th parallel into the Hwacheon region. The destruction of a platoon led to a partial rout of the French Battalion. However it allowed U. S forces to stop the new Chinese offensive, in the fall of 1951, the French took part in the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge. In the course of these combats which lasted a month,60 French soldiers were killed and 200 were wounded. In the fall of 1952, after a war of positions, similar to the Battle of Verdun during World War I. This resistance resulted in 47 dead and 144 wounded, the total Chinese losses against the French battalion were estimated at 2000 men. In the winter and the spring of 1953, the took part in battles which kept the North Korean. Forty-four of the French casualties were buried at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan. Isolated far in advance of the battle line, completely surrounded in near-zero weather, they repelled repeated assaults by day. One member of the French Battalion, Louis Misseri, was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross by the United States for his actions. As a squad leader in an attack on Heartbreak Ridge, Sergeant Misseri led his squad through a barrage of enemy mortar. Dividing his squad into two sections, he led one section of three men in an assault upon the bunkers. While his comrades covered his advance, he moved forward alone through a hail of fire, attacked the first bunker and he continued his assault until the way had been cleared for his squad to advance and reorganize. When the enemy launched a counterattack, Sergeant Misseri, although wounded, drove them back
40.
Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea)
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The Greek Expeditionary Force in Korea was formed in response to the United Nations appeal for assistance in the Korean War. It comprised a reinforced Hellenic Army infantry battalion and a Royal Hellenic Air Force flight of seven transport planes, greece was the fifth largest troop contributor to U. N. The seven C-47s of 13th Flight, with 67 Air Force officers and personnel and they belonged to the 355 Transport Squadron, known for its participation in the recent civil war. The majority of the officers and NCOs of this first mission were experienced airmen, being veterans of the Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre of World War II, on December 3,1950, the first Greek aircraft landed on Korean soil. The Greek flight was attached to the 21st Troop Carrier Sqn. of the 374th Wing, United States Air Force. From May 14,1951, the flight was based at Kimpo air base where it remained until May 23,1955, in total, its planes carried 70,568 passengers, including 9,243 wounded. Losses included 12 officers and NCOs and two C-47s, the Greek government originally intended to send a brigade to Korea, but with quick UN victories in the autumn of 1950, the expeditionary force was downgraded to a battalion. The men were all volunteers from the 1st, 8th and 9th Infantry Divisions, from August 23,1951, the component was expanded to 1,063 men, at which strength it remained until the December 1953 armistice. It was subsequently increased to the level of 2,163 men until April 1955, after the anti-Greek Istanbul Pogrom, in September 1955, relations with Greeces NATO ally, Turkey, deteriorated and Athens decided to recall its units stationed in Korea. As a result, only 191 men were still in the country by December 1955, a representative section of one officer and nine men remained until May 1958. 1950 November 15, Embarkation at Piraeus, December 16, Move to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division as the 4th Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment. 1951 January 16, Remnants sweeping operation at Wolaksan, Haseoksan, Munsusan, January 29, Battle with 3,000 Chinese at Hill 381, west of Icheon. February 8, Battle with the Chinese Army at Hill 489, March 7, Attack on Hill 326, east of Yongdu-ri. April 7, Advance to Geumhaksan, north of Hongchen, April 27, Defence of Hongje-dong area of Seoul. May 26, Advance to Imjingang via Nogosan and Gamaksan, June 9, Advance to Wyoming line, north of Yeoncheon. August 4, Battle with the Chinese Army near Churadong area, October 3–10, Battle with the Chinese Army at Hill 313. The hill was captured on 5 October 5, with 28 KIA, December 30, Deployed at Imjingang S-curved area. 1952 January, patrol duties attached to the 15th Infantry Regiment, March 17, Battle over Kelly, Nori, Betty outposts
41.
Regiment van Heutsz
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The Regiment van Heutsz is a line infantry regiment of the Royal Netherlands Army. The regiment was named after J. B. van Heutsz, a former Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies and it is notable for its service as part of the United Nations force sent to fight during the Korean War. It is still operational and has served tours as part of the ISAF Afghanistan Mission, while 16,225 people volunteered for service in Korea, only 3,418 men were accepted and sent. 2,980 of those participated in the war, as the units that arrived after the armistice did not participate in any fighting. The van Heutsz regiment had recently been raised when the Korean War battalion was formed on October 26,1950. The regiment has the battle honor Korea 1950–1954 on its colors, in Korea, the van Heutsz troops were re-enforced by South Korean KATUSA troops. The Dutch served at three key battles, all around the Iron Triangle sector between 1951 and 1953. Since the Regiment van Heutsz did not have its colors in 1950 and this flag now has official status and is shown on every parade and function of the regiment. American and Korean battle streamers, representing the US Presidential Unit Citation, are attached to this flag. The Regiment suffered 116 Dutch and 20 attached-Korean soldiers killed in action, a total of 381 soldiers were wounded. A total of 115 Surinamese soldiers also fought together with the Dutch, the regiment maintains the traditions of the Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger
42.
New Zealand in the Korean War
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The involvement of New Zealand in the Korean War began in 1950 as a response to the United Nations Security Councils call for combat assistance in the erupting Korean War. New Zealand was one of the first nations to respond with support, on 3 July, these two first ships left Devonport Naval Base, Auckland and joined other Commonwealth forces at Sasebo, Japan, on 2 August. These vessels served under the command of a British flag officer and formed part of the US Navy screening force during the Battle of Inchon, performing shore raids and inland bombardment. Further RNZN Loch class frigates joined these later – Rotoiti, Hawea, Taupo and Kaniere, only one RNZN sailor, Able Seaman R. E. Marchioni, was killed throughout the conflict, during a raid on Sogon-ni on 26 August 1951 with HMNZS Rotoiti, after some debate, on 26 July 1950, the Government of New Zealand announced it would raise a volunteer military force to serve with UN forces in Korea. The idea was opposed initially by the Chief of the General Staff, Major General Keith Stewart and his opposition was ignored and the government raised what was known as Kayforce, a total of 1,044 men selected from among volunteers. 16th Field Regiment, Royal New Zealand Artillery and support elements arrived later during the conflict from New Zealand, the force arrived at Pusan on New Years Eve and on 21 January joined the British 27th Infantry Brigade. Although overshadowed by 16 Field Regiment RNZAs contribution to the 1950–54 Korean War, New Zealand also contributed 10 Company, totalling 408 personnel of all ranks and would serve with distinction in Korea from 1951 until 1956 as part of the 1st Commonwealth Division. Following the armistice, RNZN deployments continued, together with Army support elements until 1957 as Kayforce was gradually reduced in size, the majority of Kayforce had returned to New Zealand by 1955, though it was not until 1957 that the last New Zealand soldiers had left Korea. A single New Zealand military liaison officer on the Commonwealth Liaison Mission, Korea, a total of 3,794 New Zealand soldiers served in Kayforce and 1,300 in the RNZN deployment. Thirty-three were killed in action and many were buried at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan. Other casualties included 79 wounded and 1 taken prisoner, the prisoner was held in North Korea for eighteen months and repatriated after the armistices. A New Zealander flying with the Royal Air Force was also captured when he was shot down near Pyongyang, No Royal New Zealand Air Force units were sent to Korea, but a number of New Zealanders flew with other air forces in the conflict. Two men flew Gloster Meteor jets with No.77 Squadron RAAF, one was shot down, a New Zealand Army artillery lieutenant was attached to a USAF tactical control unit as an observer in light aircraft. New Zealand born Alan Boxer, later a British air marshal, one New Zealander flying in Korea as a lieutenant in the British Royal Navy from HMS Ocean, was killed in February 1953 when his Hawker Sea Fury was shot down by ground fire. Five New Zealanders took part in Royal Australian Navy missions over Korea from the Australian carrier HMAS Sydney, some of these pilots were former RNZAF members, others joining directly the British and Australian forces. New Zealand in the Korean War – NZ History Online
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Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea
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The Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea was the Philippine Army contingent of the United Nations forces that fought in the Korean War. The unit arrived in Korea in August 1950 and it was composed of 1,468 troops, and was the fifth largest force under the United Nations Command. The PEFTOK took part in the Battle of Yultong and the Battle of Hill Eerie, the unit operated with the United States 1st Cavalry Division, 3rd Infantry Division, 25th Infantry Division, and 45th Infantry Division. 2nd BCT served in April–May 1954, 10th BCT Tank Co Motorized received the U. S. Gallantry Award for the April 22–23, Battle of Yultong, where it suffered 10 Killed in action,14 Missing in action,26 Wounded in action, the total 10th BCT casualty tally for the war was 43 KIA,9 MIA,58 captured. It served from September 1950 to September 1951, the 14th BCT received the following awards, South Korea Presidential Unit Citation and Philippine Presidential Unit Citation. It served from March 1953 to April 1954, the 19th BCT received the following awards, South Korea Presidential Distinguished Unit Citation and U. S. It served from April 1952 to March 1953, the 20th BCT suffered 13 KIA,100 WIA, and 1 MIA. It served from April 1951 to May 1952, over a four-day period, from May 18 to 21,1952, this team of Filipino soldiers saw action in the epic Battle of Hill Eerie. Six officers and 22 enlisted men were honored for services by the Philippine. Gold Cross Medals were conferred to three officers, namely, Lt. Benjamin G. Santos, Lt. Cezar Batilo, the latter also received a Bronze Star medal from the US for leading the first successful assault on May 18. Lt. Leopoldo Regis received a Distinguished Conduct Star and US Silver Star medal for leadership in the assault on May 19, Lt Fidel Ramos, who led the assault on May 21, was conferred the Military Merit medal. Rodrigo Sarmiento of the detachment was also given the Military Merit medal for meritorious services for the period September 12,1951 to May 15,1952. 112 Filipino Soldiers were Killed in Action during the Korean War, Fidel Ramos Fortunato Abat Emilio S. Liwanag Military history of the Philippines Armed Forces of the Philippines Filipino Soldiers fighting Communist China PEFTOK blog 10th BCT resume
44.
Thailand in the Korean War
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Thailand was one of the 21 countries who responded to the United Nations request to send troops to aid South Korea during the Korean War 1950-53. As well as being one of the first countries to express its support for South Koreas cause. Thai support was important to determining the outcome of the war, including Pork Chop Hill. Thailand was the first country in Asia to send aid to South Korea, realising that a communist take-over in Korea could be catastrophic to Thailands own political order, the Thai government decided to support South Koreas cause fully. Four tonnes of rice was sent to Korea as food aid and later this was followed by a battalion from the 21st Combined Regiment. Later in the conflict, several aircraft were sent by the Thai government. The regiment returned to Thailand in March 1955, a typical hill battle was waged at Porkchop Hill, then held by soldiers of the 21st Thai Infantry Battalion, who repulsed an attack by the Chinese Peoples Volunteers. After this victory, the United States military awarded one Thai soldier the prestigious Legion of Merit and they were given the nickname Little Tigers by General James Van Fleet, commander of the 8th US Army. The Chinese made an all out effort to capture Porkchop Hill, attacking it five times, all were defeated by the Thais between 11 November 1952 to 28 February 1953, still attached to the 9th US Infantry Regiment. In last spring of the war, the Thais spent most of their time in training and as 9th US Corps reserve They then relocated to Kyo-dong, west of Uncheon, on 4 May. Battle followed in the vicinity of the Boomerang from 14 to 27 July 1953 northwest of Kumhwa, Thai infantry forces stayed in Korea until June 1972. On November 7,1950 two Thai warships, the HTMS Prasae and the HTMS Bangpakong), arrived in South Korea and they served under United Nations command, performing escort duty and shelling enemy targets on land. Unfortunately, the Prasae ran aground on the coast near Yangyang during a snowstorm, attempts to refloat her failed, and she was scuttled on January 7,1951, her wreck being shelled to complete the destruction. The Bangpakong left Korea in February 16,1952, in December 29,1951 two more Thai warships arrived in Korea, the. They sailed for home a year and a half after the armistice on January 21,1955, the transport ship HTMS Sichang arrived in Korea on November 7,1950, remaining there until July 15,1951. Royal Thai Air Force supply Douglas C-47 Skytrain aircraft took part in Korean war, on September 22,1950, the Thai Government ordered units of its forces to assist the United Nations military operations in the Korea War. Three task force contingents of the Royal Thai Air Force would serve South Korea, the first of twenty-nine Air Nursing Teams began its mission on December 26,1950, remaining there until 1974. A total of twenty nine RTAF airlift mission teams served in South Korea from 1951 to 1971, during the course of the Korean War, Thailand dispatched a total of 11,786 soldiers to Korea
45.
Turkish Brigade
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The Turkish Brigade was a Turkish Army Infantry Brigade that served with the United Nations Command during the Korean War between 1950 and 1953. Attached to the U. S. 25th Infantry Division the Turkish Brigade fought in actions, and was awarded Unit Citations from Korea. The Turkish Brigade developed a reputation for its ability, stubborn defense, commitment to mission. On 29 June 1950 the government of the Republic of Turkey replied to the United Nations Resolution 83 requesting military aid to South Korea, the cable stated, Turkey is ready to meet his responsibilities. Turkey was the country to answer the UN call, after the United States. Three different Turkish Brigades served in the Korean War, the core of the 1st Turkish Brigade was the 241st Infantry Regiment based at Ayaş which was supplemented with volunteers to raise it to brigade level. Brigadier General Tahsin Yazıcı, a veteran of the Gallipoli Campaign, the 1st Turkish Brigade consisted of three battalions, commanded by Major Imadettin Kuranel, Major Mithat Ulunu, and Major Lutfu Bilgon. The Turkish Armed Forces Command was a combat team with three infantry battalions, along with supporting artillery and engineers. It was the only brigade-sized unit attached permanently to a U. S. division throughout the Korean War, brigadier General Tahsin Yazici was highly regarded in the Turkish military establishment. He willingly stepped down a rank in order to command the first contingent of Turks in the Korean War, while there were cultural and religious differences between Turkish and American troops, both were disciplined forces capable of adapting. However, there was a barrier that was more difficult to overcome. Gen Yazici did not speak English, and Americans had overlooked the difficulty the language barrier would present The Brigade had a full turnover after a period of one years service, during the service of the 3rd Brigade in 1953, the Korean Armistice was signed. Thereafter, Turkey continued maintaining forces at full Brigade level for seven years. Kenan Evren, seventh President of Republic of Turkey, served in the Brigade from 1958–59, the advance party of the Turkish Brigade arrived in Pusan on 12 October 1950. The brigade was attached to the U. S. 25th Infantry Division, but in these concerned days, the heroism shown by the Turks has given hope to the American nation. It has inculcated them with courage, the American public fully appreciates the value of the services rendered by the Turkish Brigade and knows that because of them the Eighth American Army could withdraw without disarray. The American public understands that the United Nations Forces in Korea were saved from encirclement,125 Koreans were taken prisoner and many of them were slaughtered by the Turks. It the lack of information which caused the attack by the Turks
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