1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
Providence, Rhode Island
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Providence is the capital of and most populous city in the U. S. state of Rhode Island, founded in 1636, and one of the oldest cities in the United States. It is located in Providence County and is the third most populous city in New England, after Boston, Providence has a city population of 179,154, it is also part of the Providence metropolitan area which extends into southern Massachusetts. The Providence metropolitan area has an population of 1,604,291. This can be considered, in turn, to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area, Providence was founded by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of Gods merciful Providence, which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him, the city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River at the head of Narragansett Bay. Providence was one of the first cities in the country to industrialize and became noted for its tool, jewelry. The city was nicknamed the Beehive of Industry, it began rebranding itself as the Creative Capital in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources. The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States, Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony. Providence quickly became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters, as Williams himself had been exiled from Massachusetts, Providence residents were among the first Patriots to spill blood in the leadup to the American Revolution during the Gaspée Affair of 1772. Rhode Island was the first of the thirteen colonies to renounce its allegiance to the British Crown on May 4,1776. It was also the last of the thirteen colonies to ratify the United States Constitution on May 29,1790, following the war, Providence was the countrys ninth-largest city with 7,614 people. The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing, in particular machinery, tools, silverware, jewelry, by the start of the 20th century, Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country, including Brown & Sharpe, Nicholson File, and Gorham Silverware. Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17,000. From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878, the seat of city government was located in the Market House, located in Market Square, the city offices quickly outgrew this building, and the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building in 1845. The city offices moved into the City Hall in 1878, during the Civil War, local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton. Despite ambivalence concerning the war, the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota, by the early 1900s, Providence was one of the wealthiest cities in the United States. Immigrant labor powered one of the nations largest industrial manufacturing centers, Providence was a major manufacturer of industrial products from steam engines to precision tools to silverware, screws, and textiles. From 1975 until 1982, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city.4 million ft² Providence Place Mall, despite new investment, poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post-industrial New England cities
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
McKim, Mead & White
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McKim, Mead & White was a prominent American architectural firm that thrived at the turn of the twentieth century. The firms founding partners were Charles Follen McKim, William Rutherford Mead and they hired many other architects, partners, associates, designers and draftsmen, who came to prominence during or after their time at the firm. The firms New York City buildings include Manhattans former Pennsylvania Station, the Brooklyn Museum, elsewhere in New York State and New England, the firm designed college, library, school and other buildings such as the Boston Public Library and Rhode Island State House. In Washington, D. C. the firm renovated the West and East Wings of the White House, and designed Roosevelt Hall on Fort Lesley J. McNair and the National Museum of American History. Across the United States, the firm designed buildings in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Washington, other examples are in Canada, Cuba and Italy. McKim and Mead joined forces in 1872 and they were joined in 1879 by White, who, like McKim, had worked for architect Henry Hobson Richardson. Its vision was to clean up the confusion of American cities and imbue them with a sense of order. The firm retained its name long after the deaths of founding partners White, McKim, among the firms final works under the name McKim, Mead & White was the National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C. Designed primarily by partner James Kellum Smith, it opened in 1964, Smith died in 1961, and the firm was soon renamed Steinmann, Cain and White. In 1971, it became Walker O. Cain and Associates, lewis Colt Albro – who formed a partnership with Harrie T. Lindeberg from 1906 to 1914. Henry Bacon – worked at the firm from about 1886 through 1897, boring – worked at the firm in 1890 before forming a separate partnership with Edward Lippincott Tilton. Page Brown - worked with the beginning in the 1880s, went to California. Walker O. Cain – worked at the firm, he took it over in 1961, john Merven Carrère – worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885, then joined Thomas Hastings to form the firm Carrère and Hastings. Arthur Loomis Harmon – later of Shreve, Lamb and Harmon, Thomas Hastings – of Carrère and Hastings, worked with McKim, Mead & White from 1883 through 1885. William Mitchell Kendall, worked with the firm from 1882 until his death, Harrie T. Lindeberg – started at the firm in 1895 as an assistant to Stanford White and remained with the firm until Whites death in 1906. Austin W. James Kellum Smith – a member of the firm from 1924 to 1961, full partner in 1929, and he primarily designed academic buildings, but his last major work was the National Museum of American History. Egerton Swartwout of Tracy and Swartwout – both Tracy and Swartwout worked together for the firm on multiple projects prior to starting their own practice, robert von Ezdorf – took over much of the firms business after Whites death. William M. Wells – worked as firms first Chief Draftsman from 1879–90, often considered to be the fourth partner
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Neoclassical architecture
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Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
6.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
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Rhode Island
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Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Rhode Island is the smallest in area, the eighth least populous, and its official name is also the longest of any state in the Union. Rhode Island is bordered by Connecticut to the west, Massachusetts to the north and east, the state also shares a short maritime border with New York. It boycotted the 1787 convention that drew up the United States Constitution, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the 13th and last state to ratify the Constitution. Rhode Islands official nickname is The Ocean State, a reference to the fact that the state has several large bays, Rhode Island covers 1,214 square miles, of which 1,045 square miles are land. Despite its name, most of Rhode Island is located on the mainland of the United States, the official name of the state is State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, which is derived from the merger of four settlements. Rhode Island is now commonly called Aquidneck Island, the largest of several islands in Narragansett Bay, Providence Plantation was the name of the colony founded by Roger Williams in the area now known as the city of Providence. This was adjoined by the settlement of Warwick, hence the plural Providence Plantations and it is unclear how Aquidneck Island came to be known as Rhode Island, although there are two popular theories. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano noted the presence of an island near the mouth of Narragansett Bay in 1524, subsequent European explorers were unable to precisely identify the island that Verrazzano had named, but the Pilgrims who later colonized the area assumed that it was Aquidneck. A second theory concerns the fact that Adriaen Block passed by Aquidneck during his expeditions in the 1610s, historians have theorized that this reddish appearance resulted from either red autumn foliage or red clay on portions of the shore. The earliest documented use of the name Rhode Island for Aquidneck was in 1637 by Roger Williams, the name was officially applied to the island in 1644 with these words, Aquethneck shall be henceforth called the Isle of Rodes or Rhode-Island. The name Isle of Rodes is used in a document as late as 1646. Dutch maps as early as 1659 call the island Red Island, Williams was a theologian forced out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Seeking religious and political tolerance, he and others founded Providence Plantation as a proprietary colony. Providence referred to the concept of providence, and plantation was an English term for a colony. State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is the longest official name of any state in the Union, advocates for excising plantation asserted that the word specifically referred to the British colonial practice of establishing settlements which disenfranchised native people. Advocates for retaining the name argued that plantation was simply an archaic English synonym for colony, the referendum election was held on November 2,2010, and the people voted overwhelmingly to retain the entire original name. It shares a maritime border with New York State between Block Island and Long Island
8.
Downtown, Providence, Rhode Island
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Downtown, also known as Downcity, is the central economic, political, and cultural district of the city of Providence, Rhode Island. It is bounded on the east by Canal Street and the Providence River, to the north by Smith Street, to the west by Interstate 95, and to the south by Henderson Street. I-95 serves as a barrier between the citys commercial core and neighborhoods of Federal Hill, West End, and Upper South Providence. Most of the downtown is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Downtown Providence Historic District, originally known as Weybossett Neck or Weybossett Side, Downtown was first settled by religious dissidents from the First Congregational Society in 1746. Their settlement was located near present-day Westminster Street, Downtown did not witness substantial development until the early 19th century, when Providence began to compete with Newport, Rhode Island. British forces had destroyed much of Newport during the American War for Independence and this prevented the development of a commercial district along the western bank of the Providence River. The result of decades of expansion was the isolation of the capitol from the rest of downtown by an imposing mass of railroad tracks. As rail traffic dropped off,75 percent by 1980, city planners saw an opportunity to open up land for development. A new, smaller station was built in 1986 a half mile north of its predecessor. The new land precipitated a massive remaking of the character of the citys downtown, from 1975 until 1982, under Mayor Vincent Cianci, Jr, $606 million of local and national Community Development funds from were invested. Roads were removed and the natural rivers were opened up and lined with a cobblestone-paved park called Waterplace Park in 1994. Private and public developments followed and the new area adjacent to the Capitol became known as Capitol Center, in 2007, the Renaissance Providence Hotel opened in Masonic Temple building, which had been abandoned amidst the Great Depression a half century prior. According to the Providence Plan, a local nonprofit aimed at improving city life, 64% of residents are white and 8. 6% are Asian, 12% of the population is African-American, 11% is Hispanic, and 1% is Native American. 43% of public school children speak a language other than English as their primary language, the median family income is $42,558, over $10,000 above the city-wide average. 14% of families live below the poverty line while nearly 3. 7% receive some form of public assistance, 15% of children under the age of six have been exposed to high quantities of lead. From north to south, Downtown includes portions of Wards 12,13,11 and these wards are represented in the Providence City Council by Terrance Hassett, John J. Lombardi, and Balbina A. Young. Hassett currently serves as the majority leader, Providence City Hall is located at 25 Dorrance Street, at the corner of Dorrance and Washington Street. It is immediately next to Kennedy Plaza and the Biltmore Hotel and it houses the City Council, the Mayors Office, and the offices of some municipal agencies
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Smith Hill, Providence, Rhode Island
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Smith Hill is a neighborhood in Providence, Rhode Island. Its traditional bounds are the Woonasquatucket River, the Chad Brown public housing complex, Interstate 95, the Roger Williams Medical Center is located in the Smith Hill neighborhood and is adjacent to the VA hospital. The Rhode Island State House is also located on the border with Downtown, the name Smith Hill is therefore used as a metonym for the Rhode Island state government and the Rhode Island General Assembly. The neighborhood is home to whites of European descent and an number of minorities. As of the 1990 census, Smith Hill was 20% Hispanic,17. 2% Asian and 12. 2% black, the neighborhoods unemployment and poverty rates are above average for the city, though efforts have been made to revitalize the area, although, without success. Smith Hill Community Development Corporation, neighborhood non-profit dedicated to community building and affordable housing Providence Neighborhoods at Providenceri. com
10.
Rhode Island General Assembly
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The State of Rhode Island General Assembly is the state legislature of the U. S. state of Rhode Island. A bicameral body, it is composed of the lower Rhode Island House of Representatives with 75 representatives, members are elected in the general election immediately preceding the beginning of the term or in special elections called to fill vacancies. There are no limits for either chamber. The General Assembly meets at the Rhode Island State House on the border of Downtown, Smith Hill is sometimes used as a metonym for the Rhode Island General Assembly. “That the small vessel be manned with a number not exceeding thirty men, “That the whole be included in the number of fifteen hundred men, ordered to be raised in this colony. “That they receive the bounty and pay as the land forces. ”The Rhode Island General Assembly was one of the thirteen colonial legislatures that rejected British rule in the American War of Independence. The General Assembly was the first legislative body during the war to consider independence from Great Britain. William Ellery and the first chancellor of Brown University Stephen Hopkins were signatories to the Declaration of Independence for Rhode Island, the American forces in the march were jointly led by General George Washington. The march proceeded through Providence, Rhode Island and ended with the defeat of British forces following the Siege of Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia, nathanael Greene was a member along with his cousin, Christopher Greene. S. Constitution and its opposition to slavery, on May 29,1790, Rhode Island became the last of the Thirteen Colonies to sign the U. S. Constitution, becoming the thirteenth U. S. state. While the 1663 Charter was democratic considering its time period, rising demands for voting suffrage in response to the Industrial Revolution put strains on the colonial document. By the early 1830s, only 40% of the white males could vote. For its part, the General Assembly proved to be an obstacle for change, elections in late 1841 and early 1842 led to both sides claiming to be the legitimate state government, each with their own respective constitutions in hand. In the days following the highly confusing and contentious 1842 gubernatorial and state legislature elections, liberal Dorr supporters took up arms to begin the Dorr Rebellion. The short-lived rebellion proved unsuccessful in overthrowing Governor King and the General Assembly, the Freemans Constitution eventually was debated upon by the legislature and passed by the electorate. Although not as liberal as the Peoples document, the 1843 Freemans Constitution did greatly increase male suffrage in Rhode Island, further revisions in the 1843 document were made by the General Assembly and passed by the electorate in 1986. Rhode Island State House Rhode Island House of Representatives Rhode Island Senate The State of Rhode Island General Assembly Official Website
11.
Governor of Rhode Island
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On May 30,2013, while in office, he switched his party affiliation to Democratic. This is a table of congressional seats, other federal offices, all representatives and senators mentioned represented Rhode Island except where noted. * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take, as of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Rhode Island who are currently living at this time, the oldest U. S. governor of Rhode Island being Philip W. Noel. The most recent U. S. governor of Rhode Island to die was J. Joseph Garrahy who died on January 24,2012, the most recently serving U. S. governor of Rhode Island to die was Bruce Sundlun, on July 21,2011. List of lieutenant governors of Rhode Island
12.
Old State House (Providence, Rhode Island)
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It is a brick Georgian-style building completed largely in 1762. It was used as the place for the colonial and state legislatures for 149 years. In 1760 The General Assembly built the Old State House to replace a wooden courthouse built 1730 on Meeting Street. It was largely finished by 1762 with some details being completed by 1771, many of the Georgian architecture details were borrowed from the larger and more ornate Newport Colony House. Before 19th century alterations to the Providence State House, the two buildings resembled one another greatly, the building was extensively renovated and dramatically altered several times in the 19th century. The first of these occurred in 1835-36 and 1840, and consisted of rearrangement of large portions of the interior. It was again altered in 1850, when Thomas A. Tefft of Tallman & Bucklin added the tower facing Main Street. Bucklin designed an addition on Benefit Street that nearly doubled the size of the building, both of these additions were sympathetic to the buildings original design. The building was refurbished in 1877-83, to designs by Stone & Carpenter, the building served as the legislatures meeting place until 1901, when the new Rhode Island State House began being occupied. The building was finished in 1904, and it was decided to use the old building as a courthouse. Major internal alterations by Banning & Thornton were completed in 1906, at the Old State House on May 4,1776, the General Assembly declared its independence renouncing its allegiance to the British crown, and the date is now celebrated as Rhode Island Independence Day. Debates about slavery occurred in the building in the late 18th century, george Washington visited the building in 1781 and 1790. By 1901 the new Rhode Island State House was occupied on Smith Hill, the Old State House was used as a Court House until 1975 and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and as part of the College Hill Historic Landmark District in 1971. The building is now home to the Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission, a open space hall for public meeting was located on the main floor and later became a courtroom. On the second floor was the House of Representatives and Senate chambers, additional space was create for the Governors and Secretary of States offices. National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island Main Website at Preservation RI Conley, Patrick T. Jones, the State houses of Rhode Island, an architectural and historical legacy. Rhode Island Historical Society and Rhode Island Historical Preservation Commission
13.
United States Capitol
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The United States Capitol, often called the Capitol Building or Capitol Hill, is the home of the United States Congress, and the seat of the legislative branch of the U. S. federal government. It sits atop Capitol Hill at the end of the National Mall in Washington. Though not at the center of the Federal District, the Capitol forms the origin point for the Districts street-numbering system. The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded, like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches, the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior. Both its east and west elevations are referred to as fronts, though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors. In 2014, scaffolding was erected around the dome for a project scheduled to be completed by early 2017. All exterior scaffolding was removed by the end of summer 2016, prior to establishing the nations capital in Washington, D. C. the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia, New York City, and a number of other locations. In September 1774, the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia, followed by the Second Continental Congress, Congress requested that John Dickinson, the Governor of Pennsylvania, call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters. In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia. As a result, Congress was forced to flee to Princeton, New Jersey, on June 21,1783, and met in Annapolis, Maryland, the United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4,1789. New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790, when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital. As part of the legislation, Philadelphia was chosen as a capital for ten years, until the nations capital in Washington. Pierre Charles LEnfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city, in reviewing LEnfants plan, Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the Capitol rather than Congress House. The word Capitol comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, the connection between the two is not, however, crystal clear. In spring 1792, United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the Presidents House. The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City, the most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet, a trained French architect. However, Hallets designs were overly fancy, with too much French influence, a late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31,1793, to much praise for its Grandeur, Simplicity, and Beauty by Washington, along with praise from Thomas Jefferson. Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre, as well as the Paris Pantheon for the portion of the design
14.
Amistad (film)
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The case was ultimately resolved by the Supreme Court in 1841. Morgan Freeman, Nigel Hawthorne, Anthony Hopkins, Djimon Hounsou, david Franzonis screenplay was based on the book Mutiny on the Amistad, The Saga of a Slave Revolt and Its Impact on American Abolition, Law, and Diplomacy, by the historian Howard Jones. Amistad is the name of a ship traveling from Cuba to the United States in 1839. It is carrying African people as its cargo, as the ship is crossing from Cuba to the United States, Cinqué, a leader of the Africans, leads a mutiny and takes over the ship. The mutineers spare the lives of two Spanish navigators to help them sail the ship back to Africa, in an unfamiliar country and not speaking a single word of English, the Africans find themselves in a legal battle. District Attorney William S. Holabird brings charges of piracy and murder, two Naval officers claim them as salvage while the two Spanish navigators produce proof of purchase. A lawyer named Roger Sherman Baldwin, hired by the abolitionist Tappan, Baldwin argues that the Africans had been captured in Africa to be sold in the Americas illegally. Baldwin proves through documents found hidden on Amistad that the African people were initially cargo belonging to a Portuguese slave ship, therefore, the Africans were free citizens of another country and not slaves at all. In light of evidence, the staff of President Van Buren has the judge presiding over the case replaced by Judge Coglin. Cinque tells his story at trial, district Attorney Holabird attacks Cinqué’s “tale” of being captured and kept in a Lomboko slave fortress and especially questions the throwing of precious cargo overboard. However, the Royal Navys fervent abolitionist Captain Fitzgerald of the West Africa Squadron backs up Cinqué’s account, Baldwin shows from The Tecoras inventory that the number of African people taken as slaves was reduced by 50. Fitzgerald explains that some slave ships when interdicted do this to get rid of the evidence for their crime, but in The Tecoras case, they had underestimated the amount of provisions necessary for their journey. As the tension rises, Cinqué stands up from his seat and repeatedly cries, Judge Coglin rules in favor of the Africans. After pressure from Senator Calhoun on President Van Buren, the case is appealed to the Supreme Court, despite refusing to help when the case was initially presented, Adams agrees to assist with the case. At the Supreme Court, he makes an impassioned and eloquent plea for their release, the Lomboko slave fortress is liberated by the Royal Marines under the command of Captain Fitzgerald. After all the slaves were hurried out of the fortress, Fitzgerald orders the cannon to destroy it. He then dictates a letter to Forsyth saying that he was right—the slave fortress doesnt exist, because of the release of the Africans, Van Buren loses his re-election campaign, and tension builds between the North and the South, which would eventually culminate in the Civil War. Retired U. S. Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun also appears in the film as Justice Joseph Story
15.
The Walt Disney Company
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
16.
Underdog (film)
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Underdog is a 2007 American family comedy film based on the 1960s cartoon series of the same name. The film was based on the super-powered cartoon character of the same name. Produced by Spyglass Entertainment and DreamWorks Classics, the film was released theatrically in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures, unlike the TV series, the Underdog character is portrayed as a regular dog rather than an anthropomorphic one. Underdog, voiced by Jason Lee, was played by a lemon beagle named Leo sporting a red sweater, the film grossed $65.3 million worldwide. In the Capital City Town Hall, a beagle on the bomb squad sets off a false alarm. After being shunned by his fellow police canines, the leaves in shame and is abducted off the street by Cad. Bitter his proposal for genetic experimentation was declined, Simon plans to prove the mayor wrong by testing his new serum on the beagle. Underdog escapes and runs amok in the lab, causing a fire and becoming exposed to various chemicals, after his escape, the beagle avoids an encounter with a Rottweiler named Riff Raff and his lackeys. Dan Unger strikes the beagle with his car, but, thanks to the serum, Dan takes him home and names him Shoeshine after the dog licks his shoes. Dans son, Jack, becomes jealous of Shoeshines attention, Dan retired from the police to spend more time with Jack after his wifes death but still seems busy. Jack leaves for school and Dan for work, leaving Shoeshine at the house alone, after coming home, Jack complains as he cleans up, and Shoeshine shocks both of them by claiming it was an accident. Jack initially runs away, but after they reach a park, Jack and Shoeshine talk and bond over their attraction to Molly and Polly, Jacks friend. After the girls leave, Jack and Shoeshine test his powers, when Molly and Polly are mugged, Shoeshine rushes to their aid, discovering he can fly. After discreetly rescuing them, Shoeshine returns home with Jack, making Jack promise to never reveal his powers, Cad shows up at the door with posters of Shoeshine, but Jack fools him into leaving just before Dan comes home to discover the mess. Meanwhile, Simon and Cad find a new lair beneath the city, seeing Cads heist on the news, Jack convinces Shoeshine to intervene. Shoeshine disguises himself and saves the hostages, but Cad escapes, Shoeshine adopts the alias Underdog and becomes the citys resident superhero, donning a red sweater and blue cape as his disguise. Simon repeatedly fails to recreate his serum and sends Cad to obtain a sample of Shoeshines DNA, Shoeshine is rebuffed by Polly but gets a date with her as Underdog. Cad fails to capture Underdog but obtains his collar, which contains Underdogs name, Barsinister and Cad kidnap Dan and force him to call Shoeshine for help
17.
St. Peter's Basilica
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The Papal Basilica of St. Peter in the Vatican, or simply St. Peters Basilica, is an Italian Renaissance church in Vatican City, the papal enclave within the city of Rome. While it is neither the church of the Catholic Church nor the cathedral of the Diocese of Rome. It has been described as holding a position in the Christian world. Catholic tradition holds that the Basilica is the site of Saint Peter, one of Christs Apostles. Saint Peters tomb is supposedly directly below the altar of the Basilica. For this reason, many Popes have been interred at St. Peters since the Early Christian period, construction of the present basilica, which would replace Old St. Peters Basilica from the 4th century AD, began on 18 April 1506 and was completed on 18 November 1626. St. Peters is famous as a place of pilgrimage and for its liturgical functions. The Pope presides at a number of liturgies throughout the year, drawing audiences of 15,000 to over 80,000 people, either within the Basilica or the adjoining St. Peters Square. St. Peters has many associations, with the Early Christian Church, the Papacy. As a work of architecture, it is regarded as the greatest building of its age, St. Peters is one of the four churches in the world that hold the rank of Major Basilica, all four of which are in Rome. Contrary to popular misconception, it is not a cathedral because it is not the seat of a bishop, St. Peters is a church built in the Renaissance style located in the Vatican City west of the River Tiber and near the Janiculum Hill and Hadrians Mausoleum. Its central dome dominates the skyline of Rome, the basilica is approached via St. Peters Square, a forecourt in two sections, both surrounded by tall colonnades. The first space is oval and the second trapezoid, the basilica is cruciform in shape, with an elongated nave in the Latin cross form but the early designs were for a centrally planned structure and this is still in evidence in the architecture. The central space is dominated both externally and internally by one of the largest domes in the world, the entrance is through a narthex, or entrance hall, which stretches across the building. One of the bronze doors leading from the narthex is the Holy Door. The interior is of vast dimensions when compared with other churches and this in its turn overwhelms us. The nave which leads to the dome is in three bays, with piers supporting a barrel-vault, the highest of any church. The nave is framed by wide aisles which have a number of chapels off them, there are also chapels surrounding the dome
18.
Minnesota State Capitol
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The building also includes a chamber for the Minnesota Supreme Court, although court activities usually take place in the neighboring Minnesota Judicial Center. The building is set in a landscaped campus, various monuments are to its sides and front. Behind, a bridge spans University Avenue, and in front others were added over the sunken roadway of Interstate 94. Set near the crest of a hill, from the Capitol steps a panoramic view of downtown Saint Paul is presented, however, like all capitols with domes in the US it is also inspired by the idea of domed capitols originating with the United States Capitol dome. Work began on the capitol in 1896, and construction was completed in 1905. It is the building to serve this purpose, the first capitol was destroyed by fire in 1881, and the second was completed in 1883. Above the southern entrance to the building is a gilded quadriga called The Progress of the State which was sculpted by Daniel Chester French and it was completed and raised to the roof of the capitol in 1906. The four horses represent the power of nature, earth, wind, fire, the women leading the horses symbolize civilization, and the man on the chariot represents prosperity. In 1994 and 1995, the statues underwent a procedure which included replacing the gold leaf on the figures. A sphere perched above the dome also has similar treatment. Any classical dome built since Michelangelos must expect to be compared to it and his drawings show that he originally planned a wider drum and, correspondingly, a more massive dome. The smaller dome as built could be criticized by some as too small and it is smaller than St. Peters and has a simplified design, single columns round the upper lantern instead of double ones, for instance. The ribs on the dome are less pronounced than those on St. Peters. Gilbert knew that St. Peters dome was on the edge of being unstable and his engineer for this project, Gunvald Aus, bound the brick dome in reinforcing steel bands, and Gilbert crowned the paired columns round the drum with additional stone. Other than St. Peters, additional buildings with marble domes include the Taj Mahal in India, the central block under the dome needed three entrances, and Gilbert avoided creating visual references to a triumphal arch, which would have been inappropriate in its position. Equally, he managed to avoid any reference to a block that would have been offensive to Minnesotans. However, Gilbert drew ire for choosing stone from Georgia rather than native Minnesota stone, the capitol cost US$4.5 million at the beginning of the 20th century. It opened its doors to the public for the first time on January 2,1905, a hundred years later, the buildings estimated value was $400 million
19.
Taj Mahal
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The Taj Mahal is an ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17-hectare complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years. The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the architect to the emperor. The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the worlds heritage. Described by Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore as the tear-drop on the cheek of time, it is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture, the Taj Mahal attracts 7–8 million visitors a year. In 2007, it was declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the World initiative. The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1631, to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632. The imperial court documenting Shah Jahans grief after the death of Mumtaz Mahal illustrate the story held as the inspiration for Taj Mahal. The principal mausoleum was completed in 1643 and the surrounding buildings, the Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture. Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including the Gur-e Amir, Humayuns Tomb, Itmad-Ud-Daulahs Tomb, while earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone, Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones. Buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement, the tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal. It is a large, white marble standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan topped by a large dome. Like most Mughal tombs, the elements are Persian in origin. The base structure is a large multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an unequal eight-sided structure that is approximately 55 metres on each of the four long sides. Each side of the iwan is framed with a huge pishtaq or vaulted archway with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side and this motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas, making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building. Four minarets frame the tomb, one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners, the main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan, the actual graves are at a lower level. The most spectacular feature is the dome that surmounts the tomb
20.
Roger Williams
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Williams was the 1638 founder of the First Baptist Church in America, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence. He is best remembered as the originator of the principle of separation of church and his father James Williams was a merchant tailor in Smithfield, his mother was Alice Pemberton. At an early age, Williams had a conversion of which his father disapproved. As a teen, Williams was apprenticed under Sir Edward Coke, under Cokes patronage, Williams was educated at Charterhouse and also at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He seemed to have a gift for languages and early acquired familiarity with Latin, Hebrew, Greek, Dutch, years later, Williams tutored John Milton in Dutch in exchange for refresher lessons in Hebrew. Williams took holy orders in the Church of England in connection with his studies, after graduating from Cambridge, Williams became the chaplain to Puritan gentleman Sir William Masham. Williams married Mary Barnard on December 15,1629 at the Church of High Laver, Essex and they ultimately had six children, all born in America, Mary, Freeborn, Providence, Mercy, Daniel, and Joseph. Williams knew that Puritan leaders planned to migrate to the New World and he did not join the first wave, but he decided before the year ended that he could not remain in England under Archbishop William Lauds rigorous administration. Williams regarded the Church of England as corrupt and false, by the time that he and his wife boarded the Lyon in early December, however, Williams declined the position on grounds that it was an unseparated church. In addition, Williams asserted that civil magistrates must not punish any sort of breach of the first table, and these three principles became central to Williams subsequent career, separatism, freedom of religion, and separation of state and church. As a separatist, Williams considered the Church of England irredeemably corrupt and his search for the true church eventually carried him out of Congregationalism, the Baptists, and any visible church. From 1639 forward, Williams waited for Christ to send a new apostle to reestablish the church, years later in 1802, Thomas Jefferson used the wall of separation phrase in a letter to the Danbury Baptist Association, echoing Roger Williams. Meanwhile, the Salem church was more inclined to Separatism. When the leaders in Boston learned of this, they vigorously protested, as the summer of 1631 ended, Williams moved to Plymouth colony where he was welcomed, and informally assisted the minister there. He regularly preached and, according to Governor Bradford, his teachings were well approved, after a time, Williams decided that the Plymouth church was not sufficiently separated from the Church of England. Furthermore, his contact with Native Americans had caused him to doubt the validity of the colonial charters, Governor Bradford later wrote that Williams fell into some strange opinions which caused some controversy between the church and him. In December 1632, Williams wrote a tract that openly condemned the Kings charters. He even charged that King James had uttered a lie in claiming that he was the first Christian monarch to have discovered the land
21.
Rhode Island Senate
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The Rhode Island Senate is the upper house of the Rhode Island General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Rhode Island. It is composed of 38 Senators, each of whom is elected to a two-year term, Rhode Island is one of the 14 states where its upper house serves at a two-year cycle, rather than the normal four-year term as in the majority of states. There is no limit to the number of terms that a Senator may serve, the Rhode Island Senate meets at the Rhode Island State Capitol in Providence. The President of the Senate presides over the body, appointing members to all of the Senates committees and joint committees, and may create other committees and subcommittees if desired. Unlike most other states, the Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island does not preside over the Senate, in the Senate Presidents absence, the President Pro Tempore presides. The current President of the Senate is Democrat Dominick J. Ruggerio of District 13, the current Senate Majority Leader is Michael McCaffrey of District 4. The Senate Minority Leader is Dennis Algiere of District 38, Dominick J. Silvia – Deputy Chief of Staff / Director of Legislation Marie L. Ganim – Deputy Chief of Staff / Director of Policy Edward M. Fogarty, Esq. Gessow – Senate Fiscal Advisor Greg Pare – Director of Communications John S. Baxter, Jr
22.
Rhode Island House of Representatives
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The Rhode Island House of Representatives is the lower house of the Rhode Island General Assembly, the state legislature of the US state of Rhode Island. It is composed of 75 members, elected to two terms from 75 districts of equal population. The Rhode Island General Assembly does not have term limits, the House meets at the Rhode Island State Capitol in Providence. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives, the Speaker is elected by the majority party caucus followed by confirmation of the full House through the passage of a House Resolution. As well as presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the leadership position. Other House leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their party caucuses relative to their partys strength in the chamber. The current Speaker of the House is Democrat is Nicholas A. Mattiello and he was elected as Speaker of the House by his House colleagues on March 25,2014. First elected in November 2006 to Represent District 15 in Cranston & he served as the House Majority Leader from February 2010 until becoming Speaker and he replaced former Speaker Gordon D. Fox of District 4, who was found to have stolen $108,000 in campaign contributions, the Speaker pro Tempore is Rep. Brian Patrick Kennedy. K. Joseph Shekarchi was elected by his fellow Democrats as the House Majority Leader on November 10,2016 and it is the second ranking position in the House Leadership after the Speaker. He has served the residents of District 23 in Warwick since being elected in November 2012, the Republican Minority Leader is Patricia Morgan of District 26. She was elected House Minority Leader, the highest ranking Republican in the House and this list is of members elected in November 2016, to serve in the 2017–18 biennium
23.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
24.
Gilbert Stuart
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Gilbert Charles Stuart was an American painter from Rhode Island. Gilbert Stuart is widely considered one of Americas foremost portraitists and his best known work is the unfinished portrait of George Washington that is sometimes referred to as The Athenaeum, begun in 1796 and never finished. Stuart retained the portrait and used it to paint 130 copies which he sold for $100 each, throughout his career, Gilbert Stuart produced portraits of over 1,000 people, including the first six Presidents of the United States. C. The National Portrait Gallery, London, Worcester Art Museum in Massachusetts, Gilbert Stuart was born on December 3,1755 in Saunderstown, Rhode Island, a village of North Kingstown, and baptized at Old Narragansett Church on April 11,1756. Stuarts father worked in the first colonial snuff mill in America, Gilbert Stuart moved to Newport, Rhode Island at the age of six, where his father pursued work in the merchant field. In Newport, Stuart first began to show promise as a painter. In 1770, Stuart made the acquaintance of Scottish artist Cosmo Alexander, a visitor of the colonies who made portraits of local patrons and who became a tutor to Stuart. Under the guidance of Alexander, Stuart painted the famous portrait Dr. Hunters Spaniels when he was fourteen years old, the painting is also referred to as Dr. Hunters Dogs by some accounts. In 1771, Stuart moved to Scotland with Alexander to finish his studies, Stuart tried to maintain a living and pursue his painting career, but to no avail, so he returned to Newport in 1773. Stuarts prospects as a portraitist were jeopardized by the onset of the American Revolution, Stuart departed for England in 1775 following the example set by John Singleton Copley. He was unsuccessful at first in pursuit of his vocation, the relationship was beneficial, with Stuart exhibiting at the Royal Academy as early as 1777. By 1782, Stuart had met with success, largely due to acclaim for The Skater, Stuart said that he was suddenly lifted into fame by a single picture. At one point, the prices for his pictures were exceeded only by those of renowned English artists Joshua Reynolds, despite his many commissions, however, Stuart was habitually neglectful of finances and was in danger of being sent to debtors prison. In 1787, he fled to Dublin, Ireland where he painted and accumulated debt with equal vigor, Stuart ended his 18-year stay in Britain and Ireland in 1793, leaving behind numerous unfinished paintings. He returned to the United States and settled briefly in New York City, in 1795, he moved to Germantown, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia, where he opened a studio. It was here that he gained a foothold in the art world, Stuart painted George Washington in a series of iconic portraits, each of them leading in turn to a demand for copies, and keeping Stuart busy and highly paid for years. The most famous and celebrated of these likenesses is known as The Athenaeum and is portrayed on the United States one dollar bill. Stuart, along with his daughters, painted a total of 130 reproductions of The Athenaeum, however, he never completed the original version, after finishing Washingtons face, he kept the original version to make the copies
25.
Interstate 95 in Rhode Island
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Interstate 95 is the main north–south Interstate Highway on the east coast of the United States, running generally southwest-northeast through the U. S. state of Rhode Island. It runs from the border with Connecticut near Westerly, through Warwick and Providence and it has two auxiliary routes, both of which enter Massachusetts—I-195, a spur from Providence east to Cape Cod, and I-295, a western bypass of the Providence-Pawtucket area. South of Warwick, I-95 does not follow U. S. Route 1 and it instead takes a shorter inland route, parallel to Route 3. Route 3 was designated Route 1A in 1922, a New England Interstate Route, the diagonal corridor of Route 3 was a well-traveled shortcut to the older U. S. Route 1 even before any part of Interstate 95 was built. In the 1930s, a cutoff was built in southeastern Connecticut and southwestern Rhode Island, joining Old Mystic, Connecticut to Route 3 in Hopkinton. New London Turnpike turns into New London Ave and continues straight for 2¼ miles before connecting with Providence street and it follows Providence Street until it hits the Meshanticut Interchange. The first section of what is now I-95 was planned as an upgrade and relocation of Route 84, the short Route 84 was widened to a four-lane divided road with one intersection at Gray Lane. Instead of merging with Route 3, it was modified to continue northeast, the rest of the new road was designated Route 3 once it was completed on December 12,1955. It was not built to standards, only having interchanges at Route 3 in Hopkinton and Route 138 in Richmond, as well as a bridge over the Wood River. A section of freeway opened in July 1958, running from Route 3 at Kitts Corner northeast across the Big River and east across Route 3 to Route 2 on the West Warwick-Warwick line. Its west end was an intersection with old Route 3. The only two interchanges were with Route 3 east of the Big River and with Route 2 at its east end, the Interstate 95 designation was approved on June 27,1958. The section in southern Rhode Island was temporarily designated Route 95 until it could be upgraded to a freeway. As much as possible, Route 3 was moved back to the old road, Connecticut also renumbered their section of Route 84 to Route 95 at that time. Interstate 95 in Connecticut was finished December 12,1964 to the Rhode Island state line, the old road from the border to Gray Lane was combined with the frontage road built when Route 84 was upgraded to form what is now known as Extension 184. The portion from the Connecticut state line to Route 3 north of Richmond was upgraded to a freeway with construction ending May 1968. To the north, that freeway was connected with the Kent County Freeway by a new section, the connection to Route 3 at Kitts Corner was removed, and Route 3 was moved back to the old road over the Big River. Route 95 was renumbered Interstate 95, as the road was now a freeway
26.
Providence Place
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Providence Place is an urban shopping mall, currently owned by GGP Inc. It is located in downtown Providence, Rhode Island, near the Rhode Island State House and Providence Station, the mall became the largest shopping mall in Rhode Island with its opening in 1999, with a total of 1,400,000 sq ft gross leasable area. It was originally anchored by Lord & Taylor, Macys, and Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor closed their location at the mall in 2004 citing market conditions, penney, which itself was replaced with an expanded parking garage following the latter stores closure in 2015. The mall was built on land occupied by a dirt parking lot called Rays Park & Lock. The proposed design was met by opposition from residents on the citys East Side, the new design included more red and yellow brick and turrets on the roof, to reflect Providences industrial past. The design of the mall was partly done by the architect Friedrich St. Florian and he also built the skybridge that connected the mall with the Omni Hotel. In total, Providence Place consists of fifteen levels, the lowest three are labeled C-A. Level C consists of Parking-Only Stateside, and Street Level Restaurants Cityside, there is also a level D on the Stateside garage. Level B consists of DSW shoes and Restaurants, Old Navy stateside, Bed Bath & Beyond cityside, Level A consists of parking only, both cityside and stateside. Cityside is the southern end, facing Downtown. Stateside is the northern end, facing state office buildings including the State Capitol. The fifth through ninth levels are labeled 1, 1M,2, 2M and 3, there is a Dave & Busters, an IMAX theatre, and a 16-screen cinema on the seventh level. The mall also hosts two large parking garages, one cityside and the other stateside, anchored to its back end, bridges connect the two sides over the Woonasquatucket River. The malls Winter Garden is an architectural feature. The four-level structure in the center of the mall spans the Woonasquatucket River, the area features large expanses of glass providing views of the city. The third level of the Winter Garden contains the court and access to its fourth level, serving as the entrance to Dave and Busters, the IMAX theater. The tracks seem to go through the City Side parking lot, as of early 2017, the garages are being renovated. Some of the features are a light system that tells a driver where a place to park is
27.
Christmas tree
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A Christmas tree is a decorated tree, usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce, pine, or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance, associated with the celebration of Christmas. The modern Christmas tree was developed in early modern Germany, in which devout Christians brought decorated trees into their homes and it acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany, during the second half of the 19th century, at first among the upper classes. The tree was decorated with roses made of colored paper, apples, wafers, tinsel. In the 18th century, it began to be illuminated by candles which were replaced by Christmas lights after the advent of electrification. Today, there is a variety of traditional ornaments, such as garlands, baubles, tinsel. An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the archangel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity. Edible items such as gingerbread, chocolate and other sweets are also popular, the Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the Yule-tree, especially in discussions of its folkloric origins. The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th Century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed, resistance to the custom was often because of its confirmed Lutheran origins. Other sources have tried to make a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions. For example, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, The use of trees, wreaths, and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians, Chinese. During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia, houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants, the modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites, wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees. The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donars Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans. Alternatively, it is identified with the tree of paradise of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December, in such plays, a tree decorated with apples and wafers was used as a setting for the play. Like the Christmas crib, the Paradise tree was placed in homes. The apples were replaced by objects such as shiny red balls. Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany and its 16th-century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree. The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the sculpture of a private home in Turckheim, Alsace. The Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki, made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree and these pale-colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm to 3 meters
28.
Fraser fir
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The species Abies fraseri is named after the Scottish botanist John Fraser, who made numerous botanical collections in the region. It is sometimes misspelled Frasier, Frazer or Frazier, in the past, it was also sometimes known as she-balsam because resin could be milked from its bark blisters, in contrast to the he balsam which could not be milked. It has also occasionally been called balsam fir, inviting confusion with A. balsamea. Abies fraseri is an evergreen coniferous tree typically growing between 30 and 50 feet tall, but rarely to 80 ft, with a trunk diameter of 16 to 20 inches. The crown is conical, with branches either horizontal or angled upward at 40° from the trunk, it is dense when the tree is young. The bark is thin, smooth, grayish brown, and has numerous resinous blisters on juvenile trees, becoming fissured, the leaves are needle-like, arranged spirally on the twigs but twisted at their bases to form 2 rows on each twig, they are 0. 4-0. The cones disintegrate when mature at 4–6 months old to release the winged seeds, some botanists regard the variety of Balsam fir named Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis as a natural hybrid with Fraser fir, denominated Abies × phanerolepis Liu. Fraser fir is monoecious, meaning that male and female flowers occur on the same tree. Flower buds usually open from mid-May to early June, female flowers are borne mostly in the top few feet of the crown and on the distal ends of branches. Male flowers are borne below female flowers, but mostly in the half of the crown. Seed production may begin when trees are 15 years old, seeds germinate well on mineral soil, moss, peat, decaying stumps and logs, and even on detritus or litter that is sufficiently moist. It lives in acidic moist but well-drained sandy loam, and is mixed with Picea rubens. Other trees it grows with include Tsuga caroliniana, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyrifera, the climate is cool and moist, with short, cool summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall. Abies fraseri is severely damaged by an insect, the balsam woolly adelgid. The insects introduction and spread led to a decline in Fraser fir across its range. The rapid regeneration of seedlings with lack of canopy has led to regrowth of healthy young trees where the mature forests once stood. However, when these young trees get old enough for the bark to develop fissures, for this reason, the future of the species is still uncertain, though the Mount Rogers population has largely evaded adelgid mortality. The decline of the Fraser fir in the southern Appalachians has contributed to loss of habitat which supports the spruce-fir moss spider
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Abies balsamea
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Abies balsamea or balsam fir is a North American fir, native to most of eastern and central Canada and the northeastern United States. Balsam fir is a small to medium-size evergreen tree typically 14–20 metres tall, rarely to 27 metres tall, the bark on young trees is smooth, grey, and with resin blisters, becoming rough and fissured or scaly on old trees. The leaves are flat and needle-like,15 to 30 mm long, dark green above often with a patch of stomata near the tip. They are arranged spirally on the shoot, but with the leaf bases twisted so that the appear to be in two more-or-less horizontal rows on either side of the shoot. The seed cones are erect,40 to 80 mm long, dark purple, ripening brown, there are two varieties, Abies balsamea var. balsamea – bracts subtending seed scales short, not visible on the closed cones. Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis – bracts subtending seed scales longer, the southeast of the species range, from southernmost Quebec to West Virginia. The name Canaan fir derives from one of its native localities, some botanists regard this variety as a natural hybrid between balsam fir and Fraser fir, which occurs further south in the Appalachian mountains. On mountain tops, stands of balsam fir occasionally develop fir waves, often found in association with black spruce, white spruce and trembling aspen. The needles are eaten by some caterpillars, for example the Io moth. Both varieties of the species are popular as Christmas trees. The wood is milled for framing lumber, siding and pulped for paper manufacture, balsam fir oil is an EPA approved nontoxic rodent repellent. The balsam fir is used as an air freshener and as incense. Prior to the availability of foam rubber and air mattresses, balsam fir boughs were a preferred mattress in places where trees greatly outnumbered campers, many fir limbs are vertically bowed from alternating periods of downward deformation from snow loading and new growth reaching upward for sunlight. Layers of inverted freshly cut limbs from small trees created a pleasantly fragrant mattress lifting bedding off the wet ground, upper layers of limbs were placed with the cut ends of the limbs touching the earth to avoid uncomfortably sharp spots and sap. The cultivar A. balsamea Hudsonia group, has gained the Royal Horticultural Societys Award of Garden Merit, the Native Americans used it for a variety of medicinal purposes. Balsam fir is the tree of New Brunswick. Balsam of Peru Hunt, Richard S. Abies balsamea, IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, gymnosperm Database, Abies balsamea Karen Legasy, Shayna LaBelle-Beadman & Brenda Chambers
30.
Thomas Joseph Tobin
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Thomas Joseph Tobin is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He serves as the eighth and current Bishop of Providence and he also pursued his graduate studies at the Pontifical Liturgical Institute of San Anselmo in Rome. Tobin was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Vincent Leonard on July 21,1973, from 1979 to 1984, he was an assistant pastor at St. On November 3,1992, Tobin was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Pittsburgh and he received his episcopal consecration on December 27,1992, from then-Bishop Donald Wuerl, with Bishops Anthony Bosco and Nicholas C. Tobin was later named Bishop of Youngstown, Ohio, on December 5,1995, in 1997, he was given an honorary doctorate from his alma mater of St. Francis University. Pope John Paul II appointed Tobin Bishop of Providence, Rhode Island, on March 31,2005, Bishop Tobin currently sits on the Board of Trustees of Providence College and of Salve Regina University. He also maintains a column for his diocesan newspaper entitled Without A Doubt, the Without a Doubt columns have been published in two books authored by the Bishop, Without a Doubt, Bringing Faith to Life and Effective Faith, Faith that Makes a Difference. Tobin also became embroiled in a dispute with Rhode Island Congressman Patrick J. Kennedy over the Congressmans support for legal abortion during the Health Care debate. Kennedy claimed that Tobin barred him from Holy Communion, while Tobin claimed it was simply a confidential request made years prior, Bishop Tobin is an avid Pittsburgh Steelers fan, and displays a Steeler banner on his residence during each game day. Upon President Obamas announced support for marriage, Tobin claimed it was a sad day in American history. His views on Catholic morality and voting have included the concept that voting for a candidate is morally unacceptable. The Bishop has also stated that the Catholic Church has respect, love, I sincerely pray for God’s blessings upon them, that they will enjoy much health, happiness and peace. Book, Effective Faith, Faith that Makes a Difference Official site of the Holy See Without a Doubt Column Archive
31.
Lincoln Chafee
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Lincoln Davenport Chafee is an American politician from Rhode Island. He served as mayor of Warwick from 1993 to 1999, as a United States Senator from 1999 to 2007 and he is a member of the Democratic Party, having previously been a Republican until 2007. The son of Republican politician John Chafee, who served as the 66th Governor of Rhode Island, the United States Secretary of the Navy, Senator from Rhode Island, Lincoln Chafees first elected office was as a member of the Warwick City Council in 1985. Chafees tenure in the United States Senate was characterized by his support for fiscal and social policies that often opposed those promoted by the Republican Party and he was defeated in his 2006 reelection bid by Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse. In 2015, he sought nomination to be the Democratic candidate in the 2016 presidential election, Lincoln Davenport Chafee was born on March 26,1953 in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Virginia and John Chafee. Chafees great-great-grandfather, Henry Lippitt, was Governor of Rhode Island, among his great-great-uncles are Rhode Island Governor Charles Warren Lippitt and United States Senator Henry Frederick Lippitt. His great-uncle, Zechariah Chafee, was a Harvard law professor, the Chafee family was among the earliest settlers of Hingham, Massachusetts, before moving south to Rhode Island. On his mothers side, his great-grandfather, George de Forest Brush, was a painter in the American Renaissance. He attended public schools in Warwick, Rhode Island, Providence Country Day School, at Brown University, Chafee captained the wrestling team, and in 1975 earned a Bachelor of Arts in Classics. He then attended the Montana State University Farrier School in Bozeman, for the next seven years, he worked as a farrier at harness racetracks in the United States and Canada. One of the horses he shod, Overburden, set the record at Northlands Park in Edmonton. In describing how his time as a farrier affected him, Chafee stated that when you’re around horses, Chafee entered politics in 1985, when he was elected over eight other candidates to become delegate to the Rhode Island Constitutional Convention. A year later he was elected to the Warwick City Council, defeating an incumbent and he ran for Warwick Mayor in 1990, losing by 5 percent in a three-way race. He conservatively managed the City’s finances, strengthening the bond rating and paying down the outstanding pension liability. He worked effectively and cooperatively with the unions, especially in settling a difficult. As mayor, Chafee made conservation, environmental protection and wise growth a priority and he purchased 130 acres of open space, planted hundreds of street trees, and created new historic districts and a new economic development intermodal district at the state airport. His municipal composting and recycling initiatives dramatically decreased landfill waste, after his father announced he would not seek re-election in 2000, Lincoln Chafee announced he would run for the seat. When John Chafee died suddenly in October 1999, Governor Lincoln Almond appointed the younger Chafee to serve out the term, in the general election he faced the Democratic nominee, then-U. S
32.
Veterans Memorial Auditorium (Providence)
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Veterans Memorial Auditorium is a performing arts theater in Providence, Rhode Island. Construction began in 1928, but was delayed by the Great Depression, the theater was finally completed in 1950. The VETS is among the oldest arts venues in Rhode Island and is on the National Register of Historic Places and it was completely restored in 1990. The ornately-designed 1, 931-seat concert hall houses the largest theater stage in Rhode Island and is considered to have some of the best acoustics in New England, the performance space features a gilded proscenium arch, allegorical and heraldic ceiling murals. The Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra holds several concerts at The VETS each year, in addition, The VETS hosts a broad range of events each season, offering a variety of performances, rehearsals, exhibitions, concerts, educational events, meetings, and other special events. In 1983, the Veterans Memorial Auditorium Preservation Association was formed to try to save the auditorium and they rallied for five years and in 1988 Governor DiPrete awarded the VMAPA with $5 million for the buildings renovation. Since that time it has been a center for the arts, in 2015 The VETS completed another series of renovations making it a state of the art performance facility. The Renaissance Providence Hotel, formerly the Masonic Temple, is located adjacent to the The VETS. National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island
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Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
34.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
35.
The Providence Journal
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The Providence Journal, nicknamed the ProJo, is a daily newspaper serving the metropolitan area of Providence, Rhode Island and is the largest newspaper in Rhode Island. The newspaper was first published in 1829 and is the oldest continuously-published daily newspaper in the United States, the newspaper has won four Pulitzer Prizes. The papers history has reflected the waxing and waning of newspaper popularity throughout the United States, by 1829, demand for more timely news caused Miller to combine his existing publications into the Providence Daily Journal, published six days per week. The first edition of the Providence Daily Journal appeared July 1,1829, in the next few decades the paper was sold to new owners several times, until by 1863 it was owned by George Danielson and Henry B. The latter would go on to serve as Governor of Rhode Island, editor George W. Danielson joined the paper on January 1,1863, and served as editor until his death in 1884. Danielson immediately launched an edition, called the Evening Bulletin. By July 1871, the Journal had grown enough that it moved to larger quarters at the Barton Block. During the Danielson and Anthony years, the paper was known for its support of the Republican Party. After Danielsons death, the paper became less partisan, and by 1888 declared its political independence, in 1877, Danielson hired Charles Henry Dow, a young journalist with an interest in history. At the Journal, Dow developed an index which summarized stories of historic interest. It is possible this was an inspiration for Dows later development of his stock index at the Wall Street Journal. While at the Journal Dow wrote a series on The History of Steam Navigation between New York and Providence, Dow also traveled to Colorado to report on the Colorado Silver Boom and the Leadville miners strike, these stories were published in May and June 1879. In 1885, a Sunday edition was added, making the publication schedule seven days per week, in 1872 the first diner in America, a horse-drawn wagon serving hot food, was founded to serve the employees of the Providence Journal. Before American entry into World War I, Journal publisher and Australian immigrant John R. Rathom attempted to stir up sentiment in favor of the war against the Central Powers. He frequently published exposés of German subversive activities in the United States, by 1920, it was revealed that Rathoms information was supplied by British intelligence agents. Still, Rathom remained editor until his death in 1923, the Journal dropped Daily from its name and became The Providence Journal in 1920. In 1992, the Bulletin was discontinued and its name was appended onto that of the morning paper, starting in 1925, the Journal became the first in the country to expand coverage statewide. It had news bureaus throughout Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, a trend that had been inaugurated in 1925 by then-managing editor Sevellon Brown, in 1937, the only competing Providence-based daily, the Star-Tribune, went bankrupt and was sold
36.
Heritage Documentation Programs
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These programs were established to document historic places in the United States. Records consist of measured drawings, archival photographs, and written reports, in 1933, NPS established the Historic American Buildings Survey following a proposal by Charles E. Peterson, a young landscape architect in the agency. It was founded as a constructive program for architects, draftsmen. Guided by field instructions from Washington, D. C. the first HABS recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of Americas architectural heritage, by creating an archive of historic architecture, HABS provided a database of primary source material and documentation for the then-fledgling historic preservation movement. Earlier private projects included the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs, notable HABS photographers include Jack Boucher, who worked for the project for over 40 years. The Historic American Engineering Record program was founded on January 10,1969, by NPS, HAER documents historic mechanical and engineering artifacts. Since the advent of HAER, the program is typically called HABS/HAER. Today much of the work of HABS/HAER is done by student teams during the summer, eric DeLony headed HAER from 1971 to 2003. In October 2000, NPS and the American Society of Landscape Architects established a sister program, a predecessor, the Historic American Landscape and Garden Project, recorded historic Massachusetts gardens between 1935 and 1940. That project was funded by the Works Progress Administration, but was administered by HABS, the permanent collection of HABS/HAER/HALS are housed at the Library of Congress, which was established in 1790 as the replacement reference library of the United States Congress. It has since expanded to serve as the National Library of the United States, U. S. publishers are required to deposit a copy of every copyrighted and published work, book monograph. As a branch of the United States Government, its works are in the public domain in the US. Many images, drawings, and documents are available through the Prints and Photographs Online Catalog, including proposed, demolished, and existing structures, locales, projects, and designs. Jack Boucher, former HABS/HAER photographer Jet Lowe, former HAER photographer National Register of Historic Places HAER,30 Years of Recording Our Technological Heritage, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. Documenting Complexity, The Historic American Engineering Record and Americas Technological History, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. National Park Service−NPS, official Heritage Documentation Programs website
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Colonial colleges
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The colonial colleges are nine institutions of higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the United States of America became a sovereign nation after the American Revolution. These nine have long been considered together, notably in the survey of their origins in the 1907 The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. Seven of the nine colonial colleges are part of the Ivy League athletic conference, Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Columbia, University of Pennsylvania, Brown, and Dartmouth. The two colonial colleges not in the Ivy League are now both public universities—the College of William & Mary in Virginia and Rutgers University in New Jersey, William & Mary was a royal institution from 1693 until the American Revolution. Between the Revolution and the American Civil War, William & Mary was a private institution and it suffered significant damage during the Civil War and began to receive public support in the 1880s. William & Mary officially became a college in 1906. Seven of the nine colonial colleges began their histories as institutions of higher learning de novo, Dartmouth College began operating in 1768 as the collegiate department of Moors Charity School, a secondary school started in 1754 by Dartmouth founder Eleazar Wheelock. Dartmouth considers its founding date to be 1769, when it was granted a collegiate charter, listed below are the founding dates of the schools which served as predecessor entities and the years in which they were chartered to operate an institution of higher learning. First university in the United States
38.
Government of Rhode Island
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The governmental structure is modeled on the Government of the United States in having three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial. Pursuant to Articles VI, VII, and VIII of the Rhode Island Constitution, the General Assembly is bicameral, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives has a total of 75 members currently, the House of Representatives holds the only Libertarian Party elected state legislator in the United States. The General Assembly meets in the State House, the State elects a Governor, a Lieutenant Governor, a Secretary of State, a General Treasurer, and an Attorney General. The Governor appoints a Sheriff, who unlike most other sheriffs has statewide jurisdiction, the Governor appoints many officers to act as Commissioners, Directors, or other officers. The executive authority is vested in the Governor, typically through various directors and commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, though nominally in the Executive Branch, is a largely ceremonial position. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected on separate tickets by the electorate of Rhode Island, the Governors offices are located in the State House. Rhode Island is one of the few states that lacks a governors mansion, Rhode Island has numerous departments and agencies. The judicial branch of the government consists of the Rhode Island Supreme Court. Rhode Island General Assembly Governors Office State Website
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History of Rhode Island
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The history of Rhode Island includes the history of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations since pre-colonial times. Indian inhabitants occupied most of the now known as Rhode Island, including the Wampanoag, Narragansett. Many Indians were killed by diseases, possibly contracted through contact with European settlers and explorers, the Narragansett language died out for many years but was partially preserved in Roger Williamss A Key into the Languages of America. In the 21st century, the Narragansett tribe remains a recognized entity in Rhode Island. In 1636, Roger Williams settled at the tip of Narragansett Bay after being banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious views and he called the site Providence Plantation and declared it a place of religious freedom. Critics at the time referred to it as Rogues Island. In 1638, Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, John Clarke, Philip Sherman, Aquidneck is the largest island, purchased from the local natives who called it Pocasset. The settlement of Portsmouth was governed by the Portsmouth Compact, the southern part of the island became the separate settlement of Newport after disagreements among the founders. Dissident Samuel Gorton purchased the Indian lands at Shawomet in 1642, in 1644, Providence, Portsmouth, and Newport united for their common independence as the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, governed by an elected council and president. Gorton received a charter for his settlement in 1648, which he named Warwick after his patron. The union of four towns was strengthened by the Royal Charter of 1663. In 1686, King James II ordered Rhode Island to submit to the Dominion of New England and this suspended the colonys charter, but Rhode Island still managed to retain possession of it until Andros was deposed and the Dominion was dissolved. William of Orange became King after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and Rhode Islands independent government resumed under the 1663 charter, which was used as the state constitution until 1842. In 1693, the throne of William and Mary issued a patent extending Rhode Islands territory to three miles east and northeast of Narragansett Bay, conflicting with the claims of Plymouth Colony and this resulted in several later transfers of territory between Rhode Island from Massachusetts. In 1719, Rhode Island imposed civil restrictions on Catholics, the early relationship between New Englanders and Indians was at times strained, but did not result in any significant bloodshed. The largest tribes that lived near Rhode Island were the Wampanoag, Pequots, Narragansett, one native named Squanto from the Wampanoag tribe stayed with the pilgrims in Plymouth and taught them many valuable skills needed to survive in the area. He also helped greatly with the peace between the colonists and the natives. Roger Williams won the respect of his neighbors for his skill in keeping the powerful Narragansetts on friendly terms with local white settlers
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Narragansett people
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The Narragansett tribe are an Algonquian Native American tribe from Rhode Island. For a long time, the tribe was nearly landless, but it worked to regain federal recognition and it is officially the Narragansett Indian Tribe of Rhode Island and re-established sovereignty. It is made up of descendants of members who were identified in an 1880 treaty with the state. In 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled against the Narragansett request that the Department of the Interior take land into trust which they had acquired in 1991. The Narragansett tribe was recognized by the government in 1983 and controls the Narragansett Indian Reservation,1,800 acres of trust lands in Charlestown. A small portion of the tribe resides on or near the reservation, additionally, they own several hundred acres in Westerly. In 1991, the Narragansetts purchased 31 acres in Charlestown for development of elderly housing, in 1998, they requested that the Department of the Interior take the property into trust on behalf of the tribe, to remove it from state and local control. The case went to the United States Supreme Court, as the state challenged the removal of new lands from state oversight by a recognized by the US after the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act. Rhode Island was joined in its appeal by 21 other states and their determination was based on four words in the act, referring to its definition of Indian as all persons of Indian descent who are members of any recognized tribe now under federal jurisdiction. The tribe is led by a tribal council, a chief sachem, a medicine man. The entire tribal population must approve major decisions, the current administration is as follows, Chief Sachem, Matthew Thomas Medicine Man, John Brown First Councilman, Cassius Spears, Jr. Traditionally, the tribe spoke the Narragansett language, a member of the Algonquian languages family, the point referred to may be on the Salt Pond in Washington County, identified as RI Site 110. The language became almost entirely extinct during the Narragansetts centuries of living within the larger English-majority society, the tribe has begun language revival efforts, based on early 20th century books and manuscripts, and new teaching programs. The Narragansetts spoke a Y-dialect, similar enough to the N-dialects of the Massachusett, other Y-dialects include the Shinnecock and Pequot languages spoken historically by tribes on Long Island and in Connecticut, respectively. In the 17th century, Providence founder Roger Williams learned the tribes language and he documented it in his 1643 work A Key Into the Language of America. Williams gave the name as Nanhigganeuck. American English has absorbed a number of words from Narragansett and other closely related languages, such as Wampanoag. Such words include quahog, moose, papoose, powwow, squash, the Narragansett culture has existed in the region for centuries
41.
Thirteen Colonies
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The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States. The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems and they were part of Britains possessions in the New World, which also included colonies in present-day Canada and the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida. However, the Thirteen Colonies had a degree of self-government and active local elections. In the 1750s, the colonies began collaborating with each other instead of dealing directly with Britain, Colonial decisions were subject to approval by the governor and the home government. There were also substantial populations of African slaves in some of the colonies, especially Virginia, the Carolinas, the names of the colonies were chosen by the founders and proprietors, subject to royal approval, and given in the founding charters. Nine of the thirteen chose to include in their names the term Province of, later residents tended to drop the ambiguous terminology, as in the map shown in the article Province of New Jersey, which is labeled simply East Jersey and West Jersey. In July 1776, they formed a new nation called the United States of America, the new nation achieved that goal by winning the American Revolutionary War with the aid of France, the Netherlands, and Spain. The American flag features thirteen horizontal stripes which represent these original thirteen colonies, besides these thirteen colonies, Britain had another dozen in the New World. Those in the British West Indies, Newfoundland, the Province of Quebec, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Bermuda, and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war. The British crown had recently acquired those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec. Contemporary documents usually list the thirteen colonies of British North America in geographical order, the consolidation collapsed after the Glorious Revolution of 1688–89, and the nine former colonies re-established their separate identities in 1689. Massachusetts Bay Colony Settled in 1630 by Puritans from England, the colonial charter was revoked in 1684, and a new charter was issued in 1691 establishing an enlarged Province of Massachusetts Bay. Province of Maine Settled in 1622, the Massachusetts Bay Colony claimed the Maine territory in the 1650s, then limited to present-day southernmost Maine. Parts of Maine east of the Kennebec River were also part of New York in the half of the 17th century. These areas were made part of the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the charter of 1691. Plymouth Colony Settled in 1620 by the Pilgrims, plymouth was merged into the Province of Massachusetts Bay in the charter of 1691. Saybrook Colony Founded in 1635 and merged with Connecticut Colony in 1644, New Haven Colony Settled in late 1637. New Netherland Extensive region centered about New Amsterdam at the tip of Manhattan Island
42.
Hard clam
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It is one of many unrelated edible bivalves that in the United States are frequently referred to simply as clams, as in the expression clam digging. Older literature sources may use the systematic name Venus mercenaria, this species is in the family Veneridae, the hard clam has many alternative common names. It is also known as the Northern quahog, round clam, in fish markets, there are specialist names for different sizes of this species of clam. The smallest legally harvestable clams are called countnecks, next size up are littlenecks, above that are the cherrystones, and the largest are called quahogs or chowder clams. The most distinctive of these names is quahog, the word comes from the Narragansett word poquauhock, which is similar in Wampanoag and some other Algonquian languages, it is first attested in North American English in 1794. New England tribes made valuable beads called wampum from the shells, especially those colored purple, today people living in coastal New England still use the Indian word for the clam as they have done for hundreds of years. In many areas where aquaculture is important, clam farmers have bred specialized versions of these clams with distinctions needed for them to be distinguished in the marketplace and these are known as the notata strain of quahogs, which occur naturally in low numbers wherever quahogs are found. For example, the species is an important member of the suspension-feeding, Rhode Island is situated right in the middle of quahog country and has supplied a quarter of the U. S. s total annual commercial quahog catch. The quahog is the official shellfish of the U. S. state of Rhode Island, the species has also been introduced and is farmed on the Pacific coast of North America and in Great Britain and continental Europe. It reproduces sexually by females and males shedding gametes into the water, quahog Parasite Unknown is a parasite that affects Mercenaria mercenaria. While little is known about the disease, research is currently under way in several laboratories and it was discovered along the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts in 1995. Sometimes littlenecks are steamed and dipped in butter, though not as commonly as their soft-shelled clam cousin the steamer, littlenecks are often found in-the-shell in sauces, soups, stews, and clams casino, or substituted for European varieties such as the cockle in southern European seafood dishes. Historically, American Indians used the quahog as a component in wampum, the Narragansetts used the hard clam for food and ornaments. The term red tide refers to an accumulation of a produced by marine algae. Filter-feeding shellfish are affected, such as clams, oysters, the toxin affects the human central nervous system. Eating contaminated shellfish, raw or cooked, can be fatal, some other kinds of algal blooms make the seawater appear red, but red tide blooms do not always discolor the water, nor are they related to tides. Clams bought from a market should be safe, as harvesters are extremely careful about red tides. They close beds that are even remotely threatened and keep them closed for up to three or four weeks after they are clean of any red tide, Clam harvesters who violate the sanitary laws in New York face potential jail terms
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