Relative density
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Relative density, also called specific gravity, is a dimensionless quantity defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Specific gravity for solids
A United States Navy Aviation boatswain's mate tests the specific gravity of JP-5 fuel
An empty glass pycnometer and stopper
A filled pycnometer
Mineralogy
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Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mine
Page from Treatise on mineralogy by Friedrich Mohs (1825)
Calcite is a carbonate mineral (CaCO3) with a rhombohedral crystal structure.
Aragonite is an orthorhombic polymorph of calcite.
The perovskite crystal structure. The most abundant mineral in the Earth, bridgmanite, has this structure. Its chemical formula is (Mg,Fe)SiO3; the red spheres are oxygen, the blue spheres silicon and the green spheres magnesium or iron.