1.
Stop motion
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Stop motion is an animation technique that physically manipulates an object so that it appears to move on its own. The object is moved in increments between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the series of frames is played as a fast sequence. Dolls with movable joints or clay figures are used in stop motion for their ease of repositioning. Stop motion animation using plasticine is called clay animation or clay-mation, not all stop motion requires figures or models, many stop motion films can involve using humans, household appliances and other things for comedic effect. Stop motion using objects is sometimes referred to as object animation, the term stop motion, related to the animation technique, is often spelled with a hyphen, stop-motion. Stop motion is often confused with the time lapse technique, where photographs of a live surrounding are taken at regular intervals. Time lapse is a technique whereby the frequency at which frames are captured is much lower than that used to view the sequence. When played at speed, time appears to be moving faster. Stop motion animation has a history in film. It was often used to show objects moving as if by magic, in 1902, the film Fun in a Bakery Shop used the stop trick technique in the lightning sculpting sequence. In 1907, The Haunted Hotel is a new stop motion film by J. Stuart Blackton, segundo de Chomón, from Spain, released El Hotel Eléctrico later that same year, and used similar techniques as the Blackton film. In 1908, A Sculptors Welsh Rarebit Nightmare was released, as was The Sculptors Nightmare, italian animator Roméo Bossetti impressed audiences with his object animation tour-de-force, The Automatic Moving Company in 1912. The great European stop motion pioneer was Wladyslaw Starewicz, who animated The Beautiful Lukanida, The Battle of the Stag Beetles, The Ant, one of the earliest clay animation films was Modelling Extraordinary, which impressed audiences in 1912. December 1916 brought the first of Willie Hopkins 54 episodes of Miracles in Mud to the big screen, also in December 1916, the first woman animator, Helena Smith Dayton, began experimenting with clay stop motion. She would release her first film in 1917, an adaptation of William Shakespeares Romeo, in the turn of the century, there was another well known animator known as Willis O Brien. His work on The Lost World is well known, but he is most admired for his work on King Kong, oBriens protege and eventual successor in Hollywood was Ray Harryhausen. After learning under OBrien on the film Mighty Joe Young, Harryhausen would go on to create the effects for a string of successful and memorable films over the next three decades. These included The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms, It Came from Beneath the Sea, Jason, in a 1940 promotional film, Autolite, an automotive parts supplier, featured stop motion animation of its products marching past Autolite factories to the tune of Franz Schuberts Military March
2.
Clay animation
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Clay animation or claymation is one of many forms of stop motion animation. Each animated piece, either character or background, is deformable—made of a malleable substance and these and other moving images, from zoetrope to films to video games, create the illusion of motion by playing back at over ten to twelve frames per second. The techniques involved in creating computer-generated imagery are generally removed from a frame-by-frame process. Upon playback, the mind of the viewer perceives the series of slightly changing, a consistent shooting environment is needed to maintain the illusion of continuity, objects must be consistently placed and lit, and work must proceed in a calm environment. Producing a stop-motion animation using clay is extremely laborious, normal film runs at 24 frames per second. With the standard practice of doubles or twos 12 changes are made for one second of film movement. The object must not be altered by accident, slight smudges, dirt, hair, feature-length productions have generally switched from clay to rubber silicone and resin cast components, Will Vinton has dubbed one foam-rubber process Foamation. Nevertheless, clay remains a viable animation material where a particular aesthetic is desired, Clay can also take the form of character clay animation, where the clay maintains a recognizable character throughout a shot, as in Art Clokeys and Will Vintons films. A sub variation clay animation can be informally called clay melting, any kind of heat source can be applied on or near clay to cause it to melt while an animation camera on a time-lapse setting slowly films the process. For example, consider Vintons early short clay-animated film Closed Mondays at the end of the computer sequence, a similar technique was used in the climax scene of Raiders of the Lost Ark to melt the faces of the antagonists. The term hot set is used amongst animators during production and it refers to a set where an animator is filming. The clay characters are set in a position where they can continue shooting where they left off. If an animator calls his set a hot set, then no one is allowed to touch the set or else the shoot would be ruined, certain scenes must be shot rather quickly. If a scene is left unfinished and the weather is humid, then the set. The clay puppets may be deformed from the humidity or the air pressure could have caused the set to shift slightly and these small differences can create an obvious flaw to the scene. To avoid these disasters, scenes normally have to be shot in one day or less, clay-animated films were produced in the United States as early as 1908, when Edison Manufacturing released a trick film entitled The Sculptors Welsh Rarebit Dream. Hopkins in particular was quite prolific, producing over fifty clay-animated segments for the weekly Universal Screen Magazine, by the 1920s, cartoon animation using either cels or the slash system was firmly established as the dominant mode of animation production. Increasingly, three-dimensional forms such as clay were driven into relative obscurity as the cel method became the method for the studio cartoon
3.
Comedy
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In a modern sense, comedy refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece, in the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old, a revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. Similarly scatological humour, sexual humour, and race humour create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways, a comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society and uses humor to parody or satirize the behaviour and mannerisms of its members. Romantic comedy is a genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms. The adjective comic, which means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage. Of this, the word came into usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time. The Greeks and Romans confined their use of the comedy to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. Aristotle defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average, however, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others, the mask, for instance, in the Middle Ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that Dante used the term in the title of his poem, as time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the comedy became synonymous with satire. They disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms and they viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension, and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term gained a more general meaning in medieval literature. Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the satyr plays
4.
Adult animation
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Adult animation or mature animation is a genre of animation geared towards adults and sometimes also teenagers, acting as a contrast to most animated films and TV series being aimed at children. Works in this genre may be considered adult for any number of reasons and they may be noted for using risqué themes, graphic violence, profane language, sexuality, or dark humor. Works in this genre may explore philosophical, political, or social issues, some productions are noted for sophisticated and/or experimental storytelling and animation techniques. Before the enforcement of the Hays Code, some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience rather than children. Following the introduction of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, the earliest cartoon series were based upon popular comic strips, and were directed at family audiences. The assumed audience of these cartoons, particularly Looney Tunes, has alternated from their initial unspecific audience, to children. One of the earliest animated films was Eveready Harton in Buried Treasure. It has often suggested that the film was produced for a private party in honor of Winsor McCay. Rumors suggest that the film was developed in Cuba years after it was completed, when a print was screened in San Francisco in the late 1970s, the program notes attributed the animation to George Stallings, George Canata, Rudy Zamora, Sr. and Walter Lantz. Until the Hays Code was enforced, many animated shorts featured suggestive content, including sexual innuendo, references to alcohol and drug use, and mild profanity. In the 1933 short Boskos Picture Show, Bosko appears to use the word fuck, although it has also suggested that the character is saying fox. The Betty Boop series was known for its use of jokes that would eventually be considered following the enforcement of the Hays Code. Betty Boop was initially drawn as a dog, and cast as the girlfriend of another Fleischer character, Betty was redesigned as a human, but the series continued to suggest a love relationship between the two that went farther than the normal relationship between humans and their pets. The short Is My Palm Read contains a scene in which Betty is shown as a child between the ages of four and five, bathing in the nude, in the 1970s, this scene was shown out of context in performances by The Mystic Knights of the Oingo Boingo. Concert audiences were not aware that Betty was supposed to be a baby in the sequence, another short, Bamboo Isle, contains a sequence in which Betty dances the hula topless, wearing only a lei over her breasts and a grass skirt. According to animator Shamus Culhane, Fleischer Studios and Paramount Pictures were shocked by the sequence, Culhane also states that he does not remember any instance in which the film was censored. Betty’s hula animation was reused for an appearance with Popeye the Sailor in his self-titled animated debut short. Following the enforcement of the Hays Code, Bettys clothing was redesigned, shorts produced following the enforcement of the Hays Code were also less surreal in nature, and Betty was portrayed as a rational adult
5.
Richard Starzak
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Richard Starzak, previously known as Richard Golly Goleszowski, is an English animator. Starzak was born in Suffolk in 1959 and grew up in Ipswich and his commercial work includes Domestos Big Dom, Grolsch, Cadbury’s Creme Eggs, Weetos and Maltesers and several European commercials. He then directed Robbie the Reindeer in 1999 for BBC Animation Unit, Robbie went on to win 19 international awards including a British Academy of Film and Television Arts award. Following the success of Robbie, Starzak worked for two years on a project for Aardman’s feature film department as well as directing and writing the series of Rex the Runt. In 2002, Starzak was honoured with the Award for Best TV Special for Robbie the Reindeer, Hooves of Fire at the 3rd International Festival of Animated Feature Films and TV Specials. From 2003, he directed two series of Creature Comforts – 2x13 episodes for ITV based on the Academy Award winning Nick Park short film, the first series went on to win 17 awards, and both series were nominated for a BAFTA. The second series includes a half-hour Christmas special, in between these two series, he devised Shaun the Sheep, writing and directing the pilot. In July 2005, Starzak rejoined Aardman as creative director of the Broadcast and Development department, writing scripts, Aardman’s first childrens TV series, Shaun the Sheep, was directed by Goleszowski who also wrote several episodes. Shaun has sold to over 150 territories, in 2015, he co-wrote and co-directed Shaun the Sheep Movie with Mark Burton. His next directorial venture will be Shaun the Sheep Movie 2, Richard Starzak at the Internet Movie Database
6.
Paul Merton
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Paul James Martin, known professionally as Paul Merton is an English writer, actor, comedian, radio and television presenter. He is known for his skill, his humour being rooted in deadpan, surreal. He was once considered, by critics, fellow comedians. He appears as a panellist regularly on Radio 4s Just a Minute and he has also appeared as one of the Comedy Stores Comedy Store Players. Merton was born on 9 July 1957 in Parsons Green, London, to an English Anglican father, Albert Martin and he attended St Thomass School, Fulham and St Theresas, Morden. After leaving school, Merton worked at the Tooting employment office as an officer for seven years. Merton often claims that he was inspired to go into comedy at an early age watching clowns at a circus, remembering and he gained his earliest professional credits under his birth name, including an appearance as a yokel in Time, an episode of The Young Ones in 1984. On joining Equity he found that the name Paul Martin was already taken, so he renamed himself after Merton, the district of London where he grew up. Though he had harboured ambitions of becoming a performing comedian since his school days, it was not until April 1982, at the Comedy Store in Soho. He recalls that on only his second or third night he found the role that has informed his comic approach ever since. He has been a member of the London improvisation group The Comedy Store Players since 1985, Merton has performed in Paul Mertons Impro Chums at Pleasance as part of the Edinburgh Comedy Festival every year from 2008. His breakthrough as a performer came in 1988 with Channel 4s improvised comedy show Whose Line Is It Anyway. Which moved to TV from BBC Radio 4, though he had performed on the channels Saturday Live. He remained on Whose Line until 1993, have I Got News for You began in 1990, and two series of his own sketch show, Paul Merton, The Series, followed soon after. In 1995 he presented a series celebrating the history of the London Palladium. In 1996, Merton performed updated versions of fifteen of Ray Galton and Alan Simpsons old scripts for an ITV series, six of these scripts were previously performed by Tony Hancock. These were very badly received by critics, and although a selection of episodes was released on VHS. Also in 1996, Merton took a break from Have I Got News for You during its eleventh series, Merton later explained that at the time he was very tired of the show and that he thought it had become stuck in a rut
7.
Arthur Smith (comedian)
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Brian Arthur John Smith is an English alternative comedian and writer. Smith was born in Bermondsey, south London and his brother is Richard Smith, the medical doctor, editor and businessman. He was a student at The Roan School for Boys, a school, now John Roan School in Blackheath. He then studied at the University of East Anglia where he was chairman of the society, wrote for the student newspaper. He graduated with a 2,1 BA degree in Comparative Literature in 1976, Smith was one of many stand-up performers on the alternative comedy scene in the 1980s. He has also written a body of serious or semi-serious work, in addition to stand-up comedy, Smith has performed musical comedy shows such as Arthur Smith Sings Leonard Cohen. He returned to this theme for the Edinburgh Fringe in 2013 with Arthur Smith Sing Leonard Cohen and he is also a radio presenter on such BBC Radio 4 programmes as Excess Baggage and Loose Ends, and appears on television comedy panel games. He took over as narrator of the TV series A Life of Grime after the death of John Peel, both of the latter two series used What a Wonderful World as their theme song. For Grumpy Old Men, Smith was one of the cast members who contributed to a rendition of the song, providing an imitation of Louis Armstrongs closing ohhhh yeeeah. His near-death from pancreatitis made him teetotal, an experience which he turned into a poignant comedy monologue Arthur Smiths Last Hangover, subsequently, he developed type 2 diabetes but still smokes. He regularly writes a column for the Diabetes UK magazine Balance, one of Smiths routines has been set to music by Mark Beazley, aka Rothko, for a CD curated by comedian and writer Stewart Lee. In December 1985, Smith, along with comedy partner Phil Nice, made a short series of parody documentaries for Channel 4 television network called Arthur. One episode, titled Nessie – Real or Pretend about the Loch Ness Monster, was aired in America on the A&E cable channel in 1986, none of these shows has officially been released to any video format. During the late 1980s, Smith took the role of expert, testing such items as hangover cures. One of Smiths more unusual roles was in the sitcom Red Dwarf in the episode Backwards and he plays a bar manager on backwards Earth who has hired Kryten and Rimmer as a forward novelty act. He gave a speech blaming Kryten and Rimmer for starting a fight, if, however, the speech is played forwards, he is heard to be insulting the listener who has flipped the recording over trying to find out what he was saying. A night in watching football with Tony Hawks ended with him challenging Hawks to beat the entire Moldovan football team at tennis, Hawks took him up on this bet, and wrote a book about it. Hawks won the bet, and Smith had to stand on Balham High Road, Smith also appeared in a cameo role in the first series of the BBC science fiction radio comedy Married
8.
Peter Lord
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For the art historian see Peter Lord. Which was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 85th Academy Awards, Lord is the executive producer of every Aardman work, including Shaun the Sheep Movie and Arthur Christmas. Lord was born in Bristol, England, in co-operation with David Sproxton, a friend of his youth, he realised his dream of making and taking an animated movie. He graduated in English from the University of York in 1976 and he and Sproxton founded Aardman as a low-budget backyard studio, producing shorts and trailers for publicity. Their work was first shown as part of the BBC TV series Vision On, in 1977 they created Morph, a stop-motion animated character made of Plasticine, who was usually a comic foil to the TV presenter Tony Hart. With his alter-ego Chas, he appeared in a series of childrens art programmes including Take Hart, Hartbeat, from 1980-1981, Morph appeared in his own TV series The Amazing Adventures of Morph. Experiments with animated clay characters synchronised with live recorded soundtracks led to a series of films in the style of animated documentary, the first two were part of the BBC TV series Animated Conversations and were called Down and Out and Confessions of a Foyer Girl. These were followed in 1983 by Conversation Pieces, a series of long films produced for Channel 4. They were called On Probation, Sales Pitch, Palmy Days, Late Edition, in 1985 Nick Park joined the group. Lord, Park and Sproxton developed and finalised their style of detailed, in 1991 Lord animated Adam, a 6-minute clay animation that was nominated for an Academy Award. Park created the odd-couple Wallace and Gromit-shorts in co-operation with Lord, all three together worked as producers, editors and directors. Other awarded productions by Peter Lord are Chicken Run, the first feature film from Aardman, in 2006, Lord, Sproxton and Park were all given the Freedom of the City of Bristol. In that same year, Lord visited the Aardman Exhibit at the Ghibli Museum in Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan, Miyazaki has long been a fan of the Aardman Animation works. In 2013 Lord was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 85th Academy Awards for Pirates, Lord was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire on 17 June 2006. On 9 July 2015, Lord received a Gold Blue Peter badge
9.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
10.
Aardman Animations
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Aardman Animations, Ltd. also known as Aardman Studios, or simply as Aardman, is a British animation studio based in Bristol. Aardman is known for films made using clay animation techniques, particularly those featuring Plasticine characters Wallace. After some experimental computer animated films during the late 1990s, beginning with Owzat. Aardman films have made $973.2 million worldwide and average $163 million per film, Aardman was founded in 1972 as a low-budget project by Peter Lord and David Sproxton, who wanted to realise their dream of producing an animated motion picture. The partnership provided animated sequences for the BBC series for deaf children Vision On, after creating a segment called Greeblies using clay animation, became what was the inspiration for creating Morph, a simple clay character. Aardman also created the title sequence for The Great Egg Race and they produced the music video for the song My Baby Just Cares For Me by Nina Simone in 1987. Later Aardman produced a number of shorts for Channel 4 including the Conversation Pieces series and these five shorts worked in the same area as the Animated Conversations pieces, but were more sophisticated. Lord and Sproxton began hiring more animators at this point, three of the made their directorial debut at Aardman with the Lip Synch series. Of the five Lip Synch shorts two were directed by Peter Lord, one by Barry Purves, one by Richard Goleszowski, parks short, Creature Comforts, was the first Aardman production to win an Oscar. These films include A Grand Day Out, The Wrong Trousers and A Close Shave, on 27 October 1999, Aardman and DreamWorks signed a $250 million deal to make an additional four films that were estimated to be completed during the next 12 years. With the deal was announced the first project, titled The Tortoise. Intended to be based on Aesops fable and directed by Richard Goleszowski, on 23 June 2000, Chicken Run was released to a great critical and financial success. In 2005, after ten years of absence, Wallace and Gromit returned in Academy Award-winning Wallace & Gromit, Next year followed Flushed Away, Aardmans first computer-animated feature. On 1 October 2006, right before the release of Flushed Away, The New York Times reported that due to creative differences DreamWorks Animation, the deal was officially terminated on 30 January 2007. According to an Aardman spokesperson, The business model of DreamWorks no longer suits Aardman, but the split couldnt have been more amicable. The studio had another film in development, Crood Awakening, which had announced in 2005. With the end of the partnership, the rights reverted to DreamWorks. This warehouse was used for storage of past projects and so did not prevent the production of their current projects at the time, in addition, the companys library of finished films was stored elsewhere and was undamaged
11.
BBC Radio Bristol
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BBC Radio Bristol is the BBC Local Radio service for the English cities of Bath and Bristol and the surrounding area, which includes South Gloucestershire, North Somerset and North East Somerset. Launched in September 1970, it broadcasts from Broadcasting House in Bristol on FM frequencies 94.9 MHz,104.6 MHz,103.6 MHz, the AM transmitter at Mangotsfield on 1548 kHz was closed in February 2016. The Mendip transmitter, near Wells, used to broadcast BBC Radio Bristol on 95.5 MHz over a large area, but from 3 December 2007. BBC Somerset and BBC Radio Bristol share many programmes, mainly during off-peak hours, since the BBC relaunched BBC Somerset on FM, BBC Radio Bristol has been left free to concentrate editorially on Bristol, Bath and the rest of the former Avon area. On 11 December 2014, BBC Radio Bristol launched on Freeview channel 719, on the PSB1 multiplex from the Mendip transmitter and its TV relays. Radio Bristols main commercial competitors in its broadcast area are Heart West Country on 96.3 and 103 FM, Sam FM, the majority of the stations programming is produced and broadcast from Bristol, including some regional programming for the BBC West and BBC South West regions. As with all BBC Local Radio stations, it airs the networked weekday evening shows, originating from BBC Radio Leeds. During the stations downtime, BBC Radio Bristol simulcasts BBC Radio 5 Live overnight and it also airs 24-hour local programming from 5am on Friday until 1am on Monday. Local presenters Geoff Twentyman Networked presenters Graham Torrington Kate Adie produced and presented programmes for BBC Radio Bristol in the 1970s alongside Michael Buerk, theirs were the first two voices to be heard on the station. Chris Morris was also part of the team, presenting and producing the weekend show No Known Cure, other past presenters include Susan Osman who also co-presented Points West for 14 years, and Fiona Lamdin. Another notable presenter during the early 70s was Kenny Everett, who pre-recorded his shows from his farmhouse in Sussex. Whilst phoning a taxi firm in order to send her 14-year-old daughter from Masons Clifton home to her grandparents home, BBC Radio Bristol Frequency Change in 2007 Media UK - BBC Radio Bristol MDS975s Transmitter Map. History of local radio in Avon and Somerset Bath mast Dundry East East Dundry Lane mast Hutton mast Ilchester Crescent, Bedminster mast
12.
Egmont Group
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The Egmont Group is a Danish media corporation founded and rooted in Copenhagen, Denmark. The business area of Egmont has traditionally been magazine publishing but has over the years evolved to comprise mass media generally, the Egmont Group was founded by Egmont Harald Petersen in 1878 as a one-man printing business, but soon became a magazine business. It was originally called P. Petersen, Printers, named after Petersens mother, the company was renamed Gutenberghus in 1914, a name it kept until 1992. Since 1948 Gutenberghus, looking for new opportunities, sent its editor Dan Folke to Walt Disney Productions, in 1948 the company started to publish a Donald Duck comic magazine in Sweden and Norway, in 1949 also in Denmark. This magazine features all the well known Disney Characters, from Mickey Mouse to Little Hiawatha under license from Disney, with the acquisition in 1963 of the Danish publisher Aschehoug, Egmont also entered the book market. In 1991, Egmont was co-founder of the Norwegian television channel TV2 which Egmont now owns, the following year, Egmont bought Nordisk Film. In 2008 they acquired the minority stake in magazine publisher Hjemmet Mortensen which they did not already hold, Egmont is one of Scandinavia’s leading media groups producing weeklies, magazines, comics, books, educational materials, activity products, movies and TV programs. The media group also operates movie theaters and TV stations, and the Egmont name is behind interactive games, game consoles, music, Egmont publishes media in more than 30 countries, has 6,300 employees and generates revenue amounting to EUR1.5 billion in 2014. Egmont acquired Forma Publishing Group in October 2014, in January 2015, the company shut down its American publishing division. Steffen Kragh - President and CEO Hans J, in August of 2016, The IPC/Fleetway library was sold to Rebellion Developments, who had previously acquired 2000 AD. EgmontUK is divided into two divisions, Egmont Press and Egmont Publishing, Egmont Press is Egmont’s author and illustrator list. It includes fiction novels, picture books, novelty books, illustrated books, fantasy adventures, Egmont Press also has a number of young adult fiction, award-winners, classics and epic tales. They are the UK publisher of A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket which has sold over 2 million copies and they are also the official publisher of Winnie-the-Pooh. Egmont published the sequel to the original Pooh stories, The Best Bear in All the World in 2016. Egmont Press’s illustrators include Helen Oxenbury and Colin and Jacqui Hawkins, Egmont Publishing publish a wide range of formats for children of all ages, storybooks, annuals, colouring, activity and sticker books as well as a wide range of novelty books. The Publishing list contains books featuring licensed characters, including, Egmont is a foundation with a charitable wing. The founder’s last will and testament paved the way for Egmonts charitable work to support social, cultural, as a foundation, Egmont helps improve children’s and young people’s quality of life, donating more than EUR235 million to social, cultural and health projects since 1920. List of UK childrens book publishers Egmont Group
13.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
14.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
15.
TechTV
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TechTV was a 24-hour cable and satellite channel based in San Francisco featuring news and shows about computers, technology, and the Internet. In 2004, it merged with the G4 gaming channel which ultimately dissolved TechTV programming, at the height of its six-year run, TechTV was broadcast in 70 countries, reached 43 million households, and claimed 1.9 million unique visitors monthly to its website. The offices were located at 650 Townsend Street,94103, and it originally was called ZDTV by its founder, Ziff-Davis, when it debuted on May 11,1998. It later was owned by Paul Allens Vulcan Ventures, Vulcan Ventures sold TechTV to G4 Media, which merged it with the video game channel G4 in May 2004 to form G4techTV. In February 2005, the name was changed back to G4, the personalities of TechTV include Kate Botello, Roger Chang, Yoshi DeHerrera, John C. Leo Laporte hosted Call for Help which aired until April 6,2007 and it was revamped and renamed The Lab with Leo Laporte and was shown on G4techTV Canada and the Australian HOW TO Channel. The show was filmed in HD and Laporte hoped to have it picked up by an American network, the series has since been cancelled due to poor ratings. Peter Barnes, Fox Business Channel Erica Hill, news anchor for NBC News Leo Laporte, Leo Laportes This Week in Tech, improving on the technology used for Dev Null, ZDTV created two animated virtual characters who appeared as hosts for the network. Dash and Tilde appeared in on-air and online promos for the network, dash also appeared as a virtual correspondent on the show Internet Tonight in a segment called The Homepage Hall of Fame and briefly as the host of Dashs Animation House. The channel originally launched on Monday May 11,1998, in Las Vegas, Detroit, parts of Georgia near Atlanta, in November 1999, Vulcan purchased the remaining two-thirds in a transaction that was completed on January 21,2000. The deal was worth approximately $204.8 million, however, a new name was already being worked on. On September 18,2000, ZDTV was renamed TechTV, soon, TechTV made a huge commitment to enter into live broadcasting when it launched a nine-hour experimental news program called TechLive in April 2001. The show, which catered to daytraders and business types, never caught on with TechTVs geeky audience, in November 2001, following a massive round of layoffs, TechLive was divided into three one-hour shows. In the spring of 2002, TechLive was cut further into just one daily news magazine show, with a focus less on tech news. Beginning March 15,2001, TechTV experienced repeated layoffs, in 2002, Silicon Spin and AudioFile were canceled, but 2003 saw the introduction of several new shows. Internet Tonight was to be replaced by TechLive, but new shows created by repackaging old segments were run for months after TechLive debuted. In late 2001 and early 2002, many Comcast cable systems dropped TechTV from their channel lineups, at the time, some viewers speculated that this was done to eliminate a competitor to the Comcast-owned G4. When Comcasts G4 Media acquired TechTV and merged it with G4 in 2004, a theory emerged, which suggested that Comcasts actual motive was to lower TechTVs value
16.
1080p
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1080p is a set of HDTV high-definition video modes characterized by 1080 horizontal lines of vertical resolution, the p stands for progressive scan, id est non-interlaced. The term usually assumes a widescreen ratio of 16,9. It is often marketed as full HD, to contrast 1080p with 720p resolution screens, 1080p video signals are supported by ATSC standards in the United States and DVB standards in Europe. Small camcorders, smartphones and digital cameras can capture still and moving images in 1080p resolution.485 Gbit/s to nominally 3 Gbit/s using uncompressed RGB encoding. Most current revisions of SMPTE 372M, SMPTE 424M and EBU Tech 3299 require YCbCr color space and 4,2,2 chroma subsampling for transmitting 1080p50 and 1080p60 signal. In the United States, the original ATSC standards for HDTV supported 1080p video, in July 2008, the ATSC standards were amended to include H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC compression and 1080p at 50,59.94 and 60 frames per second. Such frame rates require H. 264/AVC High Profile Level 4.2, in Europe, 1080p25 signals have been supported by the DVB suite of broadcasting standards. The 1080p50 format is considered to be a production format and, eventually. EBU requires that legacy MPEG-4 AVC decoders should avoid crashing in the presence of SVC and/or 1080p50 packets, the ITU-T BT.2100 standard that includes advanced 1080p video was subsequently published in July 2016. There is no word when any of the networks will consider airing at 1080p in the foreseeable future. However, satellite services utilize the 1080p/24-30 format with MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 encoding for pay-per-view movies that are downloaded in advance via satellite or on-demand via broadband. At this time, no pay service such as USA, HDNET, etc. nor premium movie channel such as HBO. For material that originates from a progressive scanned 24 frame/s source, MPEG-2 lets the video be coded as 1080p24 and these progressively-coded frames are tagged with metadata instructing a decoder how to perform a 3,2 pulldown to interlace them. In June 2016, Germany commenced terrestrial broadcasts of eight 1080p50 high-definition channels, using DVB-T2 protocol with HEVC encoding, a total of 40 channels will be available by March 2017. Blu-ray Discs are able to hold 1080p HD content, and most movies released on Blu-ray Disc produce a full 1080p HD picture when the player is connected to a 1080p HDTV via an HDMI cable. The Blu-ray Disc video specification allows encoding of 1080p23.976, 1080p24, 1080i50, generally this type of video runs at 30 to 40 megabits per second, compared to the 3.5 megabits per second for conventional standard definition broadcasts. Smartphones with 1080p FullHD display have been available on the market since 2012, as of the end of 2014, it is the standard for mid-range to high-end smartphones and many of the flagship devices of 2014 used even higher resolutions. Several websites, including YouTube, allow videos to be uploaded in the 1080p format, YouTube streams 1080p content at approximately 4 megabits per second compared to Blu-rays 30 to 40 megabits per second
17.
Animation
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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
18.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
19.
Plasticine
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Plasticine, a brand of modelling clay, is a putty-like modelling material made from calcium salts, petroleum jelly and aliphatic acids. The name is a trademark of Flair Leisure Products plc. Plasticine is used extensively for childrens play, but also as a medium for more formal or permanent structures. Because of its property, it is a popular choice of material for stop-motion animation. The brand-name clay is mentioned in music, such as the porters in Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. William Harbutt, an art teacher in Bath, England, formulated Plasticine in 1897, Harbutt wanted a non-drying clay for his sculpture students. He created a non-toxic, sterile, soft and malleable clay that did not dry on exposure to air, Harbutt received a patent in 1899 and commercial production started at a factory in Bathampton in 1900. Four colours were produced for sale to the public. Plasticine was popular with children, was used in schools for teaching art. Plasticine is approximately 65% bulking agent, 10% petroleum jelly, 5% lime and 10% lanolin and it cannot be hardened by firing, melts when exposed to heat, and is flammable at higher temperatures. Harbutt patented a different formulation in 1915, which added wool fibres to give plasticine a stronger composition intended for ear plugs, and as a sterile dressing for wounds and burns. The Harbutt company marketed Plasticine as a toy by producing modelling kits based on characters from childrens stories, such as Noddy. The original Plasticine factory was destroyed by fire in 1963 and replaced by a modern building, the Harbutt company produced Plasticine in Bathampton until 1983, when production was moved to Thailand. The Colorforms company was the major American licensee of Plasticine from 1979 until at least 1984, apparently, the use of a different chalk compound caused a product inconsistency, and the US version was considered inferior to the original mix. Bluebird Toys plc acquired Plasticine through its purchase of Peter Pan, in 1998, Mattel bought Bluebird and the brand was sold to Humbrol Ltd, famous for its model paints and owner of the Airfix model kit brand. Flair Leisure licensed the brand from Humbrol in 2005 and relaunched Plasticine and it acquired the brand outright, when Humbrol went into administration a year later. A similar product, Kunst-Modellierthon, was invented by Franz Kolb of Munich and this product is still available, known as Münchner Künstler Plastilin. In Italy, the product Pongo is also marketed as plastilina, Play-Doh, which is based on flour, salt and water, dries on exposure to air
20.
Antoine de Caunes
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Antoine de Caunes is a French television presenter, actor, writer and film director. He is the son of two prominent French personalities, television journalist-reporter Georges de Caunes and television announcer Jacqueline Joubert and he is the father of the actress Emma de Caunes. He began his career writing songs for cartoons for Antenne 2 under the pseudonym of Paul Persavon, including Cobra. His early TV appearances included Chorus, the series Les Enfants du rock, again for A2, and then his breakthrough with Nulle part ailleurs for Canal+. De Caunes came to fame in the English-speaking world on the BBC2 television series Rapido, notable for his catchphrase, in the thickest of French accents, Rap, Rap, Rap, Rapiiiidoo. He then went on to create the long-running adult entertainment programme Eurotrash with Jean-Paul Gaultier for Channel 4 and he also presented a short-lived chat show on Channel 4 called Le Show. In addition he appeared in a campaign for Rowntrees Fruit Pastilles ice lollies. Since September 2013, he hosts Canal + daily evening show Le Grand Journal and he provided voices in the Aardman Animation TV show Rex the Runt. He has been a long-time AIDS awareness campaigner, fronting the organisation Soirées de lhumour — Solidarité sida, bean – The Television presenter 2008, Tu peux garder un secret. 2001, Les Morsures de laube 2002, Monsieur N. ’’ album in homage to Boris Vian, cantate des boîtes Antoine de Caunes wrote his first book published with Éditions Albin Michel in the collection Rock & Folk in the Magma groupe, Magma, ’’ 187p. Pas mal pour un lundi, ’’1990, jaime beaucoup ce que vous faites,1991 Une ambulance peut en cacher une autre,1992. ISBN2226063293 Le Petit Gildas illustré,1993, ISBN2226063811 He also wrote a dictionary, Dictionnaire Amoureux du Rock, ’’ Plon,2010 ISBN 978-2259205757 Antoine de Caunes at the Internet Movie Database Eurotrash at Channel 4 - Adult content
21.
Bob Holness
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Robert Wentworth John Bob Holness was an English radio and television presenter and occasional actor. He is best remembered as the presenter of the British version of Blockbusters, Holness was born in Vryheid, Natal, South Africa. When he was seven, his family moved to the UK, initially to Herne Bay, Kent where his grandfather Nathaniel was brought up, then later to Ashford, after attending Ashford Grammar School and briefly Eastbourne College he went on to Maidstone College of Art. He then worked for a company before returning to South Africa. In 1955, he received his first job as a radio presenter and he married Mary Rose Clifford in 1955, whom he met in South Africa. The couple returned to the UK in 1961 and his daughter, Ros, was a member of the band Toto Coelo. In 1956 he became the very first actor to portray James Bond in a production of Moonraker. From 1971, the show was broadcast solely on Radio 2, between 1975 and 1985, he was co-presenter with Douglas Cameron of the award-winning breakfast-time AM Programme on Londons LBC radio station. He originally joined the station as a traffic reporter, later progressing to reading networked news bulletins for IRN. He won the Variety Club Award for Joint Independent Radio Personality of the Year in both 1979 and 1984, from the late 1960s until 1998, he also presented the request programme Anything Goes on the BBC World Service. Tommy Boyd, among others, has disputed Maconies claim to authorship of the rumour, in 1988 he starred in a celebrity special of Catchphrase. In 1995, he hosted Yorkshire Televisions big-budget game show flop Raise the Roof before becoming the chairman of a revived Call My Bluff for the BBC. Holness appeared on one episode of Ant and Decs Saturday Night Takeaway in 2004 and he also had an occasional acting career in television shows including, Thriller, Rex the Runt and The Impressionable Jon Culshaw. On 24 November 2002, he suffered a stroke, following which a brain scan revealed he had previously suffered a number of transient ischaemic attacks over several years. He also suffered hearing loss, and began to use a hearing aid in 2003. He was diagnosed with coeliac disease in 2005, in the last few years of his life he suffered from vascular dementia. He was cared for by his family at home until the last two weeks of his life when he entered Denville House nursing home and his family announced on 6 January 2012 that he had died earlier that day, in his sleep, aged 83. He is survived by his wife, former actress Mary Rose, list of people diagnosed with coeliac disease Bob Holness at the Internet Movie Database Profile at Radiorewind. co. uk
22.
Bob Monkhouse
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Robert Alan Bob Monkhouse, OBE was an English entertainer. He was a writer, comedian and actor and was also well known on television as a presenter. Bob Monkhouse was born on 1 June 1928 at 168 Bromley Road, Beckenham, Kent, Monkhouse had an elder brother, John, who was born in 1922. Monkhouses grandfather John Monkhouse was a prosperous Methodist businessman who co-founded Monk and Glass, Bob Monkhouse was educated at Goring Hall School in Worthing, Sussex and Dulwich College in south London, from which he was expelled. While still at school, Monkhouse wrote for The Beano and The Dandy and drew for other comics including Hotspur, Wizard and he established a comics writing and art partnership with Dulwich schoolmate Denis Gifford and the two formed their own publishing company in the early 1950s. Among other writing, Monkhouse wrote more than 100 Harlem Hotspots erotic novelettes, Monkhouse completed his National Service with the Royal Air Force in 1948. He won a contract with the BBC after his unwitting RAF group captain signed a letter that Monkhouse had written telling the BBC he was a war hero and that the corporation should give him an audition. Before establishing himself as a writer and comedian, Monkhouse appeared on stage in London, first as Aladdin in a stage show of the same name written by S. J. Perelman. Then in the first London production of the musical The Boys from Syracuse in 1963 at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, alongside Ronnie Corbett. Monkhouses adult career began as a scriptwriter for radio comedy in partnership with Denis Goodwin, aside from performing as a double act, Monkhouse and Goodwin wrote for comedians such as Arthur Askey, Jimmy Edwards, Ted Ray and Max Miller. In addition, they were also gag writers for American comedians including Bob Hope when they wanted jokes for British tours, indeed, when Goodwin broke up the partnership in 1962 it was to go and work for Hope. In 1956, Monkhouse was the host of Do You Trust Your Wife. the British version of an American game show and he went on to host more than 30 different quiz shows on British television. His public profile growing, Monkhouse also began appearing in films including the first of the Carry On film series. He appeared in Dentist in the Chair and later regretted not choosing the Carry Ons over the dental comedies, other presenting jobs in the 1960s included hosting Candid Camera and compèring Sunday Night at the London Palladium. Around 1969 he was a partner, with Malcolm Mitchell, in the Mitchell Monkhouse Agency, in 1979 he starred in a US sketch comedy television series called Bonkers. With the Hudson Brothers and Joan Rivers, a job he hated, in the early 1970s he appeared on BBC Radio in Mostly Monkhouse with Josephine Tewson and David Jason. A respected stand-up comedian, Monkhouse was known for his talent at ad-libbing and he became much in demand as an after-dinner speaker and wrote a book about the subject, Just Say a Few Words. He also became a favourite with impressionists, and, as his comedy style fell out of favour in the 1980s, he was mocked for his slickness and accused of insincerity
23.
Jonathan Ross
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Jonathan Stephen Ross, OBE is an English television and radio presenter, film critic, and actor best known for presenting the BBC One chat show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross during the 2000s. Ross also hosted his own show on BBC Radio 2. After leaving the BBC, Ross then began hosting a new show on ITV. Other regular roles have included being a regular panellist on the sports quiz They Think Its All Over. Ross began his career as a programme researcher, before débuting as a television presenter for The Last Resort with Jonathan Ross on Channel 4 in 1987. Over the next decade he had radio and television roles, many through his own production company. In 1995 he sold his stake in Channel X, and embarked on a career with the BBC. In 1999, Ross took over presenting the Film programme from Barry Norman, for the chat show, Ross won three BAFTA awards for Best Entertainment Performance, in 2004,2006 and 2007. By 2006 Ross was believed to be the BBCs highest paid star, in 2005, Ross was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to broadcasting. Ross has been involved in throughout his broadcasting career. As a result, in 2008 he wrote a work titled Why Do I Say These Things. Detailing some of his life experiences, Ross has been married to the author, journalist and broadcaster Jane Goldman since 1988, they have three children. Ross and Goldman have together established the production company Hotsauce TV. Ross is known as a fan and collector of comic books and memorabilia. Ross is known for his voice, flamboyant style of dress, light-hearted banter. Their mother put all of her children forward for roles in television advertisements, Ross first appeared in a television advertisement for the breakfast cereal Kelloggs Rice Krispies in 1970, when he was 10 years old. He also appeared in an ad for the laundry detergent Persil, Ross was educated at Norlington School for Boys, a comprehensive school and at Leyton County High School for Boys, a comprehensive school. He then studied Modern European History at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies in London, Ross began his adult career as a researcher on the Channel 4 show Loose Talk
24.
Graham Norton
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Graham William Walker, better known as Graham Norton, is an Irish television and radio presenter, DJ, comedian, actor, and writer. He is a five-time BAFTA TV Award winner for his comedy chat show The Graham Norton Show, previously shown on BBC Two, it took the prestigious Friday night slot on BBC One from The Jonathan Ross Show in 2010. He also presents on BBC Radio 2 and is the BBC television commentator of the Eurovision Song Contest, Norton is known for his innuendo-laden dialogue and flamboyant presentation style. In 2012, he sold his company, So Television. In a 2004 poll for the BBC, Norton was named the eighth most influential person in British culture, Norton was born in Clondalkin, a suburb of Dublin, and grew up in Bandon, County Cork. His family are members of the Church of Ireland and his fathers family were from County Wicklow, while his mother was Northern Irish, from Belfast. Norton took part in the TV programme Who Do You Think You Are. to trace his ancestry. Norton was educated at Bandon Grammar School, in West Cork, and then University College, Cork, in June 2013, he received an honorary doctorate from University College Cork, he occasionally mentions this in order to win on-air arguments on his BBC Radio 2 show. Norton moved to London and attended the Central School of Speech and he also worked as a waiter during that time. Upon joining the actors union Equity, he chose Norton as his stage name, as there was already an actor called Graham Walker. His rise to fame began as one of the successes of Channel 5. In 1996, he co-hosted the late-night quiz show Carnal Knowledge on ITV with Maria McErlane. In 1996, Norton played the part of Father Noel Furlong in three episodes of the Channel 4 series Father Ted, which was set on the fictional Craggy Island off the west coast of Ireland, Father Furlong was often seen taking charge of the St. Lukes Youth Group. After this early success, Norton moved to Channel 4 to host his own shows including So Graham Norton. As a performer who is not only gay, but also camp and flamboyant, it was here that Nortons act was fully honed as a cheeky. In 2003, he was the subject of controversy in the United Kingdom when, on his show on Channel 4, also in 2003, Norton was listed in The Observer as one of the 1000 funniest acts in British comedy. In the summer of 2004, Norton ventured into American television, the Graham Norton Effect debuted on 24 June 2004 on Comedy Central, and was also broadcast in the UK on BBC Three. In the midst of controversy surrounding Justin Timberlake and Janet Jacksons Super Bowl performance, Norton was wary of moving into the market
25.
Eddie Izzard
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Edward John Eddie Izzard is an English stand-up comedian, actor, writer and political activist. His comedic style takes the form of rambling, whimsical monologue and he has also worked as a voice actor in The Wild, Igor, The Chronicles of Narnia, Prince Caspian, and Cars 2. Izzard has cited his main role model as Monty Python. In 2009, he completed 43 marathons in 51 days for Sport Relief despite having no history of long-distance running. He has won awards including a Primetime Emmy Award for Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program for his comedy special Dress to Kill. Izzards website won the Yahoo Peoples Choice Award and earned the Webby Award, Izzard was born on 7 February 1962, in the Colony of Aden, the younger son of English parents. His mother, Dorothy Ella, was a midwife and nurse, his father, a year after Izzards birth, the family moved to Bangor, County Down, and lived there until he was five. The family then moved to Skewen, West Glamorgan, where his mother died of cancer when Izzard was six and his brother, Izzard and his brother built a model railway to occupy their time while their mother was ill, it was donated to the Bexhill Museum in 2016. The Izzard family name is of French Huguenot descent, following his mothers death, Izzard attended boarding schools such as St Johns School in Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan, as well as St Bedes Prep School and Eastbourne College in East Sussex. He said that he knew he was a person at the age of four, after watching another boy being forced to wear a dress by his sisters. Izzard began to toy with comedy at the University of Sheffield, after leaving his accountancy degree course, he and Ballard took their act to the streets, often in Covent Garden. After his split with Ballard, Izzard spent a deal of the early 1980s working as a street performer in Europe. He then moved his act into the stand-up comedy venues of Britain and his first gig was at the Banana Cabaret in Balham, London. In 1987, he made his first stage appearance at the Comedy Store in London and he refined his material throughout the 1980s, and in the early 1990s he finally began earning some measure of recognition through his improvisation, in part at his own club Raging Bull in Soho. Izzard has performed stand-up in French, as well as German, Spanish, Russian and Arabic, in 1994, Izzard made his West End drama debut as the lead in the world premiere of David Mamets The Cryptogram with Lindsay Duncan, in the production at Londons Comedy Theatre. The success of that led to his second starring role in David Beairds black comedy 900 Oneonta. In 1995, he portrayed the character in Christopher Marlowes Edward II. In 1998 Izzard appeared briefly on stage with the Monty Python team in The American Film Institutes Tribute to Monty Python
26.
Revolver
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A revolver is a repeating handgun that has a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers and at least one barrel for firing. Revolvers might be regarded as a subset of pistols, or as a subset of handguns. Though the term revolver usually only refers to handguns, other firearms may also have a revolving chamber and these include some models of grenade launchers, shotguns, and rifles. Most revolvers contain five or six rounds in the cylinder, though the original name was revolving gun, the short-hand revolver is universally used. The revolver allows the user to fire multiple rounds without reloading, each time the user cocks the hammer, the cylinder revolves to align the next chamber and round with the hammer and barrel, which gives this type of firearm its name. In a single-action revolver, the user pulls the back with his free hand or thumb. In a double-action revolver, pulling the trigger moves the back, then releases it. Loading and unloading a double-action revolver requires the operator to swing out the cylinder and insert the proper ammunition, the first guns with multichambered cylinders that revolved to feed one barrel were made in the late 16th century in Europe. They were expensive and rare curiosities, not until the 19th century would revolvers become common weapons of industrial production. One of the first was a flintlock revolver patented by Elisha Collier in 1814, the first percussion revolver was made by Lenormand of Paris in 1820 and the first percussion cap revolver was invented by the Italian Francesco Antonio Broccu in 1833. He received a prize of 300 francs for his invention, although he did not patent it, however, in 1835 a similar handgun was patented by Samuel Colt, who would go on to make the first mass-produced revolver. The first cartridge revolvers were produced around 1854 by Eugene Lefaucheux, revolvers soon became standard for nearly all uses. In the early 20th century, semi-automatic pistols were developed, which can hold more rounds, Automatic pistols also have a flat profile, more suitable for concealed carry. Automatic pistols have almost completely replaced revolvers in military and law enforcement use, revolvers still remain popular as back-up and off-duty handguns among American law enforcement officers and security guards. Also, revolvers are still common in the American private sector as defensive, in the development of firearms, an important limiting factor was the time it took to reload the weapon after it was fired. While the user was reloading, the weapon was useless, several approaches to the problem of increasing the rate of fire were developed, the earliest being multi-barrelled weapons which allowed two or more shots without reloading. Later weapons featured multiple barrels revolving along a single axis, the earliest examples of what today is called a revolver were made in Germany in the late 16th century. These weapons featured a barrel with a revolving cylinder holding the powder
27.
Luciano Pavarotti
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Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian operatic tenor who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time. As one of the Three Tenors, Pavarotti became well known for his televised concerts, Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross, amongst others. He died from cancer on 6 September 2007. Luciano Pavarotti was born in 1935 on the outskirts of Modena in Northern Italy, the son of Fernando Pavarotti, a baker and amateur tenor, and Adele Venturi, a cigar factory worker. Although he spoke fondly of his childhood, the family had little money, according to Pavarotti, his father had a fine tenor voice but rejected the possibility of a singing career because of nervousness. World War II forced the family out of the city in 1943, for the following year they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighbouring countryside, where the young Pavarotti developed an interest in farming. After abandoning the dream of becoming a goalkeeper, Pavarotti spent seven years in vocal training. Pavarottis earliest musical influences were his fathers recordings, most of them featuring the popular tenors of the day – Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa, at around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir. He was interested in pursuing a career as a football goalkeeper. He subsequently taught in a school for two years but finally allowed his interest in music to win out. Recognising the risk involved, his father gave his consent only reluctantly, Pavarotti began the serious study of music in 1954 at the age of 19 with Arrigo Pola, a respected teacher and professional tenor in Modena who offered to teach him without remuneration. According to conductor Richard Bonynge, Pavarotti never learned to read music and he later said that this was the most important experience of his life, and that it inspired him to become a professional singer. At about this time Pavarotti first met Adua Veroni, like Pavarotti, Freni was destined to operatic greatness, they were to share the stage many times and make memorable recordings together. During his years of study, Pavarotti held part-time jobs in order to sustain himself – first as an elementary school teacher. The first six years of study resulted in only a few recitals, all in small towns, when a nodule developed on his vocal cords, causing a disastrous concert in Ferrara, he decided to give up singing. Pavarotti attributed his immediate improvement to the psychological release connected with this decision, Pavarotti began his career as a tenor in smaller regional Italian opera houses, making his debut as Rodolfo in La bohème at the Teatro Municipale in Reggio Emilia in April 1961. He made his first international appearance in La traviata in Belgrade, very early in his career, on 23 February 1963, he debuted at the Vienna State Opera in the same role. In March and April 1963 Vienna saw Pavarotti again as Rodolfo, while generally successful, Pavarottis early roles did not immediately propel him into the stardom that he would later enjoy
28.
Heath Robinson
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William Heath Robinson was an English cartoonist and illustrator best known for drawings of ridiculously complicated machines for achieving simple objectives. Heath Robinson contraption is perhaps more often used in relation to temporary fixes using ingenuity and whatever is to hand, often string and tape and its continuing popularity was undoubtedly linked to Second World War Britains shortages and the need to make do and mend. William Heath Robinson was born at 25 Ennis Road on 31 May 1872 into a family of artists in an area of London known as Stroud Green, Finsbury Park and his father Thomas Robinson and brothers Thomas Heath Robinson and Charles Robinson all worked as illustrators. In the course of his work, Robinson also wrote and illustrated three books, The Adventures of Uncle Lubin, Bill the Minder and Peter Quip in Search of a Friend. Uncle Lubin is regarded as the start of his career in the depiction of unlikely machines, during the First World War, he drew large numbers of cartoons, depicting ever-more-unlikely secret weapons being used by the combatants. He also depicted the American Expeditionary Force in France and he also produced a steady stream of humorous drawings for magazines and advertisements. In 1934 he published a collection of his favourites as Absurdities, such as, the machines he drew were frequently powered by steam boilers or kettles, heated by candles or a spirit lamp and usually kept running by balding, bespectacled men in overalls. There would be complex pulley arrangements, threaded by lengths of knotted string, Robinsons cartoons were so popular that in Britain the term Heath Robinson is used to refer to an improbable, rickety machine barely kept going by incessant tinkering. One of his most famous series of illustrations was that which accompanied the first Professor Branestawm book written by Norman Hunter, the stories told of the eponymous professor who was brilliant, eccentric and forgetful and provided a perfect backdrop for Robinsons drawings. One of the automatic analysis machines built for Bletchley Park during the Second World War to assist in the decryption of German message traffic was named Heath Robinson in his honour and it was a direct predecessor to the Colossus, the worlds first programmable digital electronic computer. In 1903 he married Josephine Latey, the daughter of newspaper editor John Latey, Heath Robinson moved to Pinner, Middlesex, in 1908. His house in Moss Lane is commemorated by a blue plaque and he died in September 1944 during the Second World War and is buried in East Finchley Cemetery. The Heath Robinson Museum opened in October 2016 to house a collection of nearly 1,000 original artworks owned by The William Heath Robinson Trust, the museum is in Memorial Park, Pinner, close to where the artist lived and worked. A nearby branch of the Pizza Express restaurants features designs inspired by the artists work, the name Heath Robinson became part of common parlance in the UK for complex inventions that achieved absurdly simple results following its use as services slang during the 1914–1918 First World War. During the Falklands War, British Harrier aircraft lacked their conventional chaff-dispensing mechanism, due to its improvised and ramshackle nature it was often referred to as the Heath Robinson chaff modification. Robinson, W. Heath, Works of Edgar Allan Poe, Poe,1900 Robinson, W. Heath, Adventures of Don Quixote, Cervantes. 1902 Robinson, W. Heath, Some Frightful War Pictures,1916 Robinson, W. Heath, The Saintly Hun, a book of German virtues, Duckworth. 1917 Robinson, W. Heath, Flypapers, Duckworth,1919 Robinson, W. Heath, The Rabelais, Rabelais
29.
Physician
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Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world. Degrees and other qualifications vary widely, but there are common elements, such as medical ethics requiring that physicians show consideration, compassion. Around the world the term refers to a specialist in internal medicine or one of its many sub-specialties. This meaning of physician conveys a sense of expertise in treatment by drugs or medications and this term is at least nine hundred years old in English, physicians and surgeons were once members of separate professions, and traditionally were rivals. Henry VIII granted a charter to the London Royal College of Physicians in 1518 and it was not until 1540 that he granted the Company of Barber/Surgeons its separate charter. In the same year, the English monarch established the Regius Professorship of Physic at the University of Cambridge, newer universities would probably describe such an academic as a professor of internal medicine. Hence, in the 16th century, physic meant roughly what internal medicine does now, currently, a specialist physician in the United States may be described as an internist. Another term, hospitalist, was introduced in 1996, to describe US specialists in internal medicine who work largely or exclusively in hospitals, such hospitalists now make up about 19% of all US general internists, who are often called general physicians in Commonwealth countries. In such places, the more general English terms doctor or medical practitioner are prevalent, in Commonwealth countries, specialist pediatricians and geriatricians are also described as specialist physicians who have sub-specialized by age of patient rather than by organ system. Around the world, the term physician and surgeon is used to describe either a general practitioner or any medical practitioner irrespective of specialty. This usage still shows the meaning of physician and preserves the old difference between a physician, as a practitioner of physic, and a surgeon. The term may be used by state medical boards in the United States of America, in modern English, the term physician is used in two main ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. This is the result of history and is often confusing and these meanings and variations are explained below. In the United States and Canada, the term physician describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree, the American Medical Association, established in 1847, as well as the American Osteopathic Association, founded in 1897, both currently use the term physician to describe members. However, the American College of Physicians, established in 1915, does not, its title uses physician in its original sense. A physician trained in the United States has either a Doctor of Medicine degree, all boards of certification now require that physicians demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of the core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. Recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years, graduates of osteopathic medical schools in the United States should not be confused with osteopaths, who are trained in the European and Commonwealth nations. Their training is similar to physical therapy and they are not licensed to prescribe medications or perform surgeries, also in the United States, the American Podiatric Medical Association defines podiatrists as physicians and surgeons that fall under the department of surgery in hospitals
30.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
31.
Medical research
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Biomedical research is in general simply known as medical research. It is the research, applied research, or translational research conducted to aid. An important kind of research is clinical research, which is distinguished by the involvement of patients. Other kinds of research include pre-clinical research, for example on animals. Both clinical and pre-clinical research phases exist in the pharmaceutical industrys drug development pipelines, however, only part of the clinical or pre-clinical research is oriented towards a specific pharmaceutical purpose. The need for fundamental and mechanistic understanding, diagnostics, medical devices, the most basic medical research is a rapidly evolving area that owes much to basic biology and is given names such as Human Biosciences by universities. The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be attributed to advances resulting from medical research. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the Human Genome Project, many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic. Most of the research in the field is pursued by scientists, however significant contributions are made by other biologists. Medical research, done on humans, has to follow the medical ethics as sanctioned in the Declaration of Helsinki. In all cases, the research ethics has to be respected, areas tackled in the most fundamental parts of medical research include cellular and molecular biology, medical genetics, immunology, neuroscience, and psychology. Since many organisms share an evolutionary history with humans and hence common features and systems. Pre-clinical research covers research that prepares the ground for research with patients. Typically the work requires no ethical approval, is supervised by people with PhDs rather than medical doctors, the pre-clinical stage of pharmaceutical testing is covered at Phases of clinical research#Pre-clinical studies. Clinical research is carried out with patients and it is generally supervised by doctors in a medical setting such as a hospital and requires ethical approval. The clinical phase of testing is covered here Clinical trial. Research funding in many countries derives from research bodies and private organizations which distribute money for equipment, in the United Kingdom, funding bodies such as the Medical Research Council derive their assets from UK tax payers, and distribute this to institutions in a competitive manner. The Wellcome Trust is the UKs largest non-governmental source of funds for research and provides over £600 million per year in grants to scientists
32.
Waste collector
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Waste and recycling pickup work is physically demanding and it exposes workers to a number of occupational hazards. Statistics show waste collection to be one of the most dangerous jobs, at even more dangerous than police work. In many developing countries, the first people to tackle the waste collection are pickers working in the economy, i. e. they may be self-financing through recycling, repairing. Examples include the bottley-wallah, recycler of many sorts of materials in India, castes such as the Zabbaleen in Egypt, many varieties of English have a range of names for waste collectors, from formal job titles for municipal employees, to colloquial and regional terms. Eugène Poubelle, French official, who ordered in 1884 that all Paris landlords supply their tenants with covered garbage containers. Alfred P. Doolittle, a common dustman, My Fair Lady from the play, Broadway,1956, London,1958. California Occupational Guide Number 460, Mechanical - Skilled Occupations, Refuse Collectors, state of California, Employment Development Department
33.
Neckerchief
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A neckerchief, necker, kerchief or scarf is a type of neckwear associated with Scouts, cowboys and sailors. It consists of a piece of cloth or a rectangular piece folded into a triangle. The long edge is rolled towards the point, leaving a portion unrolled, the neckerchief is then fastened around the neck with the ends either tied or clasped with a slide or woggle. Neckerchiefs worn by sailors are shaped like a square, and are folded in half diagonally before rolling, either neckerchief is then placed on the wearers back, under or over the shirt collar with the ends at the front of the wearer. A slip knot will give way if the neckerchief gets caught and is less likely to choke the wearer. Sailors in the United States Navy have worn a black neckerchief since the American Civil War. It is currently part of the service dress uniform for junior enlisted sailors as well as the womens summer dress uniform. The Scouting movement makes the part of its uniform. A generally ceremonial item, the neckerchief is taught to be a practical item in the Scouting tradition. The neckerchief, unrolled, is designed to be the size for use as a triangular bandage for first aid. Baden-Powell copied Burnhams practical style of dress, including a grey-coloured handkerchief and he continued, Every Troop has its own scarf colour, since the honour of your Troop is bound up in the scarf, you must be very careful to keep it tidy and clean. Initially, Scout neckerchiefs were tied with a variety of knots, in most countries each Scout Troop uses its own colour neckerchief. The colours are usually the Troop Colours which may have a historical significance to the troop or to the local community. In Canada, while most groups use colour neckerchiefs, there is also an optional alternate universal pattern tartan neckerchief, white plaid on red for Scouts, alternating thick and thin lines of the plaid spell out CANADA in Morse code. In Australia, Queensland uses a single maroon necker for the state, while the other states allow groups, Venturer Units. Region and Branch Teams also have their own neckers, in other countries individual patrols are identifiable by their neckerchiefs and so troops may have many different neckerchiefs all at once. In both of these cases the neckerchief and its colours are an issue of identity, and become emblematic of a troop or a patrol. Neckerchiefs can also have important ceremonial functions in Scouting, for example, in Nazi Germany, the Hitler Jugend, Deutsches Jungvolk and Bund Deutscher Mädel all wore a black neckerchief as part of their uniform, usually folded under the shirt collar
