1.
Voodoo (aircraft)
–
Voodoo is a highly modified North American P-51 Mustang that was the 2013,2014 and 2016 Unlimited-class champion of the Reno Air Races. The pilot for these wins was Steven Hinton, Jr. of Chino, the P-51D-25-NA was built in 1944 by North American Aviation at Inglewood, California, for the United States Army. The aircraft was transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force as a Mustang IV with serial number 9289 in February 1951. In February 1951, it went down at Richmond, Virginia, again, in February 1962, the aircraft crashed. In March 1977, the aircraft suffered yet another crash, according to the summarized National Transportation Safety Board narrative from report number SEA77FYE12, There were 2 fatalities. Incident occurred at Olympia Municipal Airport, Olympia, Washington, the aircraft Ground looped or water swerved during the takeoff run. Stalled or mushed during the initial climb, FAA examiner remarks include, Partially completed dual control modification. In 1980, the aircraft was sold to William A. Speer, of La Mesa, California, in 1988, it made its first restored flight. It first raced as #45, then as #55 using the name Pegasus, the plane was sold at auction in December 1994. Bob Button of Button Transportation Inc, wellington, Nevada, owned the plane from 1995 to 1998. He renamed it Voodoo Chile, and raced it as #55, in 1998, the highly modified P-51 raced at the National Championship Air Races in Reno. In 2007, Bob Button retired from air racing after a malfunction. In 2013, Voodoo, still owned by Bob Button, was raced at Reno by Steven Hinton, Jr. who won the gold trophy
Voodoo (aircraft)
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Voodoo
Voodoo (aircraft)
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"Voodoo", the P-51 Mustang, at the 2014 Reno Air Races on the morning of Sunday, September 14, 2014
Voodoo (aircraft)
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Voodoo in a hangar at the 2014 Reno Air Races
2.
P-51 Mustang
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The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American long-range, single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber used during World War II, the Korean War and other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in 1940 by North American Aviation in response to a requirement of the British Purchasing Commission, the Purchasing Commission approached North American Aviation to build Curtiss P-40 fighters under license for the Royal Air Force. Rather than build an old design from another company, North American Aviation proposed the design, the prototype NA-73X airframe was rolled out on 9 September 1940,102 days after the contract was signed, and first flew on 26 October. The Mustang was originally designed to use the Allison V-1710 engine and it was first flown operationally by the RAF as a tactical-reconnaissance aircraft and fighter-bomber. The addition of the Rolls-Royce Merlin to the P-51B/C model transformed the Mustangs performance at altitudes above 15,000 ft, the P-51 was also used by Allied air forces in the North African, Mediterranean, Italian and Pacific theaters. During World War II, Mustang pilots claimed to have destroyed 4,950 enemy aircraft, despite the advent of jet fighters, the Mustang remained in service with some air forces until the early 1980s. After the Korean War, Mustangs became popular civilian warbird and air racing aircraft, in April 1940 the British government established a purchasing commission in the United States, headed by Sir Henry Self. Self was given responsibility for Royal Air Force production and research and development, and also served with Sir Wilfrid Freeman. Self also sat on the British Air Council Sub-committee on Supply and one of his tasks was to organize the manufacturing and supply of American fighter aircraft for the RAF. At the time, the choice was limited, as no U. S. aircraft then in production or flying met European standards. The Curtiss-Wright plant was running at capacity, so P-40s were in short supply, North American Aviation was already supplying its Harvard trainer to the RAF, but was otherwise underutilized. NAA President Dutch Kindelberger approached Self to sell a new medium bomber, instead, Self asked if NAA could manufacture the Tomahawk under license from Curtiss. Kindelberger said NAA could have an aircraft with the same engine in the air sooner than establishing a production line for the P-40. In March 1940,320 aircraft were ordered by Sir Wilfred Freeman who had become the head of the Ministry of Aircraft Production. The NA-73X, which was designed by a led by lead engineer Edgar Schmued, followed the best conventional practice of the era. One was a wing designed using laminar flow airfoils which were developed co-operatively by North American Aviation and these airfoils generated very low drag at high speeds. The results of this test showed the superiority of the wing designed with the NAA/NACA 45–100 airfoils, the other feature was a new cooling arrangement that reduced the cooling drag. It was later discovered that, after lot of development, the assembly could take advantage of the Meredith Effect
P-51 Mustang
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P-51 Mustang
P-51 Mustang
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North American NA-73X; note the short carburetor air intake scoop and the frameless, rounded windscreen. On the production Mustang Mk Is the latter was replaced with a three-piece unit incorporating a bullet resistant windscreen
P-51 Mustang
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XP-51 41-039, one of two Mustang Mk Is handed over to the USAAC for testing
P-51 Mustang
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P-51D 374th Fighter Squadron. This is an early D-model, without the fin strake; 75 gallon (284-litre) drop tanks are on the wing racks.
3.
Reno Stead Airport
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The airport is owned by the Reno Tahoe Airport Authority. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 categorized it as a general reliever airport. Although most U. S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned RTS by the FAA, Reno/Stead Airport does not have regularly scheduled service, but functions as a general aviation reliever for the nearby Reno/Tahoe International Airport. The airport is used by the Bureau of Land Management as a base for fire fighting aircraft, in the late 1960s Reno Stead Airport was operated by the Ag Aviation Academy. Since 1964, it has been home to the National Championship Air Races, also known as the Reno Air Races and it was the launch site of Earthwinds balloon system in the early 1990s, which attempted and failed multiple times to circumnavigate the globe. Reno/Stead Airport covers an area of 5,000 acres at an elevation of 5,050 feet above sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces, 14/32 is 9,000 by 150 feet and 8/26 is 7,608 by 150 feet. For the 12-month period ending November 1,2011, the airport had 71,000 aircraft operations, at that time there were 114 aircraft based at this airport, 75% single-engine, 11% military, 6% multi-engine, 6% jet, 1% glider, and 1% ultralight. Reno-Tahoe International Airport List of airports in Nevada Reno-Stead Airport page at Reno/Tahoe International Airport web site Reno Air Racing Association Diagram of Reno/Stead Airport
Reno Stead Airport
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Reno Stead airport Tower and Operations center
Reno Stead Airport
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USGS 2006
orthophoto
Reno Stead Airport
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Reno Stead airport
4.
Reno, Nevada
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Reno is a city in the U. S. state of Nevada. It is in Northern Nevada, approximately 22 miles from Lake Tahoe, known as The Biggest Little City in the World, Reno is famous for its casinos and as the birthplace of Caesars Entertainment Corporation. It is the county seat of Washoe County, in the part of the state. The city sits in a desert at the foot of the Sierra Nevada. Archaeological finds place the border for the prehistoric Martis people in the Reno area. As early as the mid 1850s a few settled in the Truckee Meadows. Gold was discovered in the vicinity of Virginia City in 1850, and a modest mining community developed, to provide the necessary connection between Virginia City and the California Trail, Charles W. Fuller built a log toll bridge across the Truckee River in 1859. A small community that would service travelers soon grew up near the bridge, after two years, Fuller sold the bridge to Myron C. Lake, who continued to develop the community with the addition of a grist mill, kiln, in 1864, Washoe County was consolidated with Roop County, and Lakes Crossing became the largest town in the county. Lake had earned himself the founder of Reno. Lake deeded land to the CPRR in exchange for its promise to build a depot at Lakes Crossing, once the railroad station was established, the town of Reno officially came into being on May 9,1868. CPRR construction superintendent Charles Crocker named the community after Major General Jesse Lee Reno, in 1871, Reno became the county seat of the newly expanded Washoe County, replacing the previous county seat, located in Washoe City. However, political power in Nevada remained with the communities, first Virginia City and later Tonopah. The extension of the Virginia and Truckee Railroad to Reno in 1872 provided a boost to the new citys economy. Despite this, Nevada is still the third-largest gold producer in the world, after South Africa and Australia, the Reno Arch was erected on Virginia Street in 1926 to promote the upcoming Transcontinental Highways Exposition of 1927. The arch included the words Nevadas Transcontinental Highways Exposition and the dates of the exposition. After the exposition, the Reno City Council decided to keep the arch as a permanent downtown gateway, no acceptable slogan was received until a $100 prize was offered, and G. A. Burns of Sacramento was declared the winner on March 14,1929, with Reno, The Biggest Little City in the World
Reno, Nevada
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Reno aerial September 12, 2014
Reno, Nevada
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The
Overland Limited at Reno in 1913
Reno, Nevada
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Downtown Reno
Reno, Nevada
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Dog Valley, west of Reno, an area of active faulting
5.
Air racing
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The first heavier-than-air air race was held on May 23,1909 - the Prix de Lagatinerie, at the Port-Aviation airport south of Paris, France. Léon Delagrange who covered slightly more than half of the ten 1. 2-kilometre laps was declared the winner, some other minor events were held before the Grande Semaine dAviation de la Champagne in August 22–29,1909 at Reims, France. This was the first major international flying event, drawing the most important aircraft makers and pilots of the era, as well as celebrities and royalty. The premier event — the first Gordon Bennett Trophy competition — was won by Glenn Curtiss, Curtiss was named Champion Air Racer of the World. The first air race in the United States was held at Dominguez Field, just south of Los Angeles, from January 10 to 20,1910, organized by pilots A. Roy Knabenshue and Charles Willard. Funding was raised from railroad magnate Henry Huntington and the Los Angeles Merchants, william Randolph Hearst carried coverage of the event in his Los Angeles Examiner, and hired a hot air balloon with a promotional parse touting his newspaper. The event attracted 43 entrants, of which 16 appeared and it was there that aviation pioneer and military pilot Jimmy Doolittle, then thirteen, saw his first airplane. In 1913 the first Schneider Trophy seaplane race was held, of the 48 aircraft that started,33 would complete the double crossing of the continent. In 1921, the United States instituted the National Air Meets, in 1929, the Womens Air Derby, nicknamed the Powder Puff Derby, became a part of the National Air Races circuit. The National Air Races lasted until 1949, the Cleveland Air Races was another important event. In 1947, an All-Woman Transcontinental Air Race, also dubbed the Powder Puff Derby was established, in 1934, the MacRobertson Air Race from England to Australia took place with the winning de Havilland Comet flown by C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black. The National Championship Air Races were soon moved to the Reno Stead Airport and have held there every September since 1966. The five-day event attracts around 200,000 people, and includes racing around courses marked out by pylons for six classes of aircraft, Unlimited, Formula One, Sport Biplane, AT-6, Sport and Jet. It also features civil airshow acts, military flight demonstrations, numerous other venues across the United States, Canada, and Mexico have also hosted events featuring the smaller Formula One and Biplane classes. In 1970, American Formula One racing was exported to Europe, also in 1970, the California 1000 Air Race started at the Mojave Airport with a 66 lap unlimited air race that featured a Douglas DC-7 with one aircraft completing the circuit. Red Bull has created a series called the Red Bull Air Race World Championship in which competitors fly individually between pairs of pylons, while performing prescribed maneuvers, usually held over water near large cities, the sport has attracted large crowds and renewed media interest in air racing. Aero GP has multiple aircraft racing together pik around pylons, and is based in Europe where it has held an air race each year since 2005. Powered paragliding or paramotor races have been organized by the Parabatix Sky Racers with the first occurring on 4 September 2010 in an airfield in Montauban, restricting aircraft to a specific type or design creates a competition that focuses on pilot skill
Air racing
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T 6 Gold Start passing the finish pylon at the 2014
Reno Air Races
Air racing
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North American T-6 Texan race start 2014 Reno Air Races
Air racing
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Start formation Formula One Racer 2014 Reno Air Races
Air racing
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Air racing in England: the
Red Bull Air Race heat held at Kemble airfield, Gloucestershire. The aircraft fly singly, and have to pass between pairs of pylons
6.
Aircraft
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An aircraft is a machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the lift of an airfoil. The human activity that surrounds aircraft is called aviation, crewed aircraft are flown by an onboard pilot, but unmanned aerial vehicles may be remotely controlled or self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be classified by different criteria, such as type, aircraft propulsion, usage. Each of the two World Wars led to technical advances. Consequently, the history of aircraft can be divided into five eras, Pioneers of flight, first World War,1914 to 1918. Aviation between the World Wars,1918 to 1939, Second World War,1939 to 1945. Postwar era, also called the jet age,1945 to the present day, aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low-density gas such as helium, hydrogen, or hot air, which is less dense than the surrounding air. When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, a balloon was originally any aerostat, while the term airship was used for large, powered aircraft designs – usually fixed-wing. In 1919 Frederick Handley Page was reported as referring to ships of the air, in the 1930s, large intercontinental flying boats were also sometimes referred to as ships of the air or flying-ships. – though none had yet been built, the advent of powered balloons, called dirigible balloons, and later of rigid hulls allowing a great increase in size, began to change the way these words were used. Huge powered aerostats, characterized by an outer framework and separate aerodynamic skin surrounding the gas bags, were produced. There were still no fixed-wing aircraft or non-rigid balloons large enough to be called airships, then several accidents, such as the Hindenburg disaster in 1937, led to the demise of these airships. Nowadays a balloon is an aerostat and an airship is a powered one. A powered, steerable aerostat is called a dirigible, sometimes this term is applied only to non-rigid balloons, and sometimes dirigible balloon is regarded as the definition of an airship. Non-rigid dirigibles are characterized by a moderately aerodynamic gasbag with stabilizing fins at the back and these soon became known as blimps. During the Second World War, this shape was adopted for tethered balloons, in windy weather
Aircraft
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NASA test aircraft
Aircraft
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The
Mil Mi-8 is the
most-produced helicopter in history
Aircraft
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"Voodoo" a modified P 51 Mustang is the 2014 Reno Air Race Champion
Aircraft
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A hot air
balloon in flight
7.
Ovoid
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An oval is a closed curve in a plane which loosely resembles the outline of an egg. The term is not very specific, but in areas it is given a more precise definition. In common English, the term is used in a broader sense, the three-dimensional version of an oval is called an ovoid. The term oval when used to describe curves in geometry is not well-defined, many distinct curves are commonly called ovals or are said to have an oval shape. Generally, to be called an oval, a plane curve should resemble the outline of an egg or an ellipse, the adjectives ovoidal and ovate mean having the characteristic of being an ovoid, and are often used as synonyms for egg-shaped. In the theory of planes, an oval is a set of n +1 points in a projective plane of order n. An ovoid in the projective geometry PG is a set of q2 +1 points such that no three points are collinear. At each point of an all the tangent lines to the ovoid lie in a single plane. The shape of an egg is approximated by long half of a spheroid, joined to a short half of a roughly spherical ellipsoid. These are joined at the equator and sharing a principal axis of rotational symmetry, although the term egg-shaped usually implies a lack of reflection symmetry across the equatorial plane, it may also refer to true prolate ellipsoids. It can also be used to describe the 2-dimensional figure that, if revolved around its major axis, in technical drawing, an oval is a figure constructed from two pairs of arcs, with two different radii. The arcs are joined at a point in which lines tangential to both joining arcs lie on the line, thus making the joint smooth. Any point of an oval belongs to an arc with a constant radius, but in an ellipse, in common speech, oval means a shape rather like an egg or an ellipse, which may be two-dimensional or three-dimensional. It also often refers to a figure that resembles two semicircles joined by a rectangle, like a cricket infield, speed skating rink or an athletics track, however, this is more correctly called a stadium or archaically, an oblong. Sometimes, it can refer to any rectangle with rounded corners. The shape lends its name to many well-known places, ellipse Stadium Vesica piscis – a pointed oval
Ovoid
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A chicken egg is a naturally occurring ovoid
Ovoid
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This oval, with only one axis of symmetry, resembles a chicken egg.
8.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
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Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
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Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
9.
Stead Air Force Base
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Stead Air Force Base was a former United States Army Air Forces and United States Air Force base that operated in northwestern Nevada from 1942 to 1966. After its closure, the site was reopened as Reno Stead Airport and it was located in Washoe County, north of Reno. The base was used for survival training by the Strategic Air Command. Reno Army Air Base was originally assigned to the Second Air Force of the U. S. Army Air Forces in October 1942 during World War II. The 3d Operational Training Unit, Ferrying Division, Air Transport Command assumed command of the base on 7 June 1943 until it was disbanded in 1944, the 585th Army Air Force Base Unit was designated as the host unit on 31 March 1944. On 28 September 1945 ATC shut down training, and the base was placed on temporary inactive status 20 October 1945. In April 1948, the 192d Fighter Squadron, Nevada Air National Guard, in December 1949, 1st Lt. Croston Stead, a Reno native, lost his life when his P-51 Mustang crashed at the base during a flying training mission. In January 1951, the base was named Stead Air National Guard Base in his honor, Stead Air Force Base was established by the United States Air Force at the airfield in 1951, when it was determined that the Sierra Nevada and forests would be suitable for survival training. The USAF Survival School and 3904th Composite Wing moved to the base from Camp Carson, Colorado, after a number of name changes, the survival training school became the 3637th Combat Crew Training Squadron. In January 1958, a group of instructor pilots from Randolph AFB. On 15 July 1958, the 3635th Crew Training Wing was redesignated as the 3635th Flying Training Wing, in 1960 and 1962, astronauts were trained in desert survival by the 3637th Combat Crew Training Squadron and then helicoptered to a location near the Carson Sink for further training. In 1959 a Semi-Automatic Ground Environment Data Center was established at Reno AFB, reADS was inactivated on 1 April 1966 as part of an ADC consolidation and reorganization, and its units were reassigned to the 28th Air Division. During the summer and fall of 1958, the USAF Helicopter School was moved from Randolph AFB to Stead AFB, the base provided ample facilities and an unencumbered airspace in which to operate the flying training mission. The base had recently undergone a large building project of all new Capehart family housing which lent well to the accompanying military families. Pilots would undergo training in the H-19 Chickasaw and Piasecki H-21 Workhorse/Shawnee helicopters, the syllabus would contain basic transition training and instruments as well as advanced operational techniques in high altitude confined area and mountain operations. Training in the HH-43 Huskie was also introduced as that airframe entered the USAF inventory, pilots from all fixed-wing and rotary-wing backgrounds would also attend the USAF Survival School at Stead in preparation for operational assignments. Flying training was conducted at Stead as well as an airfield, Sky Ranch. A number of unprepared ridgetop and pinnacle landing spots at altitudes up to 8,100 feet were located on Peavine Mountain directly south of the base
Stead Air Force Base
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Kaman HH-43B Huskie helicopter
10.
Skip Holm
–
Skip James Holm is a retired pilot who lives in Calabasas, California. Holm claims to hold the record for combat flight hours,1,172. He retired from the U. S. Air Force Reserve in 1992 and he logged his combat hours flying F-105s and F-4s in the Vietnam War. After three tours of duty in Vietnam, he joined Lockheed Skunk Works and test piloted the experimental, Holm participated in the Reno Air Races since 1981. He has won in the Unlimited class of piston-engined aircraft in 1984,2000,2002 and 2003, Holm performed as stand-in pilot in The Right Stuff and Hot Shots. Robert Gandt, Fly Low Fly Fast, Inside the Reno Air Races Official site Skip Holm at the Internet Movie Database
Skip Holm
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P-51D Dago Red piloted by Holm at the 2004
Reno Air Races
11.
North American P-51 Mustang
–
The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American long-range, single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber used during World War II, the Korean War and other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in 1940 by North American Aviation in response to a requirement of the British Purchasing Commission, the Purchasing Commission approached North American Aviation to build Curtiss P-40 fighters under license for the Royal Air Force. Rather than build an old design from another company, North American Aviation proposed the design, the prototype NA-73X airframe was rolled out on 9 September 1940,102 days after the contract was signed, and first flew on 26 October. The Mustang was originally designed to use the Allison V-1710 engine and it was first flown operationally by the RAF as a tactical-reconnaissance aircraft and fighter-bomber. The addition of the Rolls-Royce Merlin to the P-51B/C model transformed the Mustangs performance at altitudes above 15,000 ft, the P-51 was also used by Allied air forces in the North African, Mediterranean, Italian and Pacific theaters. During World War II, Mustang pilots claimed to have destroyed 4,950 enemy aircraft, despite the advent of jet fighters, the Mustang remained in service with some air forces until the early 1980s. After the Korean War, Mustangs became popular civilian warbird and air racing aircraft, in April 1940 the British government established a purchasing commission in the United States, headed by Sir Henry Self. Self was given responsibility for Royal Air Force production and research and development, and also served with Sir Wilfrid Freeman. Self also sat on the British Air Council Sub-committee on Supply and one of his tasks was to organize the manufacturing and supply of American fighter aircraft for the RAF. At the time, the choice was limited, as no U. S. aircraft then in production or flying met European standards. The Curtiss-Wright plant was running at capacity, so P-40s were in short supply, North American Aviation was already supplying its Harvard trainer to the RAF, but was otherwise underutilized. NAA President Dutch Kindelberger approached Self to sell a new medium bomber, instead, Self asked if NAA could manufacture the Tomahawk under license from Curtiss. Kindelberger said NAA could have an aircraft with the same engine in the air sooner than establishing a production line for the P-40. In March 1940,320 aircraft were ordered by Sir Wilfred Freeman who had become the head of the Ministry of Aircraft Production. The NA-73X, which was designed by a led by lead engineer Edgar Schmued, followed the best conventional practice of the era. One was a wing designed using laminar flow airfoils which were developed co-operatively by North American Aviation and these airfoils generated very low drag at high speeds. The results of this test showed the superiority of the wing designed with the NAA/NACA 45–100 airfoils, the other feature was a new cooling arrangement that reduced the cooling drag. It was later discovered that, after lot of development, the assembly could take advantage of the Meredith Effect
North American P-51 Mustang
–
P-51 Mustang
North American P-51 Mustang
–
North American NA-73X; note the short carburetor air intake scoop and the frameless, rounded windscreen. On the production Mustang Mk Is the latter was replaced with a three-piece unit incorporating a bullet resistant windscreen
North American P-51 Mustang
–
XP-51 41-039, one of two Mustang Mk Is handed over to the USAAC for testing
North American P-51 Mustang
–
P-51D 374th Fighter Squadron. This is an early D-model, without the fin strake; 75 gallon (284-litre) drop tanks are on the wing racks.
12.
Homebuilt machines
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Homebuilt machines are machines built outside of specialised workshops or factories. This can include different things such as kit cars or homebuilt computers, homebuilt aircraft or kit cars are constructed by amateurs. Homebuilt computers have built at home for a long time. A century later, Konrad Zuse built his own machine when electromechanical relay technology was widely available, the hobby took off with the early development of microprocessors and, since then, many enthusiasts have constructed their own computers. A homebuilt vehicle is a concept than a kit car. A homebuilt vehicle is a vehicle built by an individual instead of a manufacturer. These machines may be constructed from scratch, from plans, or from assembly kits, Amateur radio homebrew – Homebrew is an Amateur radio slang term for home-built, noncommercial radio equipment. Amateur telescope making – The field of amateur telescope making is considered an offshoot of the astronomy community. Amateur telescope makers, as their name implies, are not paid professionals and they build their telescopes for the enjoyment of the hobby, or so they can make a personal contribution to the field of astronomy. Dune buggy- popular method of building a dune buggy involves construction of a frame from steel tubing formed and welded together. The advantage of this method is that the fabricator can change parts of the vehicle. Buggies of this type are called sandrails because of the rail frame, sandrails, as with the VW Bug, often have the engine located behind the driver. Sizes can vary from a small engined one seat size to 4 seat, sandrails can have panels or custom shaped body coverings over the rails and tubing that comprise the vehicle, though many are left bare. Amateur rocketeers have been responsible for significant research into hybrid rocket motors, and have built and flown a variety of solid, liquid, on May 17,2004 Civilian Space eXploration Team successfully launched the first amateur high-power rocket into space, achieving an altitude of 72 miles. Stitch and glue is a boat building method which uses plywood, epoxy glue. Plywood panels are cut to detailed profiles and stitched together to form a hull shape. This technique is called tack and tape, and stitch
Homebuilt machines
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A hand-crafted, coal-fired, 1:8 scale
2-10-0 'live steam' locomotive in
7 1⁄4 in (184 mm) gauge, built in 14,000 hours over a period of 15 years.
Homebuilt machines
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Custom made dune buggy
Homebuilt machines
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A typical wood and fabric construction amateur-built, the
Bowers Fly Baby.
Homebuilt machines
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A
Pietenpol Air Camper under construction, showing the wooden frame structure that will be covered with aircraft fabric.
13.
Aero L-39 Albatros
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The Aero L-39 Albatros is a high-performance jet trainer aircraft developed in Czechoslovakia by Aero Vodochody. It was designed during the 1960s as a replacement for the Aero L-29 Delfín as a training aircraft. The L-39 Albatros has the distinction of being the first of the second-generation jet trainers to be produced, the type was widely exported to a wide range of international operators as a military trainer. The L-39 Albatros later served as the basis for the updated L-59 Super Albatros, a further development of the design, designated as the L-159 ALCA, entered production in 1997. To date, more than 2,800 L-39s have served with over 30 air forces around the world. The Albatros is the most widely used jet trainer in the world, in addition to performing basic and advanced pilot training, the design never received a NATO reporting name. At the Farnborough Airshow in July 2014, Aero Vodochody announced the launch of the L-39NG and this aircraft was to serve as a replacement for the Aero L-29 Delfín, an early jet-powered trainer, as a principal training aircraft. Vlcek envisioned the type, a twin-seat single-engine aircraft, being adopted as the primary trainer throughout the Warsaw Pact nations, on 4 November 1969, the L-39 conducted its maiden flight, for which it was piloted by Rudolf Duchoň, the factorys test pilot. Serial production of the model of the L-39, designated L-39C. In 1974, the first L-39 trainer entered service with the Czechoslovakian Air Force, several specialised variants of the base L-39 design were quickly introduced. In 1972, a target tug variant, the L-39V. In 1975, the first L-39ZO training/light combat model, which was equipped with four underwing hardpoints as well as a wing and modified landing gear. According to aerospace publication Flight International, roughly 200 L-39s were being sold each year upon the jet trainer market during the late 1980s, in 1996, production of the L-39 came to an end. One of the replacements for the L-39 Albatros was the Aero L-159 Alca, originally, Aero Vodochody had intended to develop the L-159 in partnership with Elbit, but the Czech Ministry of Defense instead selected Rockwell Collins to partner on the program. The L-39NG replaces the AI-25 turbofan with a Williams FJ44 engine, the airframe is modified, the fuel tanks being eliminated. First flight is planned during 2016, with starting in 2018. The L-39 Albatros was designed to be a cost-effective jet-powered trainer aircraft and it could be readily flown from austere airstrips such as frozen lakebeds, enabled through the rugged design of the landing gear and favourable low landing speeds. As a training platform, the L-39 itself comprised part of a system which also used flight simulators
Aero L-39 Albatros
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L-39 Albatros
Aero L-39 Albatros
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Civil L-39 in fictional Soviet 84th Light Strike Squadron markings
Aero L-39 Albatros
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An Aero L-39 Albatros of the
Breitling Jet Team
Aero L-39 Albatros
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A civil L-39 at the 2014
Reno Air Races
14.
Robert L. Gibson
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Born October 30,1946, in Cooperstown, New York, but considers the Lakewood area of east Long Beach, California, to be his hometown. On May 30,1981, he married fellow astronaut, Dr. M. Rhea Seddon of Murfreesboro, Tennessee and he enjoys home-built aircraft, Formula One Air Racing, Unlimited Class Air Racing, running and surfing during his free time. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from California Polytechnic State University in 1969, Gibson entered active duty with the Navy in 1969. He received basic and primary training at Naval Air Station Pensacola and Naval Air Station Saufley Field, Florida. He is a graduate of the Navy Fighter Weapons School, also known as TOPGUN, Gibson returned to the United States and an assignment as an F-14A instructor pilot with Fighter Squadron 124 at Naval Air Station Miramar. Selected as a NASA astronaut, he continued to be promoted, eventually achieving the rank of Captain in the U. S. Navy and the rank at which he retired from active naval service. Charles F. Bolden, his copilot on STS-61-C, described Gibson, everyone else gets into an airplane, John and Hoot wear their airplane. Gibsons flight experience included over 6,000 hours in over 50 types of civil and he holds an airline transport pilot license. In 2006 he was required to stop flying for the airlines because he reached his 60th birthday and he still holds a multi-engine and instrument rating. He has held a pilot rating since age 17. Gibson has also completed over 300 carrier landings, selected by NASA in January 1978, Gibson became an astronaut in August 1979. Gibson flew five missions, STS-41-B in 1984, STS-61-C in 1986, STS-27 in 1988, STS-47 in 1992, Gibson served as Chief of the Astronaut Office and as Deputy Director, Flight Crew Operations. On his first space flight Gibson was the pilot on the crew of STS 41-B which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, the flight accomplished the deployment of two Hughes 376 communications satellites which later failed to reach desired geosynchronous orbits due to upper-stage rocket failures. The STS 41-B mission marked the first checkout of the Manned Maneuvering Unit, the German Shuttle Pallet Satellite, Remote Manipulator System, six Getaway Specials, and materials processing experiments were included on the mission. The eight-day orbital flight of Challenger culminated in the landing at the Kennedy Space Center on February 11,1984. Gibson was the commander of the STS-61-C mission, the seven-man crew on board the Orbiter Columbia launched from the Kennedy Space Center on January 12,1986. During the six-day flight the crew deployed the SATCOM Ku satellite and conducted experiments in astrophysics, the mission concluded with a successful night landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on January 18,1986. Gibson subsequently participated in the investigation of the Space Shuttle Challenger accident, as the commander of STS-27, Gibson and his five-man crew launched from the Kennedy Space Center on December 2,1988, aboard the Orbiter Atlantis
Robert L. Gibson
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Robert L. Gibson
Robert L. Gibson
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The famous photo showing McCandless using the
MMU. It was Gibson who took the photo and later remarked imagining about the caption being "NASA Photo by Hooter"
STS-41-B in 1984
Robert L. Gibson
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Hawker Sea Fury aka September Fury race 232
15.
Bob Hoover
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Robert Anderson Bob Hoover was an air show pilot, United States Air Force test pilot, and fighter pilot. Known as the pilot, Hoover revolutionized modern aerobatic flying and has been referred to in many aviation circles as one of the greatest pilots ever to have lived. Hoover learned to fly at Nashvilles Berry Field while working at a grocery store to pay for the flight training. He enlisted in the Tennessee National Guard and was sent for training with the Army. During World War II, Hoover was sent to Casablanca, where his first major assignment was flight testing the aircraft ready for service. He was later assigned to the Spitfire-equipped 52d Fighter Group in Sicily and he spent 16 months at the German prison camp Stalag Luft 1 in Barth, Germany. He was assigned to flight-test duty at Wilbur Wright Field after the war, there he impressed and befriended Chuck Yeager. When Yeager was later asked whom he wanted for flight crew for the supersonic Bell X-1 flight, Hoover became Yeagers backup pilot in the Bell X-1 program and flew chase for Yeager in a Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star during the Mach 1 flight. He also flew chase for the 50th anniversary of the Mach 1 flight in a General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, Hoover left the Air Force for civilian jobs in 1948. During his six weeks in Korea, Hoover flew many combat bombing missions over enemy territory, during the 1950s, Hoover visited many active-duty, reserve, and Air National Guard units to demonstrate planes capabilities to their pilots. Hoover flew flight tests on the FJ-2 Fury, F-86 Sabre, in the early 1960s, Hoover began flying the North American P-51 Mustang at air shows around the country. The Hoover Mustang was purchased by North American Aviation from Dave Lindsays Cavalier Aircraft Corp. in 1962, Hoover demonstrated the Mustang and later the Aero Commander at hundreds of air shows until his retirement in the 1990s. In 1997, Hoover sold Ole Yeller to his good friend John Bagley of Rexburg, Ole Yeller still flies frequently and is based at the Legacy Flight Museum in Rexburg. Hoover showed the strength of the plane as he put the aircraft rolls, loops, and other maneuvers. As a grand finale, he shut down both engines and executed a loop and an eight-point hesitation slow roll as he headed back to the runway and he touched down on one tire, then the other, before landing. After pulling off the runway, he would start engines to taxi back to the parking area, shortly before his revocation, Hoover experienced serious engine problems in a North American T-28 Trojan off the coast of California. During his return to Torrance, he was able to keep the engine running intermittently by constantly manipulating the throttle, mixture, the engine seized at the moment of touchdown. Hoover believed his successful management of this difficult emergency should have convinced the FAA that he hadnt lost any ability, meanwhile, Hoover was granted a pilots license, and medical certificate, by Australias aviation authorities
Bob Hoover
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Bob Hoover at the final launch of
SpaceShipOne in 2004
Bob Hoover
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Bob Hoover 2005 Gathering of Eagles Lithograph
Bob Hoover
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"Ole Yeller," flown by John Bagley at an air show in
Rexburg, Idaho.
Bob Hoover
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Bob Hoover's Shrike Commander at the Udvar-Hazy Center
16.
232 September Fury
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September Fury, given the race number 232, is a highly modified Hawker Sea Fury that is a regular racer at the Reno Air Races. In 1962 two abandoned Sea Fury wrecks were recovered from a field in New Brunswick, Canada. Only one of the two wrecks survive a fire and it went on to be restored to airworthiness as N232J. Then after a landing gear failure the aircraft was bought by the Sanders Family in November 1969. In September 1970 the aircraft was once again. N232J was entered in the California 1000 race and finished in fourth place, again it raced in the July 1971 United States Cup Race, with Sanders piloting it to second place. In November the aircraft again in the California 1000 race. In 1975 the aircraft raced again at the California National Air Races, the aircraft changed owners in 1978 and again in 1988. That September the aircraft was raced as 232 at the National Championship Air Races in Reno, in late 1989 the aircraft was sold and moved to the United Kingdom, not to return to the United States again until 1995. With its first flight in 1998, the new 232 under the name September Fury returned to the Reno Air Races in 2000, the first time since 1988. Though did not finish due to a blown engine, September Fury would have the engine replaced with a modified R-3350 and the aircraft modified further, ready to race in 2001. In 2002 September Fury was clocked going 468.266 mph and it would finish in second place at the Reno Air Races. The 2003 Pylon Racing Seminar saw a repainted September Fury with a wild scheme. September Fury however blew an engine at the Reno Air Races that year, in 2004 September Fury finished in 3rd place in the Unlimited Gold. In 2006 September Fury took first place at the Reno Air Races, September Fury competed in the 2007 Reno Air Races however did not finish the Unlimited Breitling Gold race due to a blown engine. The 2008 Reno Air Races, Unlimited Breitling Gold race concluded with September Fury in third position, in 2009 September Fury changed owners and did not race again until 2011. In 2012 September Fury finished 2nd to Strega in the Unlimited Breitling Gold race,2013 saw a fast qualify time with September Fury placing 2nd on the roster. roster However mechanical failure left the aircraft unable to race
232 September Fury
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September Fury
17.
The Galloping Ghost (aircraft)
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The Galloping Ghost was a P-51D Mustang air racer flown by Jimmy Leeward. It was a military aircraft that had undergone major modifications, including shortening of the wings and horizontal tail. S/n 44-15651 was manufactured in 1944, and had been owned by Aero Trans Corp and it was destroyed on September 16,2011, when it crashed into spectators at the Reno Air Races, at the Reno Stead Airport north of Reno, Nevada. The Galloping Ghost was built by North American Aviation as a P-51D-15-NA, Army Air Force serial number 44-15651, at the NAAs Inglewood, California, plant for military use during World War II. Once the aircraft was delivered, it was transferred to the then-Walnut Ridge Army Air Field in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas, due to being classified as surplus, it was then offered to the public for sale at a price tag of around $3,500. Around that time, Steve Beville and Bruce Raymond were looking to compete in the National Air Races in Cleveland, Ohio, that were to be held in September. Beville was able to secure the aircraft from the WAA despite a deadline that had passed that ended the sales of the P-51 at the Walnut Ridge Army Air Field. Thus, the aircraft was the last to be sold to the public, after Beville and Raymond bought the aircraft on July 22,1946, it was given the registry of NX79111 and the name The Galloping Ghost, after the nickname of football star Red Grange. Raymond piloted the aircraft in its first race, the 1946 Thompson Trophy, Raymond took fourth place on the closed-course track, winning $3,000. The following year, Beville piloted the aircraft in the Kendall Trophy race, Beville also raced for the 1947 Thompson Trophy, taking fourth. For 1948, Raymond raced in the Sohio, Thompson and Tinnerman Trophies and he won the Tinnerman by less than a second, taking $3,150 and earning a total of $11,850 for all three races. In 1949, Beville raced in the Sohio and Thompson Trophies, in 1963 the aircraft was purchased by Dr. Cliff Cummins as a stripped hulk. He restored the aircraft and had it modified for racing, included the addition of a lower-profile canopy and he first raced it at the Reno Air Races in 1969 as Miss Candace race number 69. At the 1970 races, he suffered a failure and landed short of the runway. The aircraft was again, this time with a very small canopy taken from a Formula One air racer. In this configuration, Dr. Cummins first raced the aircraft in 1972, in 1973 he qualified the airplane in the third position for the Unlimited Class Gold Race and he took second place behind Lyle Sheltons winning Bearcat. He did win the 1976 National Air Races at Mojave, California, after racing the aircraft for several years with limited success, he sold the aircraft in 1979 to Wiley Sanders of Sanders Truck Lines. Sanders renamed the aircraft Jeannie, after his wife, the aircraft was rebuilt with an eye to weight reduction
The Galloping Ghost (aircraft)
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The Galloping Ghost
18.
Sharp Nemesis
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The Sharp DR90 Nemesis is a Formula One racing aircraft designed by Jon Sharp and built at the Mojave Airport by the Nemesis Air Racing Team. The aircraft is powered by a modified Continental O-200 piston engine, the Nemesis originated as an attempt by Jon Sharp to build a Shoestring racer, with composite skins over a steel frame. Along the way, Dan Bond convinced him to use an airfoil with extensive laminar flow and finally, Steve Ericson helped Jon design a sleeker, all that remains of the original “plastic Shoestring” is the horizontal tail. The steel space frame was sold to Dan Gilbert and became the guts of his Shadow Formula One air racer, although Shadow looks much like Nemesis it is fabricated differently and has a completely different wing. The success of the aircraft led Jon Sharp to design a follow-on type, between 1991 and 1999, the plane won 45 of the 48 race events in which it was entered, including nine consecutive Reno Gold National Championships. During each of the seasons from 1994 through 1999, Nemesis finished as the International Formula One points champion. Nemesis was awarded the George Owl Trophy for its design in 1991, the aircraft set 16 world speed records, and in one of those records, Nemesis was clocked at over 290 mph. Because of its successes, the National Air and Space Museum has described the plane as the most successful aircraft in air racing history, to put the Nemesis performance in perspective, most production O-200 equipped aircraft struggle to break 100mph. Very few, if any, can reach half its maximum speed. After the end of the 1999 racing season, Jon Sharp donated the aircraft to the National Air and Space Museum, and it is now on display at the NASMs Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Sharp Nemesis
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Sharp DR90 Nemesis
Sharp Nemesis
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Nemesis seen from above
19.
Sharp Nemesis NXT
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The Sharp Nemesis NXT is a sport-class kit-built aircraft designed for air racing. It was designed by Nemesis Air Racings president Jon Sharp, as a follow-on to the highly successful Sharp Nemesis and it is a two place, single engine, low wing, retractable gear kit aircraft. As designed, the aircraft is powered by a Lycoming TIO-540-NXT Thunderbolt six-cylinder engine, the prototype Nemesis NXT, race number 3x, flown by Jon Sharp, won the 2008 Reno Air Races Sport Class championship, setting a new race record speed of 392 mph. During the ten-day event, Sharp also set a record of 393 mph and during the qualifying set a record of 409.297 mph. A second NXT, race number 42 fielded by Relentless Racing, on July 30,2008, Sharp set an FAI class C1b world record for speed over a straight 3 km course at 573.46 km/h. On September 20,2009, Sharp won the Super Sport Gold race at Reno with a speed of 407.061 mph. On Wednesday, September 16,2009, Sharp qualified first with a speed of 412.554 mph for the top spot in the Super Sport class at Reno, on Thursday, September 17,2009, Sharp set a Super Sport race record of 383.292 mph. On Friday, September 18,2009, Sharp beat the previous record with a speed of 399.336 mph. On Saturday, September 19,2009, Sharp set another record with a speed of 406.051 mph and this is the first homebuilt aircraft ever to exceed 400 mph average race speed on the Reno course. On Sunday, September 20,2009 Sharp set yet another record by winning the Super Sport Gold race at a speed of 407.061 mph. He also earned his 15th National Championship which was also a record thus completing the Record a Day and Two on Sunday Reno campaign of 2009
Sharp Nemesis NXT
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Sharp Nemesis NXT
Sharp Nemesis NXT
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Photo by David Hackett
20.
Rare Bear
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Rare Bear is a highly modified Grumman F8F Bearcat that dominated the Reno Air Races for decades. The Bearcat that became Rare Bear was a severely damaged wreck when discovered by Lyle Shelton in 1969 and it had been abandoned next to a runway in Valparaiso, Indiana after it crashed there from a throttle-on torque roll in 1962. The airplane had been stripped by parts hunters, so Shelton found a fuselage, wing center section, landing gear and a wing panel. Shelton bought the wreck and had the pieces trucked to Orange County, one of the major modifications made during the rebuild involved installing a more powerful Wright R-3350 in place of the Pratt & Whitney R-2800 engine that is standard for a Bearcat. A Douglas DC-7 propeller and cowl were used and Shelton bought the landing gear fairings, bill Fornoff loaned him a left wing panel and Gunter Balz supplied a rudder. The windshield and canopy were supplied by Edward T. Maloney, the rebuild was finished with the first flight on 13 September 1969. From 1969 to 1975, Lyle Shelton raced the aircraft every year at the Reno Air Races, as well as air races in Mojave, California, San Diego, California, Miami, Florida and Cape May, in this period, he scored five victories. During the 1976 air race in Mojave California, Shelton experienced a failure and had to perform a belly landing. The aircraft was not raced again until 1980, when it was renamed Rare Bear, from 1980 until present day, Rare Bear has scored eleven more victories in the Unlimited Class. A three-blade propeller, consisting of blades from a Lockheed P-3 Orion propeller, after back-to-back testing in 2004, a switch was made back to the Aeroproducts four-bladed propeller. In late 2006 both the plane and the team were sold to Rod Lewis for just under $2 million, recent accomplishments include finishing the Reno Air Races in 2004 and 2005 with the gold medal in the unlimited gold race. The pilot for two championships was John Penney. In 2006 the Rare Bear was piloted by Ron Buccarelli, for the 2007 Reno Air Races, Rare Bear appeared in a new paint scheme. It was piloted by John Penney, who flew it to victory in the Unlimited Class Gold Race, in the 2008 Reno Air Races, Rare Bear appeared in yet another new paint scheme. Propeller problems during qualifying resulted in an intense all-night rebuild of the prop, the aircraft was able to qualify and John Penney made it to the Unlimited Breitling Gold race. A gear problem during the heat race caused the engine to overheat. Several high-G pulls allowed the gear to extend, but the damage was done. The race crew said from their box in the stands that it was a matter of time before the engine let go and he was in 2nd place when he was forced to mayday once again during the Gold race, this time trailing smoke
Rare Bear
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Rare Bear
Rare Bear
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77 F8F-2 Bearcat (N-777L) Rare Bear 2014 Reno Air Races
Rare Bear
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Rare Bear in 2007
Rare Bear
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Rare Bear in 2004
21.
RB51 Red Baron
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The Red Baron was a North American P-51D Mustang NL7715C, original serial number 44-84961. It raced from 1966 to 1973 under the names Miss R. J. and Roto-Finish Special, in February 1974, it was purchased by Ed Browning of Red Baron Flying Service in Idaho Falls, Idaho and renamed the Red Baron. The larger engine required significant changes to the airframe, particularly the engine compartment, the contra-rotating propellers also created instability that required an increase in fin area, all of which cost Browning more than $300,000. With these changes, the became the dominant racer on the Unlimited circuit. It was initially flown by Mac McClain and Daryl Greenamyer, in 1976, Hinton won four consecutive Unlimited races in one year, and remains the only pilot ever to do so. On August 14,1979, Hinton set the piston-driven aircraft 3-kilometer world speed record at 499.018 mph at Tonopah, Nevada, making Hinton, age 27, the youngest person ever to capture the speed record. The team was hoping for 100+ degree temperatures in the Nevada desert, the weather did not cooperate, however, and the cool 68-degree air held their speed just under 500 mph. Even so, the record held for a decade, on September 16,1979, Hinton was racing the RB-51 in the Reno Air Races when a capacitor in the magneto failed, causing the engine to run on half its spark plugs. Not knowing what was wrong, Hinton pushed the plane to full throttle and this resulted in the supercharger carrying the extra pressure. Eventually, a bearing in the supercharger failed, Hinton finished the race in second place and moved to make an emergency landing. The supercharger failure resulted in a failure, however, that shaft drove the oil pump. The propellers went flat, acting as an air brake. The RB-51 crashed short of the runway, the wings were sheared off as the plane came down between two piles of rock and the fuel erupted in a fireball. The cockpit was thrown away from the fire, yet Hinton survived with a broken back, leg. His survival is attributed by one of the engineers, Pete Law, to additional braces. The Red Baron was destroyed in the crash, Steve Hintons company, Fighter Rebuilders, moved the dataplate, tailnumber 413334, and registration number NL7715C to P-51D serial number 44-73053, Wee Willy II
RB51 Red Baron
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Red Baron
22.
Tsunami Racer
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Tsunami is an experimental purpose-built racing aircraft. Powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine that was designed and built by John R. Sandberg, originally, it was designed as a light-weight racer with a single-staged supercharged Rolls-Royce Merlin. However, as speed increased in the Unlimited Racing Class, a higher powered two-stage supercharged Rolls-Royce Merlin was installed, an attempt was made in August 1989 to break the 3 km world speed record at Wendover Utah with John R. Sandberg at the controls. Due to a gear collapse the aircraft was unable to beat the existing record. Despite being very fast, in its career from 1986 to 1991 it only won one Unlimited Gold Race. The program ended in 1991 when the owner John Sandberg lost his life while ferrying the aircraft home. The NTSB report states that the indicator was off and a mechanical failure in the flap system, causing the aircraft to roll on final approach into Pierre
Tsunami Racer
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Tsunami Racer
23.
2011 Reno Air Races crash
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On September 16,2011 at the Reno Air Races, a North American P-51D Mustang crashed into spectators, killing the pilot and 10 people on the ground and injuring 69 others. The aircraft was named The Galloping Ghost and was flown by James K and it was the third-deadliest airshow disaster in U. S. history, following accidents in 1972 and 1951. Leeward,74, and his Mustang, The Galloping Ghost, were in place and had just rounded pylon number 8 when the airplane abruptly pitched up, rolled inverted. The aircraft hit the tarmac in front of the grandstands in an area containing box seating, seven people, including the pilot, died at the crash site, four died later in the hospital. The weekends remaining races at the Reno Air Races were cancelled, the day after the crash, the National Transportation Safety Board began examining whether part of the empennage had come off before the crash. A photograph taken just before the crash showed the airplane inverted, on October 21,2011, Federal crash investigators with the National Transportation Safety Board said that they found no readable onboard video amid the debris of the racing plane. In 2012 the NTSB released seven safety recommendations to be applied to air races. These included course design and layout, pre-race inspections, airworthiness of aircraft modifications, FAA guidance, pilot g-force awareness, the former United States Air Force 44-15651 was owned by Aero Trans Corp. The wings had been clipped a further 3 ft each side on top of the 4 ft reduction in span earlier in its life, the aircraft had a long history of successful competition in air races dating back to the National Air Races from 1946 to 1949 in Cleveland. It was flown by a series of pilots under a variety of names, including Miss Candace from 1969 to 1978, Leeward called the modifications of the plane radical. He said the oil system was similar to an oil cooling system in the Space Shuttle, the canopy is about the size of the ones on Formula One aircraft. The modifications were meant to improve aerodynamics by reducing drag and hence top speed. On September 18,1970, the airplane crashed after a failure during an air show at Reno Stead Airport and landed short of the runway. In 1998, another modified P-51 Mustang, Voodoo Chile, lost a left trim tab during the Reno Air Races, the pilot, Hurricane Bob Hannah, reported that the airplane pitched up, subjecting him to more than 10 g and knocking him unconscious. When he regained consciousness, the plane had climbed to more than 9,000 feet, in 1999, another highly modified P-51 called Miss Ashley II, piloted by Gary Levitz, experienced rudder flutter during an Unlimited race at the Reno Air Races. The airframe broke up, killing Levitz, the NTSB thoroughly investigated the extensive modifications made to the airplane. The modifications had made the aircraft lighter and reduced drag, Leeward took the plane to 530 mph during the race, about 40 mph faster than he had gone previously. There was evidence of stress on the airframe demonstrated by buckling of the fuselage aft of the wing
2011 Reno Air Races crash
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NX79111, The Galloping Ghost, the accident aircraft, photographed at the 2010 Reno Air Races.
24.
The Galloping Ghost airplane
–
The Galloping Ghost was a P-51D Mustang air racer flown by Jimmy Leeward. It was a military aircraft that had undergone major modifications, including shortening of the wings and horizontal tail. S/n 44-15651 was manufactured in 1944, and had been owned by Aero Trans Corp and it was destroyed on September 16,2011, when it crashed into spectators at the Reno Air Races, at the Reno Stead Airport north of Reno, Nevada. The Galloping Ghost was built by North American Aviation as a P-51D-15-NA, Army Air Force serial number 44-15651, at the NAAs Inglewood, California, plant for military use during World War II. Once the aircraft was delivered, it was transferred to the then-Walnut Ridge Army Air Field in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas, due to being classified as surplus, it was then offered to the public for sale at a price tag of around $3,500. Around that time, Steve Beville and Bruce Raymond were looking to compete in the National Air Races in Cleveland, Ohio, that were to be held in September. Beville was able to secure the aircraft from the WAA despite a deadline that had passed that ended the sales of the P-51 at the Walnut Ridge Army Air Field. Thus, the aircraft was the last to be sold to the public, after Beville and Raymond bought the aircraft on July 22,1946, it was given the registry of NX79111 and the name The Galloping Ghost, after the nickname of football star Red Grange. Raymond piloted the aircraft in its first race, the 1946 Thompson Trophy, Raymond took fourth place on the closed-course track, winning $3,000. The following year, Beville piloted the aircraft in the Kendall Trophy race, Beville also raced for the 1947 Thompson Trophy, taking fourth. For 1948, Raymond raced in the Sohio, Thompson and Tinnerman Trophies and he won the Tinnerman by less than a second, taking $3,150 and earning a total of $11,850 for all three races. In 1949, Beville raced in the Sohio and Thompson Trophies, in 1963 the aircraft was purchased by Dr. Cliff Cummins as a stripped hulk. He restored the aircraft and had it modified for racing, included the addition of a lower-profile canopy and he first raced it at the Reno Air Races in 1969 as Miss Candace race number 69. At the 1970 races, he suffered a failure and landed short of the runway. The aircraft was again, this time with a very small canopy taken from a Formula One air racer. In this configuration, Dr. Cummins first raced the aircraft in 1972, in 1973 he qualified the airplane in the third position for the Unlimited Class Gold Race and he took second place behind Lyle Sheltons winning Bearcat. He did win the 1976 National Air Races at Mojave, California, after racing the aircraft for several years with limited success, he sold the aircraft in 1979 to Wiley Sanders of Sanders Truck Lines. Sanders renamed the aircraft Jeannie, after his wife, the aircraft was rebuilt with an eye to weight reduction
The Galloping Ghost airplane
–
The Galloping Ghost
25.
Reno Gazette-Journal
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The Reno Gazette-Journal is the main daily newspaper for Reno, Nevada. It is owned by the Gannett Company and it came into being when the Nevada State Journal and the Reno Evening Gazette were combined in 1983. Speidel Newspapers bought the Gazette in 1939, and bought the Journal a month later, Gannett bought Speidel Newspapers in 1977. The Reno Gazette-Journal is one of two covering the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area, which is also served by the Reno News & Review
Reno Gazette-Journal
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Reno Gazette-Journal
26.
MSNBC
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MSNBC is an American basic cable and satellite television network that provides news coverage and political commentary from NBC News on current events. The network also carries a nightly programming block during prime time hours. It is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal, MSNBC and msnbc. com were founded in 1996 as a partnership between Microsoft and General Electrics NBC unit, hence the networks naming. As of February 2015, approximately 94,531,000 households have the ability to receive MSNBC within the United States of America, in the late summer of 2015, MSNBC revamped its programming. The moves were in sharp contrast to previous programming decisions at the network, along with this, moves were made to sharpen the channels news image through a dual editorial relationship with its organizational parent NBC News. MSNBC Live, the flagship daytime news platform was expanded to cover over eight hours of the day. Phil Griffin currently serves as the president and director of operations at the cable network. Pat Burkey, Janelle Rodriguez, and Jonathan Wald oversee programming and news operations at the network, MSNBC was established by NBC executive Tom Rogers. Rogers was instrumental in developing the partnership with Microsoft, which invested $221 million for a 50% share of the cable channel. MSNBC and Microsoft would share the cost of a $200 million newsroom in Secaucus, New Jersey, the network took over the channel space of NBCs 18-month-old Americas Talking network, though in most cases cable carriage had to be negotiated with providers who never carried AT. MSNBC was launched on July 15,1996, the first show, which was anchored by Jodi Applegate, broadcast a lineup of news, interviews, and opinions. Stories were generally longer and more detailed than the running on CNN at the time. NBC also highlighted their broadcast connections by airing stories direct from the NBC network affiliates, gradually, MSNBC began to put more emphasis on politics. The Project for Excellence in Journalism found in 2007 after a survey of cable channels that MSNBC is moving to make politics a brand, with a large dose of opinion. In January 2001, Mike Barnicle got a show on MSNBC, in June, in a sign of continuing trouble at MSNBC, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer said that he would not have started MSNBC if he knew then what he knows now. After the September 11,2001 attacks, MSNBC served as an outlet for NBC News to provide up-to-the-minute coverage, CNBC and CNBC Europe, with little financial news to report, ran MSNBC for many hours of the day following the attacks. The year also boosted the profile of Ashleigh Banfield, who was present during the collapse of Building 7 while covering the World Trade Center on September 11 and her Region In Conflict program capitalized on her newfound celebrity and showcased exclusive interviews from Afghanistan. NBC would have the option, which it exercised, to buy the remaining 18% share of the television from Microsoft after two years
MSNBC
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MSNBC's current studio in NYC
MSNBC
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MSNBC
MSNBC
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The current MSNBC studio
MSNBC
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MSNBC's former New Jersey headquarters studio, now the home of
MLB Network
27.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
