1.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
2.
French Third Republic
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It came to an end on 10 July 1940. Harsh reparations exacted by the Prussians after the war resulted in the loss of the French regions of Alsace and Lorraine, social upheaval, and the establishment of the Paris Commune. The early governments of the Third Republic considered re-establishing the monarchy, but confusion as to the nature of that monarchy, thus, the Third Republic, which was originally intended as a provisional government, instead became the permanent government of France. The French Constitutional Laws of 1875 defined the composition of the Third Republic and it consisted of a Chamber of Deputies and a Senate to form the legislative branch of government and a president to serve as head of state. The period from the start of World War I to the late 1930s featured sharply polarized politics, Adolphe Thiers called republicanism in the 1870s the form of government that divides France least, however, politics under the Third Republic were sharply polarized. On the left stood Reformist France, heir to the French Revolution, on the right stood conservative France, rooted in the peasantry, the Roman Catholic Church and the army. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 resulted in the defeat of France, after Napoleons capture by the Prussians at the Battle of Sedan, Parisian deputies led by Léon Gambetta established the Government of National Defence as a provisional government on 4 September 1870. The deputies then selected General Louis-Jules Trochu to serve as its president and this first government of the Third Republic ruled during the Siege of Paris. After the French surrender in January 1871, the provisional Government of National Defence disbanded, French territories occupied by Prussia at this time did not participate. The resulting conservative National Assembly elected Adolphe Thiers as head of a provisional government, due to the revolutionary and left-wing political climate that prevailed in the Parisian population, the right-wing government chose the royal palace of Versailles as its headquarters. The new government negotiated a settlement with the newly proclaimed German Empire. To prompt the Prussians to leave France, the government passed a variety of laws, such as the controversial Law of Maturities. The following repression of the communards would have consequences for the labor movement. The Orléanists supported a descendant of King Louis Philippe I, the cousin of Charles X who replaced him as the French monarch in 1830, his grandson Louis-Philippe, Comte de Paris. The Bonapartists were marginalized due to the defeat of Napoléon III and were unable to advance the candidacy of any member of his family, the Bonaparte family. Legitimists and Orléanists came to a compromise, eventually, whereby the childless Comte de Chambord would be recognised as king, consequently, in 1871 the throne was offered to the Comte de Chambord. Chambord believed the monarchy had to eliminate all traces of the Revolution in order to restore the unity between the monarchy and the nation, which the revolution had sundered apart. Compromise on this was if the nation were to be made whole again
3.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
4.
Cartoonist
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A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries
5.
Asterix
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Asterix or The Adventures of Asterix is a series of French comics. The series first appeared in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote on 29 October 1959 and it was written by René Goscinny and illustrated by Albert Uderzo until the death of Goscinny in 1977. Uderzo then took over the writing until 2009, when he sold the rights to publishing company Hachette, as of 2015,36 volumes have been released. The series follows the exploits of a village of indomitable Gauls as they resist Roman occupation and they do so by means of a magic potion brewed by their druid, named Getafix in the English translations, which temporarily gives the recipient superhuman strength. The protagonists, the titular character Asterix, along with his friend Obelix have various adventures, the ix ending of both names alludes to the rix suffix present in the names of many real Gaulish chieftains such as Vercingetorix, Orgetorix, and Dumnorix. Many of the stories have them travel to countries, though others are set in. For much of the history of the series, settings in Gaul and abroad alternated, with even-numbered volumes set abroad and odd-numbered volumes set in Gaul, mostly in the village. The Asterix series is one of the most popular Franco-Belgian comics in the world, with the series being translated into over 100 languages, the success of the series has led to the adaptation of several books into 13 films, nine animated, and four live action. There have also been a number of based on the characters. As of October 2009,325 million copies of 34 Asterix books had sold worldwide, making co-creators René Goscinny. Prior to creating the Asterix series, Goscinny and Uderzo had previously had success with their series Oumpah-pah, Astérix was originally serialised in Pilote magazine, in the very first issue published on 29 October 1959. In 1961 the first book was put together, titled Asterix the Gaul, from then on, books were released generally on a yearly basis. Their success was exponential, the first book sold 6,000 copies in its year of publication, a year later, in 1963, the third sold 40,000, the fourth, released in 1964, sold 150,000. A year later, the fifth sold 300,000, 1966s Asterix, the ninth Asterix volume, when first released in 1967, sold 1.2 million copies in two days. Uderzos first sketches portrayed Asterix as a huge and strong traditional Gaulish warrior, but Goscinny had a different picture in his mind. He visualized Asterix as a small sized warrior who would prefer intelligence over strength. However, Uderzo felt that the small sized hero needed a strong, despite the growing popularity of Asterix with the readers, the financial backing for Pilote ceased. Pilote was taken over by Georges Dargaud, when Goscinny died in 1977, Uderzo continued the series alone on the demand of the readers who implored him to continue
6.
Le petit Nicolas
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Le petit Nicolas is a series of French childrens books. It was created by René Goscinny and illustrated by Jean-Jacques Sempé, the books depict an idealized version of childhood in 1950s France. The work started out as a strip, which initially ran in Le Moustique between 1956 and 1958, drawn by Sempé and written by Goscinny. However in 1958 it became a series of illustrated novels instead, the books are told from the point of view of Nicolas himself, which gives the book a distinct and personal sense of humor. The narration is a pastiche of childish storytelling, with run-on sentences and schoolyard slang used in abundance, and much of the humor derives from Nicolas misunderstanding of adults behavior. At the same time, adults are as much a target of the satire as children, as the straightforward. The characters from the French edition include, Nicolas, He is sensitive and attached to true values like friendship, love of ones parents and he is not good at arithmetic and smallest in his class. Clotaire, Hes bottom of the class, alceste, Nicolas best friend, hes fat and he eats all the time. Eudes, Hes very strong and likes to punch our friends on the nose, geoffroy, His dad is very rich and buys him everything he wants. Agnan, He is ranked first in the class and is the pet and therefore nobody likes him. Joachim, He has a little brother, maixent, He runs very fast because of his long legs. Rufus, His father is a policeman, and hes got a cops whistle, marie-Edwige, Shes the very nice girl. Louisette, The daughter of a friend of the mother of Nicolas, Nicolas decides he wants to marry her because she plays football well, rex, A stray dog that Nicolas found, his real name is Kiki. For Latin America the book published by Alfaguara had the Spanish translation, the teacher is hard-working and loves the children, although they usually drive her crazy. The superintendent, Mr. Dubon, is known as le Bouillon, when Nicolas is going to a camp for vacations, he and the other children are forced to take a nap. The supervisor decides to tell them a story about a caliph who was a good man. Which is a prelude to Goscinnys future comic series Iznogoud, the supervisor then tells about how the caliph dresses as a common man to find out what people think of him, and the evil vizier takes his place, which is the plot of one Iznogoud adventure. As an example, in the French version of one particular story, because the name George in French is pronounced with a soft g, the class has difficulty coming up with a nickname, but eventually decides on Djodjo, playing with the hard dj sound
7.
Lucky Luke
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Lucky Luke is a humorous comics series created by Belgian cartoonist Morris in 1946. Various writers scripted the series starting in 1955, beginning with French writer René Goscinny, French artist Achdé has continued the series as artist since Morriss death in 2001. Lucky Luke is charged with restoring justice to the Old West by chasing down bandits, the stories are filled with humorous elements parodying the Western genre. Lucky Luke is one of the best-known and best-selling comics series in Europe and has translated into numerous languages. 68 albums have appeared in the series as of 2014, at first published by Dupuis, then from 1968 by Dargaud, and from 1999 by Lucky Comics. The series has adapted to various other media, such as animated films and television series, live-action films, video games, toys. About half of the series adventures have been translated into English, Lucky Luke comics have been translated into 23 languages, including many European languages, some African and Asian languages. Both a tribute to the mythic Old West and an affectionate parody, the first Lucky Luke adventure named Arizona 1880 appeared in the Almanach issue of the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Spirou on December 7,1946. After several years of work on the strip, Morris began a collaboration with René Goscinny who became the series writer for a period that is considered the golden age of the series. This started with the story Des rails sur la Prairie published on August 25,1955 in Spirou, ending a long run of serial publications in Spirou, the series shifted to Goscinnys Pilote magazine in 1967 with the story La Diligence, subsequently leaving publisher Dupuis for Dargaud. After the death of Goscinny in 1977, several writers have filled the role of storyteller, including Raymond Vicq Antoine, Bob de Groot, Jean Léturgie, at the 1993 Angoulême International Comics Festival, Lucky Luke was given an honorary exhibition. After Morris death in 2001, French artist Achdé continued drawing new Lucky Luke stories in collaboration with writers Laurent Gerra, Daniel Pennac, a spin-off series called Rantanplan starring Lukes dimwitted canine sidekick began in 1987. It has been written over the years by several teams of writers. The character also got a 76-episode animated television series in 2006, a second spin-off series called Kid Lucky was designed in 1995, aimed at attracting a younger readership. This starred Luke as a boy, a format that had been very popular with Spirou. Two albums starring this version of the character were released as part of the series, Kid Lucky. These were credited to veteran writer Jean Léturgie and unknown artist Pearce, the series was scrapped due to poor sales and the two albums removed from the official list of Lucky Luke albums. The series was however re-launched in 2011 as Les aventures de Kid Lucky daprès Morris, to date, Achdé has written three Kid Lucky albums, Lapprenti Cow-boy, Lasso périlleux and Statue Squaw, released in 2011,2013 and 2015, respectively
8.
Oumpah-pah
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Oumpah-pah le Peau-Rouge is a comics series created by comics artist Albert Uderzo and comics author René Goscinny, best known as the creators of Asterix the Gaul. The series first appeared in the weekly Tintin magazine in 1958 though it remained serialised for a short time. The stories were published in form by Lombard and Dargaud starting in 1961. In 1995, the series was reissued by Albert Uderzos own publishing house, the series is set in the eighteenth century during the age of French colonization in America. Ompa-pa is strong and quick, and loves to eat pemmican and he is an honest and trustworthy brave whose simple heroism is comparable to that of the more famous Asterix, whom Uderzo and Goscinny later created. When Brussels Sprout introduces Ompa-pa as his brother, his commanding officer remarks, the character Ompa-pa makes a cameo appearance in the Asterix film The Twelve Tasks of Asterix, though this story is set in pre-Columbian America. Ompa-pa was the very first character created by Uderzo and Goscinny, while he was staying in the United States for professional reasons, Goscinny unsuccessfully tried to have the first version of the comic published in English. The idea remained shelved for years until the concept was adapted for publication in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Tintin. The finished series made its debut on April 2,1958, Goscinny and Uderzo ultimately decided to end the series early, in order to focus their energies on the more popular Asterix character. The series was published in English under the title Ompa-Pa in the UK in 1977–78, Oumpah-pah le Peau-Rouge,1958 Oumpah–pah sur le sentier de la guerre,1958 Oumpah–pah et les pirates,1959 Mission secrète,1960 Oumpah–pah contre Foie–Malade,19621. Oumpah-pah le Peau-Rouge, including Oumpah-pah sur le sentier de la guerre 2, Oumpah-pah et les pirates, including Mission secrète 3. Oumpah-pah contre Foie-Malade Reissues by Les Éditions Albert René1, Oumpah-Pah le Peau-Rouge, including an introduction and a reprint of the 1951 U. S. pilot 2. Vol.2, including Oumpah-Pah sur le sentier de la guerre, vol.3, including Mission secrète and Oumpah-pah contre Foie-Malade English translation by Nicholas Fry 1. Ompa-Pa and Brother Two Scalp 2, Ompa-Pa and the Secret Mission 5. Ompa-Pa and the Prussians Footnotes Umpah-Pah on Yps Fanpage
9.
Albert Uderzo
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Alberto Aleandro Uderzo, known as Albert Uderzo, is a French comic book artist and scriptwriter. Son of Italian immigrants, he is best known for his work on the Astérix series and also drew other comics such as Oumpah-pah, Uderzo retired from drawing in September 2011. Uderzo was born in Fismes, to parents, Silvio and Iria Crestini and his childhood ambitions were to become an aircraft mechanic, despite his talents in art becoming apparent at an early age. He loved Brittany, both for its scenery and its people, Uderzo had no hesitation in choosing Brittany. Uderzo began a career as an artist in Paris after the war in 1945, with creations such as Flamberge and also Clopinard. From 1947 to 1948 he created other comics, such as Belloy. Throughout some more creations and travelling for the few years. The two men became good friends, and decided to work together in 1952 at the newly opened Paris office of the Belgian company. Their first creations were the characters Oumpah-pah, Jehan Pistolet and Luc Junior, in 1958 they adapted Oumpah-pah for serial publication in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Tintin, though it ran only until 1962. In 1959 Goscinny and Uderzo became editor and artistic director of Pilote magazine, the magazines first issue introduced Astérix to the French world, and it was an instant hit. During this period Uderzo also collaborated with Jean-Michel Charlier on the realistic series Michel Tanguy, Astérix was serialised in Pilote, but in 1961 the first album Astérix le gaulois was published as an individual album. By 1967, the comic had become so popular that both decided to dedicate their time to the series. After Goscinnys death in 1977, Uderzo continued to write and illustrate the books on his own, the cover credits still read Goscinny and Uderzo. Uderzo married Ada Milani in 1953 and has one daughter Sylvie Uderzo, according to The Book of Asterix the Gaul, it was speculated that Uderzo had based the characters Panacea and Zaza on Ada and Sylvie respectively, though this has been denied by Uderzo. Sylvie owns 40% of Editions Albert René, while the remaining 60%, previously owned by Uderzo, Uderzo has a brother, Marcel, also a cartoonist. Asterix and the Falling Sky was dedicated to his late brother Bruno,1985, Awarded the Knight of the Legion of Honour. 2005, Inducted into the Eisner Award Hall of Fame, U. S. Astérix official site Albert Uderzo biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia Short biography on Uderzo, pre-1977
10.
Morris (cartoonist)
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Maurice De Bevere, better known as Morris or Morris des Catacombes, was a Belgian cartoonist, comics artist, illustrator and the creator of Lucky Luke. His pen name is a spelling of his first name. He went to school in the well-known Jesuit college in Aalst and his math teacher told his parents the boy would unfortunately never succeed in life, as he passed the math classes doodling in the margin of his math books. Morris started drawing in the Compagnie Belge dActualités animations studios, a small and short-lived animation studios in Belgium where he met Peyo and he died in 2001 of a pulmonary embolism. He created Lucky Luke in 1946 for Spirou magazine, the Franco-Belgian comics magazine published by Dupuis, Lucky Luke is a solitary cowboy who travels across the Wild West, helping those in need, aided by his faithful horse, Jolly Jumper. The first adventure, Arizona 1880, was published in LAlmanach Spirou 1947, Morris became one of the central artists of the magazine, and one of the so-called La bande des quatre, with Jijé, André Franquin and Will. He did not work at the house of Jijé, contrary to the two, but all four became very good friends, stimulating each other artistically. In 1948, Morris, Jijé and Franquin travelled to the United States and they wanted to get to know the country, see what was left of the Wild West, and meet some American comic artists. Morris stayed the longest of the three and only returned after 6 years, in the meantime he had met René Goscinny, a French comic artist and writer, who would write all the Lucky Luke stories between 1955 and his death in 1977. Goscinny was then fairly unknown, but would become the most successful European comic writer, initially with Lucky Luke. Morris introduced in the years many cinematic techniques in his stories, like freeze-frames. Walt Disneys style influenced him, which can be seen in the very round lines that characterize the early Lucky Luke albums, many characters in his comics are also clearly based on famous American actors such as Jack Palance, Gary Cooper, W. C. Fields and William Hart, although he also caricaturizes unexpected figures like Louis de Funès or Serge Gainsbourg. The first 31 adventures were published by Dupuis, but in the sixties, Morris left Dupuis and Spirou and went to Dargaud and Pilote magazine. In 1984, Hanna-Barbera made a series of 52 cartoons of Lucky Luke,52 more cartoons were made in the early 1990s, and three live action movies followed. A few videogames based on the series were made, e. g. for PlayStation. Lucky Luke is currently the best selling European comics series ever, unlike many of his contemporaries, Morris never worked on several series, although he made a great deal of illustrations for stories in the forties and fifties. In the nineties, he did make Rantanplan, a spin-off from Lucky Luke, in 2005 he ended on the 79th place in the French-speaking version of the election for The Greatest Belgian
11.
Marcel Gotlib
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Marcel Gottlieb, known professionally as Gotlib, was a French comics artist/writer and publisher. His series include La Rubrique-à-Brac, Gai-Luron, and Superdupont, Marcel Gottlieb was born on 14 July 1934 in Paris to parents of Hungarian Jewish descent. His father, Ervin, was a painter and his mother, Regine. In 1942 his father was deported and died at Buchenwald after their buildings concierge obligingly helped policemen to find him and his mother sent him to hide for the rest of the war on a farm, where he was poorly treated. At 17, he left school to work for a pharmaceutical agency while taking art classes in the evening and this led to a job as a letterer at Opera Mundi, a French publisher which translated and published US strips. After his 28-month military service, Gotlib settled as a freelance letterer and his first comics were accepted by Vaillant, a magazine for children later renamed Pif-Gadget. His one long-running series at Vaillant started as Nanar, Jujube et Piette, Gai-Luron is a dog heavily influenced by Tex Averys Droopy, who almost never laughs or displays any emotions and is incorrigibly somnolent. In 1965 Gotlib submitted strips to Pilote magazine and was greeted with open arms by its influential co-founder and editor, together they created Les Dingodossiers, a series of mock lectures on random subjects which Goscinny wrote and Gotlib drew. In 1967, Goscinny, who worked on many strips simultaneously while editing the magazine, Gotlib instead launched a new one, Rubrique-à-Brac, which was similar to the Dingodossiers in format but progressively acquired a more adult and less formal tone. Leftover pages from both series were published in album form as Trucs-en-vrac. Rubrique-à-Brac was a hit with Pilotes readers and made Gotlib famous, in 1971, Gotlib gave up the Gai-Luron series to his collaborator Henri Dufranne. He participated in a program with Goscinny, Fred and Gébé, and collaborated with film director Patrice Leconte. Gotlib created another character, Hamster Jovial, for music monthly Rock & Folk, Hamster Jovial is an incurably naff boy-scout troop leader desperate to catch up with pop culture and impress his charges, two cubs and a girl guide. In 1972, Gotlib launched the comics magazine lEcho des savanes with Claire Bretecher, the original aim was to get stories unsuitable for Pilote magazine—which was aimed at school-age readers—out of their system, but lEcho des savanes was a huge commercial success. However, the complete lack of business training meant the magazine went deep in the red. Gotlibs contributions to the magazine were published in form as Rhââ Lovely. Gotlib, Mandryka and Brétécher stopped working for lEcho des Savanes after selling it, Gotlib saw there was a strong market for adult comics and decided to start a new publication and have it run more professionally. Fluide Glacial launched the career of a number of unknown or little-known cartoonists, most of whom were influenced by Gotlib in the first place, Édika, Goossens, belgian veteran André Franquin contributed his Idées Noires strip
12.
Jean Tabary
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Jean Tabary was a French comics artist. Tabary was born in Stockholm and made his comics debut with Richard et Charlie published in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Vaillant on 5 November 1956, Tabary continued to draw this series until 1976. In 1962 Tabary began a collaboration with René Goscinny, creating the series Les aventures du Calife Haroun el Poussah. Shifting its focus and title name to the evil protagonist/anti-hero of the series, Iznogoud became a considerable success, in 1968 the series changed serial publication magazine to Goscinnys Pilote magazine. Valentin le vagabond, another series Tabary initially created with Goscinny, after Goscinnys death in 1977, Tabary continued to create Iznogoud albums. Footnotes Tabary biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia Éditions Tabary official site
13.
Comics writer
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A script is a document describing the narrative and dialogue of a comic book in detail. It is the comic book equivalent of a television program teleplay or a film screenplay. In comics, a script may be preceded by a plot outline, there are no prescribed forms of comic scripts, but there are two dominant styles in the mainstream comics industry, the full script and the plot script. For decades, this was the format for books published by DC Comics. Peter David described his application of the full script method, I break down each page on a panel by panel basis and label them as PANEL A, PANEL B. Then I describe whats in each panel, and then do the dialogue, I designate the panels with letters and the word balloons with numbers so as to minimize confusion for the letterer. In a plot script the artist works from a synopsis from the writer, rather than a full script. The artist creates page-by-page plot details on his or her own, Comics historian Mark Evanier writes that this new means of collaboration. Was born of necessity—Stan was overburdened with work—and to make use of Jacks great skill with storylines, sometimes Stan would type up a written plot outline for the artist. As comic-book writer-editor Dennis ONeil describes, the Marvel method, requires the writer to begin by writing out a plot and add words when the penciled artwork is finished. So a Marvel Method plot can run from a couple of paragraphs to something much longer, the Marvel method was in place with at least one artist by early 1961, as Lee described in 2009 when speaking of his and Ditkos short, five-page filler strips. Id dream up odd fantasy tales with an O. Henry type twist ending, all I had to do was give Steve a one-line description of the plot and hed be off and running. Hed take those skeleton outlines I had given him and turn them into classic little works of art that ended up being far cooler than I had any right to expect. In a variation of the script, attributed to Harvey Kurtzman. The artist then fleshes out the roughs onto full-size art board, writer/artists Frank Miller and Jeff Smith favor this style, as did Archie Goodwin. Attributed to William Gaines, the EC Style is similar to the Kurtzman Style, except the writer submits a tight plot to an artist, who breaks it down into panels that are laid out on the art board. The writer writes all captions and dialogue, which are pasted inside these panels and this laborious and restrictive way of creating comics is no longer in general use, the last artist to use even a variation of EC Style was the late Jim Aparo. Glossary of comics terminology Script breakdown Screenwriting Storyboard
14.
Poles
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The Poles are a nation and West Slavic ethnic group native to Poland who share a common ancestry, culture, history and are native speakers of the Polish language. The population of Poles in Poland is estimated at 37,394,000 out of a population of 38,538,000. Polands population inhabits several historic regions, including Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Mazovia, Silesia, Pomerania, Kuyavia, Warmia, Masuria, a wide-ranging Polish diaspora exists throughout Europe, the Americas and in Australasia. Today the largest urban concentration of Poles is the Katowice urban agglomeration of 2.7 million inhabitants, Poland was also for centuries a refuge for many Jews from all over Europe, a large number emigrated in the twentieth century to Israel. Several prominent Israeli statesmen were born in Poland, including Israels founder David Ben-Gurion, former President of Israel Shimon Peres, the Slavic people have been in the territory of modern Poland for over 1500 years. In the 9th and 10th centuries the tribes gave rise to developed regions along the upper Vistula, the last tribal undertaking resulted in the 10th century in a lasting political structure and state, Poland, one of the West Slavic nations. After 1945 the so-called autochthonous or aboriginal school of Polish prehistory received official backing in Poland, Polish people are the sixth largest national group in the European Union. Estimates vary depending on source, though available data suggest a number of around 60 million people worldwide. There are almost 38 million Poles in Poland alone, there are also Polish minorities in the surrounding countries including Germany, and indigenous minorities in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus. There are some smaller indigenous minorities in nearby countries such as Moldova, the term Polonia is usually used in Poland to refer to people of Polish origin who live outside Polish borders, officially estimated at around 10 to 20 million. There is a notable Polish diaspora in the United States, Brazil, France has a historic relationship with Poland and has a relatively large Polish-descendant population. Poles have lived in France since the 18th century, in the early 20th century, over a million Polish people settled in France, mostly during world wars, among them Polish émigrés fleeing either Nazi occupation or later Soviet rule. In the United States, a significant number of Polish immigrants settled in Chicago, Ohio, Detroit, New York City, Orlando, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, the highest concentration of Polish Americans in a single New England municipality is in New Britain, Connecticut. The majority of Polish Canadians have arrived in Canada since World War II, the number of Polish immigrants increased between 1945 and 1970, and again after the end of Communism in Poland in 1989. In Brazil the majority of Polish immigrants settled in Paraná State, smaller, but significant numbers settled in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Espírito Santo and São Paulo. The city of Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world and Polish music, dishes and it is estimated that over half a million Polish people have come to work in the United Kingdom from Poland. Since 2011, Poles have been able to work throughout the EU and not just in the United Kingdom, Ireland. The Polish community in Norway has increased substantially and has grown to a number of 120,000
15.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
16.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
17.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
18.
Warsaw
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Warsaw is the capital and largest city of Poland. It stands on the Vistula River in east-central Poland, roughly 260 kilometres from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population is estimated at 1.750 million residents within a metropolitan area of 3.101 million residents. The city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres, while the area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres. Once described as Paris of the East, Warsaw was believed to be one of the most beautiful cities in the world until World War II. On 9 November 1939, the city was awarded Polands highest military decoration for heroism, Warsaw is one of Europe’s most dynamic metropolitan cities. In 2012 the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world, in 2017 the city came 4th in the “Business-friendly” category and 8th in the “Human capital and life style”. It was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in Central, Warsaw is considered an Alpha– global city, a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural, political and economic hub. The city is a significant centre of research and development, BPO, ITO, the Warsaw Stock Exchange is the largest and most important in Central and Eastern Europe. Frontex, the European Union agency for external security, has its headquarters in Warsaw. Together with Frankfurt, London and Paris, Warsaw is also one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the European Union, the city is the seat of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra and the University of Warsaw. The historic city-centre of Warsaw with its picturesque Old Town in 1980 was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, buildings represent examples of nearly every European architectural style and historical period. Warsaw provides many examples of architecture from the gothic, renaissance, baroque, neoclassical and modern periods, furthermore, the city is positioning itself as Europes chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and renowned restaurants. Folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman, Wars, according to legend, Sawa was a mermaid living in the Vistula River with whom Wars fell in love. In actuality, Warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the site of Mariensztat neighbourhood. See also the Vršovci family which had escaped to Poland, the official city name in full is miasto stołeczne Warszawa. A native or resident of Warsaw is known as a Varsovian – in Polish warszawiak, warszawianin, warszawianka, warszawiacy, other names for Warsaw include Varsovia and Varsóvia, Varsovie, Varsavia, Warschau, װאַרשע /Varshe, Варшава /Varšava /Varshava, Varšuva, Varsó. The first fortified settlements on the site of todays Warsaw were located in Bródno, after Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa
19.
Second Polish Republic
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The Second Polish Republic, also known as the Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland, refers to the country of Poland between the First and Second World Wars. Officially known as the Republic of Poland or the Commonwealth of Poland and it had access to the Baltic Sea via a short strip of coastline either side of the city of Gdynia. Between March and August 1939, Poland also shared a border with the then-Hungarian governorate of Subcarpathia, the Second Republic was significantly different in territory to the current Polish state. It included substantially more territory in the east and less in the west, the Second Republics land area was 388,634 km2, making it, in October 1938, the sixth largest country in Europe. After the annexation of Zaolzie, this grew to 389,720 km2, according to the 1921 census, the number of inhabitants was 27.2 million. By 1939, just before the outbreak of World War II, almost a third of population came from minority groups,13. 9% Ukrainians, 10% Jews,3. 1% Belarusians,2. 3% Germans and 3. 4% Czechs, Lithuanians and Russians. At the same time, a significant number of ethnic Poles lived outside the country borders, Poland maintained a slow but steady level of economic development. By 1939, the Republic had become one of Europes major powers, the victorious Allies of World War I confirmed the rebirth of Poland in the Treaty of Versailles of June 1919. It was one of the stories of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. Poland solidified its independence in a series of wars fought by the newly formed Polish Army from 1918 to 1921. The extent of the half of the interwar territory of Poland was settled diplomatically in 1922. In the course of World War I, Germany gradually gained overall dominance on the Eastern Front as the Imperial Russian Army fell back, German and Austro-Hungarian armies seized the Russian-ruled part of what became Poland. In a failed attempt to resolve the Polish question as quickly as possible, Berlin set up a German puppet state on 5 November 1916, with a governing Provisional Council of State, the Council administered the country under German auspices, pending the election of a king. A month before Germany surrendered on 11 November 1918 and the war ended, the Regency Council had dissolved the Council of State, with the notable exception of the Marxist-oriented Social Democratic Party of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania, most Polish political parties supported this move. On 23 October the Regency Council appointed a new government under Józef Świeżyński, in 1918–1919, over 100 workers councils sprang up on Polish territories, on 5 November 1918, in Lublin, the first Soviet of Delegates was established. On 6 November socialists proclaimed the Republic of Tarnobrzeg at Tarnobrzeg in Austrian Galicia, the same day the Socialist, Ignacy Daszyński, set up a Provisional Peoples Government of the Republic of Poland in Lublin. On Sunday,10 November at 7 a. m, Józef Piłsudski, newly freed from 16 months in a German prison in Magdeburg, returned by train to Warsaw. Piłsudski, together with Colonel Kazimierz Sosnkowski, was greeted at Warsaws railway station by Regent Zdzisław Lubomirski, next day, due to his popularity and support from most political parties, the Regency Council appointed Piłsudski as Commander in Chief of the Polish Armed Forces
20.
Ukraine
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Ukraine is currently in territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula which Russia annexed in 2014 but which Ukraine and most of the international community recognise as Ukrainian. Including Crimea, Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2, making it the largest country entirely within Europe and it has a population of about 42.5 million, making it the 32nd most populous country in the world. The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC, during the Middle Ages, the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture, with the powerful state of Kievan Rus forming the basis of Ukrainian identity. Following its fragmentation in the 13th century, the territory was contested, ruled and divided by a variety of powers, including Lithuania, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russia. A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries, two brief periods of independence occurred during the 20th century, once near the end of World War I and another during World War II. Before its independence, Ukraine was typically referred to in English as The Ukraine, following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Nonetheless it formed a limited partnership with the Russian Federation and other CIS countries. In the 2000s, the government began leaning towards NATO, and it was later agreed that the question of joining NATO should be answered by a national referendum at some point in the future. Former President Viktor Yanukovych considered the current level of co-operation between Ukraine and NATO sufficient, and was against Ukraine joining NATO and these events formed the background for the annexation of Crimea by Russia in March 2014, and the War in Donbass in April 2014. On 1 January 2016, Ukraine applied the economic part of the Deep, Ukraine has long been a global breadbasket because of its extensive, fertile farmlands and is one of the worlds largest grain exporters. The diversified economy of Ukraine includes a heavy industry sector, particularly in aerospace. Ukraine is a republic under a semi-presidential system with separate powers, legislative, executive. Its capital and largest city is Kiev, taking into account reserves and paramilitary personnel, Ukraine maintains the second-largest military in Europe after that of Russia. Ukrainian is the language and its alphabet is Cyrillic. The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy, which has strongly influenced Ukrainian architecture, literature, there are different hypotheses as to the etymology of the name Ukraine. According to the older and most widespread hypothesis, it means borderland, while more recently some studies claim a different meaning, homeland or region. The Ukraine now implies disregard for the sovereignty, according to U. S. ambassador William Taylor. Neanderthal settlement in Ukraine is seen in the Molodova archaeological sites include a mammoth bone dwelling
21.
Buenos Aires
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Buenos Aires is the capital and most populous city of Argentina. The city is located on the shore of the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The city of Buenos Aires is neither part of Buenos Aires Province nor the Provinces capital, rather, in 1880, after decades of political infighting, Buenos Aires was federalized and removed from Buenos Aires Province. The city limits were enlarged to include the towns of Belgrano and Flores, the 1994 constitutional amendment granted the city autonomy, hence its formal name, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Its citizens first elected a chief of government in 1996, previously, Buenos Aires is considered an alpha city by the study GaWC5. Buenos Aires quality of life was ranked 81st in the world and one of the best in Latin America in 2012 and it is the most visited city in South America, and the second-most visited city of Latin America. Buenos Aires is a top tourist destination, and is known for its preserved Spanish/European-style architecture, Buenos Aires held the 1st Pan American Games in 1951 as well as hosting two venues in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. Buenos Aires will host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics and the 2018 G20 summit, Buenos Aires is a multicultural city, being home to multiple ethnic and religious groups. Several languages are spoken in the city in addition to Spanish, contributing to its culture, the hill was known to them as Buen Ayre, as it was free of the foul smell prevalent in the old city, which is adjacent to swampland. During the siege of Cagliari, the Aragonese built a sanctuary to the Virgin Mary on top of the hill, in 1335, King Alfonso the Gentle donated the church to the Mercedarians, who built an abbey that stands to this day. In the years after that, a story circulated, claiming that a statue of the Virgin Mary was retrieved from the sea after it miraculously helped to calm a storm in the Mediterranean Sea, the statue was placed in the abbey. Spanish sailors, especially Andalusians, venerated this image and frequently invoked the Fair Winds to aid them in their navigation, a sanctuary to the Virgin of Buen Ayre would be later erected in Seville. Pedro de Mendoza called the city Holy Mary of the Fair Winds, mendoza’s settlement soon came under attack by indigenous people, and was abandoned in 1541. For many years, the name was attributed to a Sancho del Campo, a second settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who sailed down the Paraná River from Asunción. Garay preserved the name chosen by Mendoza, calling the city Ciudad de la Santísima Trinidad y Puerto de Santa María del Buen Aire. The short form Buenos Aires became the common usage during the 17th century, the usual abbreviation for Buenos Aires in Spanish is Bs. As. It is common as well to refer to it as B. A. or BA /ˌbiːˈeɪ/ bee-AY), while BA is used more by expats residing in the city, the locals more often use the abbreviation Baires, in one word. Seaman Juan Díaz de Solís, navigating in the name of Spain, was the first European to reach the Río de la Plata in 1516 and his expedition was cut short when he was killed during an attack by the native Charrúa tribe in what is now Uruguay
22.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
23.
French Army
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The French Army, officially the Land Army is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. Along with the French Air Force, the French Navy and the National Gendarmerie, the current Chief of Staff of the French Army is General Jean-Pierre Bosser, a direct subordinate of the Chief of the Defence Staff. All soldiers are considered professionals following the suspension of conscription, voted in parliament in 1997, as of 2014, the French Army employed 111,628 personnel. In addition, the element of the French Army consisted of 15,453 personnel of the Operational Reserve. The Kings of France needed reliable troops during and after the Hundred Years War and these units of troops were raised by issuing ordonnances to govern their length of service, composition and payment. These Compagnies dordonnance formed the core of the Gendarme Cavalry into the sixteenth century, stationed throughout France and summoned into larger armies as needed. There was also made for Francs-archers units of bowmen and foot soldiers raised from the non-noble classes. The bulk of the infantry for warfare was still provided by urban or provincial militias, raised from an area or city to fight locally and named for their recruiting grounds. Gradually these units became more permanent, and in 1480s Swiss instructors were recruited and these men would be paid and contracted and receive training. Henry II further regularised the French army by forming standing Infantry regiments to replace the Militia structure, the first of these the Régiments de Picardie, Piémont, Navarre and Champagne were called the Les Vieux Corps. It was normal policy to disband regiments after a war was over as a cost saving measure with the Vieux Corps and the Kings own Household Troops the Maison du Roi being the only survivors. Regiments could be raised directly by the King and so called after the region in which they were raised, or by the nobility and so called after the noble or his appointed colonel. In 1684 there was a reorganisation of the French infantry and again in 1701 to fit in with Louis XIVs plans. This reshuffle created many of the regiments of the French Army and standardised their equipment. The army of the Sun King tended to wear coats with coloured linings. There were exceptions and the troops, recruited from outside France. In addition to these regiments of the line the Maison du Roi provided several elite units, the Swiss Guards, French Guards, the revolution split the army with the main mass losing most of its officers to aristocratic flight or guillotine and becoming demoralised and ineffective. The French Guard joined the revolt and the Swiss Guards were massacred during the storming of the Tuileries palace, under Napoleon I, the French Army conquered most of Europe during the Napoleonic Wars
24.
Aubagne
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Aubagne is a French commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte dAzur region of southern France. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aubagnais or Aubagnaises, the commune has been awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom. Aubagne is located in the Huveaune valley and surrounded by the ranges of Garlaban with Sainte-Baume to the north. Aubagne is the city of the Agglomeration community of Pays dAubagne et de lEtoile. It is the producer of Santon figurines and also hosts many cultural events each year. The French Foreign Legion has its headquarters in Aubagne, public transport has been free at the point of use since the year 2000. Access to the commune is by the A50 autoroute from Marseille which continues south to Toulon, the A501 and A52 autoroutes branch off the A50 in the commune and merge to go north to Aix-en-Provence. There are several towns and villages in the commune apart from the main town, Les Arnauds, Les Grands Mellets, Pinchon, La Martelle, LAgrie, La Coueste, La Thuiliere. The Huveaune river flows through the commune from the east flowing west into the Mediterranean sea at Prado beach in the 8th Arrondissement in Marseilles, regional trains link the Gare dAubagne railway station with Marseille and Toulon. Aubagne was the first commune in France to be surrounded by autoroutes, the A50 autoroute Marseille-Toulon, the A52 autoroute to Aubagne-Aix-en-Provence. From 2009, Aubagne made bus travel zero-fare, a 14-kilometre, two-line tram network is planned. This project is criticized as it is not common for a city of that size, Line 1 will be from the station to Le Charrel and Line 2 will be from the station to La Penne-sur-Huveaune. Construction started in 2012 for an opening of the first phase in 2014, the tram is a long-term project to be linked with the Marseille tramway. The tram will also be zero-fare, making it one of the first zero-fare trams in the world with Tallinn, the death of Queen Joanna I of Naples began a conflict of succession as to who would become the head of the County of Provence. The Union of Aix, a confederation of cities in the region of Provence, supported Charles, Duke of Durazzo, rather than Louis I, by the spring of 1382 the Lord of Aubagne, François des Baux, supported the Duke of Anjou. This support was conditional upon the Duke helping to restore the queen to her throne, in return, Philippe de Lévis would be surety for Viscount Raymond of Turenne for the agreement between Odon de Villars, his wife Alix, and himself. If Odon and Alix failed to respect the terms of the agreement, between 1965 and 2014, Aubagne has elected three Communist mayors, the municipal council is composed mainly of communist, socialist, and other left-leaning members. Still, a significant portion of the population centre, right-of-centre
25.
Corporal
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Corporal is a military rank in use in some form by many militaries and by some police forces or other uniformed organizations. Within NATO, each member nations corresponding military rank of corporal is combined under the NATO-standard rank scale code OR-4, however, there are often differences in how each nation employs Corporals. Some militaries dont have Corporals, but may instead have a Junior Sergeant, in some militaries, the rank of corporal nominally corresponds to commanding a section or squad of soldiers. The lateral promotion is used to make the soldier a non-commissioned officer without changing the soldiers pay, as the Table of Organization & Equipment rank of a fire team leader is sergeant and that of squad leader is staff sergeant. In most countries that derive their military structure from the British military system, the word is derived from the medieval Italian phrase capo corporale. It may also be derived from an appointment as an officers bodyguard, all three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic use two or three ranks of corporal, or cabo. Corporals in the Argentine military are considered suboficiales subalternos, superior only to all ranks of Volunteers, in the Argentine Army, there are two ranks of corporal, junior and senior, Cabo and cabo primero. While the Argentine Navy has three ranks, from junior to senior, Cabo segundo, Cabo primero and cabo principal. The Air Force has the number of corporal ranks as the navy. The rank is used by the Argentine National Gendarmerie and the Argentine Federal Police. Corporal is the second lowest of the officer ranks in the Australian Army. A corporal is usually appointed as a commander, and is in charge of 7-14 soldiers of private rank. They are assisted by a second-in-command, usually a lance-corporal or senior private, a Corporal within Artillery is known as a bombardier. Corporal is also a rank of the Royal Australian Air Force, with the exception Belgian Naval Component, the branches of the Belgian Armed Forces use three ranks of corporal, corporal, master corporal and 1st master corporal. Corporal is equivalent to NATO Rank Code OR-3, whereas master corporal, the rank immediately below corporal is 1st private and the rank directly above 1st master corporal is sergeant. The equivalent of these ranks in the Naval Component are quartermaster, chief quartermaster, Corporal is the first NCO rank of the Army, Navy, Air Force and states military polices. Soldiers who successfully complete the course may be promoted to the rank of corporal should they excel in the course. A corporal in the Brazilian Army will lead the smallest fractions of units as machine gun squads, mortar, Corporal is an Army and Air Force non-commissioned member rank of the Canadian Forces
26.
Mad (magazine)
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Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines, launched as a comic book before it became a magazine. As of January 2017, Mad has published 544 regular issues, as well as hundreds of reprint Specials, original material paperbacks, compilation books and other print projects. The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line, offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture, politics, entertainment and its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies, as well as freeform articles. Mads mascot, Alfred E. Neuman, is typically the point of the magazines cover. Mad began as a book published by EC, debuting in August 1952. In the early 1960s, the Mad office moved to 485 Madison Avenue, the title is trademarked in capitals as MAD. The first issue was written almost entirely by Harvey Kurtzman, and featured illustrations by Kurtzman, along with Wally Wood, Will Elder, Jack Davis, Wood, Elder, and Davis were the three main illustrators throughout the 23-issue run of the comic book. To retain Kurtzman as its editor, the comic book converted to magazine format as of issue #24, the switchover only induced Kurtzman to remain for one more year, but crucially, the move had removed Mad from the strictures of the Comics Code Authority. The magazines circulation more than quadrupled during Feldsteins tenure, peaking at 2,132,655 in 1974, when Feldstein retired in 1984, he was replaced by the team of Nick Meglin and John Ficarra, who co-edited Mad for the next two decades. Since Meglins retirement in 2004, Ficarra has continued to edit the magazine, Gaines sold his company in the early 1960s to the Kinney Parking Company, which also acquired National Periodicals and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. Gaines was named a Kinney board member, and was permitted to run Mad as he saw fit without corporate interference. Following Gaines death, Mad became more ingrained within the Time Warner corporate structure, eventually, the magazine was obliged to abandon its long-time home at 485 Madison Avenue, and in the mid-1990s it moved into DC Comics offices at the same time that DC relocated to 1700 Broadway. In 2001, the magazine broke its long-standing taboo and began running paid advertising, the outside revenue allowed the introduction of color printing and improved paper stock. In its earliest incarnation, new issues of the magazine appeared erratically, by the end of 1958, Mad had settled on an unusual eight-times-a-year schedule, which lasted almost four decades. Gaines felt the timing was necessary to maintain the magazines level of quality. Mad then began producing additional issues, until it reached a monthly schedule with the January 1997 issue. With its 500th issue, amid company-wide cutbacks at Time Warner, though there are antecedents to Mads style of humor in print, radio and film, Mad became a pioneering example of it. Bob and Ray, Kovacs and Freberg all became contributors to Mad, Mads consciousness of itself, as trash, as comic book, as enemy of parents and teachers, even as money-making enterprise, thrilled kids
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Will Elder
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Playboy publisher Hugh Hefner said, He was a zany, and a lovable one. Longtime Mad writer-cartoonist Al Jaffee called Elder Absolutely brilliant and he was the star from the beginning. He had a feel for the kind of satire that eventually spread everywhere, Elder was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2003. Born Wolf William Eisenberg in the Bronx, New York, Elder was known in his teen years as Wolfie, Elder would later joke about his poor slum upbringing, The people who had garbage were rich, they had something to throw out. Elder attended New Yorks High School of Music and Art together with future Mad artists Harvey Kurtzman, John Severin, Al Jaffee and Al Feldstein. During World War II, he served as a part of the 668th Engineer Company of the First Army, sometime after returning home, he adopted the name Will Elder. At EC Comics, he inked Severins pencils on stories for Weird Fantasy, Two-Fisted Tales, Frontline Combat and other titles. The Mad lampoon depicted the efforts of prisoner Melvin Mole to tunnel away from the prison, first with a spoon, then with a toothpick. According to Jaffee, Elder could have been the worlds greatest forger, Elder had a chameleon-like talent for mimicking the precise styles of other cartoonists, which made the satiric effect stronger. This ability was showcased in such pieces as Mickey Rodent, such was Elders ability that some of these parodies featured specific observations about the source materials art styles, with Elder switching illustrative gears in midpanel. One such sequence came when Mickey Rodent and Darnold Duck literally locate the border between Disney-style cartooning and a realistic drawing approach. Both characters gain a fifth finger on each hand as they cross over, Elders signature style, with extra humorous detail added upon humorous detail, is routinely described as chicken fat, a reference to soup preparation. As Elder told an interviewer, The term just came out of what we knew were the parts of the strip that gave it more flavor but did very little to advance the storyline. It advances the flavor of the soup and, as we all know now, Elders rampant insertion of background gags set the tone for the comic book, quickly spreading into the panels of his fellow artists and Mads imitators. Kurtzman described their process, I would write a story. In 2004, Elder told an interviewer, In Mad, Harvey never rejected any of my little extras in the story, I think he was much harder on the other artists, because my stuff made him laugh. As soon as he laughed I think he forgot that it didnt belong in the story, “I thought people would notice and would laugh, said Malle, but nobody did. Elder had drawn the article Restaurant, monty Pythons Terry Gilliam said of Elder, I dont know if anybodys really worked at that level as intensely as Willy did
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Harvey Kurtzman
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Harvey Kurtzman was an American cartoonist and editor. His best-known work includes writing and editing the parodic comic book Mad from 1952 until 1956 and his work is noted for its satire and parody of popular culture, social critique, and attention to detail. Kurtzmans working method has been likened to that of an auteur, Kurtzman began to work on the New Trend line of comic books at EC Comics in 1950. The comic book switched to a format in 1955. Following his departure, he did a variety of cartooning work, including editing the short-lived Trump, in 1959, he produced the first book-length work of original comics, the adult-oriented, satirical Jungle Book. He brought Help. to an end after the success of the risqué Playboy feature Little Annie Fanny began to take up his time. While Annie Fanny provided much of his income for the rest of his career, he continued to produce a body of work. In 1967 and directing, writing and designing several shorts for Sesame Street in 1969, from 1973, Kurtzman taught cartooning at the School of Visual Arts in New York. His work gained greater recognition toward the end of his life, the Harvey Award was named in Kurtzmans honor in 1988. He was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1989, Harvey Kurtzman spoke little of his parents in interviews, and not much is known of their pre-American lives. David Kurtzman and Edith née Sherman grew up in Ukraine in Odessa and they belonged to the citys large Jewish community, one that suffered generations of antisemitic oppression, and the city had fallen into economic hardship following the Russian Revolution. Shortly after World War I David emigrated to New York and Edith soon followed in what she called a desperate journey escaping the new Soviet Union, there the non-observant pair married in a civil ceremony. The first of their two sons, Zachary, was born April 8,1923, Harvey Kurtzman was born on October 3,1924, in a tenement building on 428 East Ninety-Eighth Street in Brooklyn in New York City. David joined the Christian Science church, and when he suffered an ulcer he turned to prayer to cure it, he died from it on November 29,1928. The family was in desperate financial straits that their mother placed the Kurtzman brothers in an orphanage for three months until she secured work as a milliner. Several months later, Edith remarried to Russian-Jewish immigrant Abraham Perkes, the Kurtzman boys kept their surname, while their mother took that of Perkes. The couple had a son Daniel on February 17,1931, in 1934 the family moved to the more upscale Bronx, where the family lived at 2166 Clinton Avenue. Perkes was not wealthy, but managed to provide for his family during the Great Depression of the 1930s and he was a trade unionist, and the couple read the communist newspaper Daily Worker
29.
Pilote
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Pilote was a French comic magazine published from 1959 to 1989. Showcasing most of the major French or Belgian comics talents of its day the magazine introduced major series such as Astérix, Barbe-Rouge, Blueberry, Achille Talon, Pilote also published several international talents such as Hugo Pratt, Frank Bellamy and Robert Crumb. Following the publication of an issue number 0 on June 1. The magazine was started by experienced comics writers Goscinny and Charlier, Pilote was marketed by Radio-Luxembourg, and featured editorials written by popular radio personalities of the day. The 300,000 copies of the first issue sold out in one day, unlike Belgian competitive magazines, such as Tintin and Spirou, the magazine was, already from the beginning, more directly aimed at an adolescent audience. Charlier and Goscinny handled most of the initial writing, financial problems arose in 1960, but were resolved when the magazine was bought out by Dargaud publishers. Dargaud expanded the magazine with new series, including Charlier and Giraud’s Blueberry. In 1967 the popular science-fiction series Valérian et Laureline debuted and in 1968 the popular Western comedy Lucky Luke was transferred to Pilote from Spirou magazine, other notable appearances included series from the British comics magazine Eagle such as Fraser lAfricain and Winston Churchill by Frank Bellamy. Partly as a result, Dargaud reduced Pilote’s publication schedule from weekly to monthly in 1974, at this time, a new generation of artists also started publishing in Pilote, namely Caza, Lauzier, and FMurr. Their comics reflected the new, more adult direction, sales initially improved but a steady erosion took place through the 1980s as interest in the medium declined. Pilote was merged with the comics magazine Charlie Mensuel in 1986 and continued as Pilote et Charlie until 1988, however, declining sales prompted Dargaud to suspend publication after what became the final issue on October 1,1989. After 1989, there has no regular publications of the magazine
30.
Tintin (magazine)
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Tintin magazine was a weekly Franco-Belgian comics magazine of the second half of the 20th century. Originally published by Le Lombard, the first issue was released in 1946, Tintin magazine was part of an elaborate publishing scheme. There were several ongoing stories at any time, giving wide exposure to lesser-known artists. Tintin was also available bound as a hardcover or softcover collection, not every comic appearing in Tintin was later put into book form, which was another incentive to subscribe to the magazine. If the quality of Tintin printing was high compared to American comic books through the 1970s, Raymond Leblanc and his partners had started a small publishing house after World War II, and decided to create an illustrated youth magazine. They decided that Tintin would be the hero, as he was already very well known. Business partner André Sinave went to see Tintin author Hergé, Hergé, who had worked for Le Soir during the war, was being prosecuted for having allegedly collaborated with the Germans, and thus was without a publisher. After consulting with his friend Edgar Pierre Jacobs, Hergé agreed, the first issue, published on 26 September 1946, was in French. It featured Hergé, Jacobs, Paul Cuvelier and Jacques Laudy as artists, a Dutch edition, entitled Kuifje, was published simultaneously. 40,000 copies were released in French, and 20,000 in Dutch, for Kuifje, a separate editor-in-chief was appointed, Karel Van Milleghem. He invented the famous slogan The magazine for the youth from 7 to 77, for decades, Hergé had artistic control over the magazine, even though he was sometimes absent for long periods and new work of his became rarer. His influence is evident in Vandersteens Suske en Wiske for which Hergé imposed a stronger attention to the stories, editing. These stamps could be exchanged for various gifts not available in commercial establishments, other brands, mostly from food companies, affiliated themselves with the Tintin voucher system, they could be found on flour, semolina boxes, etc. A Tintin soda existed, and even Tintin shoes, the French Railways Company went as far as to propose 100 km of railway transportation for 800 stamps. Among the gifts, there were super chromos extracted from the magazine issues, at the time the vouchers were initiated, the magazine was selling 80,000 copies in Belgium and only 70,000 in France. Due to the success of the vouchers, the circulation in France quickly rose to 300,000 a week, the vouchers disappeared by the end of the 1960s. In the 1960s the magazine kept on attracting new artists, the editorial line was clearly bent towards humor, with Greg, Jo-El Azara, Dany and Dupa. Other authors joined the magazine, like William Vance and Hermann, in the 1970s the comics scene in France and Belgium went through important changes
31.
Dino Attanasio
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Dino Attanasio is an Italian-born Belgian author of comics. After studies at the Academy of Arts of Milan, Dino Attanasio started to work in illustration and animation in the 1940s and he moved to Belgium in 1948 with his brother Gianni, also an artist. Shortly after his arrival, the young artist got in contact with Tintin magazine, for which he drew some illustrations, and decided to devote himself to comics. In the 1950s, he published Criche e Croc in the Italian magazine Il Giornalino and Fanfan et Polo in La Libre Belgique with scripts by Jean-Michel Charlier, at that time, he also worked for Spirou magazine with some contributions to Les Belles Histoires de lOncle Paul. In 1954, he published Pastis et Dynamite in Line with Greg and he became popular in the late 1950s and 1960s thanks to The Adventures of Signor Spaghetti, a comic series he created with Goscinny, published in Tintin after 1957. However, he is replaced for this job by Gérald Forton, then, from 1961 to 1968, he took over the series Modeste et Pompon, originally created by Franquin. From 1974 to 1986 he took on the Spaghetti series again in Formule 1, in 1991 Attanasio created a comic adaptation of Boccaccios literary classic Decameron with his son, published by Lefrancq. In 1994, he took over the series Bob Morane for one story only, 2002–2006 Candida 2006 Biography at Lambieks Comiclopedia Interview about Bob Morane
32.
Bob de Moor
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Bob de Moor is the pen name of Robert Frans Marie De Moor, a Belgian comics creator. Chiefly noted as an artist, he is considered a master of the Ligne claire style. He wrote and drew several comics series on his own, and he completed the unfinished story Professor Satós Three Formulae, Volume 2, Mortimer vs. Mortimer of the Blake and Mortimer series, after the death of the author Edgar P. Jacobs. Bob de Moor started drawing with pencil at three or four, living in a port town, he developed a strong interest for drawing sailing ships which carried into his professional career with his Cori, de Scheepsjongen series and other work. Following studies at the Antwerp Academy of Fine Arts, De Moor started his career at the Afim animations studios and his first album was written in 1944 for De Kleine Zondagsvriend. His co-worker Jacques Martin is quoted as saying that de Moor had a facility to adapt himself to the style of others. This manifested in an integration with Hergés style, as well as in him being asked on occasion to complete the work of other artists. De Moor illustrated the cover of A World of Machines by the Belgian band The Machines. 1949 Le Vaisseau Miracle 1949 Guerre dans le Cosmos, Ed, coune 1950 Le Lion de Flandre, Ed. Deligne 1950 LEnigmatic Monsieur Barelli, Ed. du Lombard 1950 Monsieur Tric, bédéscope 1951 Les Gars des Flandres, Ed. Bédéscope 1951 Conrad le Hardi, Ed, bédéscope 1952 Barelli à Nusa-Penida 1959 Les Pirates deau douce 1964 Balthazar 1966 Barelli et les agents secrets, Ed. du Lombard 1971 Le Repaire du loup, Ed. Casterman 1972 Barelli et le Bouddha boudant, Ed. du Lombard 1973 Bonne Mine à la mer, Ed. du Lombard 1974 Barelli et le seigneur de Gonobutz 1978 Cori le Moussaillon, Les Espions de la Reine, casterman Bob de Moor biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia
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Modeste et Pompon
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Modeste and Pompon is a Belgian comic series consisting mainly of humorous one-page short stories about a temperamental young man and his girlfriend. Created by André Franquin, it was first published in Tintin magazine on October 19,1955, in 1955 comic-book artist André Franquin got into a dispute with Dupuis, the publishers of Spirou magazine, over financial arrangements concerning his characters. Since Franquin was unable to find the written confirmation of their agreement, he left to join the staff of the rival Tintin magazine, writers who contributed to the series included René Goscinny, Peyo, Greg and even Franquins mother-in-law. Franquin later found the written confirmation and the matter was settled with Dupuis, however, he was on a five-year contract with Tintin and was thus obliged to provide to both magazines, an unusual arrangement in the comic industry. He thus contributed a page to Tintin and a weekly page-and-a-half to Spirou. In 1959 the publishers of Tintin bought the rights to the characters, Franquins obligation to Tintin ended and he stuck to Spirou and Gaston Lagaffe. Modeste et Pompon continued until 1988, handled by other writers and her main occupation is to appeal to him to stay calm. Modeste is a short-tempered young suburbanite who is angered when things go wrong. Franquins period on the strip is seen as a reflection of the fashions of the 1950s. The items Felix tries to sell to Modeste include a TV remote control, the artists who succeeded Franquin updated the fashions to their own time periods and even removed Pompons namesakes from her hair. When the group of boys were first introduced, they were Félixs five cousins, later they became his nephews and numbered four before settling on just three. Franquin only named one of them, Dédé, the boys appear to be identical and wear different-coloured shirts. At one stage Modeste was asked to look after a baby and faced the dilemmas of feeding, changing. This set of stories coincided with the months of the life of Franquins daughter Isabelle. 1955-1959, Franquin 1959-1968, Dino Attanasio 1968-1975, Mitteï1975, Griffo 1976-1984, Dupont 1980-1988, Walli 1981, Eric Footnotes Franquin est Modeste
34.
Franco-Belgian comics
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Franco-Belgian comics are comics that are created for a Belgian and French audience. These countries have a tradition in comics and comic books, where they are known as BDs. In Europe, the French language is spoken not only in France but also by about 40% of the population of Belgium. The shared language creates an artistic and commercial market where national identity is often blurred, Flemish Belgian comic books are influenced by Francophone comics, yet have a distinctly different style, both in art as well as in spirit. Among the most popular Franco-Belgian comics that have achieved international fame are The Adventures of Tintin, Gaston Lagaffe, Asterix, Lucky Luke, the term bandes dessinées is derived from the original description of the art form as drawn strips. It was first introduced in the 1930s, but only became popular in the 1960s, the term bandes dessinées contains no indication of subject matter, unlike the American terms comics and funnies, which imply a humorous art form. Indeed, the distinction of comics as the art is prevalent in Francophone scholarship on the form, as is the concept of comics criticism. The publication of Francis Lacassins book Pour un neuvième art, la bande dessinée in 1971 further established the term and these were humorous short works rarely longer than a single page. In the Francophonie, artists such as Gustave Doré, Nadar, Christophe, in the early decades of the 20th century, comics were not stand-alone publications, but were published in newspapers and weekly or monthly magazines as episodes or gags. Aside from these magazines, the Catholic Church was creating and distributing healthy, in the early 1900s, the first popular French comics appeared, including Bécassine and Les Pieds Nickelés. In the 1920s, after the end of the first world war, Saint-Ogan was one of the first French-speaking artists to fully utilize techniques popularized and formulaized in the USA, such as word balloons. In 1920, the Abbot of Averbode in Belgium started publishing Zonneland, a magazine consisting largely of text with few illustrations, which started printing comics more often in the following years. One of the earliest proper Belgian comics was Hergés The Adventures of Tintin, with the story Tintin in the Land of the Soviets and it was quite different from future versions of Tintin, the style being very naïve and simple, even childish, compared to the later stories. The early stories often featured racist and political stereotypes that Hergé later regretted, the success was immediate, and soon other publishers started publishing periodicals with American series. This continued during the remainder of the decade, with hundreds of magazines publishing mostly imported material, the most important ones in France were Robinson, Hurrah, and Coeurs Vaillants, while Belgian examples include Wrill and Bravo. In 1938, Spirou magazine was launched, Spirou also appeared translated in a Dutch version under the name Robbedoes for the Flemish market. Export to the Netherlands followed a few years later, when Germany invaded France and Belgium, it became close to impossible to import American comics. The occupying Nazis banned American animated movies and comics they deemed to be of a questionable character, both were, however, already very popular before the war and the hardships of the war period only seemed to increase the demand
