1.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
2.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
5.
Nauvoo, Illinois
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Nauvoo is a small city in Hancock County, Illinois, United States, on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison, Iowa. The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census, the city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District. The area of Nauvoo was first called Quashquema, named in honor of the Native American chief who headed a Sauk, by 1827, white settlers had built cabins in the area. By 1829 this area of Hancock County had grown sufficiently so that a post office was needed and in 1832 the town, however, the honor was awarded to a nearby city, Carthage. In 1834 the name Venus was changed to Commerce because the settlers felt that the new name better suited their plans, the name Nauvoo is derived from the traditional Hebrew language with an anglicized spelling. The word comes from Isaiah 52,7, “How beautiful upon the mountains. ”It is notable that “by 1844 Nauvoos population had swollen to 12,000, after Joseph Smiths death in 1844, continuing violence from surrounding non-Mormons forced most Latter-Day Saints to leave Nauvoo. Most of these refugees, led by Brigham Young, eventually emigrated to the Great Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Icarians moved to the Nauvoo area to implement a utopian socialist commune based on the ideals of French philosopher Étienne Cabet. At its peak the colony numbered over 500 members, but Cabets death in 1856 caused some members to leave this parent colony, in the early and mid 20th century Nauvoo was primarily a Roman Catholic town, and the majority of the population today is Catholic. Guided tours are available at the churchs Joseph Smith Historic Site, located at the end of the town. The LDS Church owns most of the historic sites in Nauvoo, including the homes of Brigham Young. Kimball, and other members of the church, as well as other significant buildings. Most of these sites are open to the public, with demonstrations and displays and these tours are free, as are the stage and riverside theatrical productions. There is a visitors center complete with two theaters and a relief map of 1846 Nauvoo. The creation of Nauvoo as a tourism destination was largely a result of the work of J. LeRoy Kimball. Kimball was a descendent of early Mormon leader Heber C, Kimball, and bought his ancestors home in 1954 with the intention of restoring it. He was the president of Nauvoo Restoration, Inc. from 1962 to 1986, an LDS congregation was established in Nauvoo in 1956, from its inception consisting largely of elderly LDS couples serving as missionaries and historical guides. The City of Joseph Pageant, a musical produced by the LDS Church. An LDS stake was organized with headquarters at Nauvoo in 1979, in addition to the many homes that had been restored, the Relief Society Memorial Garden was dedicated in 1978, featuring statues designed by Dennis Smith and Florence Hansen
6.
Emma Smith
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In 1842, she was named as the first president of the Ladies Relief Society of Nauvoo, a womens service organization. Emma Hale was born in Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, Emma first met her future husband, Joseph Smith, in 1825. Smith lived near Palmyra, New York, but boarded with the Hales in Harmony while he was employed in a company of men hired to unearth an abandoned silver mine. Although the company was unsuccessful in finding the mine, Smith returned to Harmony several times to court Emma. Isaac Hale refused to allow the marriage because he disapproved of Smiths occupation, on January 17,1827, Smith and Emma eloped across the state line to South Bainbridge, New York, where they were married the following day. The couple moved to the home of Smiths parents on the edge of Manchester Township near Palmyra. On September 22,1827, Joseph and Emma took a horse and carriage belonging to Joseph Knight, Sr. and this created a great deal of excitement in the area. In December 1827, the decided to move to Harmony. Emmas parents helped her and Joseph obtain a house and a small farm, once they settled in, Joseph began work on the Book of Mormon with Emma acting as a scribe. In Harmony on June 15,1828, Emma gave birth to her first child—a son named Alvin—who lived only a few hours, in May 1829, Emma and Joseph left Harmony and went to live with David Whitmer in Fayette, New York. While travelling there, they saw a man walking alongside the road. After offering him a ride, the man declined, saying that he was headed to Cumorah, Joseph identified the man as the angel Moroni. Later, in Fayette, Joseph finished work on the Book of Mormon, on April 6,1830, Joseph and five other men established the Church of Christ. Emma was baptized by Oliver Cowdery on June 28,1830, in Colesville, New York, during the next weeks, Joseph was arrested, tried and exonerated in South Bainbridge for glass looking based on the states vagrancy law. The revelation goes on to state that Emma would be ordained under hand to expound scriptures, Joseph and Emma returned to Harmony for a time, but relations with Emmas parents broke down, and the couple went back to staying in the homes of members of the growing church. They lived first with the Whitmers in Fayette, then with Newel K. Whitney and his family in Kirtland, Ohio and it was here on April 30,1831, that Emma gave premature birth to twins, Thaddeus and Louisa, both babies died hours later. That same day, Julia Clapp Murdock died giving birth to twins, Joseph, when the twins were nine days old, their father, John, gave the infants to the Smiths to raise as their own. On September 2,1831, the Smiths moved into John Johnsons home in Hiram, the infant Joseph died of exposure or pneumonia in late March 1832, after a door was left open during a mob attack on Smith
7.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period
8.
Latter Day Saint
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The denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement are sometimes collectively referred to as Mormonism. Denominations opposed to the use of the term consider it to be connected to the polygamy practiced by the Utah church. It was renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1838, the largest denomination within the contemporary movement is the LDS Church with 15 million members. It is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and uses the term Latter-day Saints to describe itself, the second-largest denomination is the Community of Christ, a Missouri-based,250, 000-member denomination. Other denominations within the movement either formed around various would-be successors to Smith and these, together with the two denominations listed above, are detailed in the table of denominations within the Latter Day Saint movement, below. Though a few small factions broke with Smiths organization during his lifetime, following Smiths death, the movement experienced a leadership crisis which led to a schism within the church. The largest group, which would become the LDS Church, followed Brigham Young, settling in what would become the Utah Territory, the second-largest faction, the RLDS Church, coalesced around Joseph Smith III, eldest son of Joseph Smith. Other would-be leaders included the surviving member of the First Presidency, Sidney Rigdon, the newly baptized James Strang from Wisconsin. Each of these men still retains a following as of 2014—however tiny it may be in some cases—and all of their organizations have experienced further schisms, other claimants, such as Granville Hedrick, William Bickerton and Charles B. Thompson, later emerged to start still other factions, some of which have further subdivided, given the large number of Latter Day Saint churches and their differing backgrounds, categorizing them can be difficult. Another method uses provenance, for instance, all denominations that ultimately trace their history back to the LDS Church in Utah are organized as one factional group, Divergent Paths of the Restoration—a reference work on this subject—follows this approach. Those denominations within each group share a common ancestry and basic beliefs that are different from groups sharing other provenances, Joseph Smiths original church, and those bodies which broke with him during his lifetime. The original organization, founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, later called the Church of the Latter Day Saints, other small churches formed on the basis of disagreements with Smith prior to his murder in 1844, all of which are now defunct. Sometimes called Rocky Mountain Saints, Brighamites, or Mormons, tracing their leadership or influence through Brigham Young, by far the largest and best known Latter Day Saint church, which is colloquially, but imprecisely, referred to as the Mormon Church. The defunct Godbeites and a few small churches that broke with the LDS Church to pursue a more liberal, inclusive. These adherents are referred to, collectively, as Prairie Saints. The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and related churches tracing their leadership through Joseph Smith III, the Church of Christ and related churches tracing their leadership through Granville Hedrick. Churches tracing their leadership through Sidney Rigdon or William Bickerton, the Church of Jesus Christ and related churches tracing their leadership through Alpheus Cutler
9.
Nauvoo Temple
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The Nauvoo Temple was the second temple constructed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. The churchs first temple was completed in Kirtland, Ohio, United States, when the main body of the church was forced out of Nauvoo, Illinois, in the winter of 1846, the church attempted to sell the building, finally succeeding in 1848. The building was damaged by fire and a tornado before being demolished, in 1937, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reacquired the lot on which the original temple had stood. In 2000, the church began to build a temple on the original site whose exterior is a replica of the first temple, but whose interior is laid out like a modern Latter-day Saint temple. On 27 June 2002, a date that coincided with the 158th anniversary of the death of Joseph and Hyrum Smith, the Latter Day Saints made preparations to build a temple soon after establishing their headquarters at Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1839. On 6 April 1841, the cornerstone was laid under the direction of Joseph Smith. At its base the building was 128 feet long and 88 feet wide with a tower and weather vane reaching to a total height of 165 feet —a 60% increase over the dimensions of the Kirtland Temple. Like Kirtland, the Nauvoo Temple contained two assembly halls, one on the first floor and one on the second, called the lower and upper courts, both had classrooms and offices in the attic. Unlike Kirtland, the Nauvoo Temple had a basement which housed a baptismal font. Because the Saints had to abandon Nauvoo, the building was not entirely completed, the basement with its font was finished, as were the first floor assembly hall and the attic. When these parts of the building were completed they were used for performing ordinances or for worship services, the Nauvoo Temple was designed in the Greek Revival style by architect William Weeks, under the direction of Joseph Smith. Weeks design made use of distinctively Latter Day Saint motifs, including Sunstones, Moonstones and it is often mistakenly thought that these stones represent the Three Degrees of Glory in the Latter Day Saint conception of the afterlife, but the stones appear in the wrong order. Instead, Wandle Mace, foreman for the framework of the Nauvoo Temple, has explained that the design of the temple was meant to be “a representation of the Church, the Bride, the Lamb’s wife”. In this regard Mace references John’s statement in Revelation 12,1 concerning the “woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars. ”This explains why the Starstones are at the top of the temple, the Sunstones in the middle and the Moonstones at the bottom. Construction was only half complete at the Death of Joseph Smith in 1844, after a succession crisis, Brigham Young was sustained as the churchs leader by the majority of Latter Day Saints in Nauvoo. During the winter of 1845-46, the temple began to be used for additional ordinances, including the Nauvoo-era endowment, sealings in marriage, the Nauvoo Temple was in use for less than three months. Most of the Latter Day Saints left Nauvoo, beginning in February 1846, once the first floor was finished with pulpits and benches, the building was finally dedicated in private services on 30 April 1846, and in public services on 1 May. Initially the churchs agents tried to lease the structure, first to the Catholic Church, when this failed, they attempted to sell the temple, asking up to $200,000, but this effort also met with no success
10.
Eliza R. Snow
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Eliza Roxcy Snow was one of the most celebrated Mormon women of the nineteenth century. A renowned poet, she chronicled history, celebrated nature and relationships, Snow was married to Joseph Smith as a plural wife and was openly a plural wife of Brigham Young after Smiths death. Snow was the general president of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. She was also the sister of Lorenzo Snow, the fifth president. Born in Becket, Massachusetts, Snow was the daughter of Oliver. When she was two old, her family left New England to settle on a new and fertile farm in the Western Reserve valley, in Mantua. The Snow family valued learning and saw that each child had educational opportunities, Snow worked as secretary for her father in his office as justice of the peace. Snows Baptist parents welcomed a variety of religious believers into their home, in 1828, Snow and her parents joined Alexander Campbells Christian restorationist movement, the Disciples of Christ. Snows mother and sister joined Smiths Church of Christ early on, several years later, in 1835, Snow was baptized and moved to Kirtland, Ohio, the headquarters of the church. Upon her arrival, Snow donated her inheritance, a sum of money. Here, Snow taught school for Smiths family and was influential in interesting her younger brother, Lorenzo, Lorenzo Snow later became an apostle and the churchs fifth president. Snow moved west with her family and the body of the church, first to Adam-ondi-Ahman, a settlement in Missouri. In Nauvoo, Snow again made her living as a school teacher, after Smiths death, Snow claimed to have secretly wed him on June 29,1842, as a plural wife. Snow wrote fondly of Smith, my husband, the choice of my heart. However, Snow had organized a petition in that summer of 1842, with a thousand female signatures, denying that Smith was connected with polygamy. As Secretary of the Ladies Relief Society, she organized the publishing of a certificate in October 1842 denouncing polygamy, was really testimony she died with a libel on her lips. After Smiths death, Snow married Brigham Young as a plural wife and she traveled west across the plains and arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on October 2,1847. There, childless Eliza became a prominent member of Youngs family, moving into a bedroom in Youngs Salt Lake City residence
11.
President of the Church
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In the Latter Day Saint movement, the President of the Church is generally considered to be the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the movement, and the office assumed by many of Smiths claimed successors, such as Brigham Young, Joseph Smith III, Sidney Rigdon. Joseph Smith was known by all of these titles in his lifetime, Smith died in 1844 without having indisputably established who was to be his successor. Therefore, his death was followed by a crisis in which various groups followed leaders with succession claims. Some smaller denominations, such as the Church of Christ, reject the office as an unscriptural creation, the concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831. Initially, after the formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as merely an apostle of Jesus Christ. However, there was one other apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, as high priests, these men were higher in the priesthood hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smith and Cowderys calling as apostles gave them superior authority than that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, which had since been added to the church hierarchy. The only president of the church brought before the Common Council was Joseph Smith, the Council determined that Joseph Smith had acted in every respect in an honorable and proper manner with all monies and properties entrusted to his charge. The President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. In the Community of Christ, formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, the Prophet-President is the highest priesthood leader of the church
12.
Red Brick Store
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The Red Brick Store in Nauvoo, Illinois, was a building that was constructed and owned by Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith constructed the Red Brick Store in 1841, the building became a center of economic, political, religious, and social activity among the Latter Day Saints. In addition to being a store, the second floor of the building also served as the headquarters of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints for a period of time. Members would visit the store to pay their tithing and other offerings to the church, after Joseph Smith was killed and the majority of Latter Day Saints left Nauvoo, the Red Brick Store fell into disrepair. Eventually, it was torn down and the bricks were used to new buildings in Nauvoo. In 1980, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints rebuilt the Red Brick Store on the foundation as part of its 1980 sesquicentennial celebrations. Today, the Red Brick Store is owned and operated as a tourist attraction by the Community of Christ, the Store sells goods that are similar to the kind that were sold in the Store in the 1840s. Council House Endowment House Anointed Quorum Plano Stone Church Robert T. Bray, archaeological Investigations at the Joseph Smith Red Brick Store, Nauvoo, Illinois Roger D. Launius and F. Mark McKiernan. Joseph Smith, Jr. s Red Brick Store ISBN 99966-62-69-1 Media related to Red Brick Store at Wikimedia Commons Joseph Smiths Red Brick Store, official website for Community of Christ tourist attraction
13.
John Taylor (Mormon)
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John Taylor was an English religious leader who served as the third president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1880 to 1887. He is the president of the LDS Church to have been born outside of the United States. Taylor was born in Milnthorpe, Westmorland, England, the son of James and Agnes Taylor and he had formal schooling up to age fourteen, and then he served an initial apprenticeship to a cooper and later received training as a woodturner and cabinetmaker. He claimed that as a man, he had a vision of “an angel in the heavens, holding a trumpet to his mouth. He was christened in the Church of England, but joined the Methodist church at sixteen and he was appointed a lay preacher a year later, and felt a calling to preach in America. Taylors parents and siblings emigrated to Upper Canada in 1830, Taylor stayed in England to dispose of the family property and joined his family in Toronto in 1832. He met Leonora Cannon from the Isle of Man while attending a Toronto Methodist Church and, although she rejected his proposal. Between 1834 and 1836, John and Leonora Taylor participated in a study group in Toronto. The group discussed problems and concerns with their Methodist faith, other members included Joseph Fielding and his sisters Mary and Mercy, who later also became prominent in the Latter Day Saint movement. While in Toronto Taylor continued to work in his trade as a woodturner, Taylor and his wife first came in contact with the Church of the Latter Day Saints in 1836 after meeting Parley P. Pratt, an apostle in the church, in Toronto. Leonora was the first to join the church and she persuaded Taylor to continue his studies with Pratt, after the couples baptism into the church, they were active in preaching and the organization of the church in Upper Canada. They then moved to Far West, Missouri, where Taylor was ordained an apostle on December 19,1838 and he assisted other church members as they fled frequent conflicts to Commerce, Illinois. In 1839, Taylor and some of his fellow apostles served missions in Britain, while there, Taylor preached in Liverpool and was responsible for Mormon preaching in Ireland and the Isle of Man. Taylor returned to Nauvoo, Illinois to serve as a city councilman, a chaplain, a colonel, an editor. Taylor edited two newspapers in Nauvoo, Times and Seasons and the Nauvoo Neighbor, Taylor also edited the more politically concerned Nauvoo Neighbor and the Wasp, the predecessor of the Nauvoo Neighbor, for about a year. Taylor was thus the editor of Nauvoos two main papers from 1842 to 1846, in 1844, Taylor was with church founder Joseph Smith, his brother Hyrum Smith, and fellow apostle Willard Richards in the Carthage, Illinois jail when the Smiths were killed by a mob. Taylor was severely wounded in the conflict and his life may have been spared when a musket ball directed towards his chest was stopped by a pocket watch which he was carrying at the time. However, recent analysis shows the watch may instead have been damaged when Taylor fell against the windowsill, in 1845 Taylor became the president of the Nauvoo Tradesmen Association
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Willard Richards
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Willard Richards was born in Hopkinton, Massachusetts, to Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe on June 24,1804. At the age of four, he injured his head in a fall and was left some residual muscle tremor. As the injury limited his activity, he focused his attention on education. He taught school in Chatham, New York, and in Lanesborough, Richards pursued additional studies in physical mechanics, science, and studied the clarinet. At the age of thirty, after the death of his sister Susan and he studied at the Thomson Infirmary in Boston focusing on medication and herbal preparations. He then settled in Holliston, Massachusetts, where he practiced medicine, in 1836, Richards was introduced to the newly published Book of Mormon by his cousins, Joseph and Brigham Young. Richards read the book twice within ten days and, after making the preparations, left for Kirtland, Ohio. Richards was baptized there on December 31,1836, by Brigham Young, shortly following his ordination, Richards was called on a brief three-month mission to the Eastern United States. Immediately upon his return, he was called on an extended mission to Great Britain. Richards met his wife, Jennetta Richards, while on this mission and they had two surviving children, a son, Heber John, born in Manchester, England, in 1840, and a daughter, Rhoda Ann Jennetta, born in 1843 in Nauvoo, Illinois. Richards was ordained an apostle on April 14,1840, by Brigham Young, in 1841, he moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, to be with the body of the church and became the private secretary to Joseph Smith. In December 1842, Richards was called to be the Church Historian and Recorder, in these two capacities, Richards maintained the Mormon prophets schedule and recorded most of his activities. As church historian, he wrote a total of 1,884 pages on the history of Joseph Smith. This work was incorporated into The History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Richards was incarcerated in Carthage Jail with Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith and John Taylor on June 27,1844, when the jail was attacked by a mob, Taylor was shot four times and severely injured, but survived the attack. Richards was unhurt and so supervised the removal of Taylor and the Smiths bodies and his first-hand account of the event was published in the Times and Seasons. Richards, his cousin Brigham Young and other church elders left Nauvoo in February 1846, spending the remainder of the year at Winter Quarters and this first group entered into the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847. They then went back to Winter Quarters, arriving on August 21,1847, Richards was called as Second Counselor in the First Presidency under Brigham Young on December 27,1847 in Council Bluffs, Iowa
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Martha McBride Knight
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Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught and practiced polygamy during his ministry, and married multiple women during his lifetime. During his lifetime, Smith and the quorums of his church publicly denied he taught or practiced it. In 1852, leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints acknowledged that Smith had practiced plural marriage, the first publication of a list of women alleged to be Smiths plural wives was in 1887, by Andrew Jenson, an assistant church historian of the LDS Church. It included 27 women besides Emma Smith, currently, historians disagree as to the number and identity of the plural wives which Smith had. Various scholars and historians, including Fawn M. Brodie, George D. Smith, the discrepancy is created by the lack of documents to support some of the alleged marriages. As Compton has stated, for many of these marriages, absolutely nothing is known of marriage after the ceremony, apart from his marriage to Emma, Smiths marriages were not solemnized under any civil authority and were therefore solely religious unions. Research by LDS researcher Ugo A. Perego has shown that a number of children of Smiths alleged polygamous relationships were not his genetic offspring, the LDS Church and Joseph Smiths Polygamy. Media related to Wives of Joseph Smith, Jr. at Wikimedia Commons
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Elizabeth Ann Whitney
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Elizabeth Ann Smith Whitney was an early Latter Day Saint leader, and wife to Newel K. Whitney, another early Latter Day Saint leader. She went by her name, Ann. Elizabeth Ann Smith was born in Derby, Connecticut to Gibson Smith and she was the couples oldest child. Her parents werent members of any church, although they were Christian, as a child, she was taught dancing. She left her parents at about age 18 and moved to Kirtland, Ohio with her aunt Sarah Smith, when she was 20 she met her future husband, Newel K. Whitney. The couple was married on October 20,1822 and they quickly accumulated wealth and status in their community. They had eleven children together and adopted several homeless children, in Kirtland, Ann and her husband joined the Disciples of Christ, called the Campbellites at the time, led in the area by Sidney Rigdon. This group denied it had power to give the gift of the Holy Spirit and this, along with vague answers to Whitneys questions, caused her and her husband couple to pray for direction. In response to prayer, the couple claimed to have seen a vision. Sidney Rigdon converted to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in 1830, Whitney heard of his conversion and of the missionaries who were in the area. She went home after hearing them speak to share with her husband that she felt it was the right church and she and her husband chose to be baptized in November 1830. Joseph and Emma Smith arrived at Newel K. Whitneys store in Kirtland in December 1830, Joseph said, I am Joseph the Prophet, you have prayed me here, now what do you want of me. Joseph then stayed in their home, while there, he received revelations that are recorded in Doctrine and Covenants. Whitney and her husband hosted a three-day feast for the poor in January 1836 and they lost some of their wealth when the Kirtland Safety Society Banking Company collapsed and people began persecuting members of the church. Whitney and her family traveled with the members of the church and they left Kirtland to move to Far West, Missouri in the fall of 1838 due to persecution. However, when they reached St. Louis, they were informed that Latter-day Saints were being kicked out of Missouri and they settled in Carrollton, Illinois during the winter of 1839–1839. They then moved to Quincy, Illinois during the next winter, by the spring of 1840, they had reached Nauvoo, Illinois, then called Commerce. When the family reached Nauvoo, most of them were sick, the couple received their endowments were sealed in the Nauvoo Temple by Joseph Smith
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Bathsheba W. Smith
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Bathsheba Wilson Bigler Smith was an early member of the Latter Day Saint movement. Born near Shinnston, Harrison County, Virginia, she was the daughter of Mark Bigler, when she was young, Bathsheba traded names with a friend as a symbol of their friendship, which is where the Wilson part of Bathshebas name comes from. When Bathsheba was 15, she heard about the Mormon gospel from members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and she believed in the churchs message, and she was baptized on August 21,1837, alongside her family. Soon after the conversion, they desired to move to Missouri along with other members of the church. These excerpts from her autobiography tell how her family moved from Virginia, first to Missouri, Bathsheba gave birth to their first child, George Albert Jr. on July 7,1842. Several months after the birth, George A. left to the Eastern States to serve a mission, upon his return to Nauvoo in 1843, George and Bathsheba received the ordinances of endowments and sealing. In 1844, Smiths husband left once again on a mission and he returned in August in time for the birth of the couples daughter, Bathsheba, on August 14,1844. Smith kept a diary and sketchbook for most of her life which included drawings of prominent members of the Latter Day Saint community, among the best known is a profile of church president Joseph Smith. Bathsheba and Eliza R. Snow designed the temple garment. During the succession crisis that occurred after the assassination of Smith, Bathsheba Smith, her husband and they traveled west and established themselves first in Salt Lake City. While other members of the later moved to southern Utah. Bathsheba and George A. Smith were the parents of three children and their son, George A. Smith Jr. was killed by Navajo while on his way to serve a mission with Jacob Hamblin to the Hopi. Their daughter, Bathsheba, married Clarence Merrill, among children was Alice Merrill Horne. Their third child, John, died the day of his birth, April 14,1847, in Winter Quarters, Smith also largely raised her sisters daughter, Julina Lambson, who later became a wife of Joseph F. Smith. During the early 1870s, George A. Smith served as first counselor in the First Presidency under Young and he and his wife traveled to many emerging Mormon settlements, preaching and promoting church affairs. After the death of her husband in 1875, Smith became active in affairs and locally involved in the womens suffrage movement. For many years, starting at Nauvoo, Smith was also involved in temple work. In 1888, Smith became the counselor in the Relief Society general presidency
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Ward (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a ward is the larger of two types of local congregations, the smaller being a branch. A ward is presided over by a bishop, the equivalent of a pastor in many other Christian denominations, as with all local LDS Church leadership, the bishop is considered lay clergy and as such is not paid. Two counselors serve with the bishop to help with administrative and spiritual duties of the ward, together, these three men constitute the bishopric. A branch is presided over by a president who may or may not have one or two counselors, depending on the size of the branch. Groups of wards are organized into stakes, while groups of branches are organized into districts, bishops were assigned duties and responsibility over specific ward boundaries in these cities, and over time individual congregations were defined by these boundaries. After the Mormon Exodus to Utah, this terminology was preserved in the establishment of communities throughout the western United States. Voting districts of several Utah communities still follow the boundaries of their original LDS Church congregations. Due to the connection of this term, traditional Mormon pioneer communities generally do not use the term ward to define voting districts for political purposes. A ward typically consists of 150 to 500 church members in an area within a reasonable time of the meetinghouse. A stake, the next highest level of organization, may be created if there are at least five ward-sized branches in adjacent areas, once the stake has been organized, the ward-sized branches are organized into wards. Within the United States and Canada, a minimum of 300 members is required to create a ward, elsewhere, each ward requires at least 15 active, full-tithe-paying Melchizedek priesthood holders. If there are not sufficient congregations in an area to form a stake, there is no minimum or maximum geographical size for a ward, In areas where there are greater numbers of active church members, several wards can exist in only 1 square mile. When the ward membership grows to a size, the ward will be divided. Generally, if both geographic divisions are in a distance of the meetinghouse, they will meet at the same building. Most meetinghouses are designed to house up to three or four wards, individuals can find out what ward they reside in by either talking to a local LDS leader or by using the meetinghouse locator tool on the churchs webpage. This tool will also determine if there are any singles wards or special language wards that serve the area, Singles wards are set up in areas with high populations of single adults. Young Single Adult wards are intended for single members ages 18 to 30, non-custodial parents may also be members of these wards on a case-by-case basis. These wards provide LDS singles the opportunity to serve in offices of the church, members are taught the same principles of the gospel as a traditional ward, while receiving attention particular to their spiritual needs
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Charles C. Rich
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Charles Coulson Rich was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. He led one of the first groups of Mormon pioneers west under the leadership of Brigham Young, Rich was chosen and served as an apostle of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under Brigham Young after the Church settled in Utah Territory. President Young asked Charles Coulson Rich to open up San Bernardino, CA. for settlement in 1850, Rich was born in 1809 in Campbell County, Kentucky, to Joseph Rich and Nancy ONeal. As an adult he reached six feet,4 inches in height, Rich was baptized into the early Latter Day Saint church by George M. Hinkle in 1832, after having been taught by Lyman Wight in 1831. In 1838, Rich married Sarah D. Pea, whom he had proposed to by letter. Rich followed the principle of plural marriage, taking six wives. In 1863, Rich led a party of early Mormons to colonize parts of southeastern Idaho, the communities of Paris and Geneva, Idaho, as well as some other neighboring towns, were under his direction. Rich died in Paris in 1883 at the age of 75 and his daughter, Ada May Rich, became the mother of Laraine Day, who became an actress. Rich was a leader in Caldwell County, Missouri, and fought in the Battle of Crooked River in 1838 and his log house is the only structure from the Mormon period in 1836–38 in Caldwell County to have survived to this day. After the expulsion of the Latter Day Saints from Missouri, Rich settled in Nauvoo, Illinois and he also served as a member of the Nauvoo High Council, and as a brigadier and major general in the Nauvoo Legion. After the death of Joseph Smith, Rich followed the leadership of Brigham Young and he and his family migrated to what became Utah with the main body of the church in 1847, leading a pioneer company that arrived October of that year. When Young and the other apostles returned that winter to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, Rich served as a counselor to John Smith, in October 1848, Rich was made the president of the Salt Lake Stake. Brigham Young appointed Rich a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on February 12,1849, Rich helped form a Latter-day Saint settlement in San Bernardino, California. However, this settlement attracted many people who wanted to avoid Young, the members who supported Young were asked to return to Utah in 1857 at the time of the Utah War. At the request of President Brigham Young, Charles C, Rich settled the Bear Lake region and is the namesake of Rich County, Utah and St. Charles, ID. In the early 1860s, Rich served as president of the British Mission of the church, privileges Better Appreciated By Absence—Present Salvation, Journal of Discourses, vol. 4, pp. 353–54 Sufficiency of the Gospel—Obedience to Truth, Journal of Discourses,5, pp. 296–300 Present Opportunities of Obtaining a Knowledge of the Principles of Truth—Importance of Improving Them, Journal of Discourses, vol. 10, pp. 90–95 Building the Temple—General Duties of the Saints, Journal of Discourses,10, pp. 160–63 Labor To Build Up The Kingdom, Journal of Discourses, vol
20.
Mormonism and polygamy
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The Latter-day Saints practice of polygamy has been controversial, both within Western society and the LDS Church itself. America was both fascinated and horrified by the practice of polygamy, with the Republican platform at one time referencing the twin relics of barbarism—polygamy, the private practice of polygamy was instituted in the 1830s by founder Joseph Smith. In 1862, the United States Congress passed the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act, in spite of the law, Mormons continued to practice polygamy, believing that it was protected by the First Amendment. In 1890, church president Wilford Woodruff issued a Manifesto that officially terminated the practice of polygamy. Although this Manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, on its web site, the church states that the standard doctrine of the church is monogamy and that polygamy was a temporary exception to the rule. Many early converts, including Brigham Young, Orson Pratt, and Lyman Johnson, Pratt reported that Smith told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle, but that the time to practise it had not yet come. Johnson also claimed to have heard the doctrine from Smith in 1831, mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. William Clayton, Smiths scribe, recorded polygamous marriages in 1843. Clayton relates, On the 1st day of May,1843, I officiated in the office of an Elder by marrying Lucy Walker to the Prophet Joseph Smith, during this period the Prophet Joseph took several other wives. Amongst the number I well remember Eliza Partridge, Emily Partridge, Sarah Ann Whitney, Helen Kimball and these all, he acknowledged to me, were his lawful, wedded wives, according to the celestial order. His wife Emma was cognizant of the fact of some, if not all, of these being his wives, the majority of what became the Quorum of the Twelve in 1835 attended Mormon conferences held in the center of the Cochranites in 1834 and 1835. Joseph Smith publicly condemned polygamy, denied his involvement in it, but church leaders nevertheless began practicing polygamy in the 1840s, particularly members of the Quorum of the Twelve. At the time, the practice was kept secret from non-members, throughout his life, Smith publicly denied having multiple wives. However, John C. Bennett was called to account by Joseph and Hyrum Smith, in April 1844, Joseph Smith referred to polygamy as John C. The practice was publicly announced in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, in 1852, some five years after the Mormons arrived in Utah, the doctrine authorizing plural marriage was published in the 1876 version of the LDS Churchs Doctrine and Covenants. The 1843 polygamy revelation, published posthumously, counseled Smiths wife Emma to accept all of Smiths plural wives, Emma Smith was publicly and privately opposed to the practice and Joseph may have married some women without Emma knowing beforehand. Emma Smith remained affiliated with the RLDS Church until her death at the age of 74, Emma Smith claimed that the very first time she ever became aware of the 1843 polygamy revelation was when she read about it in Orson Pratts publication The Seer in 1853. There is a difference between sealing, and marriage
21.
Death of Joseph Smith
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The assassination of Joseph Smith on June 27,1844, marked a turning point for the Latter Day Saint movement, of which Smith was the founder and leader. When he was killed by a mob, Smith was the mayor of Nauvoo, Illinois and he was killed while jailed in Carthage, Illinois, on charges relating to his ordering the destruction of facilities producing the Nauvoo Expositor. The newspaper had reported that Smith was practicing polygamy and claimed that he intended to set himself up as a theocratic king, Smith voluntarily surrendered to the authorities at the county seat at Carthage to face the charges against him. While he was in jail awaiting trial, a mob of men with painted faces stormed the jail, they shot and killed him. Since then, Latter Day Saints generally view the two men as religious martyrs, five men were indicted for their murders but were acquitted at a jury trial. The Mormons began to move into Hancock County in 1839, at the time, after their people were expelled from Missouri, Joseph Smith went to Washington, DC and met with President Martin Van Buren, seeking intervention and compensation for lost property. Van Buren said he could do nothing to help, after returning to Illinois, Smith vowed to join the Whig Party. Most of his supporters switched with him, adding political tensions to the suspicions in which this group were held. Several of Smiths disaffected associates at Nauvoo and Hancock County, Illinois and its first and only issue was published June 7,1844. Based on allegations by some of associates, the newspaper reported that Smith practiced polygamy. It said that he tried to marry wives of some of his associates, about eight of Smiths wives had already been married to other men at the time they married Smith. Typically, these continued to live with their first husband. Some accounts say Smith may have had relations with one wife. The reliability of sources is disputed by some Latter Day Saints. DNA investigations performed to date have consistently shown that Smith was not the father of children thought to be his based on written and they reached this decision after lengthy discussion, including citation of William Blackstones legal canon, which defined a libelous press as a public nuisance. Under the councils new ordinance, Smith, as Nauvoos mayor, in conjunction with the city council, ordered the city marshal to destroy the paper, by the city marshals account, the destruction of the press type was carried out orderly and peaceably. However, Charles A. Foster, a co-publisher of the Expositor, reported on June 12 that not only was the press destroyed. Smiths critics said that the action of destroying the press violated freedom of the press, some sought legal charges against Smith for the destruction of the press, including charges of treason and inciting riot
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Brigham Young
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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah
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Salt Lake Valley
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Salt Lake Valley is a 500-square-mile valley in Salt Lake County in the north-central portion of the U. S. state of Utah. It contains Salt Lake City and many of its suburbs, notably Murray, Sandy, South Jordan, West Jordan, brigham Young said this is the place, when he and his fellow settlers moved into Utah after being driven out of several states. The Valley is surrounded in every direction except the northwest by steep mountains that at points rise 7,100 feet from the valley floors base elevation. Every entrance into the valley is narrow and often congested. Flowing from Utah Lake in Utah Valley in the south, the Jordan River runs north through a gap in the Traverse Mountains, the Jordan River, along with numerous mountain streams and reservoirs, provides irrigation water to the rapidly growing Valley. This southwestern expansion is typified and will be facilitated by the Mountain View Corridor, some experts are claiming that the Valley will be urbanized rim-to-rim within the next 50 years. The first development, known as the Daybreak Community, has substantial portions already completed and it will focus on transit-oriented development (it already has service by TRAX light rail and will also feature a ski resort in the Oquirrh Mountains and a university campus. The Interstate 215 belt route, State Route 154, State Route 201, the Utah Transit Authority operates an extensive bus system across the Wasatch Front, including the Salt Lake Valley, in addition to three light rail lines in the Valley. A commuter rail line known as FrontRunner runs north to Pleasant View in Weber County, mormon Trail Salt Lake County, Utah
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Mormon pioneers
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At the time of the ceasefire and planning of the exodus in 1846, the territory was owned by the Republic of Mexico, which soon after went to war with the United States over the annexation of Texas. Salt Lake Valley became American territory as a result of this war and these and other reasons caused the body of the Church to move from one place to another--to Ohio, Missouri, and then to Illinois, where church members built the city of Nauvoo. Sidney Rigdon was the First Counselor in the LDS First Presidency, and as its spokesman, Rigdon preached several sermons in Missouri, including the Salt Sermon. These speeches have sometimes seen as contributing to the conflict known as the 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. As a result of the conflict, the Mormons were expelled from the state by Governor Boggs, Rigdon was released on a writ of habeas corpus and made his way to Illinois, where he joined the main body of Mormon refugees in 1839. In 1844 Joseph Smith, and his brother Hyrum Smith were killed by a mob while in custody in the city of Carthage, in 1846, religious tensions reached their peak, and in 1848 mobs burned the Latter-day Saint temple in Nauvoo. During the winter of 1846-47, Latter-day Saint leaders in Winter Quarters and Iowa laid plans for the migration of the number of Saints, their equipment. It was here that Brigham Young first met Thomas L. Kane, Kane obtained permission for the Mormons to winter on Indian territory, and the site was originally called Kanesville. Brigham Young continued to trust Kane throughout his own lifetime, particularly as an intermediary with the often hostile Federal government and this major undertaking was a significant test of leadership capability and the existing administrative network of the recently restructured Church. For his role in the migration, Brigham Young is sometimes referred to as the American Moses. The wary Young insisted the Mormons should settle in a no one else wanted. The initial company would select and break the trail with the expectation that later pioneers would maintain. It was hoped that the group could, wherever possible, establish fords and ferries, in late February, plans were made to gather portable boats, maps, scientific instruments, farm implements and seeds. Techniques for irrigating crops were investigated, a new route on the north side of the Platte River was chosen to avoid major interaction with travelers using the established Oregon Trail on the river’s south side. Given the needs of the volume of Saints who would travel west, Church leaders decided to avoid potential conflicts over grazing rights, water access. In April 1847, Young consulted with members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles who had returned from the British mission. John Taylor, Parley P. Pratt and Orson Hyde brought money contributed by the English Saints, fremont’s recent western expedition, and instruments for calculating latitude, elevation, temperature and barometric pressure. Chosen members of the group were gathered together, final supplies were packed
25.
Mormons
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After Smiths death in 1844, the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory. Today, most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have connections across generations and with extended family. Mormons also have a law of chastity, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage. Mormons self-identify as Christian, although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian, Mormons believe in the Bible, as well as other books of scripture, such as the Book of Mormon. They have a view of cosmology, and believe that all people are spirit-children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ and they believe that Christs church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles. Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children, due to their high birth and conversion rates, the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades rising from around three million in 1970 to over 15 million in 2015. The term Mormons has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism, most notably Mormon fundamentalists, while other Latter Day Saint denominations, both LDS Church members and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word Mormon in reference to themselves. The LDS Church, however, disagrees with this self-characterization, Church leaders also encourage members to use the churchs full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ. Today, polygamy is practiced within Mormonism only by people that have broken with the LDS Church, the history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality. From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call Zion, in the first period, Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion, in which converts could gather. During the pioneer era, Zion became a landscape of villages in Utah, in modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location. Mormons trace their origins to the visions that Joseph Smith reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York, in 1823, Smith said an angel directed him to a buried book written on golden plates containing the religious history of an ancient people. Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon, named after Mormon, on April 6,1830, Smith founded the Church of Christ. The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to proselytize, in 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County, where local residents were more welcoming
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Ogden, Utah
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Ogden /ˈɒɡdɛn/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County, Utah, United States, approximately 10 miles east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles north of Salt Lake City. The population was 84,316 in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, the city served as a major railway hub through much of its history, and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce. Ogden is also known for its historic buildings, proximity to the Wasatch Mountains. Ogden is a city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Weber, Morgan, Davis. The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159, in 2010, Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family. Ogden has had a Sister City relationship to Hof since 1954, originally named Fort Buenaventura, the city of Ogden was the first permanent settlement by people of European descent in the region that is now Utah. It was established by the trapper Miles Goodyear in 1846 about a mile west of where downtown Ogden is currently located, in November 1847, Fort Buenaventura was purchased by the Mormon settlers for $1,950. There is some confusion in which Ogden was the first to set foot in the Utah city, peters older brother Samuel Ogden traveled though the western United States on an exploration trip in 1818. The site of the original Fort Buenaventura is now a Weber County park, Ogden is the closest sizable city to the Golden Spike location at Promontory Summit, Utah, where the First Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. Railroad passengers traveling west to San Francisco from the eastern United States typically passed through Ogden, in 1972, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints completed construction of and dedicated the Ogden Utah Temple in Ogden. The temple was built to serve the large LDS population in the area, in 2010, the LDS Church announced a major renovation of the Ogden Temple and the adjacent Tabernacle. The Temple was rededicated in 2014, because Ogden has historically been the second largest city in Utah, it is home to a large number of historic buildings. However, by the 1980s, several Salt Lake City suburbs, the Defense Depot Ogden Utah operated in Ogden from 1941 to 1997. Some of its 1,128 acres has since converted into a commercial and industrial park called the Business Depot Ogden. Ogden is located at 41°13′11″N 111°58′16″W, at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.6 square miles, all land. Elevations in the city range from about 4,300 to 5,200 feet above sea level, the Ogden and Weber Rivers, which originate in the mountains to the east, flow through the city and meet at a confluence just west of the city limits. Pineview Dam is located in the Ogden River Canyon 7 miles east of Ogden, the reservoir behind the dam provides over 110,000 acre feet of water storage and water recreation for the area. Prominent mountain peaks near Ogden include Mount Ogden to the east, Ogden experiences a dry summer continental climate
27.
Provo, Utah
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Provo /ˈproʊvoʊ/ is the third-largest city in the U. S. state of Utah, located 43 miles south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. Provo is the largest city and county seat of Utah County and it lies between the cities of Orem to the north and Springville to the south. With a population at the 2010 census of 112,488, Provo is the city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area. It is the third-largest metropolitan area in Utah after Salt Lake City, the city is the location of Brigham Young University, a private higher education institution, which is operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Provo also has the largest Missionary Training Center for the LDS Church, the city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion dollar startups operating in Provo. Provo was the city in the United States to work with Google Fiber. The citys Peaks Ice Arena was a venue for the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics in 2002, Sundance Resort is located 13 miles northeast at Provo Canyon. In 2015, Provo was cited among the Best Small And Medium-Size Cities For Jobs, and Utah County, in 2013, Forbes ranked Provo the No.2 city on its list of Best Places for Business and Careers. Provo was ranked first for community optimism, first for volunteerism and its metropolitan area was projected to have the greatest population increase in the 2010 United States Census. The area was originally called Timpanogots and was inhabited by the Timpanogos and it was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah. The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people, the area also served as the traditional meeting place for the Ute and Shoshone tribes and as a spot to worship their creator. Father Silvestre Velez de Escalante, a Spanish Franciscan missionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area and he was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquin. Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across the Great Basin desert, the Europeans did not build a permanent settlement, but traded with the Timpanogos whom they called Lagunas or Come Pescado. In 1847, the Mormon Pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, at first, they were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni and Utes because of land claims and stealing of livestock by the Indians, tensions rose. Because of the stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave a small militia orders to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future. ”This ended in what is known as the Battle Creek Massacre, in modern-day Pleasant Grove. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands, in 1849,33 Mormon families from Salt Lake City established Fort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called the Provo War, the ruthlessness of the Mormon invaders angered the Timpanog, which contributed to the Walker War and Black Hawk War
28.
Spanish Fork, Utah
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Spanish Fork is a city in Utah County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Provo–Orem Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 36,956 as of the 2013 census. Spanish Fork was settled by Mormon pioneers in 1851 and they described the area inhabited by Native Americans as having spreading meadows, where there is sufficient irrigable land for two good settlements. In 1851 some settlers led by William Pace set up scattered farms in the Spanish Fork bottom lands, however, a larger group congregated at what became known as the Lower Settlement just over a mile northwest of the present center of Spanish Fork along the Spanish Fork River. In December 1851 Stephen Markham became the president of the LDS settlers at this location. In 1852 Latter-day Saints founded a settlement called Palmyra west of the center of Spanish Fork. George A. Smith supervised the laying out of a townsite, a fort was built at this site. A school was built at Palmyra in 1852, with the onset of the Walker War in 1853, most of the farmers in the region who were not yet in the fort moved in. Some of the people did not like this site and so moved to a site at the mouth of Spanish Fork Canyon where they built a structure they called Fort St. Luke. Also in 1854 there was a fort founded about 2 miles south of the center of Spanish Fork that later was known as the Old Fort, between 1855 and 1860, the arrival of pioneers from Iceland made Spanish Fork into the first permanent Icelandic settlement in the United States. The city also lent its name to the 1865 Treaty of Spanish Fork, Spanish Fork has a city manager type of government. Seth Perrins is the current city manager, and Tyler Jacobson is the assistant city manager, the current mayor, Steve Leifson, was elected in the November 5,2013 general election. The members of the city council are, Rod Dart, Richard Davis, Brandon Gordon, Mike Mendenhall, Spanish Fork City hosts five large-scale events each year, Fiesta Days, Icelandic Days, the Harvest Moon Hurrah, the Festival of Lights, and the Festival of Colors. The Icelandic Association of Utah was founded in 1897 and hosts Iceland Days every year, the association picked June because Icelandic Independence Day, or National Day, is June 17. Spanish Fork was the first Icelandic settlement in the United States, after Icelanders who joined the LDS Church were expelled from that country, according to association spokesman Glenn Grossman. Although other nationalities helped found the town, under colonizer Brigham Young, Icelanders kept their identity, the Harvest Moon Hurrah is sponsored by the Spanish Fork Arts Council and takes place on a Saturday in September closest to the date of the full moon. The 2009 Hurrah was headlined by Peter Breinholt, a local musician. The Festival of Lights is a Christmas celebration that runs from Thanksgiving to New Years and it runs nightly from 6,00 p. m. -10,00 p. m
29.
Manti, Utah
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Manti /ˈmæntaɪ/ is a city in and the county seat of Sanpete County, Utah, United States. The population was 3,276 at the 2010 United States Census, Manti is the first community to be settled outside the Wasatch Front and served as the hub for the formation of many other communities in Central Utah. The Manti Utah Temple, the temple built by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is found in Manti. Manti annually hosts the two-week-long Mormon Miracle Pageant, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.0 square miles, all of it land. Manti is located in a climate with warm summers and cold winters. Its high elevation means that the climate is cooler than other populated areas of Utah, summers highs average in the mid-80s°F, with winter highs in the mid-30s°F. Winter lows, however, dip to around 15–20°F, Pacific storms move through the region from October through May and spring is the wettest season. However, summer, which is the driest seasion, primarily relies on precipitation from scattered diurnal thunderstorm activity, winter and spring see frequent snowfall. Precipitation averages 12.70 inches and snowfall 52.2 inches, the record high temperature is 110°F, set on August 6,1895, while the record low is −27°F, set on January 22,1937. Although Utah as a whole only averages 2–3 tornadoes per year, the tornado was on the ground for 15 minutes and managed to cause $2 million in damage as it tore through southeastern Manti. Remarkably, no one was injured or killed in the incident, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,040 people,930 households, and 742 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,560.2 people per square mile, there were 1,010 housing units at an average density of 518.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 48% White,0. 07% African American,1. 58% Native American,0. 07% Asian,0. 43% Pacific Islander,0. 49% from other races, and 0. 89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 60% of the population,18. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.25 and the family size was 3.74. In the city, the population was out with 38. 1% under the age of 18,10. 6% from 18 to 24,20. 6% from 25 to 44,17. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 26 years, for every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $32,844, and the median income for a family was $37,163
30.
Temple Square
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Temple Square is a 10-acre complex, owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, in the center of Salt Lake City, Utah. In recent years, the usage of the name has changed to include several other church facilities that are immediately adjacent to Temple Square. Contained within Temple Square are the Salt Lake Temple, Salt Lake Tabernacle, Salt Lake Assembly Hall, the Seagull Monument, and two visitors centers. In 1847, when Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, LDS Church president Brigham Young selected a plot of the ground and proclaimed. When the city was surveyed, the block enclosing that location was designated for the temple, Temple Square is surrounded by a 15-foot wall that was built shortly after the block was so designated. The square also became the headquarters of the LDS Church, other buildings were built on the plot, including a tabernacle and Endowment House, both of which were later torn down. The Salt Lake Tabernacle, home of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, was built in 1867 to accommodate the churchs general conferences, another church building, the Salt Lake Assembly Hall, was later built with a seating capacity of 2,000. As the church has grown, its headquarters have expanded into the surrounding area, the Hotel Utah, another building on this block, was remodeled in 1995 as additional office space and a large film theater and renamed the Joseph Smith Memorial Building. In 2000, the church purchased the section of Main Street between this block and Temple Square and connected the two blocks with a called the Main Street Plaza. In 2000, the church completed a new,21,000 seat Conference Center on the north of Temple Square. The Family History Library and the Church History Museum are located on the block west of Temple Square. Attracting 3 million to 5 million visitors a year, Temple Square is the most popular tourist attraction in Utah, by comparison, Utahs five National Parks—Zion, Bryce Canyon, Capitol Reef, Canyonlands, and Arches—had a combined total of 5.3 million visitors in 2005. The grounds, as well as the Gardens at Temple Square, often host concerts, during the Christmas holiday season, approximately 100,000 Christmas lights sparkle from trees and shrubs around Temple Square each evening until 9 pm. The lighting of Temple Square is an event, usually attended by more than 10,000 people. They are also locations for street musicians to perform, especially during the holiday season. Temple Square serves as the point for all street addresses in Salt Lake City. The Salt Lake Temple is the largest and best-known of the 150 operating LDS temples and it is the sixth temple built by the church overall, and the fourth operating temple built following the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois. Today, Temple Square features two visitors centers, called the North Visitors Center and the South Visitors Center, the North Visitors Center was built first and features a replica of the Christus, a statue of Jesus Christ by Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen
31.
Parley P. Pratt
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Parley Parker Pratt Sr. was an early leader of the Latter Day Saint movement whose writings became a significant early nineteenth-century exposition of the Latter Day Saint faith. Named in 1835 as one of the first members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Pratt has been called the Apostle Paul of Mormonism for his promotion of distinctive Mormon doctrines. Pratt explored and surveyed Parleys Canyon in Salt Lake City, Utah and he was murdered in 1857 by the estranged husband of his twelfth wife. He had a total of 30 children, and his descendants in 2011 were estimated to number 30,000 to 50,000. Pratt was born in Burlington, New York, to Jared Pratt and his wife Charity Dickinson and he married Thankful Halsey in Canaan, New York, on September 9,1827. The young couple migrated west, where they settled near Cleveland, Ohio, in Ohio, Pratt became a member of the Reformed Baptist Society, also called Disciples of Christ, influenced by the preaching of Sidney Rigdon. Pratt soon decided to take up the Disciples ministry as a profession, while traveling to visit family in western New York, Pratt read a copy of the Book of Mormon owned by a Baptist deacon. Convinced of its authenticity, he traveled to Palmyra, and spoke to Hyrum Smith, Pratt was baptized in Seneca Lake by Oliver Cowdery on or about September 1,1830, formally joining the Latter Day Saints church. He was ordained to the office of an elder in the church, continuing on to his familys home, he introduced his younger brother, Orson Pratt, to Mormonism and baptized him on September 19,1830. Arriving in Fayette, New York, in October 1830, Pratt met Joseph Smith and was asked to join a group assigned to preach to the Native American tribes on the Missouri frontier. During the trip west, he and his companions stopped to visit Sidney Rigdon and they were instrumental in converting Rigdon and approximately 130 members of his congregation within three weeks. In early 1833, Pratt served as a missionary in Illinois, in the fall of 1833, he served as president of the Mormon branch number 8 in Jackson County and as a leader in the Mormon militia. He was among those Latter Day Saints driven into Clay County, Missouri, in February 1834, Pratt and Lyman Wight headed back to Kirtland to report on the events in Missouri to Joseph Smith. From Kirtland, Pratt traveled with Smith in Pennsylvania and western New York, after traveling together for three weeks, during some of this time with Pratt serving as Smiths scribe, Smith returned to Kirtland from Geneseo, New York, for a court case. Pratt continued his missionary efforts along with Henry Brown, Pratt and Brown went to eastern New York to give his family members money to move to Kirtland. They went to Richland, New York, where Pratt convinced Wilford Woodruff, Pratt returned to Missouri later in 1834 as a member of Zions Camp. After Zions Camp broke up, Pratt rejoined his wife Thankful, while working as a day laborer, Pratt served on the Missouri High Council. Thankful had run up debts in Pratts absence, and when he returned with her to Ohio, some felt he was trying to flee his creditors
32.
Wilford Woodruff
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Wilford Woodruff Sr. was an American religious leader who served as the fourth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1889 until his death. Woodruff was known as a religious man, but was also enthusiastically involved in the social. He was an outdoorsman, enjoying fishing and hunting. Woodruff learned to fly fish in England, and his 1847 journal account of his fishing in the East Fork River is the earliest known account of fly fishing west of the Mississippi River. As an adult, Woodruff was a farmer, horticulturist and stockman by trade, Woodruff was one of nine children born to Bulah Thompson and Aphek Woodruff, a miller working in Farmington, Connecticut. Wilfords mother Bulah Thompson died of spotted fever in 1808 at the age of 26 and he was raised by his step-mother Azubah Hart. As a young man, Woodruff worked at a sawmill and a mill owned by his father. Woodruff joined the Latter Day Saint church on December 31,1833, at that time, the church numbered only a few thousand believers clustered around Kirtland, Ohio. On January 13,1835, Woodruff left Kirtland on his first full-time mission, preaching without purse or scrip in Arkansas, like many early Latter Day Saints, Woodruff practiced plural marriage. He was married to nine women, however, not all of these marriages were concurrent and his wives, Phoebe Whittemore Carter, m. April 13,1837 Mary Ann Jackson, m, aug 2,1846 Sarah Elinor Brown, m. Aug 2,1846 Mary Caroline Barton, m, aug 2,1846 Mary Meek Giles Webster m. March 28,1852 Emma Smith m, March 13,1853 Sarah Brown, m. March 13,1853 Sarah Delight Stocking m, July 31,1857 Eudora Young Dunford m. March 10,1877 Woodruffs wives bore him a total of 34 children, Woodruff met his first wife, Phoebe Carter, in Kirtland shortly after his return from his first mission through Southern Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee and Kentucky. Woodruff came to Kirtland on November 25,1836, along with Abraham O. Smoot and he was introduced to Phoebe by Milton Holmes on January 28,1837. She was a native of Maine and had become a Latter Day Saint in 1834, Woodruff and Phoebe were married on April 13,1837, with the ceremony performed by Frederick G. Williams. Their marriage was sealed in Nauvoo by Hyrum Smith
33.
Utah War
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The confrontation lasted from May 1857 to July 1858. There were some casualties, mostly non-Mormon civilians, the war had no notable military battles. In 1857-1858, President James Buchanan sent U. S. forces to the Utah Territory in what known as the Utah Expedition. The Mormons, fearful that the large U. S. military force had sent to annihilate them and having faced persecution in other areas. Though bloodshed was to be avoided, and the U. S. government also hoped that its purpose might be attained without the loss of life, firearms were manufactured or repaired by the Mormons, scythes were turned into bayonets, and long-unused sabres were burnished and sharpened. Rather than engaging the enemy directly, Mormon strategy was one of hindering and weakening them. Daniel H. Wells, lieutenant-general of the Nauvoo Legion, instructed Major Joseph Taylor, On ascertaining the locality or route of the troops, use every exertion to stampede their animals and set fire to their trains. Burn the whole country before them and on their flanks, keep them from sleeping, by night surprises, blockade the road by felling trees or destroying the river fords where you can. Watch for opportunities to set fire to the grass on their windward, so as, if possible, leave no grass before them that can be burned. Keep your men concealed as much as possible, and guard against surprise, the Mormons blocked the armys entrance into the Salt Lake Valley, and weakened the U. S. Army by hindering them from receiving provisions. They first claimed that the migrants were killed by Indians, and this event was later called the Mountain Meadows massacre, and the motives behind the incident remain unclear. The Aiken massacre took place the following month, in October 1857, Mormons arrested six Californians traveling through Utah and charged them with being spies for the U. S. Army. They were released, but were murdered and robbed of their stock. Other incidents of violence have also linked to the Utah War. They killed two Mormons and wounded several others, the historian Brigham Madsen notes, he responsibility for the lay mainly with the Bannock. David Bigler concludes that the raid was probably caused by members of the Utah Expedition who were trying to replenish their stores of livestock which had been stolen by Mormon raiders. Taking all incidents into account, MacKinnon estimates that approximately 150 people died as a result of the year-long Utah War. He points out that this was close to the number of people killed during the seven-year contemporaneous struggle in Bleeding Kansas. S
34.
President of the Church (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the President of the Church is the highest office of the church. It was the held by Joseph Smith, founder of the church. The President of the LDS Church is the leader and the head of the First Presidency. Latter-day Saints consider the president of the church to be a prophet, seer, and revelator, and refer to him as the Prophet, when the name of the president is used by adherents, it is usually prefaced by the title President. The President of the Church serves as the head of both the Council on the Disposition of the Tithes and the Council of the Church, the President of the Church also serves as the ex officio chairman of the Church Boards of Trustees/Education. The concept that the Church of Christ would have a single presiding officer arose in late 1831, initially, after the churchs formation on April 6,1830, Joseph Smith referred to himself as an apostle of Jesus Christ, and elder of the church. However, there was another apostle—Oliver Cowdery—and several other elders of the church, for he receiveth them even as Moses. This established Smiths exclusive right to lead the church, in early June 1831, Smith was ordained to the high priesthood, along with twenty-two other men, including prominent figures in the church such as Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and Martin Harris. As high priests, these men were higher in the hierarchy than the elders of the church. However, it was unclear whether Smiths and Cowderys callings as apostles gave them superior authority to that of other high priests. And again the duty of the President of the priesthood is to preside over the whole church. Smith was ordained to this position and sustained by the church on January 25,1832, at a conference in Amherst, in 1835, the Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ were revised, changing the phrase an. Elder of the church to the first elder of this Church, thus, subsequent to 1835, Smith was sometimes referred to as the First Elder of the church. The 1835 revision also added a verse referring to the office of president of the high priesthood, in 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith was killed by an armed mob. Hyrum Smith, his successor, was killed in the same incident. Smith had not indisputably established who was next in line as successor to President of the Church, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young would not be ordained President of the Church until December 1847, thomas S. Monson is the 16th and current President of the LDS Church. As president, Monson is considered by adherents of the religion to be a prophet, seer, a printer by trade, Monson has spent most of his life engaged in various church leadership positions and in public service
35.
General Conference (LDS Church)
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General Conference is a gathering of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, held biannually every April and October at the LDS Conference Center in Salt Lake City, Utah. During each conference, members of the church gather in a series of sessions to listen to sermons from church leaders. It consists of six sessions, including a womens session held a week prior to the other sessions, four general sessions. Private training meetings for general and area leaders of the church are also conducted, while originating from Salt Lake City, General Conference is considered an international event for the church. The sessions are broadcast worldwide in over 90 languages, primarily local and international media outlets. In the LDS Church, general conference is a series of meetings where general authorities and other church leaders preach sermons. Changes to church leadership are also proposed and sustained through the principle of common consent, General conferences are held on the weekends of the first Sundays in April and October. The April conference is known as the Annual General Conference, with the October conference referred to as the Semiannual General Conference, the April conference includes annual statistical and financial audit reports not included in the October meeting. Since October 1848, all of the conferences have been held in Salt Lake City, Utah, with the exception of the April 1877 conference, which was held in St. George, Utah. Historically, General Conference was held three days, with the annual conference always including April 6, the anniversary of the churchs organization. This made conference participation difficult for those with work and school commitments when April 6 fell on a weekday, in April 1977, during Spencer W. Kimballs presidency, changes were made to reduce the conference to the Saturday and Sunday of a weekend. Each conference currently consists of six sessions, four sessions, a priesthood session for males. General sessions commence at 10 a. m. and 2 p. m. on Saturday and Sunday, open to all church members, at 6 p. m. on Saturday the Priesthood session is held for men and boys who hold the churchs priesthood. The main and priesthood sessions of general conference last for two hours, with the womens meetings traditionally lasting about 90 minutes. In November 2013, church leadership announced that beginning in 2014 these meetings for women would be replaced by a semiannual General Womens Meeting for those eight years of age and older. In October 2014, the First Presidency announced that it has decided that the General Womens Meeting will be designated as the General Womens Session of general conference. Tickets to the conference are free of charge and church members can obtain them either from local leaders or by writing to church headquarters, due to demand, the church often restricts the number of separate session tickets issued to attendees. Standby tickets are available, as frequently many ticket holders are not able to attend
36.
Woman's Exponent
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Womans Exponent was a periodical published from 1872 until 1914 in Salt Lake City. Its purposes were to uplift and strengthen women of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, although it was not an official publication of the LDS Church, it was closely tied to the church, especially to the Relief Society. Throughout the time of its publication, the newspaper covered many topics and it was a strong voice in support of womans suffrage. It also actively supported plural marriage, which was a practice of the LDS Church. Home and the role of women were also frequent topics. In addition to social and political topics, the Exponent included poems and stories, tidbits of humor or wisdom. Even though it was a publication, women of the Relief Society were actively encouraged to subscribe. The original editor of the newspaper was Louisa Lula Greene, who accepted the position with the approval of her great uncle — Brigham Young and she was succeeded as editor in 1877 by Emmeline B. Wells, who would become general president of the Relief Society. Wells served as the editor for 37 years until it folded in 1914. Facing increasing financial pressures in the early 1900s, Wells unsuccessfully lobbied the Relief Society General Board to adopt the newspaper as its official publication, with their rejection, the paper was forced to close. The Relief Society Magazine, a publication and an official publication of the LDS Church. Produced by an organization unrelated to the LDS Church, this newspaper focuses on the concerns. Exponent II is published quarterly and is in 2016 was edited by Margaret Olson Hemming, with the blessing of the Exponent II editorial board, Caroline Kline, Jana Remy and Deborah Farmer established a blog presence for Mormon feminism, called The Exponent in January 2005. More than two dozen permabloggers were soon added to the blog and it features a post nearly every day, list of Latter Day Saint periodicals Bennion, Sherilyn Cox, The Womans Exponent, Forty-two Years of Speaking for Women, Utah Historical Quarterly,44 Bennion, Sherilyn Cox. Sisters under the Skin, Utahs Mormon and Non-Mormon Women and Their Publications, BYU Studies,33, Exponent II scans via BYUs repository on archive. org. Susan Paxman Collection of Exponent II Records, provo, Utah, L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University
37.
Emmeline B. Wells
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Emmeline Blanche Woodward Harris Whitney Wells was an American journalist, editor, poet, womens rights advocate and diarist. She served as the fifth Relief Society General President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1910 until her death, Emmeline Blanche Woodward was born in on February 29,1828 in Petersham, Massachusetts. She was the child of David and Deiadama Hare Woodward. Her father died when Emmeline was four years old and she would later claim that her widowed mother inspired her to be womans rights advocate. As a child, she wrote poems and stories which she shared with her friends and she often enjoyed being in nature. Woodward was very intelligent and began studying in school until she enrolled in the New Salem Academy. She graduated from the Academy at the age of fourteen and she taught school briefly before her first marriage at the age of fifteen. Woodward joined The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on March 1,1842 and she married 16-year-old James Harris, also a new member of the church, on July 19,1843. In 1844, the couple, his parents, and other Latter Day Saints from their region migrated to the headquarters of the church, Nauvoo. After the death of their infant son, Eugene Henri, Harris left Nauvoo looking for work, the young Emmeline Harris returned to teaching. Through his children attending her school, Harris met and later married Newel K. Whitney, Emmeline Whitney left Nauvoo in 1846, and traveled to Utah Territory with the extended Whitney family in 1848. At this time, she began maintaining a personal journal, Wells would continue writing in her diaries until 1920, shortly before her death. On the first page of volume 1, dated Friday, February 27,1846, she recorded and she remained primarily responsible for supporting herself and her children for the rest of her life. Emmeline Whitney approached Daniel H. Wells, a friend of her late husband, in 1852, she became his seventh wife, bearing him three daughters. Their early marriage was distant, as Daniel Wells was heavily involved in civic, however, later in their lives, the couple became fond and loving companions. Wells was the editor of Utahs Womans Exponent, a periodical established in 1872 for Mormon women. Wells was a contributor to the magazine from its inception, Wells became the associate editor in 1875 when Cornelia H. Horne ended her term as business manager. Wells was the editor from 1877 until the publication ceased in 1914, as editor she wrote all the editorials, many of the articles and most biographical sketches contained in the publication
38.
Young Women (organization)
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The Young Women is a youth organization and an official auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The purpose of the Young Women organization is to each young woman be worthy to make and keep sacred covenants. The group had held several informal meetings since late January of that year under the supervision of apostle Heber C, the Young Women organization of the church was founded by LDS Church president Brigham Young in 1869 as the Young Ladies Department of the Cooperative Retrenchment Association. At the organizations founding, Young set out his vision for the women of the church, I desire them to retrench from extravagance in dress, in eating. The time has come when the sisters must agree, to set an example worthy of imitation before the people of the world. There is need for the daughters of Israel to get a living testimony of the truth. We are about to organize a retrenchment Association, which I want you all to join, everything that is not good and beautiful, not to make yourselves unhappy, but to live so you may be truly happy in this life and in the life to come. From 1869 to 1880, the new Young Women organization functioned at the ward level. In 1871, the organization was renamed the Young Ladies Retrenchment Association, in 1904, the name of the YLNMIA was shorted to the Young Ladies Mutual Improvement Association and in 1934 it was changed to the Young Womens Mutual Improvement Association, or YWMIA. In 1972, the YWMIA and the YMMIA were combined into a new organization called Aaronic Priesthood MIA Young Women and this organization was short-lived, however, and the Young Women organization was separated from the Young Men organization and given its current name in 1974. Aaronic Priesthood MIA Young Women was the name of an auxiliary of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1972 and 1974. It was formed by consolidating the Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association, leadership of the auxiliary was shared between the presiding bishopric and the general presidency of the Young Women. The combined organization was short-lived, and in 1974 the organization was divided into the renamed Young Men. In each local congregation of the LDS Church, all females ages 12 to 17 are members of the Young Women, the organization is headed in each congregation by an adult woman who holds the position of Young Women President. The president is assisted by two counselors, who are also adult women, the presidency may also ask an adult woman to be the secretary to the presidency. In most congregations, the women are sub-divided into three aged-based classes which were given official nicknames by the church in the 1950s. When a young woman reaches the age of 18, she is encouraged to join the Relief Society. In certain instances, such as when a woman turns 18 but is still in secondary school
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Primary (LDS Church)
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The Primary is a childrens organization and an official auxiliary within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It acts as a Sunday school organization for the children under the age of 12. The official purpose of Primary is to help parents in teaching their children to learn, the Primary theme is All thy children shall be taught of the Lord, and great shall be the peace of thy children. Primary was first organized in 1878 by Aurelia Spencer Rogers in Farmington, Utah, felt, who served as the president of the organization through 1925. In particular, Rogers felt that the boys in the community were becoming unruly. Two weeks later, the first meeting was held on August 28 and that day, boys were specifically taught not to steal fruit from orchards and girls were taught not to hang on wagons. In addition, they were given lessons on faith, manners, obedience, may Anderson, the second general president of the Primary Association from 1925 to 1939, initiated what became Primary Childrens Hospital in Salt Lake City. Anderson also helped establish kindergartens in Utah, in the 1970s, as a result of the Priesthood Correlation Program, the Primary Association was renamed Primary. Since 2016, Joy D. Jones has been the Primary General President, bingham as First Counselor and Bonnie H. The names of the classes in Primary have varied over time, the following is a partial list of names that have been applied to different age groups in Primary. In January 2010, the names of the classes were changed to the age of entering the class. In most congregations, optional nursery care and supervision is available for children from 18 months to age 3, classroom instruction begins for three-year-olds and continues to age 12, with classes grouped by age. At age 12, children begin to attend Sunday School and the Young Men or Young Women programs, the Primary has its own songbook, made up of original songs and hymns modified for children. Where participants, classrooms or teachers are limited, multiple age-grouped classes may be taught together, in most congregations Primary classes are co-ed. Childrens Songbook CTR ring I Am a Child of God Priesthood Correlation Program Relief Society The Friend Official Primary website
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Stake (Latter Day Saints)
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A stake is an administrative unit composed of multiple congregations in certain denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. The name stake derives from the Book of Isaiah, enlarge the place of thy tent, stretch forth the curtains of thine habitation, spare not, lengthen thy cords, a stake is sometimes referred to as a stake of Zion. The first Latter Day Saint stake was organized at church headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio on February 17,1834, the second stake was organized in Clay County, Missouri, later that year on July 3, with David Whitmer as president. The Missouri stake was relocated to Far West, Missouri, in 1836, a stake was organized at Adam-ondi-Ahman in 1838 and abandoned later that year due to the events of the Mormon War. In 1839, the churchs central stake was established at Nauvoo, Illinois, additional stakes were established in the area around Nauvoo in 1840. Immediately after the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, there was a schism in the Latter Day Saint movement. In 1846, all of the stakes, including the Nauvoo Stake, were discontinued as a result of the exodus of the majority of the Latter Day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement, after the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young assumed the leadership of the church and led its members to the Salt Lake Valley. The first stake established there was the Salt Lake Stake, established October 3,1847, at the time of Youngs death in 1877, there were 20 stakes in operation with a total of approximately 250 wards. New stakes are created when the congregations in existing stakes or districts have grown sufficiently to support a stake, districts may be elevated to stakes and are then no longer presided over by a mission president. New stakes are also formed by dividing an existing stake. In addition to the size and number of congregations, the creation of a new stake also requires sufficient Melchizedek priesthood holders to fill the required leadership positions. At times the absence of available leadership constrains the creation of new stakes, the geographical area encompassed by a stake varies between countries and regions based on membership density. In Utah, a stake might encompass a few miles in area. In contrast, a stake in another part of the world might require thousands of miles to comprise a sufficient number of members. In December 2012, Jeffrey R. Holland organized the 3, 000th stake in Freetown, at the end of 2015, there were 3,174 stakes in the LDS Church. The stake is a level in the organizational hierarchy of the LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a congregation, is known as a ward or branch
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Relief Society Magazine
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Relief Society Magazine, including the Relief Society Bulletin of 1914, was the official publication of the Relief Society of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1915 to 1970. It succeeded the earlier, and privately owned, Womans Exponent, the magazine was an important publishing outlet for Utah women, and was run by women editors. The founding editor, Susa Young Gates, edited the magazine from 1915 to 1922, the December 1970 issue of the Relief Society Magazine was its last. The LDS Church discontinued the magazine as part of the implementation of the Priesthood Correlation Program, thus, the magazine, and several others within the church, was replaced by the Ensign. Susa Young Gates Alice Louise Reynolds Mary Connelly Kimball Belle S. Spafford Marianne C, clark, Carol L. Mann, Patricia Ann, A History of the Relief Society Magazine, 1914-1970, Masters thesis, Provo, Utah, Department of Communications, Brigham Young University. An index of the categories in the Relief Society Magazine is provided courtesy of the Harold B. Lee Library. An index to poetry and prose in the Relief Society Magazine is available through the Mormon Literature and Creative Arts Database of Brigham Young University
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