1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
States of Mexico
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The states of Mexico are first-level administrative territorial entities of the country of Mexico, which officially is named United Mexican States. There are 31 states in Mexico, Mexico City is a federal entity with a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state, but is not a state itself. The states are divided into municipalities. Notes, Joined the federation with the name of Coahuila y Texas, Joined the federation with the name of Estado de Occidente also recognized as Sonora y Sinaloa. Joined the federation as República Federada de Yucatán formed by the current states of Yucatan, Campeche, became independent in 1841 constituting the second Republic of Yucatán and definitely rejoined in 1848. State of Tabasco seceded from Mexico on two occasions, the first on February 13,1841, rejoining again on December 2,1842, and the second time was from November 9,1846 to December 8 of that year. Includes the remote Revillagigedo Islands, which are federally administered
States of Mexico
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Mexico D.F.
3.
Tamaulipas
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Tamaulipas, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Tamaulipas, is one of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 43 municipalities and its capital city is Ciudad Victoria, the capital city was named after Guadalupe Victoria, the first President of Mexico. It is located in Northeastern Mexico and it is bordered by the states of Veracruz to the southeast, San Luis Potosí to the southwest and Nuevo León to the west. To the north, it has a 370 km stretch of the U. S. –Mexico border along the state of Texas and this state is known to be both a territorial struggle for the Gulf Cartel and the Los Zetas. The name Tamaulipas is derived from Tamaholipa, a Huastec term in which the tam- prefix signifies place, there is no scholarly agreement on the meaning of holipa, but high hills is a common interpretation. Another explanation of the name is that it is derived from Ta ma holipam. In addition to the city, Ciudad Victoria, the states largest cities include Reynosa, Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo. The area known as Tamaulipas has been inhabited for at least 8,000 years, several different cultures have come and gone during that period. Tamaulipas was originally populated by the Olmec people and later by Chichimec and Huastec tribes, between 1445 and 1466, Mexica armies commanded by Moctezuma I Ilhuicamina conquered much of the territory and transformed it into a tributary region for the Mexica empire. However, the Aztecs never fully conquered certain mostly nomadic indigenous groups in the area, although Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs rather quickly, it took a gradual process for Spain to subjugate the inhabitants of Tamaulipas in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first permanent Spanish settlement in the area was Tampico in 1554, further settlement was done by Franciscan missionaries, widespread cattle and sheep ranching by the Spanish bolstered the area’s economy while forcing native populations from their original lands. Repeated indigenous rebellions kept the area unstable and weakened colonial interest in the region, what is now Tamaulipas was first incorporated as a separate province of New Spain in 1746 with the name Nuevo Santander. The local government capital during this time moved from Santander to San Carlos, the territory of this time spanned from the San Antonio river to the north east to the Gulf of Mexico, then south to the Panuco River near Tampico and west to the Sierra Madre Mountains. The area became a haven for rebellious Indians who fled there after increased Spanish settlements in Nuevo León, one of these groups was known as Lipan. By 1790 Europeans turned their attention from the groups and focused on containing the Apache invaders. In northeastern Coahuila and adjacent Texas, Spanish and Apache displacements created an ethnic mix. Here the local Indians mixed with displaced groups from Coahuila and Chihuahua, some groups, to escape the pressure, combined and migrated north into the Central Texas highlands. In 1824, after the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, during the fights between centralists and federalists that soon followed, the successful Texas Revolution led to the creation of the Republic of Texas in 1836
Tamaulipas
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Sierra Madre Oriental
Tamaulipas
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Flag
Tamaulipas
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Port of Tampico
4.
Political divisions of Mexico
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The United Mexican States is a federal republic composed of 31 states and Mexico City. According to the Constitution of 1917, the states of the federation are free, each state has its own congress and constitution. Mexico City is currently being reformed to have the rights of a state. The states of the Mexican Federation are free, sovereign, autonomous and they are free to govern themselves according to their own laws, each state has a constitution that cannot contradict the federal constitution, which covers issues of national competence. Since states have autonomy, each has its own civil and penal codes. In addition, the federation makes up a constituency in which 32 senators are elected by the method of proportional representation, Federal Deputies, however, do not represent the states, but rather the citizens themselves. The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate together comprise the Congress of the Union, the states are internally divided into municipalities. Each municipality is autonomous in its ability to elect their own council, the council is headed by a mayor elected every 3 years with no possibility of immediate reelection. Each municipality has a composed of councilors in terms of population size. The council is responsible, in most cases, to all utilities required for its population. This concept, which arises from the Mexican Revolution, is known as a free municipality. In total there are 2438 municipalities in Mexico, the state with the highest number of municipalities is Oaxaca, with 570, Mexico City has a special status within the federation, being a federal district. Until January 2016, Mexico City was officially called Federal District and it is the seat of government of the Union and the capital of the United Mexican States. Mexico City was separated from the State of Mexico, of which it was the capital, on November 18,1824, as such, it did not belong to any state in particular but to all. Therefore, it was the president of Mexico, in representation of the federation, with full autonomy, Mexico City would have its own constitution – it previously had only an organic law called Statute of Autonomy – and its boroughs became municipalities. Until the ratification of Mexico Citys constitution, it is divided for administrative purposes into 16 delegacionesor boroughs. *Mexicos post agency, Correos de México, does not offer an official list, various competing commercially devised lists exist. The list here reflects choices among them according to these sources, on September 27,1821, after three centuries of Spanish rule, Mexico gained independence
Political divisions of Mexico
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Mexican States and Federal District Estados Mexicanos y el Distrito Federal (
Spanish)
5.
National Action Party (Mexico)
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The National Action Party, founded in 1939, is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. Since the 1980s has been an important political party winning local, state, in 2000, PAN candidate Vicente Fox was elected for a six-year Presidential term, in 2006, PAN candidate Felipe Calderón succeeded Fox in presidency. During the period 2000-2012, both houses of the legislature had PAN pluralities, but the party did not have a majority in either house of the Congress. In the 2006 legislative elections the party won 207 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 52 out of 128 Senators, in the 2012 Legislative Elections, the PAN won 38 seats in the Senate, and 114 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. The National Action Party was founded in 1939 by Manuel Gómez Morín and he saw the need for the creation a permanent political party rather than an ephemeral organization to oppose the expansion of power by the post-revolutionary Mexican state. When Gómez Morín was rector of in 1933-35, the government attempted to impose socialist education, in defending academic freedom, Gómez Morín forged connections with individuals and groups that later came together in the foundation of the PAN in September 1939. Gómez Morín was not himself a militant Catholic, but he was a believer who rejected liberalism and individualism. In 1939, Gómez Morín and a significant number of UNECs leadership came together to found the PAN, the PAN’s “Doctrine of National Action” was strongly influenced by Catholic social doctrine articulated in Rerum novarum and Quadragesimo anno and rejected Marxist models of class warfare. The PAN’s newspaper, La Nación was founded by another former UNEC member, the relationship between the PAN and the Catholic Church was not without tension. The partys founder Gómez Morín was leery of clerical oversight of the party, although its members were mainly urban Catholic professionals, for its part, the Church hierarchy did not want to identify itself with a particular political party, since the Constitution of 1917 forbade it. In the 1950, the PAN, which had seen to be Catholic in its makeup. The PAN initially was a party of “civic example”, an independent loyal opposition that generally did not win elections at any level, however, in the 1980s it began a transformation to a political power, beginning at the local and state levels in the North of Mexico. A split in the PAN occurred in 1977, with the faction and the more secular wing splitting. The conflict came to a head and in 1977. The party ran no candidate in 1976. The PAN had strength in Northern Mexico and its candidates had won elections earlier on, the following year Manuel Torres Serranía, from Quiroga, Michoacán, became the partys first municipal president and Alfonso Hernández Sánchez its first state deputy. In 1962, Rosario Alcalá became the first female candidate for state governor, in 1967 Norma Villarreal de Zambrano became the first female municipal president. Until the 1980s, the PAN was an opposition party that was considered pro-Catholic and pro-business. The PAN came to be viewed as viable opposition party for a range of voters as it became more secular
National Action Party (Mexico)
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Manuel Gómez Morín, founder of the PAN in 1939
National Action Party (Mexico)
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National Action Party Partido Acción Nacional
National Action Party (Mexico)
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Manuel Clouthier, PAN candidate for the 1988 presidential election
National Action Party (Mexico)
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Vicente Fox, first PANista to be elected president of Mexico (2000-06)
6.
Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
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Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
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Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
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Rosario Mendoza
7.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
Metropolitan area
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Greater Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Metropolitan area
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Paris (
France), one of Europe's major centres
Metropolitan area
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Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area,
Israel
Metropolitan area
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Perth, Western Australia, an isolated metropolitan area
8.
Central Standard Time
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
Central Standard Time
–
Regions in the Central Time Zone
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
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Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
10.
Central Daylight Time
–
The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
Central Daylight Time
–
Regions in the Central Time Zone
11.
General Lucio Blanco International Airport
–
General Lucio Blanco International Airport is an international airport located in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico, near the Mexico–United States border. It handles national and international air traffic for the city of Reynosa, in 2015, the airport handled 507,186 passengers, and in 2016 it handled 563,952 passengers. The airport is named in honor of General Lucio Blanco, a figure of the Mexican Revolution of 1910 to 1920. List of the busiest airports in Mexico Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte de México Aeropuerto de Reynosa
General Lucio Blanco International Airport
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Airport's façade.
General Lucio Blanco International Airport
–
General Lucio Blanco International Airport Aeropuerto Internacional General Lucio Blanco
12.
Rio Grande
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The Rio Grande is one of the principal rivers in the southwest United States and northern Mexico. The Rio Grande begins in south-central Colorado in the United States, along the way, it forms part of the Mexico–United States border. According to the International Boundary and Water Commission, its length was 1,896 miles in the late 1980s. Depending on how it is measured, the Rio Grande is the fourth- or fifth-longest river system in North America. The river serves as part of the border between the U. S. state of Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León. A very short stretch of the river serves as part of the boundary between the U. S. states of Texas and New Mexico. Since the mid–20th century, heavy consumption of farms and cities along with many large diversion dams on the river has left only 20% of its natural discharge to flow to the Gulf. Near the rivers mouth, the heavily irrigated lower Rio Grande Valley is an important agricultural region, the Rio Grande is one of 19 Great Waters recognized by Americas Great Waters Coalition. The Rio Grandes watershed covers 182,200 square miles, many endorheic basins are situated within, or adjacent to, the Rio Grandes basin, and these are sometimes included in the river basins total area, increasing its size to about 336,000 square miles. The Rio Grande rises in the part of the Rio Grande National Forest in the U. S. state of Colorado. The river is formed by the joining of several streams at the base of Canby Mountain in the San Juan Mountains and it then continues on a southerly route through the desert cities of Albuquerque, and Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. In the Albuquerque area, the river flows past a number of historic Pueblo villages, including Sandia Pueblo, below El Paso, it serves as part of the border between the United States and Mexico. The official river border measurement ranges from 889 miles to 1,248 miles, a major tributary, the Rio Conchos, enters at Ojinaga, Chihuahua, below El Paso, and supplies most of the water in the border segment. Other well-known tributaries include the Pecos and the smaller Devils, which join the Rio Grande on the site of Amistad Dam. Despite its name and length, the Rio Grande is not navigable by ocean-going ships, in New Mexico, the river flows through the Rio Grande rift from one sediment-filled basin to another, cutting canyons between the basins and supporting a fragile bosque ecosystem on its flood plain. From El Paso eastward, the flows through desert. Although irrigated agriculture exists throughout most of its stretch, it is extensive in the subtropical Lower Rio Grande Valley. The river ends in a small, sandy delta at the Gulf of Mexico, during portions of 2001 and 2002, the mouth of the Rio Grande was blocked by a sandbar
Rio Grande
–
The Rio Grande at
Big Bend National Park, on the Mexico–U.S. border
Rio Grande
–
Island within the Rio Grande from the
North Valley in
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Rio Grande
–
The Upper Rio Grande near
Creede, Colorado
Rio Grande
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Railway Bridges and the Great Customs Smelter (postcard, circa 1916)
13.
Mexico-U.S. border
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The Mexico–United States border is an international border separating Mexico and the United States, from California in the west to Texas in the east. The total length of the border is 3,201 kilometres. Thence it follows the middle of that river northward a distance of 38 km, the official border region extends 60 km north and south of the aforementioned boundaries and 60 km east into the Gulf of Mexico and 60 km west into the Pacific Ocean. The U. S. states along the border, from west to east, are California, Arizona, New Mexico, the Mexican states are Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. In the United States, Texas has the longest stretch of the border of any state, in Mexico, Chihuahua has the longest border, while Nuevo León has the shortest. Texas borders four Mexican states—Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, New Mexico and Arizona each border two Mexican states. Texas is more adjacent to Mexico than California, three Mexican states border two U. S. states each, Baja California borders California and Arizona, Sonora borders Arizona and New Mexico, and Chihuahua borders New Mexico and Texas. Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and Coahuila each border only one U. S. state, the border separating Mexico and the United States is the most frequently crossed international boundary in the world, with approximately 350 million legal crossings being made annually. There are 48 U. S. –Mexico border crossings, with 330 ports of entry, crossings include roads, pedestrian walkways, railroads and ferries. From west to east, below is a list of the border city twinnings, the total population of the borderlands—defined as those counties and municipios lining the border on either side—stands at some 12 million people. In the mid-16th century, with the discovery of silver, settlers from a variety of countries and this period of sparse settlement included colonizers from different backgrounds. The area technically was part of the Kingdom of New Spain, but due to the lack of population, the border itself was not clearly defined and remained so until the Mexican colony became independent from Spain and entered a period of political instability. Mexico attempted to create a zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the North. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and that independence lasted until 1845 when the United States annexed Texas. The constant conflicts in the Texas region in the century eventually led to the Mexican–American War. In addition, all disputes over Texas and the territory between Rio Grande and Rio Nueces were abandoned. Five years later the Gadsden Purchase completed the creation of the current United States–Mexico border, the purchase was initially to accommodate a planned railway right-of-way. These purchases left approximately 300,000 people living in the disputed lands
Mexico-U.S. border
–
The border between
Mexico and the
United States spans six Mexican states and four U.S. states, and has over twenty commercial railroad crossings.
Mexico-U.S. border
–
To the right lies Tijuana, Baja California, and on the left is San Diego, California. The building in the foreground on the San Diego side is a sewage treatment plant built to clean the Tijuana River.
Mexico-U.S. border
–
Border Patrol patrolling the
Rio Grande in an
airboat in
Laredo, Texas
Mexico-U.S. border
–
The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico—just west of El Paso, Texas
14.
Hidalgo, Texas
–
Hidalgo is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The population was 11,198 at the 2010 census, modern-day Hidalgo was first settled by Spanish colonists led by José de Escandón in about 1749. The colony was known by names, La Habitación, Rancho San Luís. In 1852, John Young settled in the area and renamed the town Edinburgh after his place of birth, Edinburgh, Scotland, the town was incorporated in 1876, and its name was changed to Hidalgo in 1885. Hidalgo is located at 26°6′16″N 98°14′47″W and it is located across the Rio Grande from the Mexican city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.4 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,322 people,1,747 households, the population density was 1,682.2 people per square mile. There were 1,880 housing units at a density of 431.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 82. 12% White,0. 12% African American,0. 29% Native American,0. 12% Asian,15. 45% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 97. 75% of the population. 8. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 4.19 and the average family size was 4.43. In the city, the population was out with 39. 0% under the age of 18,11. 6% from 18 to 24,28. 0% from 25 to 44,14. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 25 years, for every 100 females there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $19,469, and the median income for a family was $20,357. Males had an income of $16,238 versus $13,577 for females. The per capita income for the city was $5,849, about 41. 4% of families and 44. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51. 2% of those under age 18 and 45. 5% of those age 65 or over. The United States Postal Service operates the Hidalgo Post Office, Hidalgo Independent School District and Valley View Independent School District serve sections of the city. The portion in Hidalgo ISD is divided between the zones of Hidalgo Elementary School and Salinas Elementary School, all residents of the Hidalgo ISD area are zoned to Ida Diaz Jr. High School, and Hidalgo Early College High School, in addition, South Texas Independent School District operates magnet schools that serve the community
Hidalgo, Texas
–
Location of Hidalgo, Texas
15.
Sierra Gorda
–
The Sierra Gorda is an ecological region centered on the northern third of the state of Querétaro and extending into the neighboring states of Guanajuato, Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí. The area is rugged with high steep mountains and deep canyons. As part of the Huasteca Karst, it contains many formations due to erosion of limestone. The area is valued for its wide diversity of plant and animal life. This is due to the blocking of moisture coming in from the Gulf of Mexico, which generally makes the east side fairly moist. Most of the region has been protected in two biosphere reserves, with the one centered in Querétaro established in 1997 and the one centered in Guanajuato established in 2007. The Sierra Gorda is considered to be the far west of the La Huasteca region culturally, the region is on a branch of the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range and consists of a series of mountain chains that run northwest to southeast, formed 240 million years ago. Most are made of limestone, formed by sea beds from the Jurassic, later there were intrusions of volcanic rock, especially in the eastern portion in Hidalgo state, from which come the mineral deposits of the area. The limestone has been affected by erosion to form the Huasteca Karst, and the area contains a number of caverns. All of the Sierra Gorda is marked by very rugged terrain, altitudes range from just 300 meters above sea level in the Río Santa María Canyon in Jalpan to 3,100 m asl at the Cerro de la Pingüica in Pinal de Amoles. The most important elevation in the Hidalgo area is the Cerro Cangandhó which has an altitude of 2,820 m asl, rainfall also varies greatly from 350 mm to 2,000 mm per year. The micro-environments of the range from conifer forests, oak forests, mostly found on mountain peaks, banana. On the east side, there are deciduous forests, on the west side, bordering the Mexican Plateau, there are desert and semi desert conditions, with a variety of cacti and arid scrub brush. The wide variations of altitude and rainfall favor a wide variety of flora, there are three main rivers in the Sierra Gorda, all of which are part of the Pánuco River basin. These are the Santa María River, the Extoraz or Peñamiller River, all three pass through deep canyons and tend to form borders between the states and municipalities of the region. Santa María marks part of the border between Querétaro and San Luis Potosí, and the Moctezuma River marks part of the border between Querétaro and Hidalgo, the Tula and Moctezuma Rivers meet in the Sierra Gorda of Hidalgo. Here, the Moctezuma River Canyon extends for twelve km and rises 480 meters above the floor, the climate of the region depends on altitude and the fact that the mountains form a natural barrier against the prominent source of moisture, the Gulf of Mexico. The east side of the mountains gets significant more rainfall than the west, forests and even rainforests are found in the east, while the west is dominated by desert and near desert conditions
Sierra Gorda
–
Waterfall in the Sierra Gorda, 2007
Sierra Gorda
–
Mountains at the junction of the Arroyo and Jalpan Rivers in Arroyo Seco
Sierra Gorda
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Semidesert and mountains in the municipality of Peñamiller
16.
Reinosa
–
Reinosa is a municipality in Cantabria, Spain. As of 2009, it has 10,307 inhabitants, the municipality, one of the smallest by land area in Cantabria, is notable for being one of the nearest towns to the headwaters of the Ebro River. The first documents mentioning the date back to the year 1000, when it was divided into four solars by Sancho García. By 1404, it was emerging as the town of the region and was organised into seven Hermandades, military units aimed at retaining law. The procurators of these brotherhoods met once a month with the Corregidor to organise the towns affairs, in 1517 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was passing through the town when he was taken ill. He stayed for nine days at the Convento de San Francisco while he recovered, the convent was being built at the time, and a hundred years later had thirty friars while the town had five hundred inhabitants. In the eighteenth century, under the Bourbons, a new highway and these works contributed to an economic boom in the region and the town becomes a bustling and prosperous place, on one of the main routes to the port of Santander. In 1927 it received its charter as a city from King Alfonso XII, Reinosa is the largest town in this area of Cantabria and is on the main railway line and located close to the A67 motorway. The town contains a number of hotels and restaurants, and Montesclaros High School is located here and this is one of the largest reservoirs in northern Spain and is mainly filled in spring as a result of the melting of the winter snow in the mountains. The lake is the uppermost of many reservoirs on the Ebro, deltebre, Spain, located at the mouth of the Ebro River. Official website Reinosa - Cantabria 102 Municipios
Reinosa
–
Church of San Sebastián (16th century).
Reinosa
–
Plaza de España with the Ayuntamiento of the town.
17.
Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire
–
A viceroy /ˈvaɪs. rɔɪ/ is a regal official who runs a country, colony, city, province, or sub-national state, in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning in the place of, a viceroys territory may be called a viceroyalty, though this term is not always applied. The adjectival form is viceregal, less often viceroyal, the term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure, although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term. Vicereine is more used to indicate a viceroys wife. The title was used by the Crown of Aragon, where beginning in the 14th century, it referred to the Spanish governors of Sardinia. In Europe, until the 18th century, the Habsburg crown appointed viceroys of Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, Navarre, Portugal, Sardinia, Sicily, with the ascension of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne, the historic Aragonese viceroyalties were replaced by new captaincies general. At the end of War of the Spanish Succession, the Spanish monarchy was shorn of its Italian possessions and these Italian territories, however, continued to have viceroys under their new rulers for some time, Sardinia would have a viceroy until 1848. These large administrative territories became known as Viceroyalties, New viceroyalties were created for New Granada in 1717 and the Río de la Plata in 1776. These units gathered the local provinces which could be governed by either a crown official, audiencias primarily functioned as superior judicial tribunals, but unlike their European counterparts, the New World audiencias were granted by law both administrative and legislative powers. The Bourbon Reforms introduced the new office of the intendant, which was appointed directly by the crown and had broad fiscal and administrative powers in political and military issues. The government started six years after the discovery of sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, in 1505, however the post was centered by governor Afonso de Albuquerque, who became plenipotentiary, and remained so. The duration in office was three years, possibly longer, given the power represented, of the thirty-four governors of India in the 16th century. After the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, the governors of Brazil that were members of the Portuguese high nobility started to use the title of Viceroy. Brazil became a permanent Viceroyalty in 1763, when the capital of the State of Brazil was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro, the designation Viceroy, although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. The Governor-General continued to be the representative of the Crown. The viceroys reported directly to the Secretary of State for India in London and were advised by the Council of India, alongside the Commander-in-Chief, India, the viceroy was the public face of the British presence in India, attending to many ceremonial functions as well as political affairs. During the offices history, the Governors-General of India were based in two cities, Calcutta during the 19th century and New Delhi during the 20th century, additionally, whilst Calcutta was the capital of British India, the viceroys spent the summer months at Simla. The two historic residences of the viceroys still stand, the Viceroys House in New Delhi and Government House in Calcutta and they are used today as the official residences of the President of India and the Governor of West Bengal, respectively
Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire
–
Francisco de Almeida, first viceroy of
Portuguese India
Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire
–
Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks
Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire
–
Louis Mountbatten, last viceroy of India
18.
Pemex
–
Pemex has a total asset worth of $415. Asphalt and pitch had been worked in Mexico since the time of the Aztecs, small quantities of oil were first refined into kerosene around 1876 near Tampico. In 1938, President Lázaro Cárdenas sided with oil workers striking against foreign-owned oil companies for an increase in pay and he framed expropriation as a necessary national response to the injustice of the operations of foreign companies operating on Mexican soil. Expropriation was not outright confiscation, since the Mexican government promised to compensate companies, however, in retaliation, many foreign governments closed their markets to Mexican oil. In spite of the boycott, Pemex developed into one of the largest oil companies in the world and helped Mexico become the fifth-largest oil exporter in the world. In an interview on the oil news website in November 2005, annual production has dropped each year since 2004. Furthermore, it has reported the 2005-2006 daily oil production was down by approximately 500,000 barrels per day on the previous year. Pemex averaged 3.71 MMBPD in 2006, Pemex has never produced 4 MMBPD or higher for a yearly average. Pemex has been replaced as Latin America’s largest company by Petrobras, President Calderón made clear at the beginning of his presidency that he would try his best to open up the sector to private investment. Pemex is Latin America’s second largest company measured by revenues, according to a ranking of the region’s 500 largest companies by Latin Business Chronicle, in June 2009, Pemex has asked for an extra $1.5 billion state aid to finance oil fields investments, reported Bloomberg. President Felipe Calderón called for change in Mexico’s oil industry after output at Pemex fell at the fastest rate since 1942. His comments came after Petrobras and London-based BP said they made a giant oil find of as much as 3 billion barrels in the Gulf of Mexico southeast of Houston. In February 2016, Emilio Lozoya Austin stepped down as CEO of Pemex, in addition to a failing infrastructure, dwindling reserves have created urgency in completing some type of reform. In February 2015, the board approved a $4.16 billion spending cut, the company also said it will delay deepwater exploration plans and cut jobs in response to weak oil prices. In 1979, Pemex’s Ixtoc I exploratory oil well in the Bay of Campeche suffered a blowout resulting in one of the largest oil spills in history, Pemex spent $100 million to clean up the spill and avoided most compensation claims by asserting sovereign immunity as a state-run company. On 19 September 2012 an explosion at the Pemex gas plant in Reynosa, Tamaulipas killed 30, Pemex Director Juan Jose Suarez said that there was no evidence that it was a deliberate incident, or some kind of attack. On January 31,2013, an explosion occurred at the offices of Pemex in Mexico City. At least 37 people were killed and at least 126 were injured, the cause has not been confirmed
Pemex
–
Typical Pemex gas station
Pemex
–
Petróleos Mexicanos
Pemex
–
Pemex's offices in
Mexico City.
19.
Mexican Drug War
–
The Mexican Drug War is the Mexican theater of the United States War on Drugs, involving an ongoing low-intensity asymmetric war between the Mexican Government and various drug trafficking syndicates. Since 2006, when the Mexican military began to intervene, the principal goal has been to reduce the drug-related violence. Additionally, the Mexican government has claimed that their focus is on dismantling the powerful drug cartels, rather than on preventing drug trafficking. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale illicit drug market and in 2007 controlled 90% of the entering the United States. Arrests of key leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, has led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States. Analysts estimate that wholesale earnings from illicit drug sales range from $13.6 to $49.4 billion annually, by the end of Felipe Calderóns administration, the official death toll of the Mexican Drug War was at least 60,000. Estimates set the death toll above 120,000 killed by 2013, given its geographic location, Mexico has long been used as a staging and transshipment point for narcotics and contraband between Latin America and U. S. markets. Towards the end of the 1960s, Mexican narcotic smugglers started to smuggle drugs on a major scale, during the 1970s and early 1980s, Colombias Pablo Escobar was the main exporter of cocaine and dealt with organized criminal networks all over the world. By the mid-1980s, the organizations from Mexico were well-established and reliable transporters of Colombian cocaine, transporters from Mexico usually were given 35% to 50% of each cocaine shipment. This arrangement meant that organizations from Mexico became involved in the distribution, as well as the transportation of cocaine, currently, the Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel have taken over trafficking cocaine from Colombia to the worldwide markets. The balance of power between the various Mexican cartels continually shifts as new organizations emerge and older ones weaken and collapse, a disruption in the system, such as the arrests or deaths of cartel leaders, generates bloodshed as rivals move in to exploit the power vacuum. The fighting between rival drug cartels began in earnest after the 1989 arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, there was a lull in the fighting during the late 1990s but the violence has steadily worsened since 2000. The center-left PRI party ruled Mexico for around 70 years until 2000, during this time, drug cartels expanded their power and corruption, and anti-drug operations focused mainly on destroying marijuana and opium crops in mountainous regions. It is estimated that about 110 people died in Nuevo Laredo between January and August 2005 as a result of the fighting between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels. The same year, there was another surge in violence in the state of Michoacán as the La Familia Michoacana drug cartel established itself, on December 11,2006, the newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 Mexican Army soldiers to Michoacán to end drug violence there. As time passed, Calderón continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign, in there are now about 45,000 troops involved along with state. Mexico is a drug transit and producing country. It is the main supplier of cannabis and an important entry point of South American cocaine
Mexican Drug War
–
Mexican soldiers during a confrontation in
Michoacán in August 2007
Mexican Drug War
–
Mexican soldiers tracking criminals' marks in August 2010
Mexican Drug War
–
Mexican Army raids a Gulf Cartel's house at
Matamoros, Tamaulipas in 2012
Mexican Drug War
–
Francisco Javier Arellano Félix was captured by DEA
20.
Gulf Cartel
–
The Gulf Cartel is a criminal syndicate and drug trafficking organization in Mexico, and perhaps one of the oldest organized crime groups in the country. It is currently based in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, directly across the border from Brownsville and their network is international, and are believed to have dealings with crime groups in Europe, West Africa, Asia, Central America, South America, and the United States. Besides drug trafficking, the Gulf Cartel operates through protection rackets, assassinations, extortions, kidnappings, the members of the Gulf Cartel are known for intimidating the population and for being particularly violent. As of December 2016 Los Zetas Group (Groupo Bravo & Zetas Vieja Escuela made an Alliance with the Gulf cartel to fight against Cartel Del Noroeste. Nonetheless, it was not until 1984 when his nephew Juan García Ábrego founded the Gulf Cartel and this renegotiation, however, forced Garcia Ábrego to guarantee the product’s arrival from Colombia to its destination. Instead, he created warehouses along the Mexican’s northern border to preserve hundreds of tons of cocaine, in addition to trafficking drugs, García Ábrego would ship cash to be laundered, in the millions. Around 1994, it was estimated that the Gulf Cartel handled as much as one-third of all cocaine shipments into the United States from the Cali Cartel suppliers. During the 1990s, the PGR, the Mexican attorney generals office, García Ábregos ties extended beyond the Mexican government corruption and into the United States. The buses made great transportation, as Antonio Ortiz noted, since they were never stopped at the border, in 1989 Claude was removed from the case for unknown reasons, retiring a year later. García Ábrego bribed the agent in an attempt to more information on U. S. law enforcement operations. Juan García Ábregos business had grown to such length that the FBI placed him on the Top Ten Most Wanted in 1995 and he was the first drug trafficker to be on that list. On 14 January 1996, García Ábrego was arrested outside a ranch in Monterrey and he was quickly extradited to the United States where he stood trial eight months after his arrest. García Ábrego was convicted for 22 counts of money laundering, drug possession, jurors also ordered the seizure of $350 million of García Ábrego’s assets — $75 million more than what was previously planned. Juan García Ábrego is currently serving 11 life terms in a security prison in Colorado. In 1996, it was disclosed that García Ábregos organization paid millions of dollars in bribes to politicians and it was later proven after his arrest that the deputy attorney general in charge of Mexicos federal Judicial Police had accumulated more than $9 million US dollars for protecting García Ábrego. García Ábregos arrest was subject to allegations of corruption. It is believed the Mexican government knew all García Ábregos whereabouts all along and had refused to arrest him due to information he possessed about the extent of corruption within the government. The arresting officer, a FJP commander, is believed to have received a bullet-proof Mercury Grand Marquis, García Ábrego was apprehended on January 14,1996, and Mexico shortly after received certification on March 1
Gulf Cartel
–
Logo of the Gulf Cartel
Gulf Cartel
–
Juan García Ábrego, founder of the organization.
Gulf Cartel
–
Osiel Cárdenas'
extradition to the United States from Mexico.
Gulf Cartel
–
Samuel Flores Borrego, former Gulf Cartel high-ranking member.
21.
Los Zetas
–
Los Zetas is a Mexican criminal syndicate. The origins of Los Zetas date back to the late 1990s when commandos of the Mexican Army deserted their ranks, in February 2010, Los Zetas broke away from their former employer and formed their own criminal organization. Their brutal tactics, which include beheadings to terrorize their rivals and intimidate them, torture, Los Zetas are Mexicos largest drug cartel in terms of geographical presence, overtaking their rivals, the Sinaloa Cartel. Los Zetas also operate through protection rackets, assassinations, extortion, kidnappings, the organization is based in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, directly across the border from Laredo, Texas. As of December 2016 Los Zetas Group & Zetas Vieja Escuela formed an alliance with the Gulf cartel to fight against Cartel Del Noroeste. The groups name Los Zetas is given after its first commander, Arturo Guzmán Decena, whose Federal Judicial Police radio code was Z1, after Osiel Cárdenas Guillén took full control of the Gulf Cartel in 1999, he found himself in a violent turf war. These Army deserters were enticed with salaries much higher than those of the Mexican Army, Cárdenas goal was to protect himself from rival drug cartels and from the Mexican military. Once Osiel Cárdenas Guillen consolidated his position and supremacy, he expanded the responsibilities of Los Zetas, the Zetas began to organize kidnappings, protection rackets, extortion, securing cocaine supply and trafficking routes known as plazas and executing its foes, often with barbaric savagery. Guzmán Decena was killed by members of the Mexican military on November 2002 in a restaurant in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, in response to the rising power of the Gulf Cartel, the rival Sinaloa Cartel established a heavily armed, well-trained enforcer group known as Los Negros. The group operated similarly to Los Zetas, but with less complexity, in 2010, however, Los Zetas and the Gulf Cartel broke apart. Their membership ranges from corrupt federal, state, and local officers, and former US Army personnel, to ex-Kaibiles. It is unclear which of the two – the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas – started the conflict led to their break up. It is clear, however, that after the capture and extradition of Cárdenas, Los Zetas had become so powerful that they outnumbered and outclassed the Gulf Cartel in revenue, membership, and influence. Some sources reveal that as a result of the supremacy of Los Zetas, the cartel felt threatened by its own enforcers and decided to curtail their influence, in addition, Los Zetas charged that the cartel also kills innocent civilians, and then blames the Zetas for their atrocities. Other reports mention, however, that the divide occurred due to a disagreement on who would take on the leadership of the cartel after the extradition of Cárdenas. The candidates from the cartel were Antonio Cárdenas Guillén and Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez, while Los Zetas wanted the leadership of their then head, Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano. Some sources mention that the cartel began looking to form a truce with their Sinaloa Cartel rivals, other sources suggest that Los Zetas separated from the Gulf Cartel to form an alliance with Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, which led to conflict with the Gulf Cartel. Soon after Mendozas death, Los Zetas demanded that the Gulf Cartel hand over the killer, they refused, when the hostilities began, the Gulf Cartel joined forces with its former rivals, the Sinaloa Cartel and La Familia Michoacana, aiming to take out Los Zetas
Los Zetas
–
Logo of the Los Zetas Cartel
Los Zetas
Los Zetas
–
Los Zeta gunmen interrogating a member of the
Gulf Cartel.
Los Zetas
–
United States Border Patrol patrolling the
Rio Grande in an
airboat in
Laredo, Texas.
22.
Matamoros, Tamaulipas
–
Matamoros, officially known as Heroica Matamoros, is a city in the northeastern Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is located on the bank of the Rio Grande, directly across the border from Brownsville, Texas. Matamoros is the second largest city in the state of Tamaulipas, as of 2016, Matamoros had a population of 520,367. In addition, the Matamoros–Brownsville Metropolitan Area has a population of 1387985, Matamoros is the 39th largest city in Mexico and anchors the second largest metropolitan area in Tamaulipas. Matamoros is one of the fastest growing cities in Mexico, and has one of the fastest growing economies in the country, in Matamoros, the automotive industry hosts the assembly and accessories plants for brands such as General Motors, Ford, Chrysler, BMW, and Mercedes Benz. Likewise, Matamoros economy has historically been based on agriculture, since northern Mexicos biggest irrigation zones are in the municipality, PEMEX announced a multi-billion offshore drilling project for the port of Matamoros, one of the future prospects for Mexicos oil industry. The Mexican National Anthem was played for the first time in public at The Opera Theatre in Matamoros, on another note, Matamoros has a semi-arid climate, with mild winters, and hot, humid summers. Matamoros and Brownsville, Texas are home to the Charro Days and Sombrero Festival, two-nation fiestas that commemorate the heritage of the U. S. there is very little historical evidence about the native tribes that lived in present-day Matamoros. In the year 1749, thirteen enterprising families, twelve from Camargo and one from Reynosa, decided to invest and begin a new, nonetheless, these thirteen families effectively carried out their business plan and structuralized 113 cattle-raising sites. In the year 1774, they named the area San Juan de los Esteros Hermosos. In 1793, to colonize the province of Nuevo Santander, two Franciscan missionaries named Francisco Pueyes and Manuel Júlio Silva established a parish in the plaza of Matamoros. They proposed a new name for the community, Villa del Refugio, in honor of the parish and patron saint, during the Texas Revolution, Matamoros was the fortress for many Mexican soldiers against rebel attacks. In 1851, the city of Matamoros was again heroic for defending soldiers against attacks, after that victory, the state congress granted Matamoros the title of Heroic, countersigned by the Mexican Congress. The future of the city radically changed after Matamoros declared itself a free trade zone in 1858. The Port of Matamoros, also known as the Port of Bagdad, was during the American Civil War one of the commercial ports of the world. The city of Matamoros, Tamaulipas was a strategic and fortified city during the Texas Revolution, the Matamoros Expedition was launched to attack Matamoros and defeat the forces of Antonio López de Santa Anna. At the beginning of the American Civil War, the city of Matamoros was simply a little border town across the Rio Grande from Brownsville. It had, for years, been considered a port
Matamoros, Tamaulipas
–
Municipal Palace in Matamoros, Tamaulipas (Mexico).
Matamoros, Tamaulipas
–
Sunset at
Playa Bagdad
Matamoros, Tamaulipas
–
Museum of Casamata.
Matamoros, Tamaulipas
–
Catedral Nuestra Señora del Refugio (es)
23.
Nuevo Laredo
–
Nuevo Laredo is a city located in the Municipality of Nuevo Laredo in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The city lies on the banks of the Rio Grande, across from the U. S. city of Laredo, the 2010 census population of the city was 373,725. Nuevo Laredo is part of the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area with a population of 636,516. The municipality has an area of 1,334.02 km², both the city and the municipality rank as the third largest in the state. The city is connected to Laredo, Texas by three bridges and a rail bridge. The city is larger and younger than its U. S. counterpart and it is the largest inland port in Mexico, just as its counterpart across the border is the busiest inland port in the United States. As an indication of its importance, one of Mexicos banderas monumentales is located in the city. Nuevo Laredo was part of the territory of the settlement of Laredo which was founded in 1755 by the Spaniard Don Tomás Sánchez in the northern part of the Rio Grande. Early in 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo divided the territory attached to Laredo between the United States and Mexico. Nuevo Laredo was founded on May 15,1848, by seventeen Laredo families who wished to remain Mexican and they identified with Mexico, its history, and its cultural customs, and decided to keep their Mexican citizenship. The founders of Nuevo Laredo even took them the bones of their ancestors so they would continue to rest in Mexican ground. As a border town, Nuevo Laredo is known for its war in which drug cartels compete for control of the drug trade into the United States. Nuevo Laredo is a lucrative drug corridor because of the volume of trucks that pass through the area. As of 2012, Los Zetas are thought to be Mexicos largest criminal organization, drug violence involving the Sinaloa and Gulf Cartels escalated in 2003, when the city was controlled by the Gulf Cartel. 2012 has seen a series of mass murder attacks in the city between the Sinaloa Cartel and Gulf Cartel on one side and Los Zetas on the other. Nuevo Laredo is located in the tip of Tamaulipas on the west end of the Rio Grande Plains. Rio Grande is the source that supplies its citizens with water. El Coyote Creek supplies Nuevo Laredos only natural lake El Laguito, the area consists of a few hills and flat land covered with grass, oak, and mesquite
Nuevo Laredo
–
Monumento Fundadores Founders' Monument
Nuevo Laredo
–
The Monument to mothers in front of the Crowne Plaza Nuevo Laredo Hotel.
Nuevo Laredo
–
Ciudad Deportiva Baseball Park
Nuevo Laredo
–
Map of Laredo in 1892 Nuevo Laredo is shown at the bottom of the map.
24.
Ciudad Victoria
–
Ciudad Victoria, is the capital city of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. It is located in the region of the state. Ciudad Victoria is also the seat of the surrounding Victoria Municipality. According to the 2010 INEGI population count, the city had 305,155 inhabitants, the city and the municipality both rank fourth in population size in the state, behind Reynosa, Matamoros, and Nuevo Laredo. Ciudad Victoria was founded on October 6,1750 with the name Villa de Santa María de Aguayo by José de Escandón y Helguera. On April 20,1825, the town was elevated to the status of city, toward the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the city began undergoing a number of modernizing changes. In 1890, a railroad was completed that passed through Ciudad Victoria on its route between Monterrey and Tampico, several major highways were also completed during the 20th century. In 1896, the first childrens garden/playground in Latin America was established in the city by Estefanía Castañeda Núñez de Cáceres, the city is served by General Pedro J. Méndez International Airport, located 18 kilometers from the city center. List of universities in Ciudad Victoria, Universidad Miguel Aleman Campus Victoría, The Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, emilio Martínez Manaoutou, medic and politic Dr. Carlos Delgado Maldonado, medic, inventor and writer Dr. The city is in a valley between two ranges, the Sierra Madre Oriental to the west and the Sierra de Tamaulipas to the east. Victoria has short winters and long hot summers. Temperatures rarely drop below 0 °C — the lowest recorded temperature was −6 °C, the average annual precipitation is 700 millimeters. Half of this amount falls between May and September, although there is a trend in July. Its Köppen climate classification is Cwa or humid subtropical, its moderate elevation adds to overall precipitation pattern, exceptionally heavy rains brought by occasional North Atlantic tropical cyclones also influence the overall climate and precipitation amounts. Tamaulipas Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Dirección de Tecnología Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
Ciudad Victoria
–
Coat of arms
Ciudad Victoria
–
Government Tower II
Ciudad Victoria
–
Basilica de Nuestra Señora del Refugio
25.
Tampico
–
Tampico is a city and port in the southeastern part of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is located on the bank of the Pánuco River, about 10 kilometres inland from the Gulf of Mexico. Tampico is the fifth-largest city in Tamaulipas, with a population of 297,284 in the city proper and 859,419 in the metropolitan area, the first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico in 1901 at Ébano. In 1923, the oil field dried up, leading to an exodus of jobs and investment. The city is also an exporter of silver, copper, and lumber, as well as wool, hemp. Containerized cargo is handled by the neighboring ocean port of Altamira. The name Tampico is of Huastec origin, tam-piko meaning place of otters, the city is surrounded by rivers and lagoons of the delta of the Pánuco River, which was the habitat of a large population of otters. There have been human settlements in the area for centuries. The region had several early Huastec settlements, among them the important site at Las Flores, in 1532, during the Spanish colonial period, the Franciscan priest Andrés de Olmos established a mission and monastery in the area, building over a former Aztec village. At his request, Spanish officials founded a settlement named San Luis de Tampico in 1554 and this site was abandoned in 1684 and the population relocated to the south of the Pánuco River because of frequent attacks by European and American pirates. The area was abandoned for nearly 150 years, the present Mexican city was founded on April 13,1823 on the north bank of the Pánuco River about 10 kilometres from the Gulf, after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. Tampico built its economy on the exportation of silver, business development was mostly as a trading center, the town also became a common waypoint for the re-routing of African slaves to be illegally smuggled into the Southern United States, which had outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico at Ébano S. L. P. in 1901, by Californian Edward Doheny, who founded Mexican Petroleum Corporation. In the early 20th century, there was extensive U. S. investment in oil development in Tampico, with the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted roughly from 1910 to 1920, the U. S. monitored the situation to protect its citizens and investments. Doheny sold some of his businesses to the Standard Oil Company which operated its monopoly here, the oil-producing area was so productive it was called the Golden Belt. The oil fields known as Ébano, Pánuco, Huasteca, Oil was often shipped on barges along the rivers. To improve transportation of oil to the port, the government built the Chijol Canal and it is 1.8 m deep and 7.6 m wide and runs 120 km southward through the oil fields to Túxpan. General Victoriano Huertas forces in the city were threatened by different groups from north and south
Tampico
–
Hidalgo Avenue
Tampico
–
Buildings on Calle Juarez
Tampico
–
Plaza de Armas
Tampico
–
Liberty plaza at Tampico.
26.
Metropolitan areas of Mexico
–
Metropolitan areas in Mexico have been traditionally defined as the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city. Northwestern and southeastern states are divided into a number of large municipalities whereas central states are divided into a large number of smaller municipalities. As such, metropolitan areas in the northwest usually do not extend more than one municipality whereas metropolitan areas in the center extend over many municipalities. A few metropolitan areas extend beyond the limits of one state, Greater Mexico City, Puebla-Tlaxcala, Comarca Lagunera, there are a total of fifty-six metropolitan areas of Mexico as defined by the following government bodies, The National Institute of Statistics and Geography. The United States shares a 2, 000-mile border with Mexico, the 2,000 miles is the most frequently crossed international border in the world, with about 250 million legal crossings every year. The distribution of population and urban population in Mexico has been changed significantly by the interaction between settlements in its north and the United States. Metropolitan areas located at the border with the U. S. form transnational conurbations with deep economic and demographic interaction. For example, the San Diego – Tijuana metropolitan area consists of San Diego County in the U. S. and the municipalities of Tijuana, Playas de Rosarito, and Tecate in Mexico. The total population of the region has estimated to be just over 5 million in 2009. A megalopolis, is known in Spanish as a corona regional de ciudades, the megalopolis consists of 173 municipalities and the 16 boroughs of the Federal District, with an approximate total population of almost 27 million people. List of metropolitan areas by population List of metropolitan areas in the Americas by population List of cities in Mexico Demographics of Mexico National Population Council — official website, National Institute of Statistics and Geography — official website
Metropolitan areas of Mexico
–
1 -
Mexico City, D. F..
Metropolitan areas of Mexico
–
2 -
Guadalajara,
Jalisco.
Metropolitan areas of Mexico
–
3 -
Monterrey,
Nuevo León.
Metropolitan areas of Mexico
–
4 -
Puebla,
Puebla.
27.
List of cities in Mexico
–
This article contains lists of both the largest cities and largest municipalities in Mexico. See also the list of Metropolitan areas of Mexico and this is a list of cities in Mexico by fixed population, according to the 2010 Mexican national census. Note that Veracruz and Naucalpan are cities whose administration is divided between two municipalities, the list gives the population of each part of the city separately, note also that Mexico City contains all of the Distrito Federals area, including rural areas with relatively minor populations. The Distrito Federals population is classified as 8,810,393 urban and 40,687 rural, all other localities are officially classified as solely urban by Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. All of the map links are at the same scale, ‡ These cities extend beyond the borders of a single municipality. The following is a list of the most populous incorporated places in Mexico as of the 2010 census, as defined by the Mexicos Census Bureau the National Institute of Statistics and Geography. Metropolitan areas of Mexico Demographics of Mexico National Population Council — official website, National Institute of Statistics and Geography — official website. Main Cities to Visit in Mexico — Towns of Mexico — List with all the villages, towns
List of cities in Mexico
–
1 –
Mexico City.
List of cities in Mexico
–
Map of Mexico
List of cities in Mexico
–
2 -
Ecatepec de Morelos.
List of cities in Mexico
–
5 -
Guadalajara, Jalisco.
28.
McAllen, Texas
–
McAllen is the twenty-first most populous city in Texas and the largest city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. It is located at the tip of Texas in the Rio Grande Valley and is part of the Southern United States. It is on the Rio Grande, across from the Mexican city of Reynosa, and is approximately 70 miles west of South Padre Island, the 2010 United States census put the citys population at 129,877 and the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission metropolitan area at 774,773. It is ranked the fifth most populated area in the state of Texas. The Reynosa–McAllen Metropolitan Area counts a population of nearly 1.5 million, today, the McAllen–Edinburg–Mission metropolitan area is one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States. The introduction of the economy and the North American Free Trade Association led to a boom in international trade, cross-border commerce with Mexico. In 1904 the Hidalgo and San Miguel Extension of the St. Louis, Brownsville, John McAllen and his son James donated land to the railroad to guarantee it would cross the area. On December 5,1904, the McAllen Townsite Company was formed by Uriah Lott, hill, Sr. John McAllen, James Ballí McAllen, and John J. Young. The new community, which was named for John McAllen, had the depot nearest the county seat, Hidalgo, eight miles to the south. By 1911,5,000 acres was under cultivation in East McAllen with produce consisting of cotton, alfalfa, broom corn, citrus fruits, grapes, East McAllen had an estimated population of 1,000 that year, and West McAllen had ceased to exist. In 1911 the town applied for and was issued a charter of incorporation under the name McAllen, in 1916,20,000 New York state troops were stationed at McAllen to help quell border disturbances. The resulting economic boom increased the population from 1,200 in 1916, McAllen adopted a home rule charter in 1927. Canning factories, a winery, tortilla plants, wood-working plants, in 1936 Hiram Garner opened the Valley Distillery, Incorporated, which produced wines from citrus juices. The town was a petroleum and farm chemurgic center with a population of 11,877 in 1940, by which time it had adopted the nickname the City of Palms. In 1941, a bridge replaced the old bridge to Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Tamaulipas. Its construction resulted in increased tourist trade, making McAllen a winter resort and port of entry to Mexico. The discovery of oil in the Reynosa area in 1947 resulted in a migration of people from the Mexican interior, constituting a new tourist market. The sister cities were linked as a result of the traffic between them
McAllen, Texas
–
McAllen, Texas
McAllen, Texas
McAllen, Texas
–
Paseo Plaza at 10th Street and
Interstate 2 /
U.S. Highway 83
McAllen, Texas
–
Chase Texas Tower at Downtown McAllen
29.
Semi-arid climate
–
A semi-arid climate or steppe climate is the climate of a region that receives precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not extremely. There are different kinds of climates, depending on such variables as temperature. Semi-arid climates tend to short or scrubby vegetation, with semi-arid areas usually dominated by either grasses or shrubs. To determine if a location has a climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. If the areas precipitation is less than the threshold but more than half the threshold. Hot semi-arid climates tend to be located in the tropics and subtropics and these climates tend to have hot, sometimes extremely hot, summers and warm to cool winters, with some to minimal precipitation. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts, hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found in Africa, Australia and South Asia. In Australia, a portion of the Outback surrounding the central desert regions lies within the hot semi-arid climate regime. Hot semi-arid climates can also be found in North America, primarily in Mexico, areas of Texas near Mexico, cold semi-arid climates tend to be located in temperate zones or elevated portions in subtropical zones. They are typically found in continental interiors some distance from bodies of water. Cold semi-arid climates usually feature warm and dry summers, though their summers are not quite as hot as those of hot semi-arid climates. Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold semi-arid climates tend to have cold winters and these areas usually see some snowfall during the winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates. These large diurnal temperature variations are seen in hot semi-arid climates. Cold semi-arid climates are most commonly found in Asia and North America, however, they can also be found in Northern Africa, South Africa, Europe, sections of South America and sections of interior southern Australia and New Zealand. As a result of this, some areas can have climates that are classified as hot or cold depending on the isotherm used. One such location is San Diego, California, which has cool summers for the due to prevailing winds off the ocean. Arid Forest Research Institute Continental climate Dust Bowl Goyders Line Pallisers Triangle Köppen climate classification Wave height Ustic
Semi-arid climate
–
The semi-arid terrain of
Machakos
Semi-arid climate
–
BSh
Semi-arid climate
–
Northeast Caatinga - semiárido brasileño
Semi-arid climate
–
Extreme weather at
Atacama Large Millimeter Array.
30.
Precipitation
–
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes saturated with water vapor, so that the water condenses and precipitates. Thus, fog and mist are not precipitation but suspensions, because the vapor does not condense sufficiently to precipitate. Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming saturated, Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud. Short, intense periods of rain in scattered locations are called showers, moisture that is lifted or otherwise forced to rise over a layer of sub-freezing air at the surface may be condensed into clouds and rain. This process is active when freezing rain is occurring. A stationary front is often present near the area of freezing rain, provided necessary and sufficient atmospheric moisture content, the moisture within the rising air will condense into clouds, namely stratus and cumulonimbus. Eventually, the droplets will grow large enough to form raindrops. Lake-effect snowfall can be locally heavy, thundersnow is possible within a cyclones comma head and within lake effect precipitation bands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, on the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by compressional heating. The movement of the trough, or intertropical convergence zone. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 cubic kilometres of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 cubic kilometres of it over the oceans and 107,000 cubic kilometres over land. Given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres, Climate classification systems such as the Köppen climate classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Precipitation may occur on celestial bodies, e. g. when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost. Precipitation is a component of the water cycle, and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the planet. Approximately 505,000 km3 of water falls as precipitation each year,398,000 km3 of it over the oceans, given the Earths surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 millimetres. Mechanisms of producing precipitation include convective, stratiform, and orographic rainfall, Precipitation can be divided into three categories, based on whether it falls as liquid water, liquid water that freezes on contact with the surface, or ice
Precipitation
–
A thunderstorm with heavy precipitation
Precipitation
–
Long-term mean precipitation by month
Precipitation
–
Late-summer
rainstorm in
Denmark
Precipitation
–
Lenticular cloud forming due to mountains over Wyoming
31.
Laura Flores
–
Laura Flores was born on August 23,1963, in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. She is a Mexican actress, hostess and singer, Laura Flores had a hit single for her telenovela a grammy winning single El Alma No Tiene Color, a duet with Marco Antonio Solís. Her first taste of stardom came when she joined Hermanos y Amigos, the group carried out extensive tours in Mexico, the Netherlands, Germany and Spain for almost three years. Flores desire to be prepared in the field of acting led her to study acting in El Centro de Estudios Artísticos de Televisa. Her first acting opportunity came during a presentation in Tampico. Music was within her, and in 1980 Luis de Llano Macedo offered her the opportunity to sing and record songs in English in the program Noche de Noche. In 1981 Laura starred in her first musical, Los Fantásticos and she later became the conductor of various special programs in which were portrayed during the early 1980s. In 1992, she recorded her first solo CD, Barcos de Papel, in 1986, Laura married songwriter and singer Sergio Faccelli, who produced De Corazón a Corazón y Fruto Prohibido, but the relationship was cut short, ending in three years. She has participated in important novels such as Los Años pasan, Clarisa, El vuelo del águila, Marisol, El mor tiene cara de mujer, El alma no tiene color, Gotita de amor, and Siempre te amaré. In the year of 2005, after a departure, she returned to the acting scene. In 1995, she sang some of her songs in a radio station event in the famous Rancho Moreno in Chino, at the 9th Lo Nuestro Awards, Flores received a nomination for Regional Mexican Female Singer of the Year. The following year, Flores was nominated for Pop Singer of the Year, from 1995 to 1997, she hosted the Mexican version of Wheel of Fortune, La Rueda de la Fortuna. The program aired on El Canal De Las Estrellas In 2006, the next year, she continue working as his wife in Al Diablo con los Guapos as a villain who later turns good. In 2008, she left the program Hoy to give way for a telenovela En Nombre del Amor as Camila Ríos, in 2009, she was part of the telenovela Corazón salvaje as Juan del Diablos mother. In fall 2010, she appeared on Mujeres Asesinas, since 2014, Flores is now working with Telemundo. She first played a special participation in En Otra Piel as Mónica Serrano, for her work in television and in the recording industry, Flores has had her handprints embedded at the Paseo de las Luminarias in Mexico City. Laura Flores at the Internet Movie Database Laura Flores at the telenovela database Laura Flores at the esmas
Laura Flores
–
Laura Flores in 2008
32.
Boeing 737
–
The Boeing 737 is an American short- to medium-range twinjet narrow-body airliner. The 737 is Boeings only narrow-body airliner in production, with the 737 Next Generation variants currently being built, production has also begun on the re-engined and redesigned 737 MAX, which is set to enter service in 2017. Originally envisioned in 1964, the initial 737-100 made its first flight in April 1967, Next, the lengthened 737-200 entered service in April 1968. In the 1980s Boeing launched the -300, -400, and -500 models, the 737 Classics added capacity and incorporated CFM56 turbofan engines along with wing improvements. In the 1990s, Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation, with changes including a redesigned, increased span laminar flow wing, upgraded glass cockpit. The 737 Next Generation comprises the four -600, -700, -800, Boeing Business Jet versions of the 737 Next Generation are also produced. The 737 series is the best-selling jet commercial airliner in history, the 737 has been continuously manufactured by Boeing since 1967 with 9,401 aircraft delivered and 4,423 orders yet to be fulfilled as of February 2017. Assembly of the 737 is performed at the Boeing Renton Factory in Renton, Washington, many 737s serve markets previously filled by 707,727,757, DC-9, and MD-80/MD-90 airliners, and the aircraft currently competes primarily with the Airbus A320 family. As of 2006, there were an average of 1,250 Boeing 737s airborne at any given time, Boeing had been studying short-haul jet aircraft designs and wanted to produce another aircraft to supplement the 727 on short and thin routes. Preliminary design work began on May 11,1964, and Boeings intense market research yielded plans for a 50- to 60-passenger airliner for routes 50 to 1,000 mi long, the launch decision was made by the board on 1 February 1965 for the $150 million development. Consultation with Lufthansa over the previous winter resulted in an increase in capacity to 100 seats, on April 5,1965, Boeing announced an order by United Airlines for 40 737s. United wanted a slightly larger airplane than the original 737, so Boeing stretched the fuselage 91 centimeters ahead of, and 102 cm behind the wing. The longer version was designated 737-200, with the original short-body aircraft becoming the 737-100, detailed design work continued on both variants at the same time. Boeing was far behind its competitors when the 737 was launched, as rival aircraft BAC-111, Douglas DC-9, to expedite development, Boeing used 60% of the structure and systems of the existing 727, the most notable being the fuselage cross-section. This fuselage permitted six-abreast seating compared to the rival BAC-111 and DC-9s five-abreast layout, design engineers decided to mount the nacelles directly to the underside of the wings to reduce the landing gear length and kept the engines low to the ground for easy ramp inspection and servicing. Originally, the arrangement of the airfoil sections of the 737 wing was planned to be very similar to that of the 707 and 727. However, an improvement in drag at high Mach numbers was achieved by altering these sections near the nacelle. The engine chosen was the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1 low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, with the wing-mounted engines, Boeing decided to mount the horizontal stabilizer on the fuselage rather than the T-tail style of the Boeing 727
Boeing 737
–
Boeing 737
Boeing 737
–
The prototype 737, a -100 operated by
NASA for testing.
Boeing 737
–
An early-production Boeing 737-100 of
Lufthansa, the type's launch customer, at
Hannover Airport (1968).
Boeing 737
–
An early-production, retrofitted
United Airlines 737-200 with deployed thrust reversers
33.
Airbus A320
–
The Airbus A320 family consists of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin-engine jet airliners manufactured by Airbus. The family includes the A318, A319, A320 and A321, the A320s are also named A320ceo after the introduction of the A320neo. Final assembly of the takes place in Toulouse, France. A plant in Tianjin, China, has also been producing aircraft for Chinese airlines since 2009, while a final facility in Mobile, Alabama, United States. The aircraft family can accommodate up to 220 passengers and has a range of 3,100 to 12,000 km, the first member of the A320 family—the A320—was launched in March 1984, first flew on 22 February 1987, and was first delivered in March 1988. The family was extended to include the A321, the A319, the A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, as well as side-stick controls, in commercial aircraft. There has been a continuous improvement process since introduction, as of 28 February 2017, a total of 7,481 Airbus A320-family aircraft have been delivered, of which 7,157 are in service. In addition, another 5,580 airliners are on firm order and it ranked as the worlds fastest-selling jet airliner family according to records from 2005 to 2007, and as the best-selling single-generation aircraft programme. The A320 family has proved popular with airlines including low-cost carriers such as EasyJet, as of 28 February 2017, American Airlines was the largest operator of the Airbus A320 family aircraft, operating 384 aircraft. The aircraft family competes directly with the 737 and has competed with the 717,757, in December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo. The A320neo offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements, the aircraft will deliver fuel savings of up to 15%. As of February 2017, a total of 5,063 A320neo family aircraft had been ordered by more than 70 airlines, the first A320neo was delivered to Lufthansa on 20 January 2016 and it entered service on 25 January 2016. From the moment of formation, Airbus had begun studies into derivatives of the Airbus A300B in support of this long-term goal, prior to the service introduction of the first Airbus airliners, engineers within Airbus had identified nine possible variations of the A300 known as A300B1 to B9. A 10th variation, conceived in 1973, later the first to be constructed, was designated the A300B10 and it was a smaller aircraft which would be developed into the long-range Airbus A310. Airbus then focused its efforts on the market, which was dominated by the 737. Plans from a number of European aircraft manufacturers called for a successor to the relatively successful BAC One-Eleven, germanys MBB, British Aircraft Corporation, Swedens Saab and Spains CASA worked on the EUROPLANE, a 180- to 200-seat aircraft. It was abandoned after intruding on A310 specifications, vFW-Fokker, Dornier and Hawker Siddeley worked on a number of 150-seat designs. Alongside BAe were MBB, Fokker-VFW and Aérospatiale, the design within the JET study that was carried forward was the JET2, which then became the Airbus S. A1/2/3 series, before settling on the A320 name for its launch in 1984
Airbus A320
–
A320 family A319/A320/A321
Airbus A320
–
Air Inter A320-100 in 1991, one of the few A320-100s
Airbus A320
–
The cockpit of the A321 is similar to that of the A318, A319 and A320. This layout would be incorporated into the
A330,
A340,
A350 and
A380. This "
commonality " enables pilots to quickly transition among these aircraft.
Airbus A320
–
The
horizontal stabilizer of the A320 is produced in Spain. Other A320 parts are manufactured at sites throughout Europe and the world.
34.
McAllen Miller International Airport
–
McAllen Miller International Airport is a city owned, public use airport located two nautical miles south of the central business district of McAllen, a city in Hidalgo County, Texas, United States. The airfield is located adjacent to the Interstate 2/U. S and it is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a primary commercial service airport. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 372,640 passenger boardings in calendar year 2008,361,778 enplanements in 2009, McAllen Miller International Airport covers an area of 370 acres at an elevation of 107 feet above mean sea level. It has two runways with asphalt surfaces, 14/32 is 7,120 by 150 feet and 18/36 is 2,638 by 60 feet. In November 2015 the runway designation of 13/31 was changed to 14/32, according to the updated 20-year Master Plan for MFE, runway 14/32 will be extended to 10,000 ft. In addition, a parallel runway will be added, an expanded cargo apron will be on the south side of the airport. The two runways are the center the airside portion of MFE and these runways are Runway 14/32, and Runway 18/36. Runway 14/32 is the runway at MFE. This runway is used for all of the commercial and the majority of the business flights, with increasing demand and service, expansion is imminent. There will most likely be 3,000 feet added to Runway 14/32 to be suitable to larger commercial aircraft. Runway 18/36 can be used to separate and smaller traffic. Runway 18/36 Does not intersect Runway 14/32 so controllers are able to land traffic easier, however, the departure end of Runway 18 stops about at about 1/3 of the way down Runway 14/32. This means the traffic on final for Runway 36 must be cautious of traffic approaching or departing Runway 14/32. Class D airports are airports that are on the smaller side and this Class D airport has a very simple layout and taxiways extend the full length of both runways to allow traffic to be able to enter and exit the active runway in an efficient manner. Both runways are made of asphalt and are in “Good Condition”, the terminal is very easy for all traffic to reach coming from either runway. However an airplane using Runway 14/32 will have to cross Runway 18/36 to be able to reach the Fixed-Base Operator, the runways make the shape of the letter V. The terminal, tower, cargo facility, border patrol, taxiway’s A and C are the two taxiways that connect all of these facilities and make this airport very accessible. On the western side of Runway 18/36, there are multiple hangars, the fixed based operator, in the case of an accident on Runway 14/32, fire and rescue personnel would have to cross Runway 18/36
McAllen Miller International Airport
–
McAllen Miller International Airport
McAllen Miller International Airport
–
MFE
McAllen Miller International Airport
–
President
George W. Bush is greeted at MFE by U.S. Army Lt. Gen.
H. Steven Blum and Texas Governor
Rick Perry on August 3, 2006. Bush was visiting troops participating in
Operation Jump Start.
35.
Allegiant Air
–
Allegiant Air is an American low-cost airline owned by Allegiant Travel Co. that operates scheduled and charter flights. Allegiant Travel Company is a traded company with 2,848 employees. The corporate headquarters are in Summerlin, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas, wholly owned by Allegiant Travel, the airline has over 2,800 employees. Allegiant Air was founded in January 1997 by Mitch Allee, Jim Patterson and Dave Beadle, the airline also has authority for charter service to Canada and Mexico. However, Allegiant was unable to bring in revenue to cover its costs and on December 13,2000. The bankruptcy allowed Maurice J. Gallagher, Jr. one of the major creditors. A veteran leader of low-cost airlines, Gallagher had worked with WestAir and as CEO of ValuJet Airlines, in June 2001, Gallagher restructured Allegiant to a low-cost model, focusing on smaller markets that larger airlines did not serve with mainline aircraft. Now chief executive officer and chairman, he moved the headquarters, in March 2002, Allegiant exited bankruptcy and entered into a long-term contract with Harrahs to provide charter services to its casinos in Laughlin and Reno, Nevada. At the same time, the airline acquired its first McDonnell Douglas MD-80 jetliner, from 2002 through 2004, the airline developed its scheduled-service business model. By 2004, Allegiant was flying from 13 small cities to Las Vegas offering bundled air, in November 2006, Allegiant filed a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission in anticipation of a planned initial public offering of its Common Stock. It is listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market under the ticker symbol ALGT, the airport announced a 10, 000-square-foot expansion in August 2008, which increased the number of gates from two to four and allowed Allegiant to triple the number of flights from Phoenix. The expansion was funded by a loan from Allegiant which will be repaid by passenger fees, on November 14,2007, Allegiant opened its fifth focus city and operations base at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport, connecting other Allegiant cities to South Florida. In January 2008, Allegiant opened its base at Washingtons Bellingham International Airport. The airline bases two McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft in Bellingham as part of the expansion, routes served exclusively from Bellingham include Las Vegas, Palm Springs, San Diego, San Francisco and Phoenix. Expansion in Bellingham has been driven by its proximity to Vancouver. On July 1,2010 Allegiant returned to Long Beach Airport in Long Beach, California having previously served LGB with DC-9 jets with nonstop flights to Las Vegas, in February 2010, Allegiant opened its ninth base at Grand Rapids Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Michigan. The airline based two McDonnell Douglas MD-80 aircraft in Grand Rapids, but ended their airports status as a hub in 2011, the airline continues to fly out of Grand Rapids in a reduced capacity. In March 2010, Allegiant purchased six used Boeing 757-200 jetliners as part of plans to begin flights to Hawaii, with deliveries from early 2010 to the fourth quarter of 2011
Allegiant Air
–
An Allegiant Air
McDonnell Douglas MD-83 at
McCarran International Airport
Allegiant Air
–
Allegiant Air
Allegiant Air
–
An Allegiant Air
McDonnell Douglas MD-83 in old livery at
Hagerstown Regional Airport
Allegiant Air
–
An Allegiant Air Boeing 757–200 at
McCarran International Airport
36.
American Airlines
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American Airlines, Inc. commonly referred to as American, is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is the worlds largest airline measured by fleet size, revenue, scheduled passenger-kilometres flown. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the name of American Eagle. American operates out of ten located in Dallas/Fort Worth, Charlotte, Chicago-OHare, Philadelphia, Miami, Phoenix, Washington, DC-National, Los Angeles, New York-JFK. American operates its primary base at Tulsa International Airport in addition to the maintenance locations located at its hubs. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is Americans largest passenger carrying hub handling 51.1 million passengers annually with an average of 140,000 passengers daily, the company as of 2015 employs over 113,300 people. Through the airlines parent company, American Airlines Group, it is traded under NASDAQ. American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines, the two organizations from which American Airlines was originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first formed in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation and this in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system, between 1970 and 2000, the company grew into being an international carrier, purchasing Trans World Airlines in 2001. In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, in 2013, US Airways and American Airlines merged. Eventually operations were merged under one operating certificate to create the largest United States airline which kept the American Airlines brand name, American Airlines is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, adjacent to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The headquarters is located in two buildings in the CentrePort office complex and these buildings together have about 1,400,000 square feet of space. As of 2014 over 4,300 employees work at this complex, before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City. In 1979 American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a betrayal of New York City. American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas, the airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility. As of 2015 American Airlines is the corporation with the largest presence in Fort Worth, in 2015 the airline announced it will build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016 and occupancy is scheduled for summer 2019, the airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building
American Airlines
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1927 American Airways FC-2
American Airlines
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A Stinson Trimotor first operated by Century Airlines
American Airlines
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DC-3 "Flagship", American's chief aircraft type during the World War II period
American Airlines
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American Airlines
BAC 1-11 short haul jet airliner at
Cleveland Hopkins Airport in 1971 wearing the early jet era color scheme
37.
United Airlines
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United Continental Holdings, Inc. commonly referred to as United, is a major American airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. It is the worlds third-largest airline when measured by revenue, operates a domestic and international route network. In the late 1920s, just prior to the use of the United Airlines name, The Boeing Company, currently one of the worlds largest aircraft manufacturers, United was previously known as United Air Lines. United is a member of Star Alliance, the worlds largest global airline alliance. Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express and its main competitors are American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines. United operates out of nine airline hubs located in Chicago, Denver, Guam, Houston, Los Angeles, Newark, San Francisco, Tokyo and Washington, D. C. Chicago-OHare is Uniteds largest hub, both in terms of passengers carried annually and in terms of departures 181,488 in 2016) and this passed George Bush Intercontinental in Houston, which carried 15.5 million with 178,019 departures. The company employs over 86,000 people while maintaining its headquarters in Chicagos Willis Tower, through the airlines parent company, United Continental Holdings, it is publicly traded under NYSE, UAL with a market capitalization of over $18 billion as of September 2014. United operates maintenance bases in Cleveland and Orlando in addition to the maintenance locations located at Uniteds hubs, United Airlines traces its roots to the Varney Air Lines air mail service of Walter Varney, who also founded Varney Speed Lines from which Continental Airlines had originated. In 1927, aviation pioneer William Boeing founded his airline Boeing Air Transport to operate the San Francisco to Chicago air mail route, in 1933, United began operating the Boeing 247 airliner. It was able to fly a transcontinental flight in 20 hours, after passage of the Air Mail Act in 1934, UATC separated into United Aircraft, the Boeing Airplane Company and United Air Lines. In 1954 United Airlines became the first airline to purchase modern flight simulators which had visual, sound, purchased for US$3 million from Curtiss-Wright, these were the first of todays modern flight simulators for training of commercial passenger aircraft pilots. United merged with Capital Airlines in 1961 and regained its position as the United States largest airline, in 1968, the company reorganized, creating UAL Corporation, with United Airlines as a wholly owned subsidiary. In 1970, the UAL Corporation acquired Western International Hotels, the 1970s also saw economic turmoil, resulting in stagflation and labor unrest. The 1978 Airline Deregulation Act, resulting in industry shakeups, further added to the difficulties in a loss-making period. In 1982, United became the first carrier to operate the Boeing 767, in May 1985, the airline underwent a 29-day pilot strike over managements proposed B-scale pilot pay rates. Making it one of two US carriers permitted exclusive access to Heathrow under Bermuda II until open skies took effect in 2008, the aftermath of the Gulf War and increased competition from low-cost carriers led to losses in 1991 and 1992. In 1995, United became the first airline to introduce the Boeing 777 in commercial service, in 1997, United co-founded the Star Alliance airline partnership
United Airlines
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United Air Lines route map, 1940
United Airlines
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United Boeing 727-200 in the Stars and Bars Friend Ship livery at
Los Angeles International Airport in August 1974
United Airlines
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United Boeing 747SP in the 1974–1993 Rainbow Scheme
United Airlines
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Three United
Boeing 777-200ERs and one
Boeing 747-400 at
San Francisco International Airport in 2008
38.
National Public Radio
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NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced and its content is also available on-demand via the web, mobile, and podcasts. The organizations legal name is National Public Radio and its brand is NPR. Is NPR has been used by its hosts for many years. However, National Public Radio remains the name of the group. National Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26,1970 and this act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which created the Public Broadcasting Service in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a Board of Directors chaired by Bernard Mayes, the board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member stations, and studios in Washington, D. C. NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the Vietnam War, a month later, the afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered began, on May 3,1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations, NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a congressional investigation and the resignation of NPRs president, Frank Mankiewicz, NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture, making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt, delano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPRs CEO and president in January 1994. In November 1998, NPRs board of directors hired Kevin Klose, NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25, 000-square-foot production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. C. In November 2003, NPR received US$235 million from the estate of the late Joan B, Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonalds Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution, in 2004 NPRs budget increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment, the endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff, the 2005 budget was about US$120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR, by November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times
National Public Radio
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1970s logo
National Public Radio
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NPR
National Public Radio
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NPR's former headquarters at 635
Massachusetts Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. (demolished in 2013)
39.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
40.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
41.
Altamira, Tamaulipas
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Altamira is a port city on the Gulf of Mexico and is located near the southeastern tip of the state of Tamaulipas in Mexico. It is the second-largest city in the municipality of Altamira, to the south is Tampico, Mexico, also in this state. The city is part of the Tampico Metropolitan Area and its port business is mostly containerized cargo for ocean-going ships. According to the INEGI2010 census, the city has a population of 59,536, the tenth-largest in the state
Altamira, Tamaulipas
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Coat of arms
Altamira, Tamaulipas
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Location of Tamaulipas within mexico
42.
Ciudad Madero
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Madero, formally Ciudad Madero, is a city and its coextensive municipality in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The city is located at 22. 27°N,97, Ciudad Madero is named after Mexican president and hero Francisco I. According to the 2005 INEGI census, the population of Ciudad Madero was 193,045 and it is the sixth-largest city in the state in population. Ciudad Madero has a beach named Playa Miramar, which, in recent years, has been expanding its services with new hotels and restaurants. However, in October 2006, the Ciudad Madero Planning Commission signaled its intention to build a new lighthouse because of the cultural, the citizens of Tampico often consider that Ciudad Madero is merely a rump of their own municipality - this leads to much local jesting and civic pride. In fact, although the two cities are politically and administratively independent, they are physically conjoined and form a part of a larger conurbation, the Tampico metropolitan area had a 2005 census population of 803,196 inhabitants
Ciudad Madero
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Location of Madero within Tamaulipas
43.
Ciudad Mante
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Mante formally Ciudad Mante is a city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The city is the seat of El Mante municipality in extreme southern Tamaulipas. It had a 2005 census population of 81,884 inhabitants, the city is the states ninth-largest community in population. El Mante has an area of 1,699.98 km², and includes smaller outlying communities such as El Limón, El Abra, Nueva Apolonia, Ciudad Mante is served by the Ciudad Mante National Airport. Mantes official slogan is Donde el Azucar es mas Dulce que la Miel, due to these insupportable and unsanitary conditions the Spanish could not colonize the region permanently, although due to the rich and fertile capability of the ground they did farm the area. According to several studies there were several Indian tribes of collectors-hunters that inhabited the area with the Parnes, Chichimecas, the Janambres represented a formidable danger to those who attempted colonization as they attacked all who tried to settle in the Tamatán area. There are many stories that the Janambres were constantly hostile towards the colonists and when these fought to repel the attacks and these facts are taken from Doctor Patricia Osante in her book Orígenes del Nuevo Santander. However, according to the evidence, neither of these Augustinian missionaries established a mission or any other colony, or at least. Therefore, the Cinco Potreros de Tamatán, also known as Frondoso Paraje de Canoas or, was not considered by the founding officials, so it was that in November,1750, when Escandón was on an inspection visit in Horcasitas, that he found the area already populated. Finding it justifiable he proceeded to donate these lands to the Bishop of Manila, Don Manuel Antonio Rojo de la Fuente and Vieyra, miguel Velazquez and Ausencio Hernández represented the colonists and Andrés Gómez the Indians. There were thirty five living in the immediate vicinity of the Mante River spring. Mr. Contradicting the previous opinion is the fact one must remember that this region was never inhabited by the Nahuatl Indians. It is absolutely proven that the tribes lived here were Huastecan, a branch of the Maya, and their language was tének or huasteco. At the same time it is clear that it is this tree gives the River Mante its name, later to the sugar mill. If the version of Mr. Aviles were true, then only the river would have this name, on this basis, we must conclude that the name Mante correctly came from the tree in the family of the sapota tree with the same name. The city of Mante has many beautiful and attractive sights for the tourist, many of these tourist attractions are located in the immediate area surrounding Mante. Several of these places are described in the following details. El Nacimiento Or the Birthplace is only 7 miles by graveled road from the city, to see this magnificent spring with water flowing from the rocks in the sierra de Cucharas is a new and marvelous experience
Ciudad Mante
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Location of Tamaulipas within Mexico
44.
Reynosa, Tamaulipas
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Reynosa is a border city in the northern part of Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is located on the bank of the Rio Grande, directly across the border from Hidalgo, Texas. As of 2013, the city of Reynosa has a population of 672,183, if the floating population is included in the census count, the population can reach up to approximately 1,000,000. Reynosa is the largest and most populous city in the state of Tamaulipas, followed by Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo, Ciudad Victoria, Tampico, and Río Bravo. In addition, the international Reynosa–McAllen Metropolitan Area counts with a population of 1,500,000 inhabitants, border after San Diego–Tijuana and El Paso–Juárez. Reynosa is the 30th largest city in Mexico and anchors the largest metropolitan area in Tamaulipas, in 2011, Reynosa was the fastest growing city in the state of Tamaulipas, and was among the top five fastest growing cities in Mexico. Reynosa was founded on 14 March 1749 with 297 inhabitants by Carlos Cantú under the command of José de Escandón y Helguera the Count of Sierra Gorda. But due to flooding in the area on the 4 July 1802 and it was not until 1926 that the state government recognized Reynosa as a city. Reynosa was first named Villa de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Reynosa, the pioneers of the Villa proceeded from El Nuevo Reino de León, especially from Monterrey, Cadereyta, Cerralvo and El Pilón. The town was composed with 50 families and it was given the name of Reynosa as a tribute to the town with the same name in Spain, birthplace of the Viceroy de Güemes y Horcasitas. Between 1846 and 1848, Reynosa was captured and temporarily held by the United States Army, Reynosa extends across 3,156.34 sq kilometers, representing 3.7 per cent of the Tamaulipas territory. Today it is the location of several satellite U. S. companies doing business to take advantage of low labor rates, on 18 September 2012, an explosion at the nearby Pemex gas plant killed 30 and injured 46 people. Pemex Director Juan Jose Suarez said that there was no evidence that it was a deliberate incident, the city is about 11 miles south of McAllen, Texas. Reynosa has a climate with short, mild winters and hot summers. Winters are mild and dry with a January high of 22 °C, summers are hot with a July mean of 30 °C and temperatures can exceed 40 °C anytime from May until August. The average annual precipitation is 452 millimetres, with most of it being concentrated in the summer months though the months May, boom, Bust, Exodus, The Rust Belt, the Maquilas, and a Tale of Two Cities. Link to tables of data from Census of 2005 INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística
Reynosa, Tamaulipas
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Seal
45.
Tampico, Tamaulipas
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Tampico is a city and port in the southeastern part of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. It is located on the bank of the Pánuco River, about 10 kilometres inland from the Gulf of Mexico. Tampico is the fifth-largest city in Tamaulipas, with a population of 297,284 in the city proper and 859,419 in the metropolitan area, the first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico in 1901 at Ébano. In 1923, the oil field dried up, leading to an exodus of jobs and investment. The city is also an exporter of silver, copper, and lumber, as well as wool, hemp. Containerized cargo is handled by the neighboring ocean port of Altamira. The name Tampico is of Huastec origin, tam-piko meaning place of otters, the city is surrounded by rivers and lagoons of the delta of the Pánuco River, which was the habitat of a large population of otters. There have been human settlements in the area for centuries. The region had several early Huastec settlements, among them the important site at Las Flores, in 1532, during the Spanish colonial period, the Franciscan priest Andrés de Olmos established a mission and monastery in the area, building over a former Aztec village. At his request, Spanish officials founded a settlement named San Luis de Tampico in 1554 and this site was abandoned in 1684 and the population relocated to the south of the Pánuco River because of frequent attacks by European and American pirates. The area was abandoned for nearly 150 years, the present Mexican city was founded on April 13,1823 on the north bank of the Pánuco River about 10 kilometres from the Gulf, after Mexico achieved independence from Spain. Tampico built its economy on the exportation of silver, business development was mostly as a trading center, the town also became a common waypoint for the re-routing of African slaves to be illegally smuggled into the Southern United States, which had outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. The first oil well in Mexico was drilled near Tampico at Ébano S. L. P. in 1901, by Californian Edward Doheny, who founded Mexican Petroleum Corporation. In the early 20th century, there was extensive U. S. investment in oil development in Tampico, with the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted roughly from 1910 to 1920, the U. S. monitored the situation to protect its citizens and investments. Doheny sold some of his businesses to the Standard Oil Company which operated its monopoly here, the oil-producing area was so productive it was called the Golden Belt. The oil fields known as Ébano, Pánuco, Huasteca, Oil was often shipped on barges along the rivers. To improve transportation of oil to the port, the government built the Chijol Canal and it is 1.8 m deep and 7.6 m wide and runs 120 km southward through the oil fields to Túxpan. General Victoriano Huertas forces in the city were threatened by different groups from north and south
Tampico, Tamaulipas
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Hidalgo Avenue
Tampico, Tamaulipas
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Buildings on Calle Juarez
Tampico, Tamaulipas
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Plaza de Armas
Tampico, Tamaulipas
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Liberty plaza at Tampico.
46.
Valle Hermoso, Tamaulipas
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Valle Hermoso is a city in Valle Hermoso Municipality in the northeastern part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The city serves as the seat of the municipality, which is bordered by the municipalities of Matamoros. At the census of 2010 the city had a population of 48,918 inhabitants,2010 census tables, INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática. Tamaulipas Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México
Valle Hermoso, Tamaulipas
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Location of Valle Hermoso within Tamaulipas
Mexico
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