1.
Karlsruhe
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Karlsruhe is the second-largest city in the state of Baden-Württemberg, in southwest Germany, near the French-German border. It has a population of 307,755, the city is the seat of the two highest courts in Germany, the Federal Constitutional Court and the Federal Court of Justice. Its most remarkable building is Karlsruhe Palace, which was built in 1715, the city lies at an altitude between 100 m and 322 m. Its geographical coordinates are 49°00′N 8°24′E, the 49th parallel runs through the city centre and its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the Stadtgarten. Almost all of these survived until today. The city centre is the oldest part of town and lies south of the palace in the quadrant defined by nine of the radial streets, the central part of the palace runs east-west, with two wings, each at a 45° angle, directed southeast and southwest. The market square lies on the street running south from the palace to Ettlingen, the area north of the palace is a park and forest. The area west of the palace is now mostly residential, Karlsruhe experiences an oceanic climate and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities. Summers are also hotter than elsewhere in the country and it is one of the sunniest cities in Germany, precipitation is almost evenly spread throughout the year. In 2008, the station in Karlsruhe, which had been operating since 1876, was closed, it was replaced by a weather station in Rheinstetten. A variation of this claims that he built the new palace in order to find peace from his wife. Charles William founded the city on June 17,1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, the founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the palace. Karlsruhe became the capital of Baden-Durlach and in 1771 of the united Baden until 1945, built in 1822, the Ständehaus was the first parliament building in a German State. In the aftermath of the revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected here. Karlsruhe was visited by Thomas Jefferson during his time as the American envoy to France, Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit. In 1860, the international professional convention of chemists, the Karlsruhe Congress, was held in the city. Much of the area, including the palace, was reduced to rubble by Allied bombing during World War II but was rebuilt after the war. Located in the American zone of the post-war Allied occupation, Karlsruhe was home to an American military base, in 1995, the bases closed, and their facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe
2.
West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
3.
Midfielder
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A midfielder is an association football position. Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their teams defenders and forwards, some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role, breaking up attacks, and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders. Others blur the boundaries, being mobile and efficient in passing, they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders, play-makers, box-to-box. The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the teams formation, most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing teams attacks, while others may be tasked with creating goals, or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence. Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match, central or centre midfielders are players whose role is divided roughly equally between attack and defence. When the opposing team has the ball, a midfielder may drop back to protect the goal or move forward. The 4–3–3 and 4–5–1 formations each use three central midfielders, the 4−4−2 formation may use two central midfielders, and in the 4–2–3–1 formation one of the two deeper midfielders may be a central midfielder. The term box-to-box midfielder refers to central midfielders who have abilities and are skilled at both defending and attacking. These players can track back to their own box to make tackles and block shots. A good box-to-box midfielder needs good passing, vision, control, stamina, tackling and marking in defence, left and right midfielders have a role balanced between attack and defence, similar to that of central midfielders, but they are positioned closer to the touchlines of the pitch. They may be asked to cross the ball into the penalty area to make scoring chances for their teammates. Common modern formations that include left and right midfielders are the 4−4−2, the 4−4−1−1, the 4–2–3–1, a notable example of a right midfielder is David Beckham. Defensive midfielders are players who focus on protecting their teams goal. These players may defend a zone in front of their teams defence, defensive midfielders may also move to the full-back or centre-back positions if those players move forward to join in an attack. Sergio Busquets described his attitude, The coach knows that I am an obedient player who likes to help out and if I have to run to the wing to cover someones position, great. A good defensive midfielder needs good positional awareness, anticipation of play, marking, tackling, interceptions, passing and great stamina. A holding or deep-lying midfielder stays close to their teams defence, a player in this role will try to protect their goal by disrupting the opponents attacking moves and stopping long shots on the goal. The holding midfielder may also have responsibilities when their team has the ball and this player will make mostly short and simple passes to more attacking members of their team but may try some more difficult passes depending on the teams strategy
4.
Forward (association football)
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Forwards are the players on an association football team who play nearest to the opposing teams goal, and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals. Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players, modern team formations generally include one to three forwards, for example, the common 4–2–3–1 formation includes one forward. Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards, or none, the centre-forward is often a tall player, typically known as a target man, whose main function is to score the majority of goals on behalf of the team. Most modern centre-forwards operate in front of the strikers or central attacking midfielders. The present role of centre-forward is sometimes interchangeable with that of an attacking midfielder, a centre-forward usually must be strong, to win key headers and outmuscle defenders. The term centre-forward is taken from the football playing formation in which there were five forward players. The number would become synonymous with the centre-forward position. Strikers are known for their ability to peel off defenders and to run into space via the side of the defender and to receive the ball in a good goalscoring position. They are typically fast players with ball control and dribbling abilities. More agile strikers like Michael Owen have an advantage over taller defenders due to their short burst speed, a good striker should be able to shoot confidently with either foot, possess great power and accuracy, and have the ability to pass the ball under pressure in breakaway situations. Deep-lying forwards have a history in the game, but the terminology to describe their playing activity has varied over the years. Originally such players were termed inside forwards, creative or deep-lying centre-forwards, in fact, a coined term, the nine-and-a-half, has been an attempt to become a standard in defining the position. In Italy, this role is known as a rifinitore or seconda punta, whereas in Brazil, it is known as segundo atacante. An outside forward plays as the forward on the right or left wing – as an outside right or outside left. As football tactics have largely developed, and wingers have dropped back to become midfielders, many commentators and football analysts still refer to the wing positions as outside right and outside left. However, in the British game they are counted as part of the midfield. It is a duty to beat opposing full-backs, deliver cut-backs or crosses from wide positions and, to a lesser extent, to beat defenders. They are usually some of the quickest players in the team, in their Dutch, Spanish and Portuguese usage, the defensive duties of the winger have been usually confined to pressing the opposition fullbacks when they have the ball
5.
Karlsruher SC
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Karlsruher SC is a German association football club, based in Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg. KSC rose out of the consolidation of a number of predecessor clubs and they have played in the Bundesliga, but were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga in 1998 and in 2009, in 2012, they were relegated to the 3. Liga through play-offs, and in 2013, they were promoted back to the 2, the most successful of these ancestral clubs was Karlsruher Fussball Club Phönix, formed on 6 June 1894 by dissatisfied members of the gymnastics club Karlsruher Turngemeinde. In 1912, Phönix merged with KFC Alemannia, established in 1897 and it was as Phönix Karlsruhe that the club joined the Gauliga Baden, one of 16 top-flight divisions created in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich. They slipped from the first division for a season in 1936. In the 1943–44 season, Karlsruhe played with Germania Durlach as the wartime side named KSG Phönix/Germania Karlsruhe. After World War II in 1946, Phönix re-emerged to compete in the newly formed first division Oberliga Süd, the club was relegated the following season. Two other threads in the evolution of KSC were the formation of FC Mühlburg in 1905 out of 1, FV Sport Mühlburg and Viktoria Mühlburg, and the merger of FC Germania and FC Weststadt to form VfB Karlsruhe in 1911. FC Mühlburg and VfB Karlsruhe would in turn merge to form VfB Mühlburg in 1933, the group of clubs which came together to form VfB Mühlburg were an undistinguished lot, sharing just one season of upper-league play between them. The new side, however, started to compete in the first-division Gauliga Baden immediately after the league was established in 1933, a lower-table side through the 1930s, VfBs performance improved considerably in the following decade. The Gauliga Baden collapsed in 1944–45 after playing a reduced schedule in which many teams. After the war the club slipped from top-flight competition until earning promotion to the Oberliga Süd in 1947. KFC Phoenix and VfB Mühlburg united to form the Karlsruher Sport-Club Mühlburg-Phönix e. V. on 16 October 1952, in 1955, they beat Schalke 04 3–2 to win the DFB-Pokal, and repeated the success next year with a 3–1 win over Hamburger SV. That season, they made an appearance in the national final. KSC was Oberliga Süd champion in 1956,1958 and 1960, as well as runner-up in the DFB-Pkal in 1960 and their record earned them admission as one of sixteen founding clubs into Germanys new professional football league, the Bundesliga, when it began play in 1963. Karlsruhe struggled in the top flight, never managing better than a 13th-place finish over five seasons before finally being demoted to the second-division Regionalliga Süd. Over the next three seasons, the team earned a first-place finish as well as two second-place finishes there, but were unable to advance in the promotion rounds, after the 1974 formation of the 2
6.
1. FFC Frankfurt
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FFC Frankfurt is a German womens association football club based in Frankfurt, Hesse and has a membership of about 430. The team currently plays in the German first division womens Bundesliga, FFC Frankfurt have won seven German womens football championships, a record nine Frauen DFB-Pokals, and a record four UEFA Womens Champions Leagues. FFC Frankfurt play at the Stadion am Brentanobad, FFC Frankfurt has a rivalry with 1. The club has its origins at the SG Praunheim, at Praunheim a womens football department was established in 1973. The club had no showings at national championship or cup tournaments, in the early 1990s Praunheim achieved mid-table results with a tendency for slight improvements from season to season. Thus Frankfurt qualified for the playoffs for the German football championship for the first time in 1995–96, in the following seasons FFC Frankfurt managed to stay amongst the top clubs in German football, but won no titles. Also during that time they were put behind by local rival FSV Frankfurt. On 1 January 1999 the womens department left Praunheim to form 1, the club had success immediately winning the cup and the championship in their first season. In 1999–2000 Frankfurt won their cup, but lost the championship to FCR Duisburg which in the previous season had finished second only to Frankfurt in both competitions. From 2000 to 2003 Frankfurt won three consecutive doubles while also rising to the pinnacle of European football with a victory in the UEFA Womens Cups inaugury season in 2002, during these years a club from Potsdam had begun to challenge the supremacy of FFC Frankfurt. Thus in 2003–04 Turbine Potsdam won a double of their own, after Turbine had won its own UEFA Cup title in 2005 both clubs met in the final of the UEFA Cup. Thanks to a 4–0 victory at Potsdam in the first leg Frankfurt was able to claim their second European title, the final was attended by a record crowd of 13,100 and even German chancellor Angela Merkel was amongst the spectators. Having conceded the three cup finals to Potsdam Frankfurt won another double in 2006–07, but lost in the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup to Norwegian Kolbotn. Frankfurt won their second treble in the 2007–08, thus becoming the first, the second leg of the final against Umeå was attended by 27,640, a new record attendance for a womens club football game in Europe. Frankfurts performance dropped considerably in the 2008–09 season, a fourth-place finish in the league was the clubs worst performance since a uniform Bundesliga was put into place. Also Frankfurt did not reach the cup final for the first time since 1998, losing in the round to Bayern Munich. In the UEFA Cup Frankfurt was eliminated by FCR2001 Duisburg in the quarter-finals, Frankfurt plays their homegames in the Stadion am Brentanobad, a stadium in the Rödelheim district of Frankfurt they share with the mens team of Rot-Weiss Frankfurt. Stadion am Brentobad is owned by the city of Frankfurt and has a capacity of 5,200 with 1,100 of those being roofed seats, in recent seasons Frankfurt had the highest attendance average in the Bundesliga with more than 1,000 spectators on average
7.
Germany women's national football team
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The Germany womens national football team represents Germany in international womens association football and is governed by the German Football Association. The German national team is one of the most successful in womens football and they are two-time world champions, having won the 2003 and 2007 tournaments. They are also the nation to have won both the mens and womens tournament. The team has won eight of the eleven UEFA European Championships, again, being the only nation to win both the mens and womens European tournament. Germany has won Olympic gold in 2016, after three consecutive bronze medals at the Womens Olympic Football Tournament, finishing third in 2000,2004 and 2008, Birgit Prinz holds the record for most appearances and is the teams all-time leading goalscorer. Prinz has also set records, she has received the FIFA World Player of the Year award three times and is the joint second overall top goalscorer at the Womens World Cup. Womens football was long met with skepticism in Germany, and official matches were banned by the DFB until 1970, however, the womens national team has grown in popularity since winning the World Cup in 2003, as it was chosen as Germanys Sports Team of the Year. The current head coach is Steffi Jones, replacing Silvia Neid who was in charge from 2005 until 2016, as of December 2016, Germany is ranked No.2 in the FIFA Womens World Rankings. In 1955, the DFB decided to forbid womens football in all its clubs in West Germany, in its explanation, the DFB cited that this combative sport is fundamentally foreign to the nature of women and that body and soul would inevitably suffer damage. Further, the display of the body violates etiquette and decency, in spite of this ban, more than 150 unofficial international matches were played in the 1950s and 1960s. On 30 October 1970, the ban on football was lifted at the DFB annual convention. Other football associations had formed official womens national teams in the 1970s. In 1981, DFB official Horst R. Schmidt was invited to send a team to the womens football world championship. Schmidt accepted the invitation but hid the fact that West Germany had no national team at the time. To avoid humiliation, the DFB sent the German club champions Bergisch Gladbach 09, seeing a need, the DFB established the womens national team in 1982. DFB president Hermann Neuberger appointed Gero Bisanz, an instructor at the Cologne Sports College, in September 1982, Bisanz organised two scouting training courses from which he selected a squad of 16 players. The teams first international took place on 10 November 1982 in Koblenz. Following the tradition of the team, Switzerland was chosen as West Germanys first opponent
8.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
9.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
10.
Football at the Summer Olympics
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Association football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games as a mens competition sport, except 1896 and 1932. Womens football was added to the program in 1996. Football was not included on the program at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, however, sources claim that an unofficial football tournament was organized during the first competition, in which an Athens XI lost to a team representing Smyrna, then part of the Ottoman Empire. According to a source, this is an error which has been perpetuated in multiple texts, tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the Intercalated Games of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams. Although the IOC considers the 1900 and 1904 tournaments to be official Olympic events, they are not recognized by FIFA, neither recognizes the Intercalated Games today. In 1906 teams from Great Britain, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France withdrew from a competition and left Denmark, Smyrna, Athens. Denmark won the final against Athens 9–0, in the London Games of 1908 a proper international tournament was organised by the Football Association, featuring just six teams. The number of rose to eleven in 1912, when the competition was organised by the Swedish Football Association. Many of these matches were unbalanced, as evidenced by high scoring games. All players were amateurs, in accordance with the Olympic spirit, the National Olympic Committee for Great Britain and Ireland asked the Football Association to send an English national amateur team. Some of the English members played with clubs, most notably Derby Countys Ivan Sharpe, Bradford City F. C. Harold Walden. England won the first two official tournaments convincingly, beating Denmark both times, in the 1924 and 1928 Olympic games, the first South American teams entered the competition, Uruguay and Argentina. Football returned to controversy at the 1936 Berlin Games, the German organisers were intent on the return of the game to the Olympic movement since it guaranteed income into the organisations coffers. The Italian team intimidated a referee, peru scored a contested victory over Austria in overtime, with a fan invasion of the field at the very end. The Austrian team asked for the result to be annulled, FIFA agreed, the Peruvian team refused and left the Olympics. As professionalism spread around the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened, the countries that benefited most were the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. Between 1948 and 1980,23 out of 27 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with only Sweden, Denmark, for the 1984 Los Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players. Since 1992 male competitors must be under 23 years old, and since 1996, players under 23 years old, with three over-23 year old players, are allowed per squad
11.
2000 Summer Olympics
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It was the second time that the Summer Olympics were held in Australia, and also the Southern Hemisphere, the first being in Melbourne, Victoria, in 1956. Sydney was selected as the host city for the 2000 games in 1993, the United States won the most medals with 93, while Australia came in 4th with 58. The games cost was estimated to be A$6.6 billion, the Games received universal acclaim, with the organisation, volunteers, sportsmanship and Australian public being lauded in the international media. Bill Bryson from The Times called the Sydney Games one of the most successful events on the world stage, admit there can never be a better Olympic Games, and be done with it, as Sydney was both exceptional and the best. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch and these were also the second Olympic Games to be held in spring. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by Russia, several World and Olympic records were broken during the games. With little or no controversies, the games were deemed successful with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world. The Australian city of Melbourne had lost out to Atlanta for the 1996 Summer Olympics four years earlier, the Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics at USD5 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 90% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Sydney 2000 compares with a cost of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. In 2000, the Auditor-General of New South Wales reported that the Sydney Games cost A$6.6 billion, many venues were constructed in the Sydney Olympic Park, which failed in the years immediately following the Olympics to meet the expected bookings to meet upkeep expenses. In the years leading up to the games, funds were shifted from education and it has been estimated that the economic impact of the 2000 Olympics was that A$2.1 billion has been shaved from public consumption. Economic growth was not stimulated to a net benefit and in the years after 2000, in the years after the games, infrastructure issues have been of growing concern to citizens, especially those in the western suburbs of Sydney. Proposed rail links to Sydneys west have been estimated to cost in the order of magnitude as the public expenditure on the games. Although the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony was not scheduled until 15 September, among the pre-ceremony fixtures, host nation Australia lost 1–0 to Italy at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the main stadium for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. The opening ceremony began with a tribute to the Australian pastoral heritage of the Australian stockmen and it was produced and filmed by Sydney Olympic Broadcasting Organisation and the home nation broadcaster, Channel 7. This was introduced by a rider, Steve Jefferys
12.
Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics
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The football tournament at the 2000 Summer Olympics started on 13 September. The mens tournament is played by U-23 national teams, with up to three over age players allowed per squad, article 1 of the tournament regulations states, The Tournaments take place every four years, in conjunction with the Summer Olympic Games. The associations affiliated to FIFA are invited to participate with their mens U-23, * Hindmarsh Stadium only used during the Mens tournament. Temporary seating was added for the games, official website Olympic Football Tournaments Sydney 2000 - Men, FIFA. com Olympic Football Tournaments Sydney 2000 - Women, FIFA. com
13.
2004 Summer Olympics
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10,625 athletes competed, some 600 more than expected, accompanied by 5,501 team officials from 201 countries. There were 301 medal events in 28 different sports, Athens 2004 marked the first time since the 1996 Summer Olympics that all countries with a National Olympic Committee were in attendance. 2004 marked the return of the games to the city where they began, a new medal obverse was introduced at these Games, replacing the design by Giuseppe Cassioli that had been used since the 1928 Games. This rectified the long lasting mistake of using a depiction of the Roman Colosseum rather than a Greek venue, the new design features the Panathenaic Stadium. The cost of the 2004 Athens Summer Games has been cited as a contributor to the Greek government-debt crisis, some of the venues lie vacant and rotting, while others are in use, the Independent newspaper reports as many as 21 out of 22 are unused. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by China, several World and Olympics records were broken during the games. Several concerns were raised over the preparations of the Games and these included excessive budget overruns, infrastructural compromise, the games were deemed generally successful with the rising standard of competition amongst nations across the world. Athens was chosen as the host city during the 106th IOC Session held in Lausanne on 5 September 1997, Athens had lost its bid to organize the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta nearly seven years before on 18 September 1990, during the 96th IOC Session in Tokyo. 1996 coincided with the 100th Anniversary of the first modern Olympics, under the direction of Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki, Athens pursued another bid, this time for the right to host the Summer Olympics in 2004. After leading all voting rounds, Athens easily defeated Rome in the 5th, cape Town, Stockholm, and Buenos Aires, the three other cities that made the IOC shortlist, were eliminated in prior rounds of voting. Six other cities submitted applications, but their bids were dropped by the IOC in 1996 and these cities were Istanbul, Lille, Rio de Janeiro, San Juan, Seville, Saint Petersburg and Cali. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games cost the Government of Greece €8.954 billion to stage, the Athens 2004 Organizing Committee, responsible for the preparation and organisation of the games, concluded its operations as a company in 2005 with a surplus of €130.6 million. ATHOC contributed €123.6 million of the surplus to the Greek State to cover other related expenditures of the Greek State in organizing of the games, as a result, ATHOC reported in its official published accounts a net profit of €7 million. The State’s contribution to the total ATHOC budget was 8% of its expenditure against an originally anticipated 14%, the overall revenue of ATHOC, including income from tickets, sponsors, broadcasting rights, merchandise sales etc. totalled €2,098.4 million. The largest percentage of income came from broadcasting rights. The overall expenditure of ATHOC was €1,967.8 million. e, the large projects required for the upgrade of the country’s infrastructure, including sports infrastructure, roads, airports, hospitals, power grid etc. This cost, however, is not directly attributable to the organisation of the Games. Such infrastructure projects are considered by all standards as fixed asset investments that stay with the hosting country for decades after the Games
14.
Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics
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The football tournament at the 2004 Summer Olympics started on 11 August, and ended on 28 August. The tournaments take place four years, in conjunction with the Summer Olympic Games. The associations affiliated to FIFA are invited to participate with their mens U-23, the mens tournament allows up to three overage players to join the U-23 squads. The mens tournament was won by Argentina, coached by Marcelo Bielsa, the Golden Boot was won by Argentinas Carlos Tevez. The womens tournament was won by the United States. com Olympic Football Tournaments Athens 2004 - Women, FIFA. com Olympics, Olympic Football Tournament 2004
15.
2008 Summer Olympics
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A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees competed in 28 sports and 302 events. China became the 22nd nation to host the Olympic Games and the 18th to hold a Summer Olympic Games. It was the time that the Summer Olympic Games were held in East Asia and Asia, after Tokyo, Japan, in 1964 and Seoul, South Korea. Beijing was awarded the Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001, the Government of the Peoples Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transportation systems. A total of 37 venues were used to host the events, the official logo of these Olympic Games, titled Dancing Beijing, refers to the host city by featuring a stylized calligraphic character jīng. The Games were the second most watched Olympics in history, attracting 4.7 billion viewers worldwide, there were 43 world records and 132 Olympic records set at the 2008 Summer Olympics. An unprecedented 86 countries won at least one medal during the Games, Chinese athletes won the most gold medals with 51, and with 100 medals in total became only the 7th different Olympic team to top an overall medal tally. The United States won the most total medals with 110, the games were deemed highly successful with the rising standard of competition among nations across the world. Beijing was elected as the host city for the 2008 Summer Olympics on 13 July 2001, during the 112th IOC Session in Moscow, defeating bids from Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka. Prior to the session, five other cities had submitted bids to the IOC, after the first round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the other four candidates. Osaka received only six votes and was eliminated, in the second round, Beijing was supported by a majority of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds. Torontos bid was their 5th failure since 1960, the size of China, its increased enforcement of doping controls, and sympathy concerning its loss of the 2000 Summer Olympics to Sydney were all factors in the decision. Eight years earlier, Beijing had led every round of voting for the 2000 Summer Olympics before losing to Sydney by two votes in the final round. Human rights concerns expressed by Amnesty International and politicians in both Europe and the United States were considered by the delegates, according to IOC Executive Director François Carrard, Carrard and others suggested that the selection might lead to improvements in human rights in China. In addition, a number of IOC delegates who had formerly been athletes expressed concern about heat and air quality during the Games, China outlined plans to address these environmental concerns in its bid application. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics at USD6.8 billion in 2015-dollars and this includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e. g. The Beijing Olympics cost of USD6.8 billion compares with costs of USD4.6 billion for Rio 2016, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion. They went on to claim that revenues from the Games would exceed the original target of $16 million
16.
Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics
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Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held in Beijing and several other cities in the Peoples Republic of China from 6 to 23 August. Associations affiliated with FIFA were invited to send their full national teams. Mens teams were allowed to augment their squad with three players over the age of 23, for these games, the men competed in a 16-team tournament, and the women in a 12-team tournament. Preliminary matches commenced two days before the Opening Ceremony of the Games on 8 August, archived from the original on 10 August 2006. Programme of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008, archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Olympic Football Tournaments Beijing 2008 – Men, FIFA. com Olympic Football Tournaments Beijing 2008 – Women, FIFA. com RSSSF
17.
Football (soccer)
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
18.
FIFA World Player of the Year
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The FIFA World Player of the Year was an association football award presented annually by the sports governing body, FIFA, since 1991. Originally an honour bestowed on the worlds best male player, it was awarded to both sexes from 2001, and from 2010 presented exclusively to the best female player. Coaches and captains of international teams and media representatives selected the player they deem to have performed the best in the calendar year. During the mens era, Brazilian players won 8 out of 19 years, in terms of individual players, Brazil again led with five, followed by Italy and Portugal with two each. The youngest winner was Ronaldo, who won at 20 years old in 1996, and the oldest winner was Fabio Cannavaro, Ronaldo and Zinedine Zidane each won the award three times, while Ronaldo and Ronaldinho were the only players to win in successive years. From 2010 to 2015, the equivalent mens award was the FIFA Ballon dOr, eight female players – three Germans, three Americans, one Brazilian, and one Japanese – have won the award. Marta, the youngest recipient at age 20 in 2006, has won five successive awards, birgit Prinz won three times in a row and Mia Hamm won twice in a row. The oldest winner is Nadine Angerer, who was 35 when she won in 2013, the winners are chosen by the coaches and captains of national teams as well as by international media representatives invited by FIFA. In a voting system based on voting, each voter is allotted three votes, worth five points, three points and one point, and the three finalists are ordered based on total number of points. Following criticism from sections of the media over nominations in previous years. Source, From 2010 to 2015, the worlds best player was awarded the FIFA Ballon dOr, in 2016, FIFA created The Best FIFA Mens Player to honour the best player around the world. Source, In 2016, FIFA created The Best FIFA Womens Player award instead, Ballon dOr FIFA Ballon dOr The Best FIFA Football Awards FIFPro World XI
19.
Marta (footballer)
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Marta Vieira da Silva, commonly known as Marta, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for the Orlando Pride in the National Womens Soccer League and the Brazil national team as a forward. Marta is often regarded as the best female player of all time and she was named FIFA World Player of the Year five consecutive times between 2006 and 2010. She was a member of the Brazilian national teams that won the medal at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics. In January 2013 she was named as one of the six Ambassadors of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, alongside Amarildo, Bebeto, Carlos Alberto Torres, Ronaldo and she also appeared in the Sveriges Television television documentary series The Other Sport from 2013. In August 2016, Marta was one of the 8 to carry the Olympic Flag in the Olympic Games in Rio, as of 14 March 2017, Marta has become a Swedish citizen. Shes stated that shell keep her Brazilian citizenship, Marta was discovered by well-known Brazilian female coach, Helena Pacheco, when she was only 14 years old. After playing for the CSA youth team, Marta started her career at Vasco da Gama in 2000. After two years, she was transferred to Santa Cruz, a club in Minas Gerais. Marta joined Umeå IK prior to the 2004 season during which Umeå reached the final of the UEFA Cup, in the league, despite amassing a total of 106 goals, which was 32 more than the Champions, Umeå finished second, beaten by a single point by Djurgården. Marta scored 22 league goals, and also got on the scoresheet at the cup final against Djurgården and her second season ended with Marta scoring 21 goals and with Umeå winning the league, having gone undefeated. Once again, Umeå were beaten by Djurgården in the cup losing by a score of 3–1 in the final, in 2006, Umeå once again won the league without losing, and Marta, as in the previous year, was the leagues top scorer with 21 goals. Umeå cruised to an 11–1 aggregate win over Norwegian side Kolbotn FK in the UEFA Womens Cup, for the third time in a row, she was on the losing side in the Swedish cup final when her side were defeated 3–2 by Linköpings FC. Marta scored 25 goals in the league finishing one goal behind the top scorer Lotta Schelin, in the UEFA Womens Cup they reached the final for the fourth time but suffered a disappointment, losing 1–0 on aggregate to Arsenal. The 2008 season saw Umeå and Marta win another Swedish championship title, both players denied this to be true. Martas life and football prowess was depicted in the 2005 Swedish Television documentary Marta – Pelés kusin. Of her signing, she said, For me the most important thing is to be in a place where the best players in the world are playing, the American League is being considered one of the best in the world, so I had to come now. Marta was the top scorer for the 2009 season with ten goals. The Sol were regular season champions and reached the WPS Championship Final, in January 2010, the Sol ceased operations and the rights to Marta and her teammates were made available in the 2010 WPS Dispersal Draft
20.
Brazil women's national football team
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The Brazil womens national football team represents Brazil in international womens association football. Brazil played their first game on July 22,1986 against the United States, the team finished the 1999 World Cup in the third place and the 2007 in second, losing to Germany in the final, 2–0. In 1998 and 1999, the team was the runner-up of the Womens U. S. Cup, Brazil won the silver medal twice in the Olympic Games, in 2004 and 2008, after getting fourth place in the two previous editions. Brazil is the most successful national team in South America. Since 1999 they have been contenders for the World title, the following 24 players were called up for the friendly game against Bolivia. Head coach, Emily Lima Caps and goals are current as of December 18,2016 after match against Italy, CONCACAF Womens Gold Cup Torneio Internacional de Futebol Feminino Algarve Cup As of 24 June 2016, Counted for the FIFA A-level matches only. Brazil national football team Official website FIFA profile
21.
Kristine Lilly
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Kristine Marie Lilly Heavey, née Kristine Marie Lilly, is a retired American soccer player who last played professionally for Boston Breakers in Womens Professional Soccer. Lilly scored 130 goals for the United States womens national team, behind Mia Hamms 158 goals, Lilly attended Wilton High School in Wilton, Connecticut. While still attending school, Lilly became a member of the United States womens national team. She was recruited by, and eventually chose to attend, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lilly competed as a student-athlete, playing for the universitys North Carolina Tar Heels womens soccer team from 1989 to 1992. During her time there, she won the NCAA Womens Soccer Championship every year she played and she won the Hermann Trophy as a junior in 1991. To honor her time with the school, North Carolina retired her #15 jersey in 1994, Lilly began her career with Tyresö FF of Sweden in 1994. She spent one season with the club returning to the United States. On August 20,1995, Lilly joined Washington Warthogs of the now-defunct Continental Indoor Soccer League and she was the only woman in the all-male professional indoor league, following in the footsteps of Collette Cunningham and Shannon Presley who had played in the league sparingly in 1994. Lilly joined W-League side Delaware Genies in 1998, with the club, she appeared in four games, scoring five goals and two assists. February 2001 saw the formation of the worlds first womens soccer league in which all the players were paid. Womens United Soccer Association had its season in 2001. Lilly was the captain and a founding member of Boston Breakers. In her first season with the team, she appeared in all twenty-one matches and she led the league in assists with eleven and added an additional three goals. For her performance, she was named First Team All-WUSA, in 2002 she started in a further nineteen games. She increased her point total for the season, scoring eight goals and she was again named First Team All-WUSA and was a starter on the WUSA North All-Star Team. Following the 2003 season, the WUSA ceased operations, following the termination of the league, Lilly followed former Boston Breakers head coach Pia Sundhage to Sweden to play for Damallsvenskan club KIF Örebro DFF in 2005. There she was joined by fellow USWNT teammate Christie Welsh as well as USWNT, in late-2006 and early-2007, the formation of a new womens league took shape under the name of Womens Professional Soccer. On September 16,2008, Lilly was allocated to Boston Breakers along with USWNT teammates Angela Hucles, the inaugural 2009 Womens Professional Soccer season saw Lilly appear in all twenty games and score three goals with three assists
22.
United States women's national soccer team
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The United States womens national soccer team represents the United States in international soccer competitions at the senior level. It is governed by United States Soccer Federation and competes in CONCACAF, the team is the most successful in international womens soccer, winning three Womens World Cup titles, four Olympic womens gold medals, seven CONCACAF Gold Cup wins, and ten Algarve Cups. It medaled in every single World Cup and Olympic tournament in soccer history from 1991 to 2015, before being knocked out in the quarterfinals of the 2016 Olympics. The team is currently ranked No,1, moving back into the position on July 10,2015, due to its victory in the 2015 World Cup. The team played its first match at the Mundialito tournament on August 18,1985, coached by Mike Ryan, the U. S. teams first major victory came at the 1991 World Championship. The U. S. cruised to lopsided victories in the quarterfinals and semifinals, michelle Akers was the teams leading scorer with 10 goals, including the teams both goals in the final, and Carin Jennings won the Golden Ball as the tournaments best player. Julie Foudy, Kristine Lilly, and the 1999 team started a revolution towards womens sports in America. Arguably their most influential and memorable victory came in the 1999 World Cup when they defeated China 5–4 in a penalty following a 0–0 draw after extended time. With this win they emerged onto the stage and brought significant media attention to womens soccer. On July 10,1999, over 90,000 people filled the Rose Bowl to watch the United States play China in the Final. After a back and forth game, the score was tied 0–0 at full-time, with Briana Scurrys save of Chinas third kick, the score was 4–4 with only Brandi Chastain left to shoot. She scored and won the game for the United States and this win influenced girls to want to play soccer on a team. In the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup, the U. S. defeated Norway 1–0 in the quarterfinals, the team then defeated Canada 3–1 to claim third place. Abby Wambach was the top scorer with three goals, Joy Fawcett and Shannon Boxx made the tournaments all-star team. At the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup, the U. S. defeated England 3–0 in the quarterfinals, the U. S. recovered to defeat Norway to take third place. Abby Wambach was the leading scorer with 6 goals. In the quarterfinal of the 2011 Womens World Cup in Germany, Abby Wambachs goal in the 122nd minute to tie the game 2–2 has been voted the greatest goal in U. S. soccer history and the greatest goal in Womens World Cup history. The U. S. then beat France 3–1 in the semifinal, Hope Solo was named the tournaments best goalkeeper, and Abby Wambach won the silver ball as the tournaments second best player
23.
UEFA Women's Champions League
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The UEFA Womens Champions League is an international womens association football club competition for teams that play in UEFA nations. The competition was first played in 2001–02 under the name UEFA Womens Cup, FFC Frankfurt is the most successful club in the competitions history, winning the title four times. The UEFA Womens Cup was a football competition for European clubs. The competition was started in the 2001–02 season in response to the increased interest in womens football and it is sometimes called the Womens European Cup, given its status as the only UEFA club competition for women. Teams qualify by virtue of winning their top national competition, be it a league or cup, teams were then divided into eight groups of four. The groups were played again as mini-tournaments at a location over the course of five days. The group winners advanced to the quarter-finals. The knock-out rounds were played as two-legged and that included the final which was only played as a single leg in 2002. For the 2004–05 season the group stage was played in four groups with the top two advancing to the quarter-finals. That resulted in qualifying groups. On 11 December 2008, UEFA announced that the competition would be reformatted and renamed to the UEFA Womens Champions League. As in the game, the new tournament aims to include runners-up of the top womens football leagues in Europe. On 31 March 2008 UEFA confirmed that the eight top countries according to the UEFA league coefficient between 2003–04 and 2007–08 would be awarded two places in the new Womens Champions League. Due to coefficient changes ahead of 2010–11, Iceland gained a place in the top eight, in 2012–13, Norway regained its top-eight place at Icelands expense. Then, for 2013–14, Austria replaced Norway in the top eight, the Czech Republic replaced Austria in the top eight for 2014–15. In the current edition the Czech Republic itself is replaced by Spain, also in 2012–13, the berth for Englands champion passed from the Womens Premier League to the countrys new top level, the WSL. The title holder has the right to enter if they do not qualify through their domestic competition, the competition is open to the champions of all 54 UEFA associations. However, not all associations have or have had a womens league, for instance Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino and Gibraltar have never participated
24.
Frauen-Bundesliga
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The Allianz Frauen-Bundesliga is the main league competition for womens association football in Germany. In 1990 the German Football Association created the German Womens Bundesliga and it was first played with north and south divisions, but in 1997 the groups were merged to form a uniform league. The league currently consists of teams and the seasons usually last from late summer to the end of spring with a break in the winter. In the UEFA Womens Champions League, the Frauen-Bundesliga is the most successful league with a total of nine titles from four clubs, FFC Frankfurt winning the most titles of any club. In the Bundesliga are twelve teams, at the end of a season the clubs finishing 11th and 12th are replaced with the winners of the two 2. A Bundesliga season consists of two rounds with 22 games combined, in a round every club plays against each other, having a home game against a specific club in one round and an away game in the other. The seasons typically start in August or September, with the first round finishing in December, the second round typically starts in February and ends in May or June, though sometimes the first games of the second round are held in December. Also due to the interference of World Cups the league might in certain years be suspended for a month, the team in the 1st spot after the 22nd day of play is the champion, gaining the title of Deutscher Meister. The champion as well as the second-place finisher qualifies for the UEFA Womens Champions League, as the winner of the UEFA Womens Champions League is automatically qualified for the UEFA Womens Champions League in the next year, in 2009–10 the Bundesliga had three teams in the Champions League. The Bundesliga ranking is determined by points a club has gained during a season, a win is worth 3 points, a draw 1, and a loss 0. The tiebreakers are in descending order goal difference, goals for, if the tie cannot be broken a tiebreaking game is held. For German football champions prior to the Bundesliga see the List of German womens football champions,1 Two runners-up finishes as SG Praunheim. 2 One runners-up finishes as FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen, German womens football champions Womens German Cup German Football Association section on womens football
25.
DFB-Pokal (women)
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The DFB-Pokal or Frauen DFB-Pokal is the main national womens football cup competition in Germany, thus the female counterpart to the DFB-Pokal. It was created in 1980, and since 1991 includes Eastern teams as well, the most recent champions are VfL Wolfsburg. FFC Frankfurt has won the most titles with nine, the final has, with the exception of the 1983 final, always been held on the same day prior to the mens final. Since 1985 the final has thus been held in Berlin, in 2010 the final will for the second time be held in a different city, Cologne, as a test to move the final permanently to a different place than the mens final. All clubs from the Bundesliga and the 2nd Bundesliga are allowed to compete in the cup as are the clubs which gained promotion to the 2nd Bundesliga, also the winners of the regional cup competitions compete in the cup. As an exception to rules, clubs second teams are not allowed to participate in the DFB-Pokal. Of the qualified teams, not all have to compete in the first round, the teams that do not have to compete in the first round are the best finishers from the previous Bundesliga season, the number again determined by the number of entrants to the tournament. The pairings for round one, two, and three are not entirely random as there is a commission allocating the clubs to two or four groups as they see fit and these groups correspond with the regional provenance of the clubs. In the third round the commission can not to allocate the contestants to any groups. Within those groups the clubs are separated, this time depending on the league they play in. For the draw, clubs from the Bundesligas are put in one pot, non-Bundesliga clubs automatically have home advantage against clubs from the Bundesligas. All games are held over two 45-minute halves with the advancing to the next round. In case of a draw, the game gets an extended by two 15-minute halves, if the score is still level after 120 minutes the winner is decided by penalty shootout. In the final no extra time is added in case of a draw after 90 minutes, before the reunification of Germany the cup competition included teams from West Germany only. Note, Runner-up of VfL Wolfsburg as VfR Eintracht Wolfsburg Official pages at the DFB List of Cup Finals at rsssf. com
26.
FIFA Women's World Cup
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The competition has been held every four years since 1991, when the inaugural tournament, then called the Womens World Championship, was held in China. Under the tournaments current format, national teams vie for 23 slots in a qualification phase. The tournament proper, alternatively called the World Cup Finals, is contested at venues within the host nation over a period of one month. The seven FIFA Womens World Cup tournaments have been won by four different national teams, including the United States, the current champion is the United States, after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup. Twelve national teams took part in the competition – four from UEFA, the tournament saw European champion Norway defeat Sweden 1–0 in the final to win the tournament, while Brazil clinched third place by beating the hosts in a penalty shootout. The competition was deemed a success and on 30 June FIFA approved the establishment of an official World Cup, again, twelve teams competed, this time culminating in the United States beating Norway in the final 2-1. In the 1999 edition, one of the most famous moments of the tournament was American defender Brandi Chastains victory celebration after scoring the Cup-winning penalty kick against China. She took off her jersey and waved it over her head, showing her muscular torso, the 1999 final in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California had an attendance of 90,185, a world record for a womens sporting event. The 1999 and 2003 Womens World Cups were both held in the United States, in 2003 China was supposed to host it, but the tournament was moved because of SARS. As compensation, China retained its automatic qualification to the 2003 tournament as host nation, germany hosted the 2011 FIFA Womens World Cup, as decided by vote in October 2007. In March 2011, FIFA awarded Canada the right to host the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup, the 2015 edition saw the field expand from 16 to 24 teams. Christie Rampone is the oldest player to play in a Womens World Cup match. In March 2015, FIFA awarded France the right to host the 2019 FIFA Womens World Cup over South Korea, the final tournament has featured between twelve and twenty-four national teams competing over about one month in the host nation. There are two stages, the stage followed by the knockout stage. In the group stage, teams are drawn into groups of four teams each, each group plays a round-robin tournament, in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group. The last round of matches of group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams. In the 2015 24-team format, the two teams finishing first and second in group and the four best teams among those ranked third qualify for the round of 16. Points are used to rank the teams within a group, since 1994, three points have been awarded for a win, one for a draw and none for a loss
27.
UEFA Women's Championship
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The competition is the womens equivalent of the UEFA European Championship. The predecessor tournament to the UEFA Womens Championship began in the early 1980s, with increasing popularity of womens football, the competition was given European Championship status by UEFA around 1990. Only the 1991 and 1995 editions have used as European qualifiers for a FIFA Womens World Cup, starting in 1999. Eight UEFA Womens Championships have taken place, preceded by 3 editions of the earlier European Competition for Representative Womens Teams, the most recent holding of the competition was the 2013 Womens Euro hosted by Sweden in July 2013. The 1984 Finals was won by Sweden, Norway won in the 1987 Finals. Since then, the UEFA Womens Championship has been dominated by Germany, germanys 2013 win was their sixth in a row. The tournament was played as a four team event. The 1997 edition was the first that was played with eight teams, the third expansion happened in 2009 when 12 teams participated. From 2017 onwards 16 teams will compete for the championship
28.
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup
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Originally, China was to host the 2003 Womens World Cup, but the outbreak of SARS in that country forced that event to be moved to the United States. FIFA immediately granted the 2007 event to China, which means no new host nation was chosen competitively until the voting was held for the 2011 Womens World Cup. The tournament opened with a match in Shanghai, as Germany beat Argentina 11–0 to register the biggest win. The tournament ended with Germany defeating Brazil 2–0 in the final, the Germans became the first national team in FIFA Womens World Cup history to obtain two consecutive titles. The venues selected to host the competition are, Numerous TV stations across the world provide coverage of the tournament, one notable example is the Chinese-language channel CCTV-5 which is available as a free internet feed through TVUnetworks. The best three performing UEFA teams will qualify for the Olympics, originally it was thought that, should England make the top three European teams, they would compete under the United Kingdom banner. However, on 6 September 2007, FIFA issued a press release indicating that England are ineligible to participate in the 2008 Olympics as England does not have its own Olympic Committee. For the determination of the only first through fourth place. If there is a need to make a distinction between teams eliminated in the quarterfinal or between teams eliminated in the group phase these teams meet in a play-off match. In no case will the points or goals count for teams eliminated before the semi-final, Germany and Norway qualified for the Olympics at the World Cup, whereas Denmark and Sweden had to enter a play-off for the third Olympics spot. Sweden won both legs of the playoffs with a total of 7−3 agg. to qualify for the Olympics, the group draw took place on 22 April 2007 in Wuhan after the completion of the qualifying rounds. FIFA automatically seeded the host and defending champions, slotting China and Germany into Group D and Group A, the FIFA Womens World Ranking for March 2007 was used to determine the teams to occupy the other seeded positions, B1 and C1. United States were ranked first, Germany second and Norway third, so the United States and Norway were also seeded. Also, no two teams from the confederation could draw each other, except for those from UEFA. The same four teams were drawn together in Group A in the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup, on occasion the USA. Also in 2015 The United States and Sweden would meet in the group of death again and this time it was with Nigeria and Australia as group mates. The four teams were paired in the same group in 2003. The following awards were given for the tournament, Marta of Brazil won the Golden Shoe award for scoring seven goals, in total,111 goals were scored by 64 different players, with three of them credited as own goals. com FIFA Technical Report
29.
Kerstin Stegemann
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Kerstin Stegemann is a former female footballer from Germany. Born in Rheine-Mesum, she made her debut at age 15 in 1993. Within two years, she made her first appearance for the German national team, playing in an 13 April 1995 match against Poland. Along with Birgit Prinz and Bettina Wiegmann, she is one of only three German women with more than 150 caps, having reached that mark in a 23 November 2006 match against Japan and she also holds a team record with 61 consecutive international matches played. Stegemann retired in 2010 with 191 international appearances and eight goals to her credit
30.
Doris Fitschen
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Doris Fitschen is a retired German football midfielder. Together with Martina Voss and Silvia Neid, she is considered the most successful German womens soccer player, having won seven national titles, Fitschen competed for Germany at the 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics. Fitschen signed for the Womens United Soccer Association ahead of the season in 2001. She was allocated to Philadelphia Charge and scored the teams first ever goal in a 2–0 win at San Diego Spirit on 22 April 2001, despite missing the final part of the season with a career-ending wrist injury, Fitschen was named WUSA Defensive Player of the Year. Fitschens senior debut for the West German national team came on 4 October 1986 and she scored her first international goal in the same game after entering play as a substitute. At the 1989 European Competition for Womens Football, Fitschen was an important part of the team who claimed West Germanys first major trophy, UEFA named her the tournaments Golden Player. Following her retirement Fitschen received an achievement award from UEFA
31.
Martina Voss-Tecklenburg
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Martina Voss-Tecklenburg is a retired German football midfielder, currently coaching the Swiss national team. She previously coached FCR2001 Duisburg and FF USV Jena, together with Doris Fitschen and Silvia Neid, she is considered one of the most successful German womens soccer players, having won seven national titles and six DFB trophies. After the end of her career as a player, Voss-Tecklenburg worked as a team manager for the Oberliga club SV Straelen. Full-time as a PE teacher association, she takes care of female teams in the Lower Rhine. She is also editor of the womens football magazine „FF“. From 12 February 2008 to 17 February 2011 she was the coach of FCR2001 Duisburg. With Duisburg, Voss-Tecklenburg won the UEFA Womens Cup in 2009 and her contract was ended on 17 February 2011. In June 2011 she signed a contract at Bundesliga side FF USV Jena. On 1 October 2009, she married the contractor Herman Tecklenburg, from a previous relationship she has a daughter
32.
Heidi Mohr
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Heidi Mohr is a former German footballer. As a footballer she was renowned for her speed and her ability to shoot with both feet, in 1999 she was voted Europes Footballer of the Century. Heidi Mohr played in the Bundesliga for TuS Ahrbach, TuS Niederkirchen and she was top scorer in the Bundesliga for 5 consecutive years from 1991 to 1995. Heidi Mohrs debut was against Norway on May 19,1986 and she had 104 appearances for Germanys national team and won the 1989 and 1991 Womens EURO. She scored 8 times at European Championships and 10 times at World Cups, with 83 career goals she was Germanys all time top scorer until Birgit Prinz overtook her in 2005. Mohrs last game was on September 29,1996 against Iceland
33.
Silvia Neid
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Silvia Neid is a retired professional football player and manager. She is one of the most successful players in German womens football, having won seven national championships, between 2005 and 2016, Neid served as the head coach of the Germany womens national football team. She was the FIFA World Womens Coach of the Year in 2010 and 2013, Neids career as a player began at SV Schlierstadt, later renamed to Klinge Seckach. She stayed with the club until 1983 when she signed up with SSG Bergisch Gladbach and she won the double with SSG in 1984, but moved to TSV Siegen after a title-less 1985 season. The club enjoyed its most successful years during Neids tenure, winning six championships, when Gerd Neuser stopped coaching Siegen in 1994, Neid requested a transfer to SG Praunheim, but the club refused. Neid retired after the 1996 season, as a German international, Neid made her debut on 10 November 1982 against Switzerland. She scored two goals in the match, the first of which came just one minute after she had entered the pitch, Neid won the UEFA Womens Championship three times in succession between 1989 and 1995, and reached the final of the 1995 FIFA Womens World Cup. Her last game was at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta against Brazil, immediately after retiring from active football, Neid took a coaching job with the German womens national team. She managed the team, which won the 2004 World Championship. Neid served as assistant manager of the national team under Tina Theune-Meyer. She coached the team to victory at the 2007 FIFA Womens World Cup, defeating Brazil 2–0 in the final, Neid stepped down as head coach in August 2016
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Captain (association football)
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The team captain is usually identified by the wearing of an armband. The only official responsibility of a captain specified by the Laws of the Game is to participate in the toss prior to kick-off. Contrary to what is said, captains have no special authority under the Laws to challenge a decision by the referee. However, referees may talk to the captain of a side about the general behaviour when necessary. At an award-giving ceremony after a fixture like a cup competition final, any trophy won by a team will be received by the captain who will also be the first one to hoist it. The captain also generally leads the teams out of the room at the start of the match. The captain generally provides a point for the team, if morale is low. Captains may join the manager in deciding the first team for a certain game, in youth or recreational football, the captain often takes on duties, that would, at a higher level, be delegated to the manager. A club captain is usually appointed for a season, if he is unavailable or not selected for a particular game, then the club vice-captain will be appointed to perform a similar role. The match captain is the first player to lift a trophy should the team win one, a good example of this was in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final when match captain Peter Schmeichel lifted the trophy for Manchester United as club captain Roy Keane was suspended. In the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final, match captain Frank Lampard jointly lifted the trophy for Chelsea with club captain John Terry, a club may appoint two distinct roles, a club captain to represent the players in a public relations role, and correspondent on the pitch. After Neville retired in 2011, regular starter Nemanja Vidić was named as club captain, são Paulos Rogério Ceni is the player who has worn the captains armband the most times. A vice-captain is a player that is expected to captain the side when the captain is not included in the starting eleven, or if, during a game. Examples include Manuel Neuer succeeding Philipp Lahm at Bayern Munich, Marcelo attaining from Sergio Ramos at Real Madrid C. F, gary Cahill being the understudy of John Terry at Chelsea FC and Lionel Messi taking over from Andrés Iniesta at FC Barcelona. Similarly, some clubs also name a 3rd captain to take the role of captain when both the captain and vice-captain are unavailable, during the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Germany had three captains. Michael Ballack had skippered the team since 2004, including the successful qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup. Lahm ended up becoming the permanent captain of Germany, as Ballack was never called up for the national team
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Katja Kraus
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Katja Kraus is a German former footballer and the first German woman to be a board member of a Fußball-Bundesliga club, Hamburger SV. Kraus was born in Offenbach am Main, and graduated in Frankfurt in politics and she won the German championship with FSV Frankfurt three times, in 1985–86, 1994–95 and 1997–98, and the DFB cup four times, in 1989–90, 1991–92, 1994–95 and 1995–96. The three championships were also the only German championships won by FSV Frankfurt and she was also in the German squad for the Summer Olympics in 1996, but was an unused substitute for all three matches, Manuela Goller playing in goal each time. She played her last game on 28 May 1998, Kraus joined Eintracht Frankfurt as a press speaker in June 1998, after she had worked on a few PR projects for Adidas during her studies. In October 1988, she joined Sportfive as head of corporate communications, in December 2007, her contract and the contract of Bernd Hoffmann were extended to December 2011. However, these contracts were terminated in March 2011, in March 2017 she married Katrin Suder. After leaving Hamburger SV, Kraus wrote a book, Macht - Geschichten von Erfolg und Scheitern ISBN 978-3-10-038504-8 about power
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Pia Wunderlich
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Pia Wunderlich is a German football midfielder. FFC Frankfurt, and has selected for the German national team. Germany World Cup, winner 2003, runner-up 1995 European Champion, FFC Frankfurt and the German national team
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Birgit Prinz
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Birgit Prinz is a retired German female professional association football player. FFC Frankfurt and on the German national team, Prinz remains one of the games most prolific strikers and is the second FIFA Womens World Cup all-time leading scorer with 14 goals. She was named FIFA World Player of the Year in 2003,2004 and 2005, on 12 August 2011, she announced the end of her active career. She currently works as a sport psychologist for the male and female teams of 1, Prinz began her career at SV Dörnigheim FC. She made her Bundesliga debut for FSV Frankfurt, where she played from 1993 to 1998, during that time Prinz won two Bundesliga titles and two German Cups. In 1997 and 1998 she was the Bundesliga top scorer, in 1998, she moved to local rivals 1. FFC Frankfurt, where she has had her biggest success at club level, in 13 seasons at the club, Prinz won six Bundesliga and eight German Cup titles. She also won the Bundesliga top-scorer award twice more in 2001 and 2007, Prinz won the UEFA Womens Cup three times with Frankfurt, in the 2001–02, 2005–06 and 2007–08 seasons. She also reached the final in 2004, but lost to the Swedish side Umeå IK, for two seasons, Prinz joined Carolina Courage in the professional womens league WUSA in the United States. During her short stint in America she claimed the 2002 WUSA Championship. After the 2003 World Cup, Prinz declined an offer from AC Perugia to play in Italys mens Serie A, fearing her transfer would be used as a publicity stunt and she would end up on the bench. In her time at FFC Frankfurt, Prinz won many personal awards and she was named the FIFA World Player of the Year in 2003,2004 and 2005. For four consecutive years from 2007 to 2010 she came second, behind Brazils Marta, at the age of 16, Prinz made her debut for Germanys national team in July 1994 against Canada. She came on after 72 minutes and scored the game-winner in the 89th minute, one year later, she won her first major title at the 1995 European Championship, scoring in the final. In the same year, she was names to Germanys squad for the 1995 FIFA Womens World Cup and she remains the youngest player ever to appear in a World Cup Final. For the next decade, Prinz had one of the most successful careers in womens football. She won four more UEFA European Championships in 1997,2001,2005 and 2009, at the Summer Olympics she won bronze three times with the German team, in 2000,2004 and 2008. At the 2003 FIFA Womens World Cup, Prinz helped Germany win its first World Cup title in the womens game and she was honoured as the tournaments best player and top-scorer
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Tina Wunderlich
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Tina Wunderlich is a German former football defender. FFC Frankfurt, and was capped for the Germany womens national football team, Wunderlich retired from football in 2010, after a long career with 1. FFC Frankfurt which yielded seven Frauen Bundesliga titles and seven Frauen DFB Pokal cups and she also collected winners medals in three editions of what is now the UEFA Womens Champions League. She made her debut for the senior Germany national team on 25 September 1994, in 1995 she was part of the German squad which finished runners – up in the Womens World Cup, playing in one match against Brazil. Her final appearance came against China in March 2003, sister Pia also played in the match
