1.
Naujaat
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Naujaat, known until 2 July 2015 as Repulse Bay, is an Inuit hamlet located on the shores of Hudson Bay, in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut, Canada. Repulse Bay is at the end of Roes Welcome Sound which separates Southampton Island from the mainland. On the east side of Repulse Bay Frozen Strait leads east to Foxe Channel, the hamlet is located exactly on the Arctic Circle, on the north shore of Repulse Bay and on the south shore of the Rae Isthmus. Transport to the community is provided primarily by air and by an annual sealift, Naujaat is home to a wide variety of animals including polar bears, caribou, seals, whales, and walrus. There are also one hundred species of birds in the area, including gyrfalcons. Naujaat was first visited by Europeans in the 1740s, and by the late 1800s it became a popular whaling ground for American, many Naujaat Inuit residents worked on board these whaling vessels from the south. He is claimed to have called it the Bay of Repulse, others believe that the name comes from an 18th-century English vessel named Repulse which visited the area. The Hudsons Bay Company opened a post in Repulse Bay about 1916 and in 1923 a rival fur trading company, Revillon Frères, a Roman Catholic Mission was built in 1932. Naujaat was formerly part of the District of Keewatin and the Keewatin Region, on 12 May 2014, a by-election was held to elect a new mayor which was won by Solomon Malliki. At the same time a plebiscite was held to gauge how the community felt about restoring the traditional name. With voter turnout at 36% there were 82 people in favour and 73 opposed to the name change, the name was officially changed on July 2,2015. As of the 2016 census, the population was 1,082, the Naujaat community continues to rely on traditional sealing, fishing, hunting, trapping, and carving for their livelihood, together with tourism. Naujaat is known for its Inuit artists, especially carvers, as well as jewellery and crafts. CONDUCTING A TRADING POST FARTHEST NORTH - A LIFE THAT GETS INTO THE BLOOD OF A MAN - May 18,1924 New Bedford Sunday Standard article on the Repulse Bay HBC post in the early 1920s
2.
Chinese language
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Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese is spoken by the Han majority and many ethnic groups in China. Nearly 1.2 billion people speak some form of Chinese as their first language, the varieties of Chinese are usually described by native speakers as dialects of a single Chinese language, but linguists note that they are as diverse as a language family. The internal diversity of Chinese has been likened to that of the Romance languages, There are between 7 and 13 main regional groups of Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin, followed by Wu, Min, and Yue. Most of these groups are mutually unintelligible, although some, like Xiang and certain Southwest Mandarin dialects, may share common terms, all varieties of Chinese are tonal and analytic. Standard Chinese is a form of spoken Chinese based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin. It is the language of China and Taiwan, as well as one of four official languages of Singapore. It is one of the six languages of the United Nations. The written form of the language, based on the logograms known as Chinese characters, is shared by literate speakers of otherwise unintelligible dialects. Of the other varieties of Chinese, Cantonese is the spoken language and official in Hong Kong and Macau. It is also influential in Guangdong province and much of Guangxi, dialects of Southern Min, part of the Min group, are widely spoken in southern Fujian, with notable variants also spoken in neighboring Taiwan and in Southeast Asia. Hakka also has a diaspora in Taiwan and southeast Asia. Shanghainese and other Wu varieties are prominent in the lower Yangtze region of eastern China, Chinese can be traced back to a hypothetical Sino-Tibetan proto-language. The first written records appeared over 3,000 years ago during the Shang dynasty, as the language evolved over this period, the various local varieties became mutually unintelligible. In reaction, central governments have sought to promulgate a unified standard. Difficulties have included the great diversity of the languages, the lack of inflection in many of them, in addition, many of the smaller languages are spoken in mountainous areas that are difficult to reach, and are often also sensitive border zones. Without a secure reconstruction of proto-Sino-Tibetan, the structure of the family remains unclear. A top-level branching into Chinese and Tibeto-Burman languages is often assumed, the earliest examples of Chinese are divinatory inscriptions on oracle bones from around 1250 BCE in the late Shang dynasty
3.
Standard Chinese
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Its pronunciation is based on the Beijing dialect, its vocabulary on the Mandarin dialects, and its grammar is based on written vernacular Chinese. Like other varieties of Chinese, Standard Chinese is a language with topic-prominent organization. It has more initial consonants but fewer vowels, final consonants, Standard Chinese is an analytic language, though with many compound words. There exist two standardised forms of the language, namely Putonghua in Mainland China and Guoyu in Taiwan, aside from a number of differences in pronunciation and vocabulary, Putonghua is written using simplified Chinese characters, while Guoyu is written using traditional Chinese characters. There are many characters that are identical between the two systems, in English, the governments of China and Hong Kong use Putonghua, Putonghua Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, and Mandarin, while those of Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia, use Mandarin. The name Putonghua also has a long, albeit unofficial, history and it was used as early as 1906 in writings by Zhu Wenxiong to differentiate a modern, standard Chinese from classical Chinese and other varieties of Chinese. For some linguists of the early 20th century, the Putonghua, or common tongue/speech, was different from the Guoyu. The former was a prestige variety, while the latter was the legal standard. Based on common understandings of the time, the two were, in fact, different, Guoyu was understood as formal vernacular Chinese, which is close to classical Chinese. By contrast, Putonghua was called the speech of the modern man. The use of the term Putonghua by left-leaning intellectuals such as Qu Qiubai, prior to this, the government used both terms interchangeably. In Taiwan, Guoyu continues to be the term for Standard Chinese. The term Putonghua, on the contrary, implies nothing more than the notion of a lingua franca, Huayu, or language of the Chinese nation, originally simply meant Chinese language, and was used in overseas communities to contrast Chinese with foreign languages. Over time, the desire to standardise the variety of Chinese spoken in these communities led to the adoption of the name Huayu to refer to Mandarin and it also incorporates the notion that Mandarin is usually not the national or common language of the areas in which overseas Chinese live. The term Mandarin is a translation of Guānhuà, which referred to the lingua franca of the late Chinese empire, in English, Mandarin may refer to the standard language, the dialect group as a whole, or to historic forms such as the late Imperial lingua franca. The name Modern Standard Mandarin is sometimes used by linguists who wish to distinguish the current state of the language from other northern. Chinese has long had considerable variation, hence prestige dialects have always existed. Confucius, for example, used yǎyán rather than colloquial regional dialects, rime books, which were written since the Northern and Southern dynasties, may also have reflected one or more systems of standard pronunciation during those times
4.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
5.
Hakka Chinese
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Hakka is not mutually intelligible with Yue, Wu, Southern Min, Mandarin or other branches of Chinese, and itself contains a few mutually unintellegible varieties. It is most closely related to Gan and is classified as a variety of Gan. There is also a possibility that the similarities are just a result of shared areal features, Taiwan, where Hakka is the native language of a significant minority of the islands residents, is a center for the study and preservation of the language. Pronunciation differences exist between the Taiwanese Hakka dialects and Mainland Chinas Hakka dialects, even in Taiwan, two local varieties of Hakka exist. The Meixian dialect of northeast Guangdong in China has been taken as the dialect by the Peoples Republic of China. The Guangdong Provincial Education Department created a romanization of Moiyen in 1960. The name of the Hakka people who are the predominant original native speakers of the variety literally means guest families or guest people, Hak 客 means guest, and ka 家 means family. Among themselves, Hakka people variously called their language Hak-ka-fa 客家話, Hak-fa, 客話, Tu-gong-dung-fa 土廣東話, literally Native Guangdong language, and Ngai-fa 我話, My/our language. The forebears of the Hakka came from present-day Central Plains provinces of Henan and Shaanxi, the presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka, including final consonants -p -t -k, as are found in other modern southern Chinese varieties, but which have been lost in Mandarin. Due to the migration of its speakers, Hakka may have influenced by other language areas through which the Hakka-speaking forebears migrated. For instance, common vocabulary is found in Hakka, Min, in recent times, many She people have become Hakka speakers. A regular pattern of change can generally be detected in Hakka, as in most Chinese varieties. Some examples, Characters such as 武 or 屋, are pronounced roughly mwio and uk in Early Middle Chinese, have an initial v phoneme in Hakka, being vu and vuk in Hakka respectively. Like in Mandarin, labiodentalisation process also changed mj- to a sound in Hakka before grave vowels. Middle Chinese initial phonemes /ɲ/ of the characters 人 and 日, among others, for comparison, in Mandarin, /ɲ/ became r-, while in Cantonese, it merged with initial /j/. The initial consonant phoneme exhibited by the character 話 is pronounced f or v in Hakka, the initial consonant of 學 hɔk usually corresponds with an h approximant in Hakka and a voiceless alveo-palatal fricative in Mandarin. Hakka has as many regional dialects as there are counties with Hakka speakers as the majority, some of these Hakka dialects are not mutually intelligible with each other. Surrounding Meixian are the counties of Pingyuan, Dabu, Jiaoling, Xingning, Wuhua, each is said to have its own special phonological points of interest
6.
Cantonese
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Cantonese, or Standard Cantonese, is a variety of Chinese spoken in the city of Guangzhou in southeastern China. It is the prestige variety of Yue, one of the major subdivisions of Chinese. In mainland China, it is the lingua franca of the province of Guangdong and some neighbouring areas such as Guangxi. In Hong Kong and Macau, Cantonese serves as one of their official languages and it is also spoken amongst overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and throughout the Western World. When Cantonese and the closely related Yuehai dialects are classified together, Cantonese is viewed as vital part of the cultural identity for its native speakers across large swathes of southeastern China, Hong Kong and Macau. Although Cantonese shares some vocabulary with Mandarin, the two varieties are mutually unintelligible because of differences in pronunciation, grammar and lexicon, sentence structure, in particular the placement of verbs, sometimes differs between the two varieties. This results in the situation in which a Cantonese and a Mandarin text may look similar, in English, the term Cantonese is ambiguous. Cantonese proper is the variety native to the city of Canton and this narrow sense may be specified as Canton language or Guangzhou language in English. However, Cantonese may also refer to the branch of Cantonese that contains Cantonese proper as well as Taishanese and Gaoyang. In this article, Cantonese is used for Cantonese proper, historically, speakers called this variety Canton speech or Guangzhou speech, although this term is now seldom used outside mainland China. In Guangdong province, people call it provincial capital speech or plain speech. In Hong Kong and Macau, as well as among overseas Chinese communities, in mainland China, the term Guangdong speech is also increasingly being used among both native and non-native speakers. Due to its status as a prestige dialect among all the dialects of the Cantonese or Yue branch of Chinese varieties, the official languages of Hong Kong are Chinese and English, as defined in the Hong Kong Basic Law. The Chinese language has different varieties, of which Cantonese is one. Given the traditional predominance of Cantonese within Hong Kong, it is the de facto official spoken form of the Chinese language used in the Hong Kong Government and all courts and it is also used as the medium of instruction in schools, alongside English. A similar situation exists in neighboring Macau, where Chinese is an official language along with Portuguese. As in Hong Kong, Cantonese is the predominant spoken variety of Chinese used in life and is thus the official form of Chinese used in the government. The variant spoken in Hong Kong and Macau is known as Hong Kong Cantonese, Cantonese first developed around the port city of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta region of southeastern China
7.
Jyutping
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Jyutping is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong, an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanisation Scheme, the LSHK promotes the use of this romanisation system. The name Jyutping is a contraction consisting of the first Chinese characters of the terms Jyut6jyu5, only the finals m and ng can be used as standalone nasal syllables. ^ ^ ^ Referring to the pronunciation of these words. There are nine tones in six distinct tone contours in Cantonese, however, as three of the nine are entering tones, which only appear in syllables ending with p, t, and k, they do not have separate tone numbers in Jyutping. Jyutping and the Yale Romanisation of Cantonese represent Cantonese pronunciations with the letters in, The initials, b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw. The vowel, aa, a, e, i, o, u, the coda, i, u, m, n, ng, p, t, k. But they differ in the following, The vowels eo and oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ respectively in Jyutping, the initial j represents /j/ in Jyutping whereas y is used instead in Yale. The initial z represents /ts/ in Jyutping whereas j is used instead in Yale, the initial c represents /tsʰ/ in Jyutping whereas ch is used instead in Yale. In Jyutping, if no consonant precedes the vowel yu, then the initial j is appended before the vowel, in Yale, the corresponding initial y is never appended before yu under any circumstances. Jyutping defines three finals not in Yale, eu /ɛːu/, em /ɛːm/, and ep /ɛːp/ and these three finals are used in colloquial Cantonese words, such as deu6, lem2, and gep6. To represent tones, only tone numbers are used in Jyutping whereas Yale traditionally uses tone marks together with the letter h. Jyutping and Cantonese Pinyin represent Cantonese pronunciations with the letters in, The initials, b, p, m, f, d, t, n, l, g, k, ng, h, s, gw, kw. The vowel, aa, a, e, i, o, u, the coda, i, u, m, n, ng, p, t, k. But they have differences, The vowel oe represents both /ɵ/ and /œː/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas eo and oe represent /ɵ/ and /œː/ respectively in Jyutping. The vowel y represents /y/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas both yu and i are used in Jyutping, the initial dz represents /ts/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas z is used instead in Jyutping. The initial ts represents /tsʰ/ in Cantonese Pinyin whereas c is used instead in Jyutping. To represent tones, the numbers 1 to 9 are usually used in Cantonese Pinyin, however, only the numbers 1 to 6 are used in Jyutping
8.
Middle Island, Hong Kong
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Not to be confused with Centre Island, Hong Kong. Middle Island is an island of Hong Kong, administratively, it is part of Southern District. Middle Island is located 100 m off the southern coast of Hong Kong Island, Middle Island houses one of the three clubhouses of the Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club. The site is accessible by the Clubs own sampan ferry from Deep Water Bay and has its own private beach, the island also houses the Middle Island Clubhouse of the Aberdeen Boat Club. The Clubhouse is open only on weekends or on public holidays, there is also a Tin Hau temple on the island. Islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong Transportation to Middle Island Map centered on the island
9.
Deep Water Bay
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Deep Water Bay is a bay and residential area on the southern shore of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. The bay is surrounded by Shouson Hill, Brick Hill, Violet Hill, as per Forbes, with 19 of the citys richest billionaires, it is reputed to be the wealthiest neighborhood on earth. Beneath the hill of Violet Hill is a beach, Deep Water Bay Beach, the bay is reachable by Island Road, a road connecting Repulse Bay and Wong Chuk Hang. Deep Water Bay is the point for SEA-ME-WE3, TGN-IA. The bay is mentioned on an early map of Hong Kong 1845. Less known to tourists than the adjacent Repulse Bay, Deep Water Bay Beach is nonetheless very popular among local people, changing rooms, shower facilities and barbecue pits are available under the management of the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. There were two restaurants, Copacabana and Coco Thai, closed as of April 2011, Deep water bay is among the most exclusive residential areas of Hong Kong as per Forbes and Forbes Life. 19 of the city’s richest billionaires live here, with a net worth of $123 billion. Its residents include property, casino, shipping and oil tycoons including Li Ka Shing, Chen Yu Tong, Joseph Lau, Robert Kuok, all of the Kwok brothers live here and so does the e-commerce tycoon Joseph Tsai. Deep Water Bay Valley was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 2008,6, 6A or 260 from Centrals Exchange Square go to Deep Water Bay. Also NWFB65, Citybus routes 73 and 973, and green minibuses 40 and 52
10.
Ocean Park Hong Kong
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Opened in 1977 by the then Governor of Hong Kong Sir Murray MacLehose, Ocean Park became popular but by 2005 was unprofitable and widely expected to lose out to the new Hong Kong Disneyland. Half of all visitors now come from mainland China, in growth that parallels rising mainland tourist visitor levels to Hong Kong over the same period, since this high, visitor numbers have declined to around 6 million in 2016 under the background of declining tourist arrivals in Hong Kong. Covering an area of 91.5 hectares, the park is separated by a mountain into two areas, The Summit and The Waterfront. These areas can be reached by a 1.5 kilometres cable car system, to ascend the Headland comprises several hills, visitors can use Hong Kongs second longest outdoor escalator. Between 1979 and 1997, Ocean Park was most famous for its killer whale. As well as being an amusement park, Ocean Park Hong Kong aims to merge entertainment and education, in January 2017, the Ocean Park saw a 30% surge in visitors, credited to its recent improvements. Opened in January 1977 by the Governor of Hong Kong, Sir Murray MacLehose, Ocean Park was constructed as a subsidiary of the Hong Kong Jockey Club, the land was provided free by the Hong Kong Government. Between 1982 and 1984, the Jockey Club put a further HK$240 million into developing facilities at Tai Shue Wan, Ocean Park ceased to be a Jockey Club subsidiary on 1 July 1987, becoming its own statutory body, with a Government-appointed Board. The Jockey Club established a HK$200 million trust to ensure the Parks continued development, at present, Ocean Park is managed by the Ocean Park Corporation, a financially independent, non-profit organisation. In 2005, the year that rival Hong Kong Disneyland opened, Ocean Park unveiled a Master Redevelopment Plan, under which older features at the park were rejuvenated, the number of attractions more than doubled, from 35 to over 80. The Lowland was redeveloped as a new area called the Waterfront, while the old Headland became The Summit, with polar, a dedicated thrill ride area, Thrill Mountain, opened, and the childrens area was refurbished as Whiskers Harbour. In January 2011, the new flagship attraction area Aqua City was opened, in June, the Rainforest, an integrated theme zone featuring over 70 exotic animal species, was opened. In March 2012, new attraction zone Old Hong Kong opened, evoking the streetscapes, in April, the newly refurbished Hong Kong Jockey Club Sichuan Treasures opened. A20,000 sq ft aquarium opened in July 2014 at the former Atoll Reef site. This area was known as two distinct areas, Marine Land and Headlands Rides. Pacific Pier – Mimics the rocky habitat of seals and sea lions on the Northern Californian coast, allows visitors to walk under the pier to view these marine mammals in the water, complete with simulated waves. Ocean Park Tower – One of the tallest observation towers in Southeast Asia, rises 200 metres above sea level with a rotating observation deck at the top offering 360° views of the South China Sea, as well as Aberdeen and the islands of Lantau, Lamma and Cheung Chau. Sea Jelly Spectacular – Opened in 2006, Southeast Asias first standalone sea jelly exhibit
11.
Hong Kong Island
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Hong Kong Island is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong. It has a population of 1,289,500 and its density is 16, 390/km². The island had a population of about 3,000 inhabitants scattered in a dozen fishing villages when it was occupied by the United Kingdom in the First Opium War, the Central area on the island is the historical, political and economic centre of Hong Kong. The northern coast of the forms the southern shore of the Victoria Harbour. The island is home to many of the most famous sights in Hong Kong, such as The Peak, Ocean Park, many historical sites, the mountain ranges across the island are also famous for hiking. The northern part of Hong Kong Island, together with Kowloon and Tsuen Wan New Town and their combined area is approximately 88.3 square kilometres and their combined population is approximately 3,156,500, reflecting a population density of 35, 700/km². The island is referred to locally as Hong Kong side or Island side. This style was applied to many locations but is now only heard in this form and Kowloon side. Hong Kong Island comprises the following suburbs/localities of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island is not part of the Islands District, Hong Kong island became a colony of the British Empire when their forces defeated the Chinese in the First Opium War. The island was populated by only a few thousand people when British empire colonized it, the Second World War was a dark period for Hong Kong. In the 1930s, the British anticipated a Japanese attack on Hong Kong, as Wong Nai Chung Gap was a strategic important place of defence, large-scale defensive works were constructed there, including anti-aircraft batteries, howitzers, and machine gun nests. The Battle of Hong Kong began on 8 December 1941, British, Canadian, Indian armies and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Forces resisted the Japanese invasion commanded by Sakai Takashi, which began eight hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. However, the Japanese were able to control of the Hong Kong skies on the first day of attack. The defenders retreated from the Gin Drinkers Line and consequently from Kowloon under heavy aerial bombardment, on 18 December, the Japanese had conquered North Point, reaching Wong Nai Chung Gap on the next day. However, Allied forces there were defeated by the Japanese on 23 December. As Wan Chai Gap had also fallen that day, the British had no choice. Hong Kong was surrendered on 25 December 1941, thereafter often called Black Christmas by locals. The Governor of Hong Kong, Mark Young, surrendered in person at the temporary Japanese headquarters, on the floor of the Peninsula Hotel
12.
Southern District (Hong Kong)
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The Southern District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is located in the part of Hong Kong Island. It had a population of 290,240 in 2001, the fourth-lowest in Hong Kong, the Southern District faces the South China Sea at the south, and is backed by hills and reservoirs, designated as Country Parks, at the north. The eastern half of the district is semi-rural, with some of Hong Kongs most popular beaches, the western half of the district is partly residential and partly industrial. The residents of Southern District vary from the Chinese majority to the community of expats, the western half of Southern district is more urbanized and areas such as Aberdeen containing more housing developments than the eastern half. Large private housing estates in the include, Baguio Villa, Chi Fu Fa Yuen, Aberdeen Centre, South Horizons, Bel-Air Residence, Redhill Peninsula. The district includes the areas, Aberdeen Ap Lei Chau, an island connected to Aberdeen by 2 bridges Cape DAguilar. It is served by Pok Fu Lam Road, Aberdeen Tunnel, Wong Nai Chung Gap Road, the proposed MTR West Island Line and South Island Line will also be built to help serve the western half of the area. There are currently no proposed routes to Stanley or Repulse Bay due to the number of buses that serve those destinations. List of buildings, sites and areas in Hong Kong Southern District Council List and map of electoral constituencies 1 List and map of electoral constituencies 2 Hong Kong Ocean Park
13.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
14.
Middle Bay (Hong Kong)
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Middle Bay is a small bay in Southern District, Hong Kong Island, between Repulse Bay and South Bay. Middle Bay Beach is located there and it is a gazetted beach with lifeguards provided by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department in the daytime during the summer months. The coastline was lined with bathing sheds built by a variety of swimming associations. The Hong Kong University Alumni Association inaugurated a swimming pavilion at Middle Bay in 1957, in 1962, there were 49 such huts at Middle Bay. These were leased to the public on a basis through balloting. In the late 1960s, the Urban Council moved to gradually replace bathing sheds with public changing rooms, some sheds were pulled down in 1969 at Middle Bay and South Bay. A new beach building was completed by the Urban Council in July 1975, the rest of the bathing huts were demolished later. There was a serious hit-and-run case at the beach at about 4,30 pm on Sunday,10 July 1983, a red speedboat entered the restricted swimming zone and ran down three young swimmers. The boat did not stop, and sped off in the direction of Deep Water Bay before police arrived, one of the injured swimmers, 24-year-old Alun Chan Hon-wah, had to have his foot and part of his lower leg amputated. The police classified the case as endangering life at sea, the Urban Council installed new alarm systems and loud hailers at beaches. BBQ pits Changing rooms and showers Raft Toilets Tuck shop Beaches of Hong Kong
15.
Merchant vessel
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A merchant vessel or trading vessel is a boat or ship that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This excludes pleasure craft that do not carry passengers for hire, most countries of the world operate fleets of merchant ships. However, due to the costs of operations, today these fleets are in many cases sailing under the flags of nations that specialize in providing manpower. Such flags are known as flags of convenience, currently, Liberia and Panama are particularly favoured. Ownership of the vessels can be by any country, however, the Greek-owned fleet is the largest in the world. Today, the Greek fleet accounts for some 16 per cent of the world’s tonnage, during wars, merchant ships may be used as auxiliaries to the navies of their respective countries, and are called upon to deliver military personnel and materiel. The term commercial vessel is defined by the United States Coast Guard as any vessel engaged in trade or that carries passengers for hire. In English, Merchant Navy without further clarification is used to refer to the British Merchant Navy, general cargo ships include multi-purpose and project vessels and roll-on/roll-off cargo. A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, thousands of cargo carriers ply the worlds seas and oceans each year, they handle the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload. Dry cargo ships today are mainly bulk carriers and container ships, bulk carriers or bulkers are used for the transportation of homogeneous cargo such as coal, rubber, copra, tin, and wheat. Container ships are used for the carriage of miscellaneous goods, a bulk carrier is an ocean-going vessel used to transport bulk cargo items such as iron ore, bauxite, coal, cement, grain and similar cargo. Bulk carriers can be recognized by large box-like hatches on deck, the dimensions of bulk carriers are often determined by the ports and sea routes that they need to serve, and by the maximum width of the Panama Canal. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk carriers, but a large fleet of lake freighters has been plying the Great Lakes, container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial freight transport. A tanker is a designed to transport liquids in bulk. Tankers can range in size from several hundred tons, designed to serve small harbours and coastal settlements, to several hundred thousand tons, gas Carriers such as LNG carriers as they are typically known, are a relatively rare tanker designed to carry liquefied natural gas. It has a deadweight of 565 thousand metric tons and length of about 458 meters, the use of such large ships is in fact very unprofitable, due to the inability to operate them at full cargo capacity, hence, the production of supertankers has currently ceased
16.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
17.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
18.
Edward Belcher
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Admiral Sir Edward Belcher, KCB, was a British naval officer, hydrographer, and explorer. Born in Nova Scotia, he was the great-grandson of Governor Jonathan Belcher and he was briefly married to Diana Jolliffe, stepdaughter of Captain Peter Heywood, that marriage ending upon her application for legal separation for his having infected her with venereal disease. Belcher was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the son of Andrew Belcher. In 1825, he accompanied Frederick William Beecheys expedition to the Pacific and he commanded a surveying ship on the north and west coasts of Africa and in the British seas. Belcher took up the work which Beechey had left unfinished on the Pacific coast of South America and he was on board the bomb vessel HMS Sulphur, which was ordered to return to England in 1839 by the Trans-Pacific route. Belcher made various observations at a number of islands which he visited, on 25 January 1841, Commander Belcher landed on Possession Point at the north shore Hong Kong Island and made the first British survey of Hong Kong harbour. After the wars end in 1842 he reached home and for his services was made a Knight Bachelor in the following year and he was then engaged in HMS Samarang, in surveying work in the East Indies, the Philippines, Geomun-do and other places, until 1847. In 1852 Belcher led the last and largest Admiralty expedition to rescue Sir John Franklin and he was also to look for his former surveying officer in Hong Kong, Richard Collinson, and Robert McClure, whose ships had not been seen after entering the Bering Strait. He did a deal of sledge exploration, rescued McClure. He had five ships, Assistance, Resolute, the steam tenders Pioneer and Intrepid, Belcher and one tender were to enter Wellington Channel, where Franklin was thought to be, while Kellett was to go west to Melville Island and look for Collinson and McClure. North Star was to stay at Beechey Island as a supply base and he left the Nore in April 1850. A great deal of exploration was done by manhauled sledges, in April 1853 Leopold McClintock and others left the Resolute on sledges and returned 105 days later, having covered 1,400 miles and discovered Prince Patrick Island. Another party went west and discovered Robert McClure, whose ship was frozen in at Mercy Bay, Belcher went north by sledge and found a channel at the northern tip of Devon Island, hinting that Franklin might have used it to escape to Baffin Bay. When the ice broke up that summer, he pushed his ships up Wellington Channel, by February 1854 Belcher was becoming increasingly worried about the safety of his ships and men. In April he ordered Kellett to abandon his ships and return by sledge to North Star, Belcher abandoned his two ships in late July. Aided by two ships that showed up at Beechey Island, the party returned to England. Belcher went through a court martial, which was automatic for any captain who had lost a ship and he was exonerated, but his sword was returned to him without observation. He never again received an active command, curiously Resolute broke free of the ice and drifted all the way to Davis Strait, where it was picked up by an American whaler
19.
The Repulse Bay
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The Repulse Bay is a residential building and commercial arcade, located at 109 Repulse Bay Road in the Repulse Bay area of Hong Kong. It is owned by The Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels, Limited and operated by Peninsula Properties, the Repulse Bay occupies the site of the former colonial-style Repulse Bay Hotel, which was featured in the 1955 film Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing and in the 1978 film Coming Home. The writer Eileen Chang arranged the leading male and female characters to meet here in her novel Love in a Fallen City, the hotel was renowned for its British architectural style and was owned by Hongkong and Shanghai Hotels group of the Kadoorie family. During World War II the hotel was used as a stronghold, royalty and celebrities who found refuge at the hotel include writers George Bernard Shaw and Noël Coward. Actor Marlon Brando was a guest in the 1950s, spains Crown Prince Juan Carlos and Crown Princess Sofia spent their honeymoon there while other royal guests included Prince Axel of Denmark and Prince Peter of Greece. The building is 37 floors high at its tallest and it comprises 4 towers, with apartments size ranging from 91 to 545 m2. The four towers are named Taggart, Hartson, Nicholson, and De Ricou, De Ricou tower is LEED certified and comprises 15 serviced apartments and was fully refurbished in 2012-2013. The building is known for its square hole, purportedly added for feng shui purposes and it received a silver medal at the 1989 Hong Kong Institute of Architects Annual Awards. The Repulse Bay has two restaurants, The Verandah and Spices, private housing estates in Hong Kong
20.
Central, Hong Kong
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Central is the central business district of Hong Kong. It is located in Central and Western District, on the shore of Hong Kong Island, across Victoria Harbour from Tsim Sha Tsui. The area was the heart of Victoria City, although that name is used today. As the central district of Hong Kong, it is the area where many multinational financial services corporations have their headquarters. Consulates general and consulates of countries are also located in this area, as is Government Hill. The area of Chung Wan, named Central in English, was one of the districts in Victoria City. The English name Central became prevalent after the Island Line of the MTR metro system was built in the early 1980s, on some older maps, it and the area to its west are named Kwan Tai Lo below Victoria Peak. It formed a channel, Chung Mun, with Tsim Sha Tsui, the eastern part of Central District has been known as Admiralty since the completion of Admiralty Station in the early 1980s. Central is located on the shore of Hong Kong Island, across Victoria Harbour from Tsim Sha Tsui. It is bordered in the west by Sheung Wan, with the border being along Aberdeen Street and it is bordered in the east by Admiralty, an eastern extension of the central business district. As such, Admiralty is sometimes considered a part of Central, Central is bordered in the south by Mid-levels, an area halfway up Victoria Peak. The boundary between Central and Mid-levels is not clearly defined, for district council elections purposes, the area, together with Admiralty, correspond roughly to the Chung Wan constituency. The boundaries of such constituencies may be subject to modification, the British landed on Possession Point of Sheung Wan in 1841. They soon decided to build a city on the north coast of Hong Kong Island, and the present-day Central was chosen to house major military facilities and an administrative centre. The area soon attracted both Westerners and Chinese to trade and live in the area, and a Canton Bazaar was built between Cochrane Street and Graham Street in 1842, the area was soon zoned for Westerners only, and the Chinese residents were restricted to Sheung Wan. The area was dominated by the presence of Victoria City. The popularity of this area would also boost the population of Hong Kong from 5,000 in 1841 to 24,000 in 1848, Government House and other Hong Kong Government buildings were completed during this period on Government Hill. Various barracks, naval base and residence of Commander, Flagstaff House were built on the east end of the district, between 1860 and 1880 the construction of City Hall, Theatre Royal and other financial structures made Central the heart of Hong Kong
21.
Battle of Hong Kong
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The Battle of Hong Kong, also known as the Defence of Hong Kong and the Fall of Hong Kong, was one of the first battles of the Pacific War in World War II. On the same morning as the attack on Pearl Harbor, forces of the Empire of Japan attacked the British Crown colony of Hong Kong, the attack was in violation of international law as Japan had not declared war against the British Empire. The Japanese attack was met with resistance from the Hong Kong garrison, composed of local troops as well as British. Within a week the defenders abandoned the mainland and less than two weeks later, with their position on the island untenable, the colony surrendered. Britain first thought of Japan as a threat with the ending of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance in the early 1920s, on 21 October 1938 the Japanese occupied Canton and Hong Kong was surrounded. British defence studies concluded that Hong Kong would be hard to defend in the event of a Japanese attack. Key sites of the defence of Hong Kong included the Wong Nai Chung Gap, Lye Moon Passage, the Shing Mun Redoubt, by 1940, the British determined to reduce the Hong Kong Garrison to only a symbolic size. Winston Churchill and the staff named Hong Kong as an outpost. C Force, as it was known, arrived on 16 November on board the troopship Awatea, a total of 96 officers, two Auxiliary Services supervisors and 1,877 other ranks disembarked. Included were two officers and two nurses, two Canadian Dental Corps officers with assistants, three chaplains and a detachment of the Canadian Postal Corps. The Royal Rifles had served only in the Dominion of Newfoundland and Saint John, New Brunswick, prior to posting to Hong Kong, the Japanese attack began shortly after 08,00 on 8 December 1941, fewer than eight hours after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The colony had no significant air defence, an earlier request for a fighter squadron had been rejected and the nearest fully operational RAF base was in Kota Bharu, Malaya, nearly 2,250 kilometres away. Hong Kong also lacked adequate naval defences, three destroyers were to withdraw to Singapore Naval Base. The Japanese bombed Kai Tak Airport on 8 December, two of the three Wildebeest and the two Walrus were destroyed by 12 Japanese bombers. The attack also destroyed several aircraft including all but two of the aircraft used by the air unit of the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corp. The RAF and air personnel from then on fought as ground troops. Two of the Royal Navys three remaining destroyers were ordered to leave Hong Kong for Singapore, only one destroyer, HMS Thracian, several gunboats and a flotilla of motor torpedo boats remained. The crews evacuated 275 persons including Mme Sun Yat-Sen, the widow of Sun Yat-sen, the Commonwealth forces decided against holding the Sham Chun River and instead established three battalions on the Gin Drinkers Line across the hills
22.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
23.
Beaches of Hong Kong
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Hong Kong has a long coastline that is full of twists and turns with many bays and beaches. Many of them are sheltered by mountains nearby, as Hong Kong is a mountainous place. As a result, large waves seldom appear at the bays, however, with the increasing development and urbanisation of Hong Kong, water quality has worsened resulting in the closure of several beaches previously suitable for swimming. These include Approach Beach, Ting Kau Beach, Anglers Beach, Gemini Beaches, Hoi Mei Wan Beach, Casam Beach, in 2011, Lido Beach, Casam Beach, Approach Beach and Hoi Mei Wan Beach were reopened following an improvement in water quality. About half of the beaches suitable for swimming in Hong Kong are managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department, a number of other beaches are privately owned or not gazetted, but are nonetheless publicly accessible. A total of forty-one beaches in Hong Kong are managed by the LCSD, twelve of them are located on Hong Kong Island, and the remaining 29 are located across the New Territories, including the Outlying Islands. Some are temporarily closed to swimmers, kadoorie Beach is located at 18¾ milestone, Castle Peak Road. The enquires of the beach are 24506336 and 24513461, there are BBQ area, changing rooms, shower facilities and toilet. Lifeguard service hours are 0900–1800 in April to May, September to October, on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays in June to August, lifeguard service hours are 0800–1900. Lifeguard services are suspended during winter, cafeteria Old Beach is located at 18¾ milestone, Castle Peak Road. The enquires of the beach are 24506306 and 24513461, there are refreshment kiosk, BBQ area, changing room, shower facilities, toilet and bathing shed. Lifeguard service hours are 0900–1800 in April to May, September to October, on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays in June to August, lifeguard service hours are 0800–1900. Lifeguard services are suspended during winter, cafeteria New Beach is located at 18½ milestone, Castle Peak Road. The enquires of the beach are 24506440 and 24513461, there are refreshment kiosk and beach volleyball court. Lifeguard service hours are 0900–1800 in April to May, September to October, on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays in June to August, lifeguard service hours are 0800–1900. Lifeguard services are suspended during winter, Golden Beach is located at the 18½ milestone of Castle Peak Road, Tuen Mun. It is the largest beach in Tuen Mun with an area of 78,500 m². It is the first artificial beach in Hong Kong and it is classified as a Grade 2 beach, meaning that the water quality is fair
24.
Bus services in Hong Kong
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Bus services in Hong Kong have a long history. As of 2016, five companies operate franchised public bus services, there are also a variety of non-franchised public buses services, including feeder bus services to railway stations operated by MTR, and residents services for residential estates. The bus service of Hong Kong can be divided into 3 types, Franchised bus, Non-franchised bus. As of 2014, there are 5 privately owned bus companies provide franchised bus service across Hong Kong, operating more than 700 routes with some 5,800 buses. Hong Kong is one of the few cities in the world that bus services are not operated or owned by the Government. These are the five franchised bus companies in Hong Kong, Kowloon Motor Bus Company Limited Mainly provides service in Kowloon and New Territories, some of them are cross-harbour routes, either solely operated or jointly operated with Citybus or New World First Bus. Long Win Bus Company Limited Mainly services Tung Chung, Disneyland Resort, New World First Bus Services Limited Mainly provides service on Hong Kong Island, and provides routes in Kowloon and Tseung Kwan O. It operates 47 Hong Kong Island routes,8 Kowloon and Tseung Kwan O routes and 34 cross-harbour routes, New Lantao Bus Company Limited Mainly provides service on Lantau Island, operating 22 Lantau routes and 1 New Territories route with 108 buses. The Kowloon Motor Bus Company Limited is one of the largest privately owned bus operators in the world. KMBs fleet consists of about 3,800 buses on 400 routes, in 1979, Citybus began its operation in Hong Kong with one double-decker, providing shuttle service for the Hong Kong dockyard. It later expanded into operating a bus route between City One, Shatin and Kowloon Tong MTR station. New World First Bus Services Limited was established in 1998, taking over China Motor Buss franchise to provide bus services on Hong Kong Island together with Citybus, nWFBs parent company later bought Citybus, but the two companies have basically been operating independently. Hong Kong franchised bus routes have a path, fare, service hours. Urban routes mostly operate with double-decker buses, which have become a feature of Hong Kong. Passengers are required to pay their bus fare when they board the bus, some routes such as cross-harbour routes and Disneyland Resort routes are operated jointly by two companies. Fares are distanced-based although longer distances are cheaper than shorter distance fares on a per km basis. Hong Kongs bus fare system is based on where a passenger boards, e. g. tap on but not where a passenger alights, as such, a passenger pays the entire fare upon boarding regardless of point of alighting. Many routes provide step down fare after a certain distance has been completed
25.
Public light bus
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The public light bus or minibus is a public transport service in Hong Kong. It uses minibuses to serve areas that standard Hong Kong bus lines reach as efficiently. The vehicles are known by the code-switch Van仔. Minibuses carry a maximum of 16 seated passengers, no standing passengers are allowed, the popularity of minibus services in Hong Kong can be attributed to its high population density. Minibuses in Hong Kong are licensed either as Green Minibuses or Public Light Buses, the former restricted to fixed-fare, fixed-route operation, the latter not so restricted. PLBs substitute red for green on the roof of the car. Otherwise, the two versions of minibus are identical in appearance, both sporting a predominantly cream-coloured body, most of the buses run on Autogas. This type of fuel is not only cheaper, but also reduces emissions, the transport commission is making further efforts to reduce emissions by providing incentives for bus drivers to make the switch to even more efficient electric vehicles. As of 2014, there were 4,350 public minibuses in Hong Kong, the operations of these two types of services are regulated through conditions imposed by the Commissioner for Transport under the passenger service licences. In response to concerns about minibus speeding, from 2012. On all public minibuses, a digital speedometer must also be installed on the interior ceiling, adjacent to the drivers seat, facing passengers. The beginnings of public service can be traced to a local minibus system used in the New Territories before the 1960s. After 1967, they were allowed to operate in the areas of Hong Kong to ease commuter chaos. At the time people with mini-vans provided transport to the public for a small charge, the government turned a blind eye even though it was against traffic laws to carry passengers without a passenger service licence. The 1969 legislation legalising the service making some 5,000 licences available for drivers caused some controversy, some believed it was wrong of the government to issue licences to people who had been profiting from an illegal activity. The first generation light buses were carrying nine passengers. The buses had a black and white chequered stripe and were referred to as zebra cars. The chequered stripe is the still used by Lee On NT Taxi Co 利安的士公司 on its fleet of taxi
26.
Aberdeen Tunnel
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Aberdeen Tunnel is a two-tube tunnel linking Happy Valley and Wong Chuk Hang near Aberdeen on the Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It shortens the time between Wong Chuk Hang and Causeway Bay of the Hong Kong Island. It connects the Wong Chuk Hang Road and Canal Road Flyover in the Hong Kong Island, the toll plaza is at the Wong Chuk Hang end. The tunnel is 1.9 kilometres long and was used by 64,114 vehicles daily in 2015, Aberdeen Tunnel is currently managed by Transport Infrastructure Management Limited. A tunnel was planned in the development plan for Aberdeen approved by the Governor-in-Council in 1964. Support for the tunnel following the closure of the Wong Nai Chung Gap by landslides. In 1970, Aberdeen kaifong leaders and industrialists called on the government to build the tunnel, a pilot tunnel was dug in the mid-1970s to examine underground rock conditions. Official approval for the project, comprising the tunnel and the Canal Road flyover extension, was granted in late 1975. The opening of the tunnel was delayed by both difficult tunneling conditions, and the late arrival of communications equipment from overseas. The contractor was Dragages Hong Kong, the tunnel opened on 12 March 1982. From the very beginning, the tunnel suffered from congestion at the approach roads, in 1991, the toll was raised from $3 to $5. The Aberdeen Tunnels operations and management were privatised in 1991 and it was contracted out to the Cross Harbour Tunnel Company initially. Tunnel management was contracted out to Serco Group Ltd. on 29 September 1998, the laboratory facilitates particle physics research. The South Island Line, a new Mass Transit Railway link that opened in December 2016, upon commissioning, it was expected that seven per cent of peak hour Aberdeen Tunnel traffic would divert to the new railway. Tunnels and bridges in Hong Kong List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
27.
MTR
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The Mass Transit Railway is the rapid transit railway system of Hong Kong. Opened in 1979, the system now includes 218.2 km of rail with 161 stations, operated by the MTR Corporation Limited, the MTR is one of the most profitable metro systems in the world, with a high farebox recovery ratio of 186%. Under the governments rail-led transport policy, the MTR system is a mode of public transport in Hong Kong. It consistently achieves a 99. 9% on-time rate on its train journeys, as of 2014, the MTR has a 48. 1% market share of the franchised public transport market, making it the most popular transport option in Hong Kong. The integration of the Octopus smart card fare-payment technology into the MTR system in September 1997 has further enhanced the ease of commuting on the MTR, construction started soon after the release of the study, and the first line opened in 1979. The MTR was immediately popular with residents of Hong Kong, as a result, there are continual debates regarding how and where to expand the MTR network. As a successful operation, the MTR has served as a model for other newly built systems in the world. During the 1960s, the government of Hong Kong saw a need to accommodate increasing traffic as Hong Kongs economy continued to grow strongly. In 1966, British transportation consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the system of Hong Kong. The study was based on the projection of the population of Hong Kong for 1986, on 1 September 1967, the consultants submitted the Hong Kong Mass Transport Study to the government, which recommended the construction of a 40-mile rapid transit rail system in Hong Kong. The study suggested that four rail lines be developed in six stages, detailed positions of lines and stations were presented in the study. These four lines were the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, the study was submitted to the Legislative Council on 14 February 1968. The consultants received new data from the 1966 by-census on 6 March 1968, a short supplementary report was submitted on 22 March 1968 and amended in June 1968. The by-census indicated that the projected 1986 population was reduced by more than one million from the estimate to 5,647,000. The dramatic reduction affected town planning, the population distribution was largely different from the original study. The projected 1986 populations of Castle Peak New Town, Sha Tin New Town, and, to an extent, Tsuen Wan New Town, were revised downward. In this updated scenario, the reduced the scale of the recommended system. The other lines would be placed in the list of extensions and this report led to the final study in 1970
28.
Eileen Chang
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Eileen Chang was one of the most influential modern Chinese writers. Chang is noted for her writings that deal with the tensions between men and women in love, and are considered by some scholars to be among the best Chinese literature of the period. The Taiwanese author Yuan Chiung-chiung drew inspiration from Chang, Chang was born Zhang Ying in Shanghai, China. She was the first child of Zhang Zhiyi and Huang Suqiong, Changs maternal great-grandfather, Huang Yisheng, was a prominent naval commander. Changs paternal grandfather, Zhang Peilun, was son-in-law to Li Hongzhang and her childhood had also been shared with paternal aunt Zhang Maoyuan. In 1922, when Chang was two old, the family relocated to Tianjin, but in 1923, her mother left for the United Kingdom after her father took in a concubine. Their marriage had been arranged, and despite having bound feet and she returned in 1927, as her husband had promised to end the turmoil with drug usage and his personal affairs, and the family settled back to Shanghai in 1928. Chang and her younger brother Zhang Zijing were raised by their father, upon graduation from high school, Chang had a fight with her stepmother and father. Instead of receiving treatment, her father beat her and forced her to stay in her bedroom for six months, Chang started school at age 4. Besides her native Chinese, Chang studied and professed a high ability in English, although she says her family was not religious, she graduated from an all-female Christian high school, St. Marys Hall, Shanghai in 1937. In 1939, Chang was accepted to the University of London on a full scholarship, instead, she studied English Literature at the University of Hong Kong, where she met her lifelong friend, Fatima Mohideen. When Chang was one short of earning her degree in December 1941. Chang made the decision to return to China and her original plan was to finish her bachelors degree at Saint Johns University, but she chose to drop out after several weeks due to financial issues. At the age of 10, Changs mother renamed her Ailing, while in high school, Chang read Dream of the Red Chamber, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, which would influence her work throughout her career. Chang already displayed great talent and her writings were published in the school magazine. The following year, she wrote her debut short novel at the age of 12, in 1943, Chang was introduced to the prominent editor Zhou Shoujuan, and gave him a few pieces of her writing. With Zhous backing, Chang soon became the most popular new writer in Shanghai, within the next two years, she wrote some of her most acclaimed works, including Qing Cheng Zhi Lian and Jin Suo Ji. Her literary maturity was said to be beyond her age, while in Hong Kong, she wrote The Rice Sprout Song, which was her first novel written entirely in English
29.
The Standard (Hong Kong)
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The Standard is an English free newspaper in Hong Kong with a daily circulation of 231,018. It was formerly called the Hong Kong Standard and changed to HKiMail during the Internet boom, the South China Morning Post is its main local competitor. The Standard is printed in tabloid-format rather than in broadsheet and it is published daily from Monday to Friday. The Standard is published by Sing Tao Newspaper Limited, also the publisher of Sing Tao Daily and this enterprise is owned by Sing Tao News Corporation Limited, a firm owning other businesses including media publications, human capital management and Broadband service. The Global China Group Holdings acquired 51% of Sing Tao Holdings Ltd in January 2001, the Chairman of Sing Tao News Corporation Limited is Charles Ho Tsu Kwok. The Standard was originally named the Hong Kong Tiger Standard, the newspaper was founded by Tycoon Aw Boon Haw after the end of the Chinese Civil War. It started life as a broadsheet, largely edited and run by Chinese, politically, it shared the Sing Tao and Aws allegiance to the Kuomintang. These early editors were all thoroughly US educated and trained, the first being L. Z. Yuan, there followed C. S. Kwei, a leading Chinese lawyer and bilingual intellectual-author, and Kyatang Woo, an alumnus of University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. During the 1990s, when Sally Aw chaired Sing Tao News Corporation Limited, in 1994, a third English-language newspaper, the Eastern Express, appeared. The new paper quickly pushed the Standard into third place for full-price sales, the Standard adopted a distinctive orange and black masthead, and an advertising campaign that used a carrot logo and the maxim clearer vision. Meanwhile, a recruitment drive brought in new staff from the UK and Tasmania, mostly from regional newspapers. Its Sunday supplement, Hong Kong Life, began distribution in bars. On 30 May 2002, following the burst of the Internet Bubble, the current Editor-in-Chief is Ivan Tong, who replaced Mark Clifford. From 10 September 2007, The Standard, then sold at HK$6 and it is now Hong Kongs first and only free English newspaper. In August 1996, the Independent Commission Against Corruption in Hong Kong found that 14,000 copies of the paper had been discarded at Wan Chai Pier and therefore started an investigation. Circulation figures had always been obscure, due to the Sing Tao groups longstanding agreements with hotels. As a result, the ICAC arrested three members of the Hong Kong Standard and charged Aw Sian as co-conspirator. This case was examined and deliberated from 23 November 1998 to 20 January 1999, finally, the three staff members were found guilty and sentenced to 4 to 6 months in jail
30.
Big Wave Bay, Hong Kong Island
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For other places with the same name in Hong Kong, see Big Wave Bay. Big Wave Bay or Tai Long Wan is a bay in the Southern District of Hong Kong and it is located on the eastern coast of Hong Kong Island, south of Cape Collinson and north of Shek O. Big Wave Bay has a beach and it is also the site of a rock carving, which is a declared monument. Beaches of Hong Kong Hong Kong Trail Big Wave Bay, beach water quality on Environmental Protection Department website
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Shek O
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Shek O is a beachside village located on the south-eastern part of Hong Kong Island, in Hong Kong. Administratively, it is part of Southern District, the scenery of Shek O is the setting of numerous Cantopop music videos. The Hong Kong director Stephen Chows famous film King of Comedy was also shot at Shek O. The name Shek O literally means the rocky bay, the entire area is a peninsula on the southern coast of the Hong Kong Island, facing the South China Sea. Shek O is surrounded by Shek O Country Park, Big Wave Bay, Shek O Village has a history of some 200 years. It was established by fishermen of the Chan, Yip, Li, in 1841, Shek O Village, together with Hok Tsui Village and Big Wave Village, had a population of around 200. The Tin Hau Temple in Shek O Village was built in 1891 and its management has been delegated by the Chinese Temples Committee to the Shek O Residents Association. It is a Grade III historic building, Shek O Beach is a sandy public beach at Shek O. The water quality is fair and is gazetted Grade 2 and it is a popular weekend and holiday destination, offering a public barbecue area and many restaurants. The rocky cliffs provide an excellent place for sports climbing, around one mile north of Shek O beach, after passing the Shek O Country Club, is Big Wave Bay. As its name suggests, big waves roll on to the beach, propelled by the wind, wind surfers can be found in the sea off Big Wave Bay and Shek O beaches. The Dragons Back above Shek O is home to Hong Kong Islands only paragliding site, paragliders can be seen riding the lift and landing at the nearby Rocky Bay. Big Wave Bay Beach is also the site of rock carving similar to those found on Cheung Chau Island. Both beaches have basic bars and restaurants, and equipment hire, such as body boards, in addition, Shek O Beach has a small golf course. Due to the location of Shek O, the environment near the beach remains rustic and quiet. The Shek O Country Club is built around a par 65 private golf course and its history goes back to 1919. The construction of the Clubhouse was completed in 1925, Residents estimated nine drowning deaths at the beach in 2011, and seven in 2012, figures which were not disputed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department. Shek O is served by Shek O Road, which connects Tai Tam Road to Stanley, there is one public transport link toward Shek O Beach, bus route 9 from Shau Kei Wan. There is limited parking near the beach and it is also served by red minibuses
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St. Stephen's Beach
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St. Stephens Beach is a secluded beach in the Southern District of Hong Kong, five minutes from Stanley main beach, and close to St. Stephens College Preparatory School. It is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department and is rated as Grade 1 by the Environmental Protection Department for its water quality, beaches of Hong Kong St. Stephens Beach Water Sports Centre. Dopplr – St. Stephens Beach and Military Cemetery
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Islands District
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The Islands District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is part of the New Territories and it had a population of 141,327 in 2011. Hong Kong consists of a peninsula and 236 islands, the Islands District consists of some twenty large and small islands which lie to the south and southwest of Hong Kong. With an area that is 16% of Hong Kong and a population that is 2% of Hong Kong and it is therefore the district with by far the lowest population density of 783 per km². The outlying islands are notable for a relaxed way of life than that of Hong Kong Island. The district has the third youngest residents, many islands of Hong Kong are actually not part of the district. Most notably, Hong Kong Island contains four districts itself, the term Outlying Islands tends to refer to the islands of the Islands District. The northeast point of Lantau and Ma Wan traditionally belong to Tsuen Wan District owing to their administration and transportation dependence of Tsuen Wan, Tsing Yi Island once was administrated by Tsuen Wan District and now by Kwai Tsing District. Whilst the Sai Kung Islands are part of the Sai Kung District, collectively, Mui Wo and Tai O on Lantau, Cheung Chau, Lamma Island and Peng Chau are more populated than the rest of the area of the district. New Lantao Bus Ngong Ping 360 Islands of Hong Kong List of areas of Hong Kong Islands District Council List and map of electoral constituencies http, //www. islandsdc. gov. hk/
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Cheung Sha
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Cheung Sha is a rural area on the south coast of Lantau Island, New Territories, Hong Kong. Along the South Lantau Road, Cheung Sha is located between Tong Fuk and San Shek Wan, the most notable feature of the area is the Cheung Sha Beach, the longest beach in Hong Kong. The South Lantau Road, passing through Cheung Sha, was built in the century from Silver Mine Bay to Shek Pik for access to the new reservoir there. Cheung Sha is rural in character and largely undeveloped and it is home to two small villages, namely Cheung Sha Ha Tsuen and Cheung Sha Sheung Tsuen. There are also a few low-density private housing developments, the Cheung Sha Beach is the longest beach in Hong Kong. It actually comprises two beaches separated by an outcropping, Lower Cheung Sha Beach and Upper Cheung Sha Beach. On its own, Upper Cheung Sha Beach is still the longest beach in Hong Kong, in January 2016, the Lantau Development Advisory Committee proposed to build spas, resort hotels, and a wedding centre at Cheung Sha. The suggestion was part of a proposal to undertake major development of Lantau Island. The proposals were received by the government, but decried by various advocacy groups as destructive urban sprawl reliant on more white elephant infrastructure projects
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Hung Shing Yeh Beach
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The Hung Shung Yeh Beach is a beach in Lamma Island, Hong Kong. It is the most popular beach in Lamma Island, the beach is equipped with toilets, showers and changing rooms. It is also protected by shark net, the beach overlooks the Lamma Power Station. The beach can be reach by walking from the Yung Shue Wan ferry pier, beaches of Hong Kong Hung Shing Yeh Beach
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Pui O Beach
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Pui O, formerly Lo Pui O, is an area on Lantau Island in Hong Kong. It is a destination for holiday camping in Hong Kong. Visitors may also rent village houses for leisure, located in the South Lantau, there are four main villages in Pui O, they are Lo Wai, San Wai, Lo Uk, and Ham Tin. Pui O is located at the edge of Lantau South Country Park, Pui O is a bay shaped by the Chi Ma Wan Peninsula and the lower slopes of Sunset Peak. A main river from a valley to the east and other small river gather at Pui O forming an estuary of wetland, villagers enclosed the wetland and converted it into rice paddies. This is indicated by the name Ham Tin, at the shore, a long beach is formed by the interaction between the current of the South China Sea and the rivers. Pui O Beach runs along almost the entire shoreline of Pui O, due to the geological composition of surrounding area, the sand on the beach is mixture of black and yellow. The Hong Kong Government has constructed facilities on the beach for wild camping. During the Qing dynasty, villages near the shore in Hong Kong were frequently attacked by pirates,29 historical buildings and features of Pui O are listed by the Antiquities and Monuments Office. In Ham Tin, at Chung Hau there is a Tin Hau Temple and it was built in the Ming dynasty, rebuilt in 1798 and repaired in 1947,1974 and 1995. It is surrounded by two feng shui trees, and an earth god shrine is located at its right side, cheung Ancestral Hall, also known as Yue Tak Tong, in Lo Wai, probably built in the late Qing Dynasty. Wing On Bridge and its associated earth god shrine in Ham Tin, an archaeological site was discovered in Pui O in 1957. Mangrove can be found on both sides of the estuary between Ham Tin and Pui O beach, a resident population of water buffaloes can be found in Pui O. It is one of the few remaining areas where they occur in Hong Kong. Pui O is on the South Lantau Road, all bus routes between Mui Wo and other points pass through Pui O. A branch road, Chi Ma Wan Road routes across Chi Ma Wan Peninsula to Chi Ma Wan, the Lantau Trail passes through Pui O, and there are many other hiking routes in the vicinity
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Tong Fuk
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Tong Fuk is a village and an area on Lantau Island in Hong Kong. It is a place for holiday recreation. Tong Fuk Beach in a bay to the south of the village is a local attraction, several rivers and streams runs across Tong Fuk making it suitable for cultivation. The main river is at the west of Tong Fuk, across the main river is Ma Po Ping. It is sometimes regarded as part of Tong Fuk, South of Ma Po Ping is a bay named Tong Fuk Miu Wan. Tong Fuk Miu is a temple sited at the east end of the bay, beside the temple is Tong Fuk Submarine Cable Station and South Lantau Submarine Cable Station, where telecommunication cables link various destinations across the South China Sea. The former Ma Po Ping Prison is located at Ma Po Ping, Tong Fuk is on South Lantau Road. Bus routes from Ngong Ping and Tai O at the west to Mui Wo, beaches of Hong Kong Leisure and Cultural Services Department, Tong Fuk Beach
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Tsuen Wan District
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Tsuen Wan District is one of the 18 districts of Hong Kong. It is located in the New Territories and is served by the Tsuen Wan Line of the MTR metro system and its residents, who mostly live in Tsuen Wan Town, enjoy the highest income in the New Territories. Part of the Tsuen Wan New Town is located in the Tsuen Wan District, an exclave of Tsuen Wan is also located on the northeastern part of Lantau island. The district was set up in 1982 covering the present-day Tsuen Wan District, Kwai Chung and the island of Tsing Yi were split from Tsuen Wan District in the mid-1980s, and subsequently formed a new district known as Kwai Tsing. The Sam Tung Uk Museum is a cultural and agricultural museum and was set up in a former Hakka walled village, behind Tsuen Wan is Shin Mun reservoir, a valley that was once home to 10 villages that grew mostly pineapples. The dam that stops the reservoir is called Po Lo Pa, there were once disputes and fights among the Shing Mun valley dwellers and Tsuen Wan residents during the 18th century, over the levying of taxes for pineapple sales. The reservoir valley also has a lead mine, where some of the residents of Tsuen Wan used to work. Behind this is Tai Mo Shan, the tallest hill in Hong Kong, Tsuen Wan Station is the terminus of the line. Tai Wo Hau Station is also at Tsuen Wan District, West Rail Line also has a station at the coastal area of Tsuen Wan Town, named Tsuen Wan West Station. Disneyland Resort Line operates within the district, in the part of Lantau Island, consisting Sunny Bay Station. There are also tens of bus routes serving Tsuen Wan, mostly operated by Kowloon Motor Bus, Park Island Transport Co. Ltd. operates ferry services between Park Island on Ma Wan and Central and between Park Island and Tsuen Wan Pier. List of areas of Hong Kong Tsuen Wan District Council List and map of electoral constituencies Tsuen Wan New Town
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Ma Wan
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Ma Wan is an island of Hong Kong, located between Lantau Island and Tsing Yi Island, with an area of 0.97 square kilometres. Administratively, it is part of Tsuen Wan District and its development fostered plans to develop the island. Today, a part of Ma Wan is occupied by the Park Island apartment complex. A theme park, named Ma Wan Park was built to accompany the housing project, Ma Wan has an area of 0.97 square kilometres. It is 1.5 kilometres long and 1.3 kilometres wide and its highest point is Tai Leng Tau in the southeast. Two channels separate Ma Wan and other major islands, to the east is the Ma Wan Channel, separating it from Tsing Yi Island. The channel is crossed by the Tsing Ma Bridge, to the southwest is Kap Shui Mun, separating it from the Tsing Chau Tsai Peninsula of Lantau Island. The channel is crossed by the Kap Shui Mun Bridge, the north seafront is opposite Tsing Lung Tau on the mainland Tsuen Wan District, part of the New Territories. The south faces the small Tang Lung Chau island, Ma Wan surface rocks are mostly volcanic rocks called Yim Tin Tsai Formation. This is a coarse ash crystal tuff containing lapilli, some layers of fine volcanic ash are found in the far north of the island. The contained mafic minerals are biotite and amphibole, the tuff contains mostly quartz and alkali and plagioclase feldspar. Other minerals include apatite, magnetite, monazite and zircon, the Ma Wan granite is fine grained. It contains microcline, and few feldspar phenocrysts, the main minerals are quartz, perthitic orthoclase, and plagioclase. The dark mineral is mostly biotite, also contained is zircon, fluorite, and allanite. It is found on the south of the east coast, dykes formed later with a mafic dyke injected first followed by a felsic material. A feldsparphyric dyke crosses the island east-west near the ferry pier, several Cenozoic age quartzphyric rhyolite dykes cross the island. These are also injected with narrow dacitic dykes, and last of all very fine grained mafic basaltic dykes, a north east trending fault crosses Ma Wan from the typhoon shelter on the west side to the Tun Wan. The island is separated from Lantau Island by a fault under the channel called the Kap Shui Mun Fault
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Tuen Mun District
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Tuen Mun District is one of the 18 administrative districts of Hong Kong. Its name was previously Tsing Shan and it changed in the 1970s and it is the westernmost continental district of Hong Kong, located about 32 km from the Kowloon Peninsula,7 km southwest of Yuen Long and 18 km west of Tsuen Wan. It had a population of 488,831 in 2001, part of the district is the Tuen Mun New Town, which contains one of the largest residential areas in the New Territories. Originally named Castle Peak New Town when planning, the new town was finally named Tuen Mun, the new town was built on reclaimed land from the Castle Peak Bay, starting from the late 1970s. The district was subsequently named Tuen Mun after its establishment in the early 1980s, Tuen Mun Town Centre is the focal point of the district. Lung Kwu Tan Village has a history of a few hundred years and it is located at the southwest of Castle Peak and consists of Lung Kwu Tan and Lung Kwu Sheung Tan. It is said that Emperor Bing of Song went down the south as far as to Lung Kwu Tan when he fled from the invading Mongols. There is a cave at Lung Kwu Tan later known as the Emperors Cave, other famous spots include the Tin Hau Temple and the Bogys Rock. While Lung Kwu Tan is place of simplicity, the opening of privately run barbecue sites have always drawn crowds of holidaymakers. Every year at Tuen Ng Festival, which is the 5th day of the lunar month. The venue is one of the places where this international cultural. Every year many people from different companies or organisations join the exciting competition, the event also attracts crowds to watch the exciting race. It is located in Tuen Mun Park and it has houses for variety of real reptiles such as tortoises, snakes, lizards and chameleons. Visitors are able to study the livelihood of these animals in close proximity, the reptile house is full of surprises. Tsing Chuen Wai is situated in the part of Tuen Mun near Lam Tei Tsuen. Tsing Chuen Wai used to be known as Mak Yuen Wai and its present name came from the fact that the village was surrounded by its protective walls made of green bricks. Tsing Chuen Wai is mainly populated by the To Clan, the Tin Hau Temple and the Ancestral Hall in the village are of great historical value. Opened in 1994, Tuen Mun Public Riding School is located at Lung Mun Road, the School, which occupies an area of 3.58 hectares, is the largest public riding school in Hong Kong
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Golden Beach (Hong Kong)
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Golden Beach is located at the 18.5 milestone of Castle Peak Road, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong. It is adjacent to the Cafeteria New Beach, Golden Beach is the largest public beach in Tuen Mun with a total area of 78,500 m² and a length of 545 metres. It is the first artificial beach in Hong Kong and it is classified as a Grade 2 beach, meaning that the water quality is fair. Tropical trees, like coconut, and flowers of species are planted on both sides of a 480-metre long promenade running parallel to the beach. Refreshment kiosks, a hotel and a shopping mall are to be adjacent to the beach. Golden Beach is unique amongst the beaches of Hong Kong in that it has a volleyball court, the Hong Kong Beach Volleyball Team occasionally practises on Golden Beach. Golden Beach is served by KMB bus routes 52x,53 and 61M, by Citybus bus routes 962/N962, 962B and 962S, by MTR Bus feeder bus routes K51, Hong Kong Gold Coast Beaches of Hong Kong
Media related to Repulse Bay, Hong Kong at Wikimedia Commons