1.
Piz Kesch
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Piz Kesch or Piz dEs-cha is a peak in the Albula Alps of the Rhaetian Alps in Switzerland. At 3,418 metres, it is the highest peak in the Albula Alps, the first ascent was made 1846 by J. Coaz, J. Rascher, C. Piz Kesch is part of the ridge which divides the southeastern Swiss Alps between the Rhine drainage basin and the Danube drainage basin. It is also the highest peak in the Eastern Alps north of the Inn River, on the north side lies the Porchabella Glacier. West of Piz Kesch lies the Albula Pass, to the lies the valley of Davos. On the foot of Piz Kesch in the Engadine lies the village of Madulain, two SACs alpine huts lie close to Piz Kesch which are the Chamanna dEs-Cha or Es-Cha Hütte, and the Kesch-Hütte or Chamanna digl Kesch at. The first lies on a 3-hour walk from Madulain, La Punt and Zuoz, Kesch-Hütte lies 4½ hours from Bergün and can be reached as well from the Davos southern valleys of Sertig and Dischma or by a longer walk via Val Susauna coming from Cinuos-chel. The tower-like peak of Piz Kesch was reached for the first time on September 7,1846, casper, Johann Coaz, J. Rascher, J. R. Tscharner. In 1864 the ascent was repeated by Francis Fox Tuckett and Fowler, with guides C. Michel and M. Payot. From the Platzli huts, located above Bergün, they reached in 3 hours a pass on the ridge above the Vadret da Porchabella, from this — called Porta dEs-cha — they finally reached the peak in less than 2 hours. They afterwards descended in 3 hours from the pass to La Punt on the east side of the mountain, according to Tuckett, they were the first to reach the highest summit. we reached the summit of Piz Kesch without the slightest difficulty in 1 hour 10 m. On a second summit to the SE. which a level showed to be lower than where we stood, was planted a baton. M. Coaz, I was told, had ascended Piz Kesch a few years ago, the Kesch-Trek leads from Dischma via the Scaletta pass towards the southwest and to the Kesch-. In the following leg the route passes the western face and reaches Chamanna dEs-Cha hut via Fuorcla Pischa, List of mountains of Switzerland List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland Piz Kesch on summitpost
2.
Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works
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Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works were a railway equipment manufacturer based in Winterthur in Switzerland. Much of the mountain railway equipment was constructed by them. The company was founded in 1871 by the British engineer Charles Brown, SLM built both steams and electric locomotives, including the crocodile type. From 1992, SLM returned to producing steam locomotives designed around advanced steam technology principles and this included rebuilding DR Class 52.80 locomotive number 528055. In 1998 the Cog-Railway division was sold to Stadler Rail, the Engineering division via Adtranz to Bombardier Transportation, the remaining Business was renamed as Sulzer-Winpro AG and as part of a Management Buyout in 2001 renamed in Winpro AG. The Advanced Steam division was sold in 2000 to DLM AG, in October 2001 the Measurement Division was sold to PROSE AG. Winpro AG was sold on 7 September 2005 to Stadler Rail, SLM Factories Jakob Buchli - a railway pioneer with the SLM
3.
Brown, Boveri & Cie
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Brown, Boveri was a Swiss group of electrical engineering companies. It was founded in Baden, Switzerland, in 1891 by Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown, in 1970 BBC took over the Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon. In 1988 it merged with ASEA to form ABB Group, a company producing DC Motors, AC motors, generators, turbochargers, transformers, some of BBCs technology went into German U-boats of World War II, such as the depth controls. BBC Brown Boveri was established in 1891, the company was one of only a few multinational corporations to operate subsidiaries that were larger than the parent company. The merger with ASEA, a company which was praised for its management, was expected to help Brown Boveri reorganize. Brown Boveris early activities included manufacturing electrical components such as motors for locomotives. At the same time, in the Swiss domestic market, production increased while sales remained static. In 1924 Brown Boveri devalued its capital by 30 percent to cover the losses it had incurred, in 1927 the agreement with Vickers ran out and was not renewed. During the same time, Brown Boveris various subsidiaries grew rapidly, industrialization throughout Europe created strong demand for the companys heavy electrical equipment. For the next few decades Brown Boveri grew as fast as technological developments in electrical engineering, the company, nevertheless, excelled at power generation, including nuclear power generators, and prospered in this field. Electrification in the Third World also provided Brown Boveri with substantial profits, in 1970 Brown Boveri began an extensive reorganization. The companys subsidiaries were divided into five groups, German, French, Swiss, medium-sized, each of these groups was further broken down into five product divisions, power generation, electronics, power distribution, traction equipment, and industrial equipment. Throughout the 1970s, Brown Boveri struggled to expand into the US market, while Brown Boveri counted a handful of major U. S. S. markets. During the electrification of the British West Coast Main Line in the early 1970s, in 1974 Brown Boveri acquired the British controls and instrument manufacturer, George Kent. The newly acquired company was renamed Brown Boveri Kent, in the mid-1970s growing demand in the Middle East for large power-generating facilities distracted the company from its push into North America. Oil-rich African nations, like Nigeria, attempting to diversify their manufacturing capabilities also created new markets for Brown Boveris heavy electrical engineering expertise, in the early 1980s Brown Boveris sales flattened out and the companys earnings declined. In 1983 Brown Boveris German subsidiary in Mannheim, West Germany, in spite of an increase in orders, the companys cost structure kept earnings down. In 1986 the parent company acquired a significant block of shares in the Mannheim subsidiary, in the later 1980s Brown Boveri took steps to reduce duplication of research and development among its various groups
4.
Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon
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Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon was a Swiss engineering company based in the Zürich district of Oerlikon known for the early development of electric locomotives. It was founded in 1876 by the industrialist Peter Emil Huber-Werdmüller, in 1967 Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon was taken over by Brown, Boveri & Cie, which in 1988 merged with ASEA to form ABB Group. The site of the works has been redeveloped, including the innovative public MFO-Park. In the second decade of the 21st century, a project was initiated to expand Oerlikon railway station and this affected the site of the former office building of Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon, dating from the late 19th century and now a restaurant complex known as Gleis 9. Because of its importance to the region, plans to demolish the building were rejected. The move took place in May 2012, and took 19 hours, media related to Maschinenfabrik Oerlikon at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
6.
Railway electrification system
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A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure, selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas, some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation, Electric railways use electric locomotives to haul passengers or freight in separate cars or electric multiple units, passenger cars with their own motors. Electricity is typically generated in large and relatively efficient generating stations, transmitted to the railway network, some electric railways have their own dedicated generating stations and transmission lines but most purchase power from an electric utility. The railway usually provides its own lines, switches and transformers. Power is supplied to moving trains with a continuous conductor running along the track usually takes one of two forms. The first is a line or catenary wire suspended from poles or towers along the track or from structure or tunnel ceilings. Locomotives or multiple units pick up power from the wire with pantographs on their roofs that press a conductive strip against it with a spring or air pressure. Examples are described later in this article, the second is a third rail mounted at track level and contacted by a sliding pickup shoe. Both overhead wire and third-rail systems usually use the rails as the return conductor. In comparison to the alternative, the diesel engine, electric railways offer substantially better energy efficiency, lower emissions. Electric locomotives are usually quieter, more powerful, and more responsive and they have no local emissions, an important advantage in tunnels and urban areas. Different regions may use different supply voltages and frequencies, complicating through service, the limited clearances available under catenaries may preclude efficient double-stack container service. Possible lethal electric current due to risk of contact with high-voltage contact wires, overhead wires are safer than third rails, but they are often considered unsightly. These are independent of the system used, so that. The permissible range of voltages allowed for the voltages is as stated in standards BS EN50163. These take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation, railways must operate at variable speeds. Until the mid 1980s this was only practical with the brush-type DC motor, since such conversion was not well developed in the late 19th century and early 20th century, most early electrified railways used DC and many still do, particularly rapid transit and trams
7.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
