1.
Virtual retinal display
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A virtual retinal display, also known as a retinal scan display or retinal projector, is a display technology that draws a raster display directly onto the retina of the eye. The user sees what appears to be a conventional display floating in space in front of them, in the past similar systems have been made by projecting a defocused image directly in front of the users eye on a small screen, normally in the form of large glasses. The user focused their eyes on the background, where the screen appeared to be floating, limited brightness made them useful only in indoor settings as well. Only recently a number of developments have made a true VRD system practical, the result is a high-resolution screenless display with excellent color gamut and brightness, far better than the best television technologies. The VRD was invented by Kazuo Yoshinaka of Nippon Electric Co. in 1986, later work at the University of Washington in the Human Interface Technology Lab resulted in a similar system in 1991. Most of the research into VRDs to date has been in combination with various virtual reality systems, in this role VRDs have the potential advantage of being much smaller than existing television-based systems. They share some of the same however, requiring some sort of optics to send the image into the eye. It also can be used as part of a computer system. A Washington-based startup, MicroVision, Inc. has sought to commercialize VRD, founded in 1993, MicroVisions early development work was financed by US government defense contracts and resulted in the prototype head-mounted display, Nomad. In the Eye of the Beholder
2.
IPhone 4
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The iPhone 4 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the 4th generation of iPhone, succeeding the 3GS, the iPhone 4 also introduced Apples A4 system-on-chip, along with iOS 4—which notably introduced multitasking functionality and Apples new FaceTime video chat service. It was succeeded as Apples flagship smartphone in 2011 by the iPhone 4S, however, iPhone 4 continued to be produced until 2013. The iPhone 4 received generally positive reception, with praising its revamped design. Most human contact with the outer edge would cause a significant decrease in signal strength. Before the official unveiling of the iPhone 4 on June 7,2010, many of the speculations regarding technical specifications proved accurate. On January 27,2010, gadget website Engadget received leaked images of the unreleased iPad, unbeknownst to the editors and readers these images contained two of the unreleased iPhone 4s. It wasnt until the subsequent Gizmodo release were they aware of the contents of the images. On April 19,2010, gadget website Gizmodo reported that they had purchased a prototype for $5000. The prototype is reported to have been lost by an Apple employee, Gray Powell, in Redwood City, Apple had already received the iPhone prototype before the raid when it was returned by Gizmodo. Pictures and video of a prototype were published on a Vietnamese website, Taoviet. It was almost identical to the first, and used an A4 chip manufactured by Apple, the website purchased the prototype for $4,000. DigiTimes reported that the resolution of the new phone was 960-by-640. The iPhone 4 was available for pre-order on June 15,2010, customers attempting to pre-order the iPhone 4 reported problems with the pre-order process on the US and UK online Apple Stores which crashed due to the surge in traffic. Retail stores were unable to complete pre-order transactions due to the servers crashing. Apple and its partner carriers received 600,000 pre-orders for the iPhone 4 in the first 24 hours, Engadget reported that at 20,30 UTC, all iPhone 4 pre-order suppliers had sold out. 1.7 million iPhone 4s were sold in its first three days of availability, the iPhone 4 has also been released through Orange in Tunisia and was available in eight cities at the launch. On July 30,2010, iPhone 4 was made available for sale in Australia, in South Korea, it was released by KT on September 10
3.
IPhone 3GS
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The iPhone 3GS is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the third generation iPhone, successor to the iPhone 3G and it was introduced on June 8,2009, at the WWDC2009 which took place at the Moscone Center, San Francisco. This iPhone is named 3GS where S stood for Speed, improvements include performance, a 3-megapixel camera with higher resolution and video ability, voice control, and support for 7.2 Mbit/s HSDPA downloading. It was released in the USA, Canada, and six European countries on June 19,2009, in Australia and Japan on June 26, the iPhone 3GS runs Apples iOS operating system. It is controlled mostly by a users fingertips on a multi-touch display and it was succeeded as Apples flagship smartphone in 2010 by the iPhone 4, however, the 3GS continued in production until September 2012 when the iPhone 5 was announced. The iPhone 3GS was made available for pre-order on June 7,2009 and released on June 19 in the United States, Canada, and 7 European countries, and on June 26 in Australia and the United Kingdom. Within the first weekend of its release, over one million iPhone 3GS units were sold, the new features of the iPhone 3GS are mainly internal changes regarding speed. The iPhone 3GS is speedier and is 2x faster than its predecessor, though in addition to the upgrades mainly regarding performance, various software features were also introduced exclusive to the iPhone 3GS such as Video Camera, Voice Control and Digital Compass. All of its features were incorporated into the iPhone 4. The iPhone 3GS features iOS, Apples mobile operating system, the user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons, internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it vertically. The LCD on the device was designed by Apple and made by LG and it features a capacitive touchscreen with a pixel density of 163 pixels per inch on a 3.5 in 480-by-320 display. Improvements over its predecessors screen include 24-bit color emulation for a more color rich display, the capacitive touchscreen is designed for a bare finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing. The iPhone 3GS features an improved 3-megapixel camera manufactured by OmniVision, in addition to the higher megapixel count, it also features auto-focus, auto white balance and auto macro and is capable of capturing VGA video. The iPhone 3GS is powered by the Samsung APL0298C05 chip, which was designed and manufactured by Samsung and this is the first iPhone with a system-on-a-chip. This system-on-a-chip is composed of an ARM Cortex-A8 CPU core underclocked to 600 MHz and it has 256 MB of package on package DRAM, twice the amount of the 3G, allowing for increased performance and multi-tasking. Apple claims the iPhone 3GS is 2x faster than its predecessor, as on previous models, all data is stored in flash memory and not in the SIM and it does not offer any options to expand storage. A battery life indicator in percentage was also exclusive to the iPhone 3GS
4.
Apple Inc.
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Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
5.
IPS panel
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IPS is a screen technology for liquid crystal displays. It was designed to solve the limitations of the twisted nematic field effect matrix LCDs in the late 1980s. These limitations included strong viewing angle dependence and low-quality color reproduction, in-plane switching involves arranging and switching the orientation of the molecules of the liquid crystal layer between the glass substrates. This is done, essentially, parallel to these glass plates, the TN method was the only viable technology for active matrix TFT LCDs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Early panels showed grayscale inversion from up to down, and had a response time. In the mid-1990s new technologies were developed—typically IPS and Vertical Alignment —that could resolve these weaknesses and were applied to computer monitor panels. One approach patented in 1974 was to use inter-digital electrodes on one glass substrate only to produce an electric field parallel to the glass substrates. However, the inventor was not yet able to implement such IPS-LCDs superior to TN displays, after thorough analysis, details of advantageous molecular arrangements were filed in Germany by Guenter Baur et al. and patented in various countries including the US on 9 January 1990. The Fraunhofer Society in Freiburg, where the inventors worked, assigned these patents to Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, shortly thereafter, Hitachi of Japan filed patents to improve this technology. A leader in this field was Katsumi Kondo, who worked at the Hitachi Research Center, later, LG Display and other South Korean, Japanese, and Taiwanese LCD manufacturers adapted IPS technology. Today, IPS technology is used in panels for TVs, tablet computers. In particular, all Apple Inc. products marketed with the label Retina Display feature IPS LCDs with LED backlighting
6.
OLED
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An organic light-emitting diode is a light-emitting diode in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes, typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent, OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in lighting applications. There are two families of OLED, those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates an electrochemical cell which has a slightly different mode of operation. OLED displays can use either passive-matrix or active-matrix addressing schemes, an OLED display works without a backlight, thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display. In low ambient light conditions, an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, andré Bernanose and co-workers at the Nancy-Université in France made the first observations of electroluminescence in organic materials in the early 1950s. They applied high alternating voltages in air to such as acridine orange. The proposed mechanism was either direct excitation of the dye molecules or excitation of electrons, in 1960 Martin Pope and some of his co-workers at New York University developed ohmic dark-injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals. They further described the energetic requirements for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. These contacts are the basis of charge injection in all modern OLED devices, the proposed mechanism was field-accelerated electron excitation of molecular fluorescence. Also in 1965, W. Helfrich and W. G and their proposed mechanism involved electronic excitation at the contacts between the graphite particles and the anthracene molecules. Roger Partridge made the first observation of electroluminescence from polymer films at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom, the device consisted of a film of poly up to 2.2 micrometers thick located between two charge injecting electrodes. The results of the project were patented in 1975 and published in 1983, hong Kong-born American physical chemist Ching W. Tang and his co-worker Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak built the first practical OLED device in 1987. This was a revolution for the technology, Universal Display Corporation holds the majority of patents concerning the commercialization of OLEDs. A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate, the organic molecules are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over part or all of the molecule. These materials have conductivity ranging from insulators to conductors, and are therefore considered organic semiconductors. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of organic semiconductors are analogous to the valence, originally, the most basic polymer OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer
7.
Pixel density
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Horizontal and vertical density are usually the same, as most devices have square pixels, but differ on devices that have non-square pixels. PPI can also describe the resolution, in pixels, of an image file, the unit is not square centimeters—a 100×100 pixel image printed in a 1 cm square has a resolution of 100 pixels per centimeter. Used this way, the measurement is meaningful when printing an image and it has become commonplace to refer to PPI as DPI, even though PPI refers to input resolution. Industry standard, good quality photographs usually require 330 pixels per inch, at 100% size and this delivers a quality factor of 2, which is optimum. The lowest acceptable quality factor is considered 1.5, which equates to printing a 225 ppi image using a 150 lpi screen onto coated paper, screen frequency is determined by the type of paper the image is printed on. An absorbent paper surface, uncoated recycled paper for instance, lets ink droplets spread —so requires a more open printing screen, input resolution can therefore be reduced to minimize file size without loss in quality, as long as the quality factor of 2 is maintained. This is easily determined by doubling the line frequency, for example, printing on an uncoated paper stock often limits printing screen frequency to no more than 120 lpi, therefore, a quality factor of 2 is achieved with images of 240 ppi. The PPI of a display is related to the size of the display in inches. This measurement is referred to as dots per inch, though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer. This figure is determined by dividing the width of the area in pixels by the width of the display area in inches. It is possible for a display to have different horizontal and vertical PPI measurements, the dot pitch of a computer display determines the absolute limit of possible pixel density. In January 2008, Kopin Corporation announced a 0.44 inch SVGA LCD with a density of 2272 PPI. In 2011 they followed this up with a 3760 DPI0. 21” diagonal VGA colour display, the manufacturer says they designed the LCD to be optically magnified, as in high-resolution eyewear devices. Holography applications demand even greater density, as higher pixel density produces a larger image size. Spatial light modulators can reduce pixel pitch to 2.5 μm, some observations indicate that the unaided human generally cant differentiate detail beyond 300 PPI. However, this figure depends both on the distance between viewer and image, and the visual acuity. The human eye also responds in a different way to a bright, high pixel density display technologies would make supersampled antialiasing obsolete, enable true WYSIWYG graphics and, potentially enable a practical “paperless office” era. For perspective, such a device at 15 inch screen size would have to more than four Full HD screens
8.
Trademark
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The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
9.
United States Patent and Trademark Office
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The USPTO is unique among federal agencies because it operates solely on fees collected by its users, and not on taxpayer dollars. The USPTO is based in Alexandria, Virginia, after a 2005 move from the Crystal City area of neighboring Arlington, the head of the USPTO is Michelle K. Lee. She took up her new role on January 13,2014, on March 13, she formally took office as Director after being nominated by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the U. S. Senate. She formerly served as the Director of the USPTOs Silicon Valley satellite office, the USPTO cooperates with the European Patent Office and the Japan Patent Office as one of the Trilateral Patent Offices. The USPTO mission is to maintain a permanent, interdisciplinary historical record of all U. S. patent applications in order to fulfill objectives outlined in the United States Constitution. The legal basis for the United States patent system is Article 1, Section 8, an additional building in Arlington, Virginia, was opened in 2009. The USPTO was expected by 2014 to open its first ever satellite offices in Detroit, Dallas, Denver, the first satellite office opened in Detroit on July 13,2012. In 2013, due to the sequestration, the satellite office for Silicon Valley. However, renovation and infrastructure updates continued after the sequestration, and the Silicon Valley location is due to open in San Jose City Hall in mid-2015. As of September 30,2009, the end of the U. S. governments fiscal year, of those,6,242 were patent examiners and 388 were trademark examining attorneys, the rest are support staff. They are generally newly graduated scientists and engineers, recruited from universities around the nation. They hold degrees in scientific disciplines, but who do not necessarily hold law degrees. Unlike patent examiners, trademark examiners must be licensed attorneys, all examiners work under a strict, count-based production system. For every application, counts are earned by composing, filing, and mailing a first office action on the merits, the Patent Operations of the office is divided into nine different technology centers that deal with various arts. Prior to 2012, decisions of patent examiners may be appealed to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, the United States Supreme Court may ultimately decide on a patent case. Similarly, decisions of trademark examiners may be appealed to the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, with subsequent appeals directed to the Federal Circuit, under the America Invents Act, the BPAI was converted to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board or PTAB. In recent years, the USPTO has seen increasing delays between when a patent application is filed and when it issues, to address its workload challenges, the USPTO has undertaken an aggressive program of hiring and recruitment. The USPTO hired 1,193 new patent examiners in Fiscal Year 2006,1,215 new examiners in fiscal 2007, in 2006, USPTO instituted a new training program for patent examiners called the Patent Training Academy
10.
Apple Watch
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Apple Watch is a line of smartwatches developed, designed, and marketed by Apple Inc. It incorporates fitness tracking and health-oriented capabilities with integration with iOS and other Apple products, Apple Watch relies on a wirelessly connected iPhone to perform many of its default functions such as calling and texting. It is compatible with the iPhone 5 or later models running iOS8.2 or later, announced by Apple CEO Tim Cook in September 2014, the device was released in April 2015. The Apple Watch quickly became the best-selling wearable device with the supply of 4.2 million smartwatches in the quarter of the 2015 fiscal year. The goal of the Apple Watch was to enhance the uses of an iPhone by using a watch, kevin Lynch was brought on by Apple to make wearable technology for the wrist. He said, People are carrying their phones with them and looking at the screen so much, People want that level of engagement. But how do we provide it in a way thats a more human. The Apple Watch works by connecting via Bluetooth to the phone, Apples development process was held very much under wraps until a Wired article revealed how some internal design decisions were made. On February 10,2013, both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was beginning to develop an iOS-based smartwatch with a curved display. On February 12,2013, Bloomberg reported that Apples smartwatch project was beyond the experimentation phase in its development, further reports in March 2013 indicated that Apple planned to release the device by the end of the year. In July 2013, Financial Times reported that Apple had begun hiring more employees to work on the smartwatch, and that it was targeting a possible retail release in late 2014. In April 2014, Apple CEO Tim Cook told The Wall Street Journal that the company was planning to new product categories that year. In June 2014, Reuters reported that production was expected to begin in July for a release in October, after the reveal video, the auditorium was filled with prolonged applause and a standing ovation as Tim Cook reappeared onstage wearing an Apple Watch. Cook explained that Apple Watch was a precise timepiece, a new way to communicate from your wrist. Pre-orders for the Apple Watch began on April 10,2015, CNET felt that this distribution model was designed to prevent Apple Store locations from having long line-ups due to the high demand. Selected Apple Watch models were available in-store at certain luxury boutiques, on June 4,2015, Apple announced that it did plan to stock Apple Watch models at its retail locations. On August 24,2015, during a call, Best Buy announced that it would begin stocking Apple Watch at its retail stores by the end of September. Both T-Mobile US and Sprint also announced plans to offer Apple Watch through its retail stores, on September 9,2015, in Apples Special Event, Apple launched a new collection of Apple Watch in collaboration with Hermès
11.
IPhone
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IPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. They run Apples iOS mobile operating system, the first generation iPhone was released on June 29,2007, the most recent iPhone model is the iPhone 7, which was unveiled at a special event on September 7,2016. The user interface is built around the devices multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard, the iPhone has Wi-Fi and can connect to cellular networks. Other functionality, such as games, reference works, and social networking. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications available for the iPhone, Apple has released ten generations of iPhone models, each accompanied by one of the ten major releases of the iOS operating system. The iPhone 5 featured a taller, 4-inch display and Apples newly introduced Lightning connector, in 2013, Apple released the 5S with improved hardware and a fingerprint reader, and the lower-cost 5C, a version of the 5 with colored plastic casings instead of metal. They were followed by the larger iPhone 6, with models featuring 4.7 and 5. 5-inch displays.5 mm headphone jack found on previous phones. The iPhones commercial success has been credited with reshaping the smartphone industry, the original iPhone was one of the first phones to use a design featuring a slate format with a touchscreen interface. Almost all modern smartphones have replicated this style of design, in the US, the iPhone holds the largest share of the smartphone market. As of late 2015, the iPhone had a 43. 6% market share, followed by Samsung, LG, Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet and towards a phone. Apple created the device during a collaboration with Cingular Wireless at the time—at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months. Apple rejected the design by committee approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1s firmware limited storage to only 100 iTunes songs to avoid competing with Apples iPod nano. Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9,2007, the passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the Jesus phone. Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, on July 11,2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six. Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories. Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8,2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, many would-be users objected to the iPhones cost, and 40% of users had household incomes over US$100,000. The back of the original first generation iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent, the iPhone 3G and 3GS feature a full plastic back to increase the strength of the GSM signal. The iPhone 3G was available in an 8 GB black model, the iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity
12.
IPod Touch
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The iPod Touch is an iOS-based all-purpose handheld PC designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface that is touchscreen-based. It can be used as a music and video player, digital camera, handheld game device, furthermore, it does not fit in Apples iPhone accessories such as their leather cases. As of May 2013,100 million iPod Touch units had been sold and it is also the most popular iPod model. The current iPod touch is the model, released on July 15,2015. Users type on a keyboard displayed on the screen. Apple operates a store, allowing users to buy and directly download music, videos. Successive updates to iOS since the release in 2007 have released additional features. IPhone OS2.0, released on July 11,2008, introduced the App Store, iPhone OS3.0, released on June 17,2009, added features such as cut, copy, and paste, data tethering and push notification support. IOS4.0, released on June 21,2010, introduced iBooks, FaceTime and it dropped support for the first generation iPod Touch. In June 2011, iOS5, the major release of iOS software, was announced at Apples WWDC2011. Apple limited some features, most notably the control system Siri. IOS6, which was released on September 19,2012 to the fourth and fifth generation iPod Touch models, contains 200 new features including Passbook, Facebook integration and Apple Maps. The fifth generation iPod Touch gained the ability to take panoramic photos, on June 8,2015, it was announced at the WWDC that the iPod Touch fifth generation would support iOS9, along with other A5 devices. This makes the iPod Touch fifth generation the only iPod Touch to support 4 major versions of iOS. Apples position was that they could add features for free to the iPhone because the revenue from it is accounted for on a basis under accounting rules. At WWDC in June 2010, as of iOS4, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had found a way to make subsequent OS upgrades available free to iPod Touch owners. To purchase content on the iPod Touch, the user must create an Apple ID or have an existing account, with this account one may download music and videos from the iTunes Store, apps from the App Store, or books from the iBookstore. An Apple ID account created without a card can be used to get free content
13.
IPad
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IPad is a line of tablet computers designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. which run the iOS mobile operating system. The first iPad was released on April 3,2010, the most recent iPad models are the 9. 7-inch iPad Pro released on March 31,2016, the user interface is built around the devices multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPad includes built-in Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity on select models, as of January 2015, there have been over 250 million iPads sold. IPad tablets are second most popular, by sales, against Android-based ones, since 2013, an iPad can shoot video, take photos, play music, and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing. Other functions – games, reference, GPS navigation, social networking, as of March 2016, the App Store has more than one million apps for the iPad by Apple and third parties. There have been six versions of the iPad, the first generation established design precedents, such as the 9. 7-inch screen size and button placement, that have persisted through all models. The third generation added a Retina Display, the new Apple A5X processor with a graphics processor, a 5-megapixel camera, HD 1080p video recording, voice dictation. The fourth generation added the Apple A6X processor and replaces the 30-pin connector with an all-digital Lightning connector, the iPad Air added the Apple A7 processor and the Apple M7 motion coprocessor, and reduced the thickness for the first time since the iPad 2. The iPad Air 2 added the Apple A8X processor, the Apple M8 motion coprocessor, an 8-megapixel camera, and the Touch ID fingerprint sensor, there have been four versions of the iPad Mini. The first generation features a screen size of 7.9 inches and features similar internal specifications as the iPad 2 except it uses the Lightning connector. The iPad Mini 2 features the Retina Display, the Apple A7 processor, the iPad Mini 3 features the Touch ID fingerprint sensor. The iPad Mini 4 features the Apple A8 and the Apple M8 motion coprocessor, Apple co-founder Steve Jobs said in a 1983 speech that the companys strategy is really simple. What we want to do is we want to put a great computer in a book that you can carry around with you. And we really want to do it with a link in it so you don’t have to hook up to anything and you’re in communication with all of these larger databases. Apples first tablet computer was the Newton MessagePad 100, introduced in 1993, powered by an ARM6 processor core developed by ARM, Apple also developed a prototype PowerBook Duo based tablet, the PenLite, but decided not to sell it in order to avoid hurting MessagePad sales. Apple released several more Newton-based PDAs, the one, the MessagePad 2100, was discontinued in 1998. Apple re-entered the mobile-computing markets in 2007 with the iPhone, smaller than the iPad, but featuring a camera and mobile phone, it pioneered the multi-touch finger-sensitive touchscreen interface of Apples iOS mobile operating system. By late 2009, the release had been rumored for several years
14.
MacBook (Retina)
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The MacBook is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in March 2015 by Apple Inc. The MacBook has an appearance to the MacBook Air, but is thinner and lighter, and is available in space grey, silver, gold. It offers a high-resolution Retina Display, a Force Touch trackpad, a redesigned keyboard, in the MacBook product line, the MacBook sits below the MacBook Pro in terms of average specifications. The price is higher than the MacBook Air, which is compensated for by the Retina Display, thin body, however, the processor and graphic performance is inferior to the MacBook Air. Many reviewers have criticized its keyboard for being less comfortable than that of the MacBook Air. The MacBook is designed with thinness in mind, the enclosure is 13.1 mm at its thickest point at the end of the computer next to the place where it pivots. The computer still features a keyboard and trackpad. The battery was redesigned to a shape to fill the available space in the smaller enclosure. It uses a new 39.7 watt-hour lithium-polymer terraced battery cell which is said to all day battery life. It is said to last up to 9 hours for Internet browsing or 10 hours of iTunes movie playback, the battery was improved in the 2016 refresh, with Apple claiming to provide 10 hours for Internet browsing, and 11 hours for iTunes movie playback. The MacBook does not include any beryllium, BFRs, or PVCs in its construction, the display is made of arsenic-free glass and contains no mercury. It is made of materials such as aluminum and glass, meets Energy Star 6.1 standards. The MacBook has a new keyboard and trackpad, compared to previous models, the individual keys have a larger surface area. Apple replaced the scissor-like mechanism with a mechanism, making the keyboard thinner overall and, as Apple claims. The keyboards backlight no longer consists of a row of LEDs and a light guide panel, the letters on the MacBooks keyboard are set in San Francisco, whereas previous MacBooks used VAG Rounded. The 2015 model of computer was the first to introduce the Force Touch trackpad, allowing for pressure sensitivity. The trackpad was later brought to the Magic Trackpad, a similar technology was used in the Apple Watch and iPhone 6S. To achieve its thin chassis, the Macbook only contains a single, USB Type-C port, the vertically symmetrical port supports transmission speeds of up to 5 Gbit/s, and can be used for charging, output and input of data, and output of video and audio
15.
MacBook Pro
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The MacBook Pro is a line of Macintosh portable computers introduced in January 2006 by Apple Inc. Replacing the PowerBook G4, the MacBook Pro was the model to be announced during the Apple–Intel transition. It is the model of the MacBook family and is currently available in 13-. A 17-inch version was available between April 2006 and June 2012, the first generation MacBook Pro appeared externally similar to the PowerBook G4, but used Intel Core processors instead of PowerPC G4 chips. The 15-inch model was introduced first, in January 2006, the 17-inch model followed in April, both received several updates and Core 2 Duo processors later that year. The products second iteration, known as the model, has a casing made from a single piece of aluminum. It debuted in October 2008 in 13- and 15-inch screen sizes, in January 2009, the 17-inch model was updated with the same unibody design. Subsequent updates brought upgraded Intel Core i5 and i7 processors and introduced Intels Thunderbolt technology, Apple released the third generation of MacBook Pro with a 15-inch screen during WWDC2012 and discontinued the 17-inch variant. The previous generation 13- and 15-inch unibody models continued to sell with updated processors, the third generation model was a quarter thinner than its predecessor and introduced the Retina Display with a much higher screen resolution. A 13-inch variant was released in October 2012, the fourth generation MacBook Pro was announced on October 27,2016. It replaced the function keys with an interactive, multi-touch Touch Bar, the 15-inch notebook started at $2,399, compared to $1,999 for the previous iteration. The original 15-inch MacBook Pro was announced on January 10,2006 by Steve Jobs at the Macworld Conference & Expo, the 17-inch model was unveiled on April 24,2006. The first design was largely a carryover from the PowerBook G4, the 15-inch MacBook Pro weighs the same as the 15-inch aluminum PowerBook G4, but is 0.1 inches deeper,0.4 inches wider, and 0.1 inches thinner. Other changes from the PowerBook include a built-in iSight webcam and the inclusion of MagSafe and these features were later brought over to the MacBook. The optical drive was reduced in size in order to fit into the slimmer MacBook Pro, hence it runs slower than the drive in the PowerBook G4. Both the original 15- and 17-inch model MacBook Pros come with ExpressCard/34 slots, all first generation 15-inch models have two USB2.0 ports and one FireWire 400 port, while the 17-inch models have three USB2.0 ports as well as one FireWire 400 port. S-Video capability can be attained through the use of a DVI to S-Video adapter, external displays with up to a 2,560 ×1,600 pixel resolution are supported through a dual-link DVI port. All models include a built-in Gigabit Ethernet port, Bluetooth 2.0, later models include support for the draft 2.0 specification of 802. 11n and Bluetooth 2.1
16.
IMac (Intel-based)
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The iMac is a series of Macintosh desktop computers offered by Apple Inc. Previous iMac models featured either a white polycarbonate enclosure or an aluminium enclosure, the October 2009 iMac model featured a unibody aluminium enclosure, a version of which can still be seen on the current model. The current iMacs released in October 2012 also feature a much thinner display, at the Macworld Conference and Expo on January 10,2006, Steve Jobs announced that the new iMac would be the first Macintosh to use an Intel CPU, the Core Duo. The introduction of the new iMac along with the Intel-based MacBook Pro signaled the start of a transition from PowerPC to Intel processors. The features, price, and case design remained unchanged from the iMac G5, the processor speed, however, according to tests run by Apple using SPEC, was declared to be two to three times faster than the iMac G5. Alongside the MacBook Pro, the iMac Core Duo represents Apples first computer to feature Intel processors instead of PowerPC processors, in early February 2006, Apple confirmed reports of video display problems on the new Intel-based iMacs. When playing video on Apples Front Row media browser, some 20-inch iMacs showed random horizontal lines, ghosting, video tearing, the problem was fixed with a software update. In late 2006, Apple introduced a new version of the iMac which included a Core 2 Duo chip, except for the 17-inch 1.83 GHz processor model, this version also included an 802. 11n draft card. In August 2007, Apple introduced a redesign of the iMac, featuring an aluminum, glass. There is only one screw on the entire computer, located at the base of the iMac for accessing the memory slots. It has a black, plastic backplate that is not user removable, the 17-inch model was completely removed from the lineup. In March 2009, Apple released a refresh of the iMac line. Changes included a fourth USB port, removal of the FireWire 400 port, the exterior design was almost identical to the older Intel-based iMacs. The models were one 20-inch configuration and three 24-inch configurations, Apple doubled the default RAM and hard-disk size on all models, moving the RAM to the DDR2 specification. This revision also introduced a new, smaller, and more compact Apple Keyboard that excluded the numeric keypad and forward delete key in favor of the fn + Delete keys shortcut by default. Users could, however, replace this version with a more traditional, in October 2009, a 16,9 aspect ratio screen was introduced in 21.5 and 27 models, replacing the 20 and 2416,10 aspect ratio screens of the previous generation. The back is now a continuation of the body from the front. Video card options entirely switched to AMD, save for the standard onboard Nvidia card in the base model, the iMacs processor selection saw a significant increase
17.
IPhone 6
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The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus are smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The devices are part of the series and were announced on September 9,2014. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus received positive reviews, with critics regarding their improved design, specifications, camera, pre-orders of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus exceeded four million within its first 24 hours of availability—an Apple record. More than ten million iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus devices were sold in the first three days, another Apple record, the iPhone 6 Plus was also the subject of camera issues, including some devices with malfunctioning optical image stabilization or otherwise defects on rear cameras. The iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus were moved to the spot in Apples iPhone lineup when the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in September 2015. The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were discontinued on September 7,2016 when Apple announced the iPhone 7 and their spot as the entry-level iPhone was replaced by the iPhone SE, which was released earlier on March 31,2016. From the launch of the original iPhone to the iPhone 4S, the iPhone 5 and its immediate successors featured a display that was taller, but the same width as prior models, measuring at 4 inches diagonally. 7-inch and 5. 5-inch displays. In August 2015, Apple admitted that some iPhone 6 Plus may have faulty cameras that could be causing photos to look blurry and initiated a replacement program. On September 9,2015, with the release of the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus were moved to the mid-range of the iPhone lineup. In June 2016, Apple faced a potential sales ban in China, as Shenzhen Baili, both models come in gold, silver, and space gray finishes. The displays use a multiple-domain LCD panel, dubbed dual-domain pixels and this technique helps improve the viewing angles of the display. To accommodate the physical size of the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus. The iPhone 6 features a 6.91 Wh battery, while the iPhone 6 Plus features an 11.1 Wh battery, unlike the previous model, the rear-facing camera is not flush with the rear of the device, and has a slight bulge around the lens. Both models include an Apple A8 system-on-chip, and an M8 motion co-processor—an update of the M7 chip from the iPhone 5s, the primary difference between the M8 and the original M7 coprocessor is that the M8 also includes a barometer to measure altitude changes. Phil Schiller touted that the A8 chip would provide, in comparison to the 5s, a 25% increase in CPU performance, a 50% increase in graphics performance, and less heat output. The expanded LTE connectivity on the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus is improved to LTE Advanced, with support for over 20 LTE bands, for up to 150 Mbit/s download speed, NFC support is restricted to Apple Pay only, and cannot be used for any other purposes. The iPhone 6s rear-facing camera now has the ability to shoot 1080p video at either 30 or 60 frames per second, the camera also includes phase detection autofocus. The iPhone 6 Plus camera is identical, but also includes optical image stabilization
18.
4K resolution
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4K resolution, also called 4K, refers to a horizontal resolution on the order of 4,000 pixels and vertical resolution on the order of 2,000 pixels. Several 4K resolutions exist in the fields of television and digital cinematography. In the movie industry, Digital Cinema Initiatives is the dominant 4K standard. In television and consumer media, 4K UHD or UHD-1 is the dominant 4K standard, by 2015, 4K television market share had increased greatly as prices fell dramatically during 2014 and 2015. By 2025, more than half of U. S. households are expected to have a 4K-capable TV, the name 4K resolution refers to a horizontal resolution of approximately 4,000 pixels. The use of width to characterize the overall resolution marks a switch from previous television standards such as 480i and 1080p, using that same convention, 4K UHD would be named 2160p. There are two main 4K resolution standards, The DCI 4K resolution standard, which has a resolution of 4096 ×2160 pixels and this standard is widely respected by the film and video production industry. The DCI 4K standard has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of DCI 2K, UHD-1, or ultra-high-definition television, is the 4K standard for television and computer monitors. UHD-1 is also called 2160p since it has twice the horizontal and vertical resolution of 1080p and it has a resolution of 3840 ×2160. UHD-1 is used in television and other media, e. g. video games. Many manufacturers may advertise their products as UHD 4K, or simply 4K and this often causes great confusion among consumers. YouTube and the industry have adopted UHD-1 as their 4K standard. As of 2014, 4K content from major broadcasters remains limited, the channel is licensed by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission to provide educational content. However, 4K content is becoming widely available online including on YouTube, Netflix. By 2013, some UHDTV models were available to consumers in the range of US$600. As of 2015, prices on smaller computer and television panels had dropped below US$400, DVB expects UHD-1 Phase 2 services to be introduced by broadcasters from 2017, with features such as High Dynamic Range, Wide Color Gamut, and High Frame Rate. The first commercially available 4K camera for cinematographic purposes was the Dalsa Origin, YouTube began supporting 4K for video uploads in 2010 as a result of leading manufacturers producing 4K cameras. Users could view 4K video by selecting Original from the quality settings until December 2013, the projection of movies at 4K resolution at cinemas began in 2011
19.
5K resolution
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5K resolution is horizontal resolution of about 5,000 pixels. The most common 5K resolution is 5120 ×2880, which has a ratio of 16,9 and is about 14.7 million pixels. This resolution is used in computer monitors, and is not a standard format in digital television and digital cinematography. In comparison to 4K UHD, the 16,9 5K resolution of 5120 ×2880 offers 1,280 extra columns and 720 extra lines of display area, as of 2016, the world uses 1080p as the mainstream HD standard. However, there is a increase in media content being released in 4K. Online streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Video launched videos in 4K resolution in 2014 and are expanding their collection of videos in 4K resolution. As 4K content becomes more common, the usefulness of 5K displays in editing, on April 14,2008, Red Digital Cinema Camera Company launched one of the first cameras capable of video capture at 5K resolutions. RED EPIC uses the Mysterium X sensor which has a resolution of 5120 ×2700, cameras with 5K resolution are used occasionally for recording films in digital cinematography. Some photographic still cameras such as DSLRs can exceed 5K resolution when capturing still images, Samsung first demonstrated its 105-inch UN105S9W curved OLED TV at CES2014. While Samsung lists the UN105S9W as a 4K UHD TV, it actually has native resolution of 5120 ×2160 which classifies it as a 5K display due to the pixel count of ≈5,000. On September 5,2014, Dell unveiled the first monitor with a 5K resolution and this monitor featured a 27-inch 5120 ×2880 display, giving it a pixel density of around 218 px/in. The monitor only supported DisplayPort version 1.2, which is limited to 5120 ×2880 at 30 Hz. The earliest interface to support 5120 ×2880 at 30 Hz or above was DisplayPort version 1.2, DisplayPort 1.2 was first implemented in the AMD Radeon HD6970 and other graphics cards of its generation. NVIDIA introduced DisplayPort 1.2 support with the GeForce GTX680, the GeForce GTX980 launched in late 2014, introducing support for HDMI2.0 which supports 5120 ×2880 at 30 Hz with 24 bit/px or 30 bit/px color depth. The GeForce GTX1080 launched in mid 2016 and was the first graphics card to support for DisplayPort 1.3 and 1.4. It was followed shortly by the AMD RX480, which introduced support for HDMI2.0, the Apple Retina 5K iMac released in 2014 used a custom internal interface to drive its display panel at 60 Hz.2020 - ITU-R Recommendation for UHDTV
20.
Fovea centralis
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The fovea centralis is a small, central pit composed of closely packed cones in the eye. It is located in the center of the macula lutea of the retina, the fovea is responsible for sharp central vision, which is necessary in humans for activities where visual detail is of primary importance, such as reading and driving. The fovea is surrounded by the belt, and the perifovea outer region. The perifovea contains a more diminished density of cones, having 12 per 100 micrometres versus 50 per 100 micrometres in the most central fovea. This, in turn, is surrounded by a peripheral area that delivers highly compressed information of low resolution following the pattern of compression in foveated imaging. Approximately half of the fibers in the optic nerve carry information from the fovea. The parafovea extends to a radius of 1.25 mm from the fovea. Anatomical macula / macula lutea / area centralis, Diameter =5. 5mm Demarcated by the superior and inferior temporal arterial arcades. Histologically the only region of the retina where GCL has >1 layer of ganglion cells Yellowish appearance = luteal pigments (xanthophyll, GCL has >5 layers of cells, and highest density of cones Anatomical perifovea, Region between parafovea and edge of macula GCL has 2-4 layers of cells. 12 cones /100 um Anatomical fovea / fovea centralis Area of depression in the centre of the macula lutea, within the Fovea is a region of 0. 5mm diameter celled the foveal avascular zone. This allows the light to be sensed without any dispersion or loss and this anatomy is responsible for the depression in the center of the fovea. The foveal pit is surrounded by the rim that contains the neurons displaced from the pit. This is the thickest part of the retina, the fovea is located in a small avascular zone and receives most of its oxygen from the vessels in the choroid, which is across the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruchs membrane. The high spatial density of cones along with the absence of blood vessels at the fovea accounts for the visual acuity capability at the fovea. The center of the fovea is the foveola – about 0.2 mm in diameter – or central pit where only cone photoreceptors are present, the central fovea consists of very compact cones, thinner and more rod-like in appearance than cones elsewhere. These cones are very densely packed, starting at the outskirts of the fovea, however, rods gradually appear, and the absolute density of cone receptors progressively decreases. Fovea size is compared to the rest of retina, but the fovea is the only area of the retina where 20/20 vision is attainable. In the primate fovea the ratios of ganglion cells to photoreceptors is about 2.5, almost every ganglion cell receives data from a single cone, and each cone feeds onto between 1 and 3 ganglion cells
21.
Steve Jobs
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Steven Paul Steve Jobs was an American entrepreneur, businessman, inventor, and industrial designer. He was the co-founder, chairman, and chief officer of Apple Inc. CEO and majority shareholder of Pixar, a member of The Walt Disney Companys board of directors following its acquisition of Pixar, and founder, chairman, Jobs and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak are widely recognized as pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s. Jobs was born in San Francisco and adopted at birth, he was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1960s, Jobs briefly attended Reed College in 1972 before dropping out. He then decided to travel through India in 1974 seeking enlightenment, Jobss declassified FBI report stated that an acquaintance knew that Jobs had used the illegal drugs marijuana and LSD while he was in college. Jobs once told a reporter that taking LSD was one of the two or three most important things he did in his life, Jobs and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to sell Wozniaks Apple I personal computer. The visionaries gained fame and wealth a year later for the Apple II, in 1979, after a tour of PARC, Jobs saw the commercial potential of the Xerox Alto, which was mouse-driven and had a graphical user interface. This led to development of the unsuccessful Apple Lisa in 1983, following a long power struggle, Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985. In addition, Jobs helped to initiate the development of the effects industry when he funded the spinout of the computer graphics division of George Lucass Lucasfilm in 1986. The new company, Pixar, would produce the first fully computer-animated film. In 1997, Apple merged with NeXT, within a few months of the merger, Jobs became CEO of his former company, reviving Apple at the verge of bankruptcy. Mac OS was also revamped into OS X, based on NeXTs NeXTSTEP platform, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in 2003 and died on October 5,2011 of respiratory arrest related to the tumor. Steve Jobss biological father, Abdulfattah John Jandali, was born into a Muslim household and grew up in Homs, Jandali is the son of a self-made millionaire who did not go to college and a mother who was a traditional housewife. While an undergraduate at the American University of Beirut, he was a student activist, although Jandali initially wanted to study law, he eventually decided to study economics and political science. He pursued a PhD in the subject at the University of Wisconsin, where he met Joanne Carole Schieble, a Catholic of Swiss and German descent. As a doctoral candidate, Jandali was an assistant for a course Schieble was taking. Mona Simpson, notes that her grandparents were not happy that their daughter was dating Jandali. But there are a lot of Arabs in Michigan and Wisconsin, Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobss official biographer, additionally states that Schiebles father threatened to cut Joanne off completely if she continued the relationship
22.
Skinny triangle
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A skinny triangle in trigonometry is a triangle whose height is much greater than its base. The solution of triangles can be greatly simplified by using the approximation that the sine of a small angle is equal to the angle in radians. The solution is simple for skinny triangles that are also isosceles or right triangles. The skinny triangle finds uses in surveying, astronomy and shooting, the proof of the skinny triangle solution follows from the small-angle approximation by applying the law of sines. Applying the small angle approximations to the law of sines above results in and this result is equivalent to assuming that the length of the base of the triangle is equal to the length of the arc of circle of radius r subtended by angle θ. This approximation becomes more accurate for smaller and smaller θ. The error is 10% or less for angles less than about 43°, the error of this approximation is less than 10% for angles 31° or less. Applications of the skinny triangle occur in any situation where the distance to a far object is to be determined and this can occur in surveying, astronomy, and also has military applications. The skinny triangle is used in astronomy to measure the distance to solar system objects. The base of the triangle is formed by the distance between two measuring stations and the angle θ is the angle formed by the object as seen by the two stations. This baseline is usually very long for best accuracy, in principle the stations could be on opposite sides of the Earth. However, this distance is short compared to the distance to the object being measured. The alternative method of measuring the angles is theoretically possible. The base angles are very nearly right angles and would need to be measured with much greater precision than the angle in order to get the same accuracy. The same method of measuring angles and applying the skinny triangle can be used to measure the distances to stars. In the case of stars however, a longer baseline than the diameter of the Earth is usually required, instead of using two stations on the baseline, two measurements are made from the same station at different times of year. During the intervening period, the orbit of the Earth around the Sun moves the station a great distance. This baseline can be as long as the axis of the Earths orbit or, equivalently
23.
Samsung Electronics
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(Korean, 삼성전자, Hanja, 三星電子 is a South Korean multinational electronics company headquartered in Suwon, South Korea. Through extremely complicated ownership structure with some circular ownership, it is the division of the Samsung Group. It is the second largest information technology company by revenue. Samsung Electronics has assembly plants and sales networks in 80 countries, since 2012, Kwon Oh-hyun has served as the companys CEO. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones and smartphones fueled by the popularity of its Samsung Galaxy line of devices, Samsung has been the worlds largest television manufacturer since 2006, and the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones since 2011. Samsung Electronics is a part of the South Korean economy. Samsung Electric Industries was established as an industry Samsung Group in 1969 in Suwon and its early products were electronic and electrical appliances including televisions, calculators, refrigerators, air conditioners and washing machines. In 1970, Samsung Group established another subsidiary, Samsung-NEC, jointly with Japans NEC Corporation to manufacture home appliances, in 1974, the group expanded into the semiconductor business by acquiring Korea Semiconductor, one of the first chip-making facilities in the country at the time. The acquisition of Korea Telecommunications, a switching system producer, was completed at the start of the next decade in 1980. By 1981, Samsung Electric Industries had manufactured over 10 million black-and-white televisions, one year later, Samsung became the third company in the world to develop a 64 kb DRAM. Samsung Electronics launched its first mobile phone in 1988, in the South Korean market, sales were initially poor and by the early 1990s, Motorola held a market share of over 60 percent in the countrys mobile phone market compared to just 10 percent for Samsung. Samsungs mobile phone division also struggled with poor quality and inferior products until the mid-1990s, Lee Kun-Hee decided that Samsung needed to change strategy. The company shelved the production of many under-selling product lines and instead pursued a process of designing and manufacturing components, in addition, Samsung outlined a 10-year plan to shrug off its image as a budget brand and to challenge Sony as the worlds largest consumer electronics manufacturer. It was hoped in this way Samsung would gain an understanding of how products are made and this patient vertical integration strategy of manufacturing components has borne fruit for Samsung in the late-2000s. As Samsung shifted away from markets, the company devised a plan to sponsor major sporting events. One such sponsorship was for the 1998 Winter Olympics held in Nagano, Samsung had a number of technological breakthroughs, particularly in the field of memory which are commonplace in most electrical products today. This includes the worlds first 64Mb DRAM in 1992,256 Mb DRAM in 1994, in 2004, Samsung developed the worlds first 8Gb NAND Memory chip and a manufacturing deal was struck with Apple in 2005. In 2005, Samsung Electronics surpassed its Japanese rival, Sony, for the first time to become the worlds twentieth-largest and most popular consumer brand, in 2007, Samsung Electronics became the worlds second-largest mobile-phone maker, overtaking Motorola for the first time
24.
LG Display
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LG Display is the worlds largest LCD panel maker. LG Display is one of the worlds largest manufacturer and supplier of thin-film transistor liquid crystal display panels, OLEDs and flexible displays. On 12 December 2008, LG. Philips LCD announced its plan to change its name to LG Display upon receiving approval at the companys annual general meeting of shareholders on 29 February. The company has eight manufacturing plants in Gumi and Paju, South Korea and it also has a module assembly plant in Nanjing and Guangzhou in China and Wroclaw in Poland. LG Display became an independent company in July 2004 when it was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. They are one of the licensed manufacturers of the more color-accurate IPS panels used by Dell, NEC, ASUS, Apple and others. In December 2010, the EU fined LG Display €215 million for its part in an LCD price fixing scheme, other companies were fined for a combined total of €648.9 million, including Chimei Innolux, AU Optronics, Chunghwa Picture Tubes Ltd. and HannStar Display Corp. LG Display has said it is considering appealing the fine and this followed the 2008 case in the US, when LG Display Co. Chunghwa Picture Tubes and Sharp Corp. agreed to plead guilty, LG Display would pay $400 million, the second-highest criminal fine that the US Justice Department antitrust division had ever imposed. Chunghwa would pay $65 million for conspiring with LG Display and other unnamed companies and Sharp would pay $120 million, LG Group Economy of South Korea IPS Panel Film-type Patterned Retarder LG Display Homepage LG Display Newsroom
25.
Japan Display
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Japan Display Inc. is an LCD technology joint venture by Sony, Toshiba, and Hitachi. The Innovation Network Corporation of Japan financed the merger of Sony, Toshiba, the agreement was finalized November 15,2011 and operations began April 1,2012. 2011 August 31 - INCJ, Sony, Toshiba, and Hitachi agree to the merger of their respective LCD divisions, November 15 - The agreement is finalized. INCJ and Panasonic begin talks on the acquisition of one of Panasonics factories,2012 April 1 - Operations begin 2013 April 1 - Japan Display West, Japan Display Central, and Japan Display East are merged. October 23 - New Subsidiary Taiwan Display Inc. is established,2014 March 19 - The company is listed on the first section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. JDI has developed technologies to differentiate its LCD panels from those of the competitors. Active-matrix displays driven by TFTs based on a low-temperature polycrystalline-silicon process instead of amorphous silicon and these higher performance transistors allow a higher resolution. Most LCDs manufactured by JDI use the In-Plane-Switching concept, as do many of its competitors, JDI has developed an improvement for darker black pixels, called IPS-NEO, which reduces the light shining through from the backlighting. The conventional combination of a transparent touch-screen device in front of an LCD panel has been replaced by integrating the touch-screen function into the LCD panel itself, as JDI conducted an IPO during March 2014, some business information became available. It was reported that JDI is the supplier of displays for Apples iPhone. Sony Mobile Display Japan Display Inc. official website JDI Group - Taiwan Display Inc. official website
26.
Twisted nematic field effect
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The twisted nematic effect was a main technology breakthrough that made LCDs practical. Unlike earlier displays, TN-cells did not require a current to flow for operation, the introduction of TN-effect displays led to their rapid expansion in the display field, quickly pushing out other common technologies like monolithic LEDs and CRTs for most electronics. By the 1990s, TN-effect LCDs were largely universal in portable electronics, in the meantime, many applications of LCDs are using alternatives to the TN-effect such as in-plane switching or vertical alignment. Many monochrome alphanumerical displays without picture information still use TN LCDs and this is achieved with little power consumption and at low operating voltages. The electrodes themselves are coated with alignment layers that precisely twist the liquid crystal by 90° when no external field is present, the light is then properly polarized to pass through the second polarizer, P1, set at 90° to the first. The light then passes through the back of the cell and the image, I, in the ON state, i. e. when a field is applied between the two electrodes, the crystal re-aligns itself with the external field. This breaks the careful twist in the crystal and fails to re-orient the polarized light passing through the crystal, in this case the light is blocked by the rear polarizer, P1, and the image, I, appears opaque. The amount of opacity can be controlled by varying the voltage, at voltages near the threshold, only some of the crystals will re-align, and the display will be partially transparent. As the voltage is increased, more of the crystals will re-align until it becomes completely switched, a voltage of about 1 V is required to make the crystal align itself with the field, and no current passes through the crystal itself. Thus the electrical power required for action is very low. To display information with a twisted nematic liquid crystal, the transparent electrodes are structured by photo-lithography to form a matrix or other pattern of electrodes, only one of the electrodes has to be patterned in this way, the other can remain continuous. For low information content numerical and alpha-numerical TN-LCDs, like digital watches or calculators, if more complex data or graphics information have to be displayed, a matrix arrangement of electrodes is used. Obviously, the voltage controlled addressing of matrix displays, such as in LCD-screens for computer monitors or flat screens, is more complex than with segmented electrodes. In 1962, Richard Williams, a physical chemist working at RCA Laboratories and he discovered that a very strong electrical field applied across the stack would cause striped patterns to form. These were later termed Williams domains, the required field was about 1,000 volts per centimeter, far too high for a practical device. Realizing that development would be lengthy, he turned the research over to physicist George Heilmeier, the scattering was primarily forward, into the crystal, as opposed to backscattering towards the light source. By placing a reflector on the far side of the crystal, in 1965 Joseph Castellano and Joel Goldmacher, organic chemists, sought crystals that remained in the fluid state at room temperature. Within six months they had found a number of candidates, and with further development, although successful, the dynamic scattering display required constant current flow through the device, as well as relatively high voltages
27.
Liquid-crystal display
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A liquid-crystal display is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly, instead using a backlight or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome and they use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements. LCDs are used in a range of applications including computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays. Small LCD screens are common in consumer devices such as digital cameras, watches, calculators. LCD screens are used on consumer electronics products such as DVD players, video game devices. LCD screens have replaced heavy, bulky cathode ray tube displays in all applications. LCD screens are available in a range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, with LCD screens available in sizes ranging from tiny digital watches to huge. Since LCD screens do not use phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in when an image is displayed on a screen for a long time. LCDs are, however, susceptible to image persistence, the LCD screen is more energy-efficient and can be disposed of more safely than a CRT can. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment more efficiently than CRTs can be, by 2008, annual sales of televisions with LCD screens exceeded sales of CRT units worldwide, and the CRT became obsolete for most purposes. Without the liquid crystal between the filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second polarizer. Before an electric field is applied, the orientation of the molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device, the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure. This induces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and this light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, color LCD systems use the same technique, with color filters used to generate red, green, and blue pixels. The optical effect of a TN device in the state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, TN displays with low content and no backlighting are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage. When no image is displayed, different arrangements are used, for this purpose, TN LCDs are operated between parallel polarizers, whereas IPS LCDs feature crossed polarizers
28.
Display resolution
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The display resolution or display modes of a digital television, computer monitor or display device is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It is usually quoted as width × height, with the units in pixels, for example,1024 ×768 means the width is 1024 pixels and this example would normally be spoken as ten twenty-four by seven sixty-eight or ten twenty-four by seven six eight. A consequence of having a display is that, for multi-format video inputs. Note that for broadcast television standards the use of the word here is a misnomer. In digital measurement, the resolution would be given in pixels per inch. In analog measurement, if the screen is 10 inches high, in the case of television inputs, many manufacturers will take the input and zoom it out to overscan the display by as much as 5% so input resolution is not necessarily display resolution. The eyes perception of display resolution can be affected by a number of factors – see image resolution, one factor is the display screens rectangular shape, which is expressed as the ratio of the physical picture width to the physical picture height. This is known as the aspect ratio, a screens physical aspect ratio and the individual pixels aspect ratio may not necessarily be the same. An array of 1280 ×720 on a 16,9 display has square pixels, an example of pixel shape affecting resolution or perceived sharpness, displaying more information in a smaller area using a higher resolution makes the image much clearer or sharper. Most television display manufacturers overscan the pictures on their displays, so that the effective on-screen picture may be reduced from 720 ×576 to 680 ×550, the size of the invisible area somewhat depends on the display device. HD televisions do this as well, to a similar extent, Computer displays including projectors generally do not overscan although many models allow it. CRT displays tend to be underscanned in stock configurations, to compensate for the distortions at the corners. As of July 2002,1024 ×768 eXtended Graphics Array was the most common display resolution, many web sites and multimedia products were re-designed from the previous 800 ×600 format to the layouts optimized for 1024 ×768. The availability of inexpensive LCD monitors has made the 5,4 aspect ratio resolution of 1280 ×1024 more popular for desktop usage during the first decade of the 21st century. Many computer users including CAD users, graphic artists and video game players ran their computers at 1600 ×1200 resolution or higher such as 2048 ×1536 QXGA if they had the necessary equipment. A new more-than-HD resolution of 2560 ×1600 WQXGA was released in 30-inch LCD monitors in 2007, as of March 2012,1366 ×768 was the most common display resolution. In 2010, 27-inch LCD monitors with the 2560 × 1440-pixel resolution were released by manufacturers including Apple. Panels for professional environments, such as use and air traffic control
29.
Retina Display
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Retina Display is a brand name used by Apple for screens that have a higher pixel density than their previous models. On November 27,2012 the US Patent and Trademark office approved Apples application, when an Apple product has a Retina Display, each user interface widget is doubled in width and height to compensate for the smaller pixels. Apple calls this mode HiDPI mode, the goal of Retina Displays is to make the display of text and images extremely crisp, so pixels are not visible to the naked eye. This allows displays to rival the smooth curves and sharpness of printed text, Apple uses slightly different versions of the term for these models, including Retina HD Display for the iPhone 6 series, and Retina 4K/5K Display for iMac. Apples Retina Displays are not a standard but vary depending on the size of the display on the device. Later device versions have had additional improvement, either counted by an increase in the screen size and/or by PPI, thus Apple using the name Retina HD Display or Retina 4K/5K Display. When introducing the iPhone 4, Steve Jobs said the number of pixels needed for a Retina Display is about 300 PPI for a device held 10 to 12 inches from the eye. One way of expressing this as a unit is pixels-per-degree which takes into account both the screen resolution and the distance from which the device is viewed, any displays viewing quality can be described with this size-independent universal parameter. It can be calculated by the formula 2 d r tan where d is the distance to the screen, in practice, thus far Apple has converted a devices display to Retina by doubling the number of pixels in each direction, quadrupling the total resolution. This increase creates a sharper interface at the physical dimensions. The sole exception to this has been the iPhone 6 Plus, the displays are manufactured worldwide by different suppliers. Currently, the iPads display comes from Samsung, while the MacBook Pro, iPhone, there was a shift of display technology from twisted nematic liquid-crystal displays to in-plane switching LCDs starting with the iPhone 4 models in June 2010. Higher resolution Retina screens are standard on the 3rd-generation MacBook Pro and new MacBook, released in 2013 and 2015, 4th-generation MacBook Pro, released in 2016, retain the same Retina display of the previous generation. While high-dpi displays such as IBMs T220 and T221 had been sold in the past, reviewing the iPhone 4 in 2010, writer Joshua Topolsky commented, to our eyes, there has never been a more detailed, clear, or viewable screen on any mobile device. Not only are the colors and blacks deep and rich, former Microsoft employee Bill Hill, an expert on font rendering, offered similar comments, That much resolution is stunning. To see it on a device like the iPad—rather than a $13,000 exotic monitor—is truly amazing. It will set a bar for future resolution that every manufacturer of devices. Regarding font choices, you not only need not choose a font optimized for rendering on screen, fonts optimized for screen rendering look cheap on the retina MacBook Pro—sometimes downright cheesy—in the same way they do when printed in a glossy magazine
30.
IPhone 4S
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The iPhone 4S is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 4. Announced on October 4,2011 at Apples Cupertino campus, its coverage was accompanied by news of the death of former Apple CEO. Further worldwide rollout, including 22 additional countries on October 28 and this iPhone was named 4S where S stood for Siri an iPhone 4S-exclusive intelligent personal assistant that was later included in future generations of mobile Apple products. Retaining the most of the design of the iPhone 4, the 4S hosted major internal upgrades, including an upgrade to the Apple A5 chipset. It debuted with iOS5, the major version of iOS, Apples mobile operating system, that introduced features including iCloud, iMessage, Notification Center, Reminders. Reception to the iPhone 4S was generally favorable, reviewers noted Siri, the new camera, and processing speeds as significant advantages over the prior model. It was succeeded by the iPhone 5 as Apples flagship phone on September 12,2012, the iPhone 4S remained in production, albeit being sold with reduced storage. It was discontinued officially on September 9,2014, following the announcement of the iPhone 6, but is currently supported as of iOS9. During the course of its lifetime, the iPhone 4S is the best-selling iPhone ever produced and it is the first iPhone to support five major versions of iOS,5,6,7,8, and 9. It is also the last iPhone to have the original 30 pin connector as it was replaced by the Lightning Connector when the iPhone 5 was released. As early as May 2011, some leaks had an accurate description of the iPhone 4S including the name iPhone 4S, the Apple A5 chip, HSDPA, new camera. The iPhone 4S was unveiled at Apples Lets Talk iPhone event on October 4,2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino, the keynote was the first which Tim Cook gave since the Verizon keynote earlier in the year. It was also Cooks first launch without Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, whose health was deteriorating, Tim Carmody of Wired praised Cook for focusing on company achievements, calling him a global business thinker and a taskmaster. At the Lets Talk iPhone event held by Apple on October 4,2011, Mike Capps demonstrated Epic Games Infinity Blade II, Capps boasted that the game uses Epic Games Unreal Engine 3 and features the same graphic techniques used in the Xbox 360 game Gears of War 3. Speculation about Apples next generation phone, including specifications and a predicted name iPhone 5, had been widespread in the time preceding its debut. After the iPhone 4S was announced, it was considered by media to be a disappointment. There were no differences between the iPhone 4 CDMA model and the iPhone 4S, with the exception of a SIM card slot on the iPhone 4S
31.
Graphics display resolution
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The graphics display resolution is the width and height dimensions of an electronic visual display device, such as a computer monitor, in pixels. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized and typically given a name, a higher display resolution in a display of the same size means that displayed content appears sharper. The favored aspect ratio of mass market display industry products has changed gradually from 4,3, then to 16,10, and then to 16,9, the 4,3 aspect ratio generally reflects older products, especially the era of the cathode ray tube. The 16,10 aspect ratio had its largest use in the 1995–2010 period, and the 16,9 aspect ratio tends to reflect post-2010 mass market computer monitor, laptop, and entertainment products displays. The 4,3 aspect ratio was common in older cathode ray tube displays. The 16,10 ratio allowed some compromise between showing older 4,3 aspect ratio broadcast TV shows, but also allowing better viewing of widescreen movies. However, around the year 2005, entertainment industry displays gradually moved from 16,10 to the 16,9 aspect ratio, by about 2007, virtually all mass market entertainment displays were 16,9. In 2011, 1920×1080 was the resolution in the most heavily marketed entertainment market displays. The next standard, 3840×2160 emerged on the market in 2013, also in 2013, displays with 2560×1080 appeared, which closely approximate the common CinemaScope movie standard aspect ratio of 2. 35–2.40. In 2014,21,9 screens with pixel dimensions of 3440×1440 became available as well, in this time frame, with the notable exception of Apple, almost all desktop, laptop, and display manufacturers gradually moved to promoting only 16,9 aspect ratio displays. By 2011, the 16,10 aspect ratio had virtually disappeared from the Windows laptop display market, one consequence of this transition was that the highest available resolutions moved generally downward. NHD is a resolution of 640×360 pixels, which is exactly one ninth of a Full HD frame. Pixel doubling nHD frames will form one 720p frame and pixel tripling nHD frames will form one 1080p frame, one drawback of this resolution is that the vertical resolution is not an even multiple of 16, which is a common macroblock size for video codecs. Video frames encoded with 16×16 pixel macroblocks would be padded to 640×368, H.264 codecs have this padding and cropping ability built-in as standard. The same is true for qHD and 1080p but the amount of padding is more for lower resolutions such as nHD. To avoid storing the eight lines of padded pixels, some prefer to encode video at 624×352. When such video streams are encoded from HD frames or played back on HD displays in full screen mode they are scaled by non-integer scale factors. True nHD frames on the hand has integer scale factors
32.
IPhone 5
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The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S. Formally unveiled as part of an event on September 12,2012. It was the first iPhone to be developed under the guidance of Tim Cook. The iPhone 5 featured major changes in comparison to its predecessor. This was the second Apple phone to include its new Sony made 8MP camera, Apple began taking pre-orders on September 14,2012, and over two million were received within 24 hours. The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple on September 10,2013 with the announcement of its successors, the iPhone 5S, rumors about the iPhone 5 began shortly after the announcement of the iPhone 4S, though detailed leaks did not emerge until June 2012. On July 30,2012, reports pinpointed the dates on which the iPhone 5 would be unveiled and released, on September 4,2012, Apple announced they would be hosting an event at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco on September 12,2012. A shadow of the numeral 5 was featured in the invitations sent to the media, at the unveiling, Apple announced the iPhone 5 and also introduced new iPod Nano and iPod Touch models. They also stated that pre-orders would be accepted starting September 14,2012, over two million pre-orders were received within 24 hours. Initial demand for the new phone exceeded the set by its predecessor. On November 30,2012, Apple added a version of the iPhone 5 to their online US store. The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple on September 10,2013 with the announcement of its successors, the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5C. While the 5C shared almost the same hardware as the iPhone 5. The introduction of the 5C deviated from Apples previous market strategy, where the previous iPhone model would remain in production, but sold at a lower price point below the new model. On April 28,2014, Apple initiated an out of warranty recall program to replace any failing power buttons of iPhone 5 models which were manufactured prior to March 2013 at no cost. Following the release of the iPhone 5, Samsung announced that it was filing a lawsuit against Apple for infringing eight of its patents, the case was scheduled to begin in 2014. In a statement, Samsung said it had little choice but to take the necessary to protect our innovations
33.
IPhone 5C
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The iPhone 5C is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The device was part of the series and was unveiled on September 10,2013, and released on September 20,2013, along with its higher-end counterpart. The iPhone 5C is a variant of the iPhone 5, with similar hardware specifications, the iPhone 5C was available in several color options, and shipped with iOS7. On September 9,2014, the 16 and 32 GB iPhone 5C models were replaced by the 8 GB model with the announcement of the iPhone 6, on September 9,2015, the 8 GB version was discontinued upon the announcement of the iPhone 6S. Apple announced the iPhone 5C, along with the iPhone 5S during an event at its Cupertino headquarters on September 10,2013. It was thought that continuing to offer the original iPhone 5 at a lower price would have cut into Apples profit margins, the iPhone 5C was rumored to be the long-awaited inexpensive iPhone or cheap iPhone. However, it competed with other devices which slotted right below flagship phones, like the HTC One Mini. Given Apples premium pricing tendencies, the iPhone 5C was initially sold at prices similar to other high-end flagship smartphones released early in 2013 such as the Samsung Galaxy S4, like previous iPhones, it did not compete in the feature phone segment nor the unsubsidized/prepaid category. On March 18,2014, an 8 GB version of the device was released in UK, France, Germany, Italy, Australia, Sweden, the 16 &32 GB versions of the iPhone 5C were also discontinued globally, replaced by the 8 GB model. However, some carriers in the US like AT&T kept the 16 GB and 32 GB models instead of having the 8 GB model, thus the 16 GB model was $0, the 8 GB iPhone 5C succeeded the discontinued iPhone 4S as Apples entry-level smartphone. On September 9,2015, with the announcement of the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus, the phone has been redesigned using polycarbonate housing, which is strengthened by a steel band. However, due to the material of design changes, the phone weighs 132 grams, which is 20 grams heavier than both the 5 and the 5S, but still lighter than older iPhone models. The design of the iPhone 5C is also considerably thicker but closely similar to the design of the iPod Touch models, which is available in a variety of colors. Other minor changes include a different camera assembly and the design of the mute/ringer switch and this iPhone received positive reviews for its design claiming that it was the most durable iPhone ever. Unlike subsequent models, the iPhone 5C is offered in five colours, the iPhone 5C features iOS, Apples mobile operating system. The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, interlock control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it vertically. The iPhone 5C was supplied with iOS7, released on September 20,2013, the service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode and the iOS SDK and were published through Apple
34.
IPhone 5S
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The iPhone 5S is a smartphone designed and marketed by Apple Inc. Part of the series, the device was unveiled on September 10,2013. It was released on September 20,2013, along with its lower-cost counterpart, a redesigned home button with Touch ID, a fingerprint recognition system which can be used to unlock the phone and authenticate App Store and iTunes Store purchases, was introduced. The camera was updated with an aperture and a dual-LED flash optimized for different color temperatures. The 5S also introduced the A7 64-bit dual-core processor, the first 64-bit processor to be used on a smartphone, the iPhone 5S was the first Apple device to ship with iOS7, which introduced a revamped visual appearance and other new features. Designed by Jonathan Ive, iOS7 departed from skeuomorphic elements used by versions of iOS in favor of a flat. Earphones known as EarPods were included with the 5S, and Apple released accessories including a case, some criticized the iPhone 5S for keeping the design and small display of the iPhone 5, and others expressed security concerns about the Touch ID system. Nine million units of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were sold on their weekend of release, the iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on all major U. S. carriers in September 2013. The iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apples flagship smartphone by the larger iPhone 6 in September 2014, similar ring-based imagery was seen on the official invitation to Apples iPhone press event in September 2013, where the new device was unveiled. Shortly before its unveiling, The Wall Street Journal also reported the rumor. Apple announced the iPhone 5C and the iPhone 5S during an event at its Cupertino headquarters on September 10,2013. While the iPhone 5C became available for preorder on September 13,2013, both devices were released on September 20,2013. While most of the focused on Touch ID, the 64-bit Apple A7 processor was also a highlight during the event. This is the first-ever 64-bit processor in a phone of any kind, I don’t think the other guys are even talking about it yet. The A7 is up to twice as fast as the system at CPU tasks. Schiller then showed demos of Infinity Blade III to demonstrate the A7s processing power, the release of iOS7 on September 18,2013 was also announced during the keynote. The iPhone 5S was released on September 20,2013, in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. It was released in 25 additional countries on October 25,2013, indonesia was the last country to receive the iPhone 5S, on January 26,2014
35.
IPod Touch (5th generation)
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The fifth generation iPod Touch was unveiled at Apples media event alongside the iPhone 5 on September 12,2012 and was released on October 11,2012. An all-purpose pocket computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a user interface. Like the iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch is a slimmer, lighter model that introduces a higher-resolution, additionally, unlike its predecessors, the iPod Touch was made available in space grey, silver, pink, yellow, blue, and Product Red. The device was only sold in 32GB and 64GB models. The first 16GB model, introduced on May 30,2013, was available in one color and lacks the rear iSight camera. On June 26,2014, it was replaced with a new 16GB model that no longer omits the rear camera, the pricing for the iPod Touch had also changed. The 16GB model is instead of $229, the 32 GB model is $249 instead of $299. The iPod Touch was officially discontinued by Apple on July 15,2015 with the release of its successor, the fifth generation iPod Touch features iOS, Apples mobile operating system. The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it vertically. Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow and this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen, alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. However, the earpods that comes with the iPod does not include a remote, the Voice Control feature can also be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a Genius playlist. Like the iPhone 4S and later models, the fifth generation iPod Touch was the first in the iPod Touch line-up to include Siri, that allows the user to operate the device by spoken commands. The software was improved in iOS6 to include the ability to make restaurant reservations, launch apps, dictate Facebook or Twitter updates, retrieve movie reviews, some newer applications and features that came with iOS6 included Apple Maps, Passbook and screen mirroring. The new Apple Maps app uses Apples new vector-based engine that eliminates lag, new to Maps is turn-by-turn navigation spoken directions, 3D views in some major cities and real-time traffic. The new Passbook app is able to retrieve documents such as boarding passes, admission tickets, coupons, an iOS device with Passbook can be scanned under a reader to process a mobile payment at locations that have compatible hardware. IOS7 was released on September 18,2013 to all iOS devices and this generation was the only iPod Touch in the iPod Touch line-up to run iOS7
36.
IPod Touch (6th generation)
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The sixth-generation iPod Touch is a multipurpose pocket computer designed and marketed by Apple Inc. with a touchscreen-based user interface. It is the successor to the iPod Touch, becoming the first major update to the lineup in more than two and a half years. It was released on the online Apple Store on July 15,2015, along with a new iPod Nano and iPod Shuffle, the sixth-generation iPod Touch features iOS, Apples mobile operating system. The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it vertically. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen, alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. However, the EarPods that come with the sixth-generation iPod touch do not not include a remote or microphone, the Voice Control feature can also be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a Genius playlist. The sixth-generation iPod Touch supports iOS9 that was released in September 2015, the latest version of iOS that the sixth-generation iPod touch supports is iOS10.2.1, released January 23,2017.1 GHz. It has 1GB of LPDDR3 RAM, twice the amount as the previous generation iPod Touch, Apples Metal graphics technology is also compatible with the iPod Touch 6th generation. The iPod Touch features an 8MP rear iSight camera with video which can record in 1080p at 30fps, the camera also supports a burst mode and has an LED flash. Unlike the 5th-generation version, the camera on the 6th-generation iPod Touch lacks a sapphire crystal lens. The front camera is unchanged from the generation, a 1. 2MP sensor. It is the first iPod Touch that is available with 128 GB of storage, the sixth-generation iPod Touch maintains an identical exterior design to the previous generation iPod Touch, with the exception of the iPod Touch Loop button. It is available in silver, gold, space gray, pink, blue, the sixth-generation iPod touch comes with a Lightning Charging cable. This model also comes with the EarPods without Remote and Mic and this iPod Touch is compatible with Apple $159 wireless AirPods which were released in late December 2016. The AirPods were introduced on September 7 at the Apple Special Event, List of iPod models List of iOS devices iPod Touch – official site
37.
IPhone 6S
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IPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus are smartphones designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were succeeded by the iPhone 7, the iPhone 6S also introduces a new hardware feature known as 3D Touch, which enables pressure-sensitive touch inputs. IPhone 6S had a polarized reception, the battery life was criticized, and one reviewer asserted that the phones camera wasnt significantly better than the rest of the industry. The iPhone 6S set a new sales record, selling 13 million models. IPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus were officially unveiled on September 9,2015, pre-orders began September 12, with the official release on September 25. On September 7,2016, Apple announced the iPhone 7, on March 31,2017, the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were released in Indonesia alongside the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, following Apples research and development investment in the country. The iPhone 6S is nearly identical in design to the iPhone 6, alongside the existing gold, silver, and space gray options, a new rose gold color option was also introduced. The iPhone 6S is powered by the Apple A9 system-on-chip, which the company stated is up to 70% faster than Apple A8, the iPhone 6S has 2 GB of RAM, more than any previous iPhone, and also supports LTE Advanced. The Touch ID sensor on the 6S was also updated, with the new version having improved fingerprint scanning performance over the previous version. While the capacities of their batteries are smaller, Apple rates iPhone 6S and 6S Plus as having the same average battery life as their respective predecessors. The A9 system-on-chip was dual-sourced from TSMC and Samsung and their displays are the same sizes as those of the iPhone 6, coming in 4. 7-inch 750p and 5. 5-inch 1080p sizes. 3D Touch is combined with a Taptic Engine vibrator to provide associated haptic feedback, due to the hardware needed to implement 3D Touch, the iPhone 6S is heavier than its predecessor. The iPhone 6S features a 12-megapixel rear-facing camera, an upgrade from the 8-megapixel unit on previous models and it can record 4K video, as well as 1080p video at 60 and now 120 frames per second. The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus were originally offered in models with 16,64, following the release of iPhone 7 in September 2016, the 16 and 64 GB models were dropped, and replaced by a new 32 GB option. For improved storage performance, iPhone 6S utilizes NVM Express, resulting in an average read speed of 1,840 megabytes per second. Nilay Patel of The Verge described the 6S, in particular the Plus model, ryan Smith and Joshua Ho of AnandTech awarded the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus its Editors Choice Gold Award, based largely on the phones performance and the addition of 3D Touch. On the Monday following the iPhone 6S launch weekend, Apple announced that they had sold 13 million models, in November 2016, Apple announced that a very small number of iPhone 6S devices manufactured between September and October 2015 have faulty batteries that unexpectedly shut down. While Apple noted that the problems were not a safety issue
38.
IPhone 7
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IPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus are smartphones designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Apple also released the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus in numerous countries worldwide throughout September and October 2016. The iPhone 7s overall design is similar to the iPhone 6S, but introduces new options, water and dust resistance, a new capacitive, static home button. Reception of the iPhone 7 was mixed, many reviews highlighted the controversial removal of the 3. Apple was also mocked by critics for its statement that the required courage. Apple has not released sales numbers for iPhone 7, but multiple U. S. carriers reported that it was in demand on launch. Subsequent reports at the end of 2016 stated that Apple had reduced production of the due to sluggish sales. Prior to its announcement, multiple aspects of the iPhone 7 were heavily rumored. Apples plans to remove the 3.5 mm headphone jack received significant media attention, other rumors included a flush camera, stereo speakers, a thinner Lightning port, a 256 gigabyte storage option, and a larger 3,100 mAh battery. The iPhone 7 was officially announced at that event, with pre-orders beginning September 9, iPhone 7 launched in 30 new countries later in September, with further international rollouts throughout October and November 2016. Indonesia is the last country to release the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, with availability starting on March 31,2017, following Apples research and development investment in the country. On March 21,2017, Apple announced an iPhone 7 with a red color finish and it launched on March 24,2017. The iPhone 7s exterior is similar in shape and volume to iPhone 6, alongside the existing silver, gold, and rose gold colors, the device is offered in new matte black, jet black, and red colors. The jet black color is a shade, high-gloss black finish. The process is concluded with an ultrafine particle bath for additional finishing, iPhone 7 is rated IP67 water and dust resistant, although tests have resulted in malfunctions, specifically distorted speakers, after water exposure. The warranty does not cover any damage to the phone. IPhone 7s home button uses a mechanism for input rather than a physical push-button, as on previous models. Physical feedback is provided via a Taptic Engine vibrator, and the button is also pressure-sensitive, iPhone 7 retains the 3D Touch display system introduced on the iPhone 6S, providing pressure-sensitive touchscreen input
39.
1080p
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1080p is a set of HDTV high-definition video modes characterized by 1080 horizontal lines of vertical resolution, the p stands for progressive scan, id est non-interlaced. The term usually assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9. It is often marketed as full HD, to contrast 1080p with 720p resolution screens, 1080p video signals are supported by ATSC standards in the United States and DVB standards in Europe. Small camcorders, smartphones and digital cameras can capture still and moving images in 1080p resolution.485 Gbit/s to nominally 3 Gbit/s using uncompressed RGB encoding. Most current revisions of SMPTE 372M, SMPTE 424M and EBU Tech 3299 require YCbCr color space and 4,2,2 chroma subsampling for transmitting 1080p50 and 1080p60 signal. In the United States, the original ATSC standards for HDTV supported 1080p video, in July 2008, the ATSC standards were amended to include H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC compression and 1080p at 50,59.94 and 60 frames per second. Such frame rates require H. 264/AVC High Profile Level 4.2, in Europe, 1080p25 signals have been supported by the DVB suite of broadcasting standards. The 1080p50 format is considered to be a production format and, eventually. EBU requires that legacy MPEG-4 AVC decoders should avoid crashing in the presence of SVC and/or 1080p50 packets, the ITU-T BT.2100 standard that includes advanced 1080p video was subsequently published in July 2016. There is no word when any of the networks will consider airing at 1080p in the foreseeable future. However, satellite services utilize the 1080p/24-30 format with MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 encoding for pay-per-view movies that are downloaded in advance via satellite or on-demand via broadband. At this time, no pay service such as USA, HDNET, etc. nor premium movie channel such as HBO. For material that originates from a progressive scanned 24 frame/s source, MPEG-2 lets the video be coded as 1080p24 and these progressively-coded frames are tagged with metadata instructing a decoder how to perform a 3,2 pulldown to interlace them. In June 2016, Germany commenced terrestrial broadcasts of eight 1080p50 high-definition channels, using DVB-T2 protocol with HEVC encoding, a total of 40 channels will be available by March 2017. Blu-ray Discs are able to hold 1080p HD content, and most movies released on Blu-ray Disc produce a full 1080p HD picture when the player is connected to a 1080p HDTV via an HDMI cable. The Blu-ray Disc video specification allows encoding of 1080p23.976, 1080p24, 1080i50, generally this type of video runs at 30 to 40 megabits per second, compared to the 3.5 megabits per second for conventional standard definition broadcasts. Smartphones with 1080p FullHD display have been available on the market since 2012, as of the end of 2014, it is the standard for mid-range to high-end smartphones and many of the flagship devices of 2014 used even higher resolutions. Several websites, including YouTube, allow videos to be uploaded in the 1080p format, YouTube streams 1080p content at approximately 4 megabits per second compared to Blu-rays 30 to 40 megabits per second
40.
IPad Mini 2
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The iPad Mini 2 is the second generation iPad Mini tablet computer produced and marketed by Apple Inc. It has a design almost identical to that of the first generation iPad Mini, the iPad Mini 2 has nearly the same hardware as its larger sibling, the iPad Air. Apple quietly released the iPad Mini 2 in Space Gray and Silver colors on November 12,2013. Its successor, the iPad Mini 3, was unveiled on October 16,2014, featuring the same internals but adding Touch ID, differing storage sizes, and an additional gold color. The iPad Mini 2 was discontinued on March 21,2017, following the announcement of a new, lower cost iPad. The iPad Mini 2 was announced during a keynote at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22,2013, the theme of the keynote was named We still have a lot to cover. Originally, at the time of its release, the iPad Mini 2 was officially marketed as the iPad Mini with Retina Display, however, when the iPad Mini 3 was announced on October 16,2014, Apple started marketing the second generation iPad Mini as iPad Mini 2. The iPad Mini 2 comes with the iOS7 operating system and it can act as a hotspot with some carriers, sharing its Internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also access the Apple App Store, a digital application distribution platform for iOS. The service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode, from the App Store, GarageBand, iMovie, iPhoto, and the iWork apps are available. The iPad mini 2 has a function that attaches a wireless keyboard or headset. This allows the user to access a wireless keyboard that can be used in Apple Pages or any writing program that needs editing. The iPad Mini 2 comes with several pre-installed applications, including Siri, Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, Music, iTunes, App Store, Maps, Notes, Calendar, Game Center, Photo Booth, and Contacts. Like all iOS devices, the iPad can sync content and other data with a Mac or PC using iTunes, although iOS5, the device has a dictation application, using the same voice recognition technology as the iPhone 4S. The iPad Mini 2 has an application, which displays books. Several major book publishers including Penguin Books, HarperCollins, Simon & Schuster, despite being a direct competitor to both the Amazon Kindle and Barnes & Noble Nook, both Amazon. com and Barnes & Noble offer e-reader apps for the iPad. Siri, an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator, is included, the application uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Web services. Apple claims that the software adapts to the individual preferences over time. IOS7 adds new male and female voices, new system setting functionalities, a redesign to match the rest of the system, and integration with Twitter, Wikipedia, Bing
41.
IPad Mini 3
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The iPad Mini 3 is the third-generation iPad Mini tablet computer designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was announced alongside the iPad Air 2 on October 16,2014 and it uses primarily the same design and hardware as that of its predecessor, the iPad Mini 2. Its new features are the addition of the Touch ID sensor compatible with Apple Pay, differing storage sizes and being available in gold color, on September 9,2015, the iPad Mini 3 was discontinued and was replaced by the iPad Mini 4. The iPad mini 3 comes with the iOS8.1 operating system preinstalled, the Apple App Store, a digital application distribution platform for iOS, allows users to browse and download applications made by various developers from the iTunes Store. Additional apps made by Apple itself are available for download, which are iMovie, GarageBand, iTunes U, Find My iPhone, Find My Friends, Apple Store, Trailers, Remote. Like all iOS devices, the iPad Mini 3 can also sync content, the iPad Mini 3 includes a version of Apple Pay with the in-store NFC functionality removed. Siri, an intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator, is integrated into the device, the application uses a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Web services. Apple claims that the software adapts to the individual preferences over time. Additionally, Siri can identify songs by using Shazam to listen to any song playing nearby, Siri then stores a list of any songs it has managed to identify on iTunes. Facebook and Twitter come integrated through Apples native apps, Facebook features can be directly accessed from within native apps such as Calendar which can sync Facebook events, or use Facebooks like button from within the Apple App Store. The iPad Mini 3 uses almost exactly the design as that of the iPad Mini 2. Additionally, with the announcement of iPad Mini 3 and the iPad Air 2, Apple added the gold color option to the existing silver, iPad Mini 3 uses nearly the same hardware as the iPad Mini 2, the main exception being the addition of the Touch ID sensor. It has a 7.9 retina display with 2048-by-1536-pixel resolution at 326 ppi, the iPad Mini 3 also uses the A7 chip with 64-bit architecture and the M7 motion coprocessor. It has a 5MP iSight Camera capable of recording 1080p HD video, the new Touch ID sensor detects the users fingerprint and can be used instead of a passcode to unlock the iPad. Touch ID on the iPad Mini 3 is also compatible with Apple Pay and can be used to authorize purchases in online apps only with fingerprint verification, the iPad Mini 3 is available with storage options of 16,64 or 128GB and has no expansion option. Apple has released a connection kit with an SD card reader. The iPad Mini 2 was regarded as a buy, being $100 USD cheaper and featuring the same screen. While the Mini 2 and 3 were stuck at the hardware level of the original iPad Air
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IPad (3rd generation)
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The third-generation iPad is a tablet computer, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It shipped with iOS5.1, which provides a platform for audio-visual media, including electronic books, periodicals, films, music, computer games, presentations. In the US and Canada, nine variations of the third-generation iPad were offered, compared to six in the rest of the world, each variation was available with black or white front glass panels, with options for 16,32, or 64 GB of storage. In North America, connectivity options were Wi-Fi only, Wi-Fi + 4G on Verizon, AT&T, Telus, Rogers, the Wi-Fi + Cellular model includes GPS capability. The tablet was released in ten countries on March 16,2012 and it gained mostly positive reviews, earning praise for its Retina display, processor and 4G capabilities. However, controversy arose when the LTE incompatibilities became known, three million units were sold in the first three days. After only seven months of availability, the third-generation iPad was discontinued on October 23,2012. The third-generation iPad had the shortest lifespan of any iOS product and it is also the last iPad to support the 30-pin dock connector, as the fourth generation iPad and later use the Lightning connector. Speculation about the product began shortly after Apple released the iPad 2, speculation increased after news of a 2,048 by 1,536 pixel screen leaked. During this time, the tablet was called the iPad 3, on February 9,2012, John Paczkowski of All Things Digital stated that Apple’s not holding an event in February – strange, unusual or otherwise. But it is holding one in March – to launch its next iPad, another common rumor at the time was that the tablet would have an Apple A6 processor. On February 29,2012, Apple announced an event scheduled for March 7,2012. The company did not predisclose the subject of the event, the announcement affected the tablet resale market positively. At the event, Apple CEO Tim Cook introduced iOS5.1, a Japanese version of Siri, and the third generation Apple TV before the third-generation iPad. Cook claimed that the new product would be one of the contributors to the emerging post-PC world – a world in which digital life would not be tied to the PC. The March 16,2012, release included eight countries including Australia, Canada, Japan, Singapore, the United Kingdom, the March 23,2012, release included many European countries, Mexico and Macau. The April 20,2012, release added a dozen countries including South Korea, the April 27,2012, release added nine more countries, including India and South Africa. May 2012 releases added 31 countries, including Brazil and Turkey, on October 23,2012, upon the announcement of the fourth-generation iPad, the third-generation iPad was discontinued
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IPad (4th generation)
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The fourth-generation iPad is a tablet computer produced and marketed by Apple Inc. It shipped with iOS6.0, which provides a platform for media, including electronic books, periodicals, films, music, computer games, presentations. It has supported 5 major iOS releases, they are iOS6,7,8,9 and this being the third iPad to support 5 major iOS versions, after the iPad and the iPad 2. It was announced at a conference on October 23,2012 as the fourth generation of the iPad line, succeeding the third-generation iPad. The device was released throughout December in 10 other countries including China, India, the third generation was discontinued following the fourths announcement, after only seven months of general availability. The device is available with either a black or white front glass panel and various connectivity, storage size options include 16 GB,32 GB,64 GB, and 128 GB, the available connectivity options are Wi-Fi only and Wi-Fi + Cellular with LTE capabilities. The fourth-generation iPad received primarily positive reviews and was praised for its hardware improvements as well as the Retina display, furthermore, benchmarks reveal that the fourth-generation iPad is able to perform CPU-reliant tasks twice as fast as its predecessor. During the first weekend of sales, an amount of 3 million fourth-generation iPads. Rumors regarding the next-generation iPad emerged shortly after the release of the third-generation iPad, at that point some speculated that the next iPad released would be of a smaller size. On October 16,2012, Apple announced an event scheduled for October 23 at the California Theatre in San Jose. The company did not pre-disclose the subject of the event, photographic images of the devices dock connector and front camera emerged shortly before the media event. At the media event, Apple CEO Tim Cook introduced a new version of iBooks and new generations of the MacBook Pro, Mac Mini, and the iMac before unveiling the fourth-generation iPad and the iPad Mini. During the unveiling, Apple stated that the fourth-generation iPad would be available to online in a selected number of countries starting October 26. On November 2, Apple released the Wi-Fi model of device in 35 countries across Europe, East Asia, the cellular model was released in-store a few weeks after the initial release of the device. The release of the fourth-generation iPad led to the discontinuation of its predecessor, in response, Apple extended its 14-day return policy to 30 days. On January 29,2013, Apple announced and scheduled the launch of the 128 GB variant of 4th generation iPad and it was released on February 5,2013. Following the announcement of the iPad Air on October 22,2013, the fourth-generation iPad was reintroduced on March 18,2014, following the discontinuation of the iPad 2. In order to make its reintroduction a low-end device to the iPad Air, on October 16,2014 the fourth-generation iPad was discontinued in favor of the iPad Air 2 and the iPad Air took its place as the entry-level iPad at that time
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IPad Air
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The iPad Air is the first-generation iPad Air, or theoretically the fifth-generation iPad tablet computer designed, developed and marketed by Apple Inc. It was announced on October 22,2013, and was released on November 1,2013, the iPad Air features a thinner design with similarities to the contemporary iPad Mini 2, along with the same 64-bit Apple A7 processor with M7 coprocessor. It was then discontinued with the launch of a 9.7 inch iPad Pro on March 21,2016 and its successor, the iPad Air 2, was announced on October 16,2014. The iPad Air was announced during a keynote at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22,2013, the theme of the keynote was named We still have a lot to cover. The iPad Air comes with the iOS7 operating system, released on September 18,2013. It can act as a hotspot with some carriers, sharing its Internet connection over Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB, and also access the Apple App Store, a digital application distribution platform for iOS. The service allows users to browse and download applications from the iTunes Store that were developed with Xcode, from the App Store, GarageBand, iMovie, iPhoto, and the iWork apps are available. The iPad Air comes with applications, including Siri, Safari, Mail, Photos, Video, Music, iTunes, App Store, Maps, Notes, Calendar, Game Center, Photo Booth. Like all iOS devices, the iPad can sync content and other data with a Mac or PC using iTunes, although iOS5, the device has a dictation application, using the same voice recognition technology as the iPhone 4S. This enables users to speak and the iPad types what they say on the screen, Apple also began giving away its popular iLife and iWork apps with the device. On June 8,2015, it was announced at the WWDC that the iPad Air would support most of iOS 9s new features when it is released in Q32015. Air users with iOS9 will be able to take advantage of two features called Slide Over and Picture in Picture. Slide Over allows a user to slide a second app in from the side of the screen in a smaller window, Picture in Picture allows a user to watch video in a small, resizable, moveable window while remaining in another app. Another feature, dubbed Split View, will not be supported by the Air, instead it will only run on iPad Air 2. The iPad Air marks the first major change for the iPad since the iPad 2. Apple reduced the volume for the iPad Air by using thinner components resulting in a 22% reduction in weight over the iPad 2. Though it still uses the same 9. 7-inch Retina Display as the previous iPad model, the new front-facing camera is capable of video in 720p HD, includes face detection, and backside illumination. The device is available in gray and silver colors
