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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
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Southampton, New York
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Southampton, officially the Town of Southampton, is a town located in southeastern Suffolk County, New York, partly on the South Fork of Long Island. As of the 2010 United States Census, the town had a population of 56,790. Southampton is included in the stretch of shoreline prominently known as The Hamptons, stony Brook Universitys Southampton campus is located here. The town was founded when settlers from Lynn, Massachusetts established residence on lands obtained from local Shinnecock Indian Nation in 1640, the first settlers included eight men, one woman, and a boy who came ashore at Conscience Point. These men were Thomas Halsey, Edward Howell, Edmond Farrington, Edmund Needham, Abraham Pierson the Elder, Thomas Sayre, Josiah Stanborough, George Welbe, Henry Walton, by July 7,1640, they had determined the town boundaries. During the next few years, Southampton was further increased in population by 43 families, the first meeting house was on a hill that is the site of the current Southampton Hospital. The oldest existent house in the town is the Halsey House at 249 Main Street, Southampton has 47 public and private cemeteries, not including Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, which is claimed as an Indian burial ground that is no longer in active use. Southampton is named after the city of Southampton in Hampshire. The Town of Southampton operates an official web site. The site shows the locations of over 100 points of interest, historic markers, the disputed property includes the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, which Shinnecock say is the location of tribe burial grounds. The tribe has challenged the state approval of an 1859 sale of the 3500 acres of tribal land. This broke the terms of a 1, 000-year-lease signed by Southampton colonial officials, the suit charges that in 1859, a group of powerful New York investors conspired to break the lease by sending the state Legislature a fraudulent petition from a number of Shinnecock tribal members. Although other tribal members protested that the petition was a forgery. The current town supervisor is Jay Schneiderman, an Independence Party member who was elected in November 2015 with 56. 34% of the vote. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 295.6 square miles. The total area is 53. 02% water, the Town of Southampton contains 7 incorporated villages and 16 unincorporated areas, which are called hamlets in New York state. The population density was 394.0 people per square mile, there were 35,836 housing units at an average density of 258.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 87. 98% White,6. 62% Black or African American,0. 41% Native American,0. 89% Asian,0. 08% Pacific Islander,2. 28% from other races, and 1. 73% from two or more races
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Ferncliff Cemetery
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Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum is located at 280 Secor Road in the hamlet of Hartsdale, town of Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York, about 25 miles north of Midtown Manhattan. It was founded in 1902, and is non-sectarian, Ferncliff has three community mausoleums, a crematory, a small chapel, and a main office located in the rear of the main building. Ferncliff Cemetery has three community mausoleums that offer what The New York Times has described as lavish burial spaces, as of 2001, a standard crypt space in the mausoleums was priced at $15,000. The highest-priced spaces were private rooms with bronze gates, crystal chandeliers. The Ferncliff Mausoleum, aka The Cathedral of Memories, is the cemeterys oldest mausoleum and it has classic architecture, but the corridors are dark without glass panes to admit natural light. Ed Sullivan and Joan Crawford are two of the most famous interments in the main mausoleum, the Shrine of Memories is Ferncliffs second mausoleum and was constructed in 1956. Shrine of Memories is a contemporary structure than Ferncliff Mausoleum. It has many panes of glass to admit light. Basil Rathbone is one of the most famous interments in Shrine of Memories, Rosewood is Ferncliffs most recently completed community mausoleum, having been constructed in 1999. The architect of Rosewood was Joseph J. Mangan Aaliyah and her father Michael Haughton have a room in Rosewood. Cab Calloway is interred with his wife Zulme Nuffie, the cemetery is also known for its in-ground burials in sections located in front of the mausoleums. Ferncliff is one of the few cemeteries that does not permit upright headstones in its outdoor plots. All outdoor grave markers are flush with the ground and this feature facilitates maintenance of the cemetery grounds. However, there are several upright headstones that were placed before this policy was instituted, malcolm X and the most famous ground burials, in plot Pinewood B. Petilli Jr, owner of Big Apple Bus Co, david M. Potts, U. S. Congressman, House of Rep. V. Because of local ordinances, no additional crematories can be constructed in Westchester County, people whose remains were cremated at Ferncliff and whose ashes were taken somewhere else include, Alan Freed, radio DJ known as The Father of Rock & Roll. His ashes were moved to the Rock and Roll Hall Of Fame in 2002 and his ashes were scattered at his Santa Fe, New Mexico, ranch. John Lennon, singer and songwriter Alan Jay Lerner, composer and playwright Nelson Rockefeller, Governor of New York and his ashes were scattered on his estate. S
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Trinity College (Connecticut)
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Trinity College is a private liberal arts college in Hartford, Connecticut. Founded in 1823, it is the second-oldest college in the state of Connecticut after Yale University, the college is an urban campus. Coeducational since 1969, the college enrolls 2,300 students, Trinity offers 38 majors and 26 minors, with a student to faculty ratio of 10,1. The college is a member of the New England Small College Athletic Conference, U. S. News & World Report ranked Trinity tied for 38th in its 2017 ranking of best national liberal arts colleges in the United States. Early Connecticut was dominated by Congregationalists, episcopalians, whod long sought to set up their own college, were provided an opportunity when the Connecticut Constitution disestablished the Congregationalist Church 1818. It was taken by Bishop Thomas Brownell, who opened Washington College in 1824 to nine students, a fourteen-acre site was chosen, at the time about a half-mile from the city of Hartford. Over time Bushnell Park was laid out to the north and the east, the college was renamed Trinity College in 1845, the original campus consisted of two Greek Revival buildings, one housing a chapel, library, and lecture rooms and the other, a dormitory. The site next to Bushnell Park, where Trinity College then stood, was deemed to be a location to build a state house. So the trustees were persuaded to sell the campus to the city in 1872 for $600,000. The trustees moved the college to an 80 acre site on a ridge on the edge of Hartford. Then-president Abner Jackson hired an English architect to draw up plans for an entire campus, Construction of the new campus was begun under the presidency of Thomas Ruggles Pynchon. In 1872, Trinity College was persuaded by the state to move from its downtown “College Hill” location to its current 100-acre campus a mile southwest. Although the college sold its land overlooking the Park River and Bushnell Park in 1872, the original plans for the Gallows Hill site were drawn by the noted Victorian architect William Burges but were too ambitious and too expensive to be fully realized. Only one section of the campus plan, the Long Walk, was completed. By 1889 the library contained 30,000 volumes, and the school boasted over 900 graduates, President Remsen Ogilby enlarged the campus, and more than doubled the endowment. The faculty grew from 25 to 62, and the student body from 167 to 530 men, under President Keith Funston, returning veterans expanded the enrollment to 900. Trinity ended the century as an institution primarily serving the Hartford area. The early years of the century were primarily growth years for Trinity, enrollment was increased to 500 men
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Mary Hay (actress)
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Mary Hay was an American dancer, musical comedy and silent screen actress, playwright and former Ziegfeld girl, active over the decade popularly known as the Roaring Twenties. Hay was a graduate of the Anna Head School for Girls in Berkeley and had studied dance at Ruth St. Denis’ Denishawn studio in Los Angeles, the dog was played by comedian Phil Dwyer. W. Hay had known actor Richard Barthelmess, who starred in the film opposite Lillian Gish and their engagement and subsequent wedding on June 18,1920, at Manhattan’s Church of the Heavenly Rest was widely covered by the press and entertainment tabloids of the day. Hay played the supporting role ‘Miss Barbara Sternroyd’ in Marjolaine, a comedy by Catherine Chisholm Cushing that opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on January 24,1922. Marjolaine, based on the comedy Pomander Walk by Louis N. Parker, Marjolaine closed in late May after a successful run of 136 performances. On Christmas Day,1925, Hay created the role in Mary Jane McKane. The play had a run at the Imperial Theatre that extended into May 1926. That September she played ’Weenie Winters’ in the successful musical comedy Sunny by Oscar Hammerstein II. Sunny opened at the New Amsterdam on September 22,1925, treasure Girl closed at the Alvin on January 5,1929, after 68 performances. Under the pseudonyms Bruce Spaulding and Anthony Baird, Hay and Nella Stewart wrote the farce She’s No Lady that opened in Chicago on March 2,1930 and her last Broadway play was Greater Love, which she co-wrote and played in. Greater Love ended its run at the Liberty Theatre on March 19,1931 after 8 performances, hay’s Hollywood career consists of only two other known films, Eastward Ho in 1919 and New Toys released in 1925. In the latter she played ‘Mary Lane’ In support of her husband’s character, by May 1925, Hay had separated from Barthelmess with an arrangement to share custody of their young daughter, Mary Hay Barthelmess. During this time she formed an act with Clifton Webb performing at supper clubs in Europe. Her marriage ended in mid January 1927, a few weeks after a Paris court had granted a divorce decree, on April 9,1927 at Greenwich, Connecticut, Hay married Vivian Bath, a wealthy British rubber merchant from Singapore, where the two planned to live. This marriage ended in 1934 at San Francisco, some six years after the birth of their daughter Anne, Hay remained in San Francisco where she became active in little theater productions and, in 1939, married artist Richard Hastings, a grandson of Serranus Clinton Hastings. Hay’s third daughter, Joyce Hastings, was born the year in Georgia, not far from their second home in Carrabelle. Hay divorced again around 1952, about the time she began to suffer heart disease. She died at her home in Inverness, California, with her daughter at her bedside
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Lillian Gish
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Lillian Diana Gish was an American actress of the screen and stage, as well as a director and writer whose film acting career spanned 75 years, from 1912 in silent film shorts to 1987. Gish was called the First Lady of American Cinema, and she is credited with pioneering fundamental film performing techniques and she also did considerable television work from the early 1950s into the 1980s and closed her career playing opposite Bette Davis in the 1987 film The Whales of August. In her later years Gish became an advocate for the appreciation and preservation of silent film. Gish is widely considered to be the greatest actress of the silent era, despite being better known for her film work, Gish was also an accomplished stage actress, and she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1972. Gish was born in Springfield, Ohio, to Mary Robinson McConnell and she had a younger sister, Dorothy, who also became a popular movie star. The first several generations of Gishes were Dunkard ministers and her great-great-grandfather fought in the American Revolutionary War and is buried in a cemetery in Pennsylvania for such soldiers. Letters between Gish and a Pennsylvania college professor indicate that her knowledge of her background was limited. Gishs father was an unreliable alcoholic, when he left the family, her mother took up acting to support them. The family moved to East St. Louis, Illinois, where lived for several years with Lillians aunt and uncle, Henry. Their mother opened the Majestic Candy Kitchen, and the girls helped sell popcorn and candy to patrons of the old Majestic Theater, the girls attended St. Henrys School, where they acted in school plays. The girls were living with their aunt Emily in Massillon, Ohio, Lillian traveled to Shawnee, Oklahoma, where Jamess brother Alfred Grant Gish and his wife, lived. Her father, who by then was institutionalized in the Oklahoma Hospital for the Insane in Norman and he was able to travel the 35 miles to Shawnee and the two got reacquainted. She stayed with her aunt and uncle and attended Shawnee High School there and she wrote to her sister Dorothy that she was thinking of staying and finishing high school and then going to college, but she missed her family. Her father died in Norman, Oklahoma, January 9,1912, when the theater next to the candy store burned down, the family moved to New York, where the girls became good friends with a next-door neighbor, Gladys Smith. Gladys was an actress who did some work for director D. W. Griffith. When Lillian and Dorothy were old enough, they joined the theatre and they also took modeling jobs, with Lillian posing for artist Victor Maurel in exchange for voice lessons. In 1912, their friend Mary Pickford introduced the sisters to Griffith, Lillian Gish would soon become one of Americas best-loved actresses. Although she was already 19, she gave her age as 16 to the studio, Gish made her stage debut in 1902, at The Little Red School House in Rising Sun, Ohio
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D. W. Griffith
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David Wark D. W. Griffith was an American director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance, the Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. Today, it is noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy. The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and, after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters, Intolerance, his next film, was, in part, an answer to his critics. By the time of his feature, The Struggle, he had made roughly 500 films. Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and he is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot. Griffith was born on a farm in Oldham County, Kentucky, Jacob was a Confederate Army colonel in the American Civil War and was elected as a Kentucky state legislator. He attended a one-room schoolhouse where he was taught by his older sister, after his father died when he was ten, the family struggled with poverty. When Griffith was 14, his mother abandoned the farm and moved the family to Louisville, Griffith then left high school to help support the family, taking a job in a dry goods store and later in a bookstore. Griffith began his career as an actor in touring companies. Meanwhile, he was learning how to become a playwright, but had little success—only one of his plays was accepted for a performance, Griffith then decided to become an actor, and appeared in many films as an extra. Griffith began making films in 1908, and released his first feature film, Judith of Bethulia. A few years earlier, in 1907, Griffith, still struggling as a playwright, Porter rejected Griffiths script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagles Nest instead. Finding this attractive, Griffith began to explore a career as an actor in the picture business. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the industry would change forever. In 1908, Biographs main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon, McCutcheon, Jr. however, was not able to bring the studio any success. As a result, Biograph co-founder, Henry Harry Marvin, decided to give Griffith the position, Griffith would end up directing forty-eight shorts for the company that year. His short In Old California was the first film shot in Hollywood, four years later he produced and directed his first feature film Judith of Bethulia, one of the earliest to be produced in the United States
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Broken Blossoms
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Broken Blossoms or The Yellow Man and the Girl, often referred to simply as Broken Blossoms, is a 1919 American silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith. It was distributed by United Artists and premiered on May 13,1919 and it was the second film released by United Artists. It is based on Thomas Burkes short story The Chink and the Child from the 1916 collection Limehouse Nights, Cheng Huan leaves his native China because he dreams to spread the gentle message of Buddha to the Anglo-Saxon lands. His idealism fades as he is faced with the reality of Londons gritty inner-city. However, his mission is realized in his devotion to the broken blossom Lucy Burrows. After being beaten and discarded one evening by her father, Lucy finds sanctuary in Chengs home. As Cheng nurses Lucy back to health, the two form a bond as two unwanted outcasts of society, all goes astray for them when Lucys father gets wind of his daughters whereabouts and in a drunken rage drags her back to their home to punish her. Fearing for her life, Lucy locks herself inside a closet to escape her contemptuous father, by the time Cheng arrives to rescue Lucy, whom he so innocently adores, it is too late. Lucys lifeless body lies on her modest bed as Battling has a drink in the other room. As Cheng gazes at Lucys youthful face which, in spite of the circumstances, beams with innocence and even the slightest hint of a smile, Battling enters the room to make his escape. The two stand for a long while, exchanging spiteful glances, until Battling lunges for Cheng with a hatchet, after returning to his home with Lucys body, Cheng builds a shrine to Buddha and takes his own life with a knife to the chest. Conversely, the Burrows bare cell reeks of oppression and hostility, Griffith was unsure of his final product and took several months to complete the editing, saying, I cant look at the damn thing, it depresses me so. The film was made for Famous Players Lasky. That company sold it to the newly founded United Artists for $250,000, the movie turned out to be a hit at the box office and earned a profit of $700,000. Broken Blossoms premiered in May 1919, at the George M. Cohan Theatre in New York City as part of the D. W. Griffith Repertory Season. According to Lillian Gishs autobiography, theaters were decorated with flowers, moon lanterns, critics and audiences were pleased with Griffiths follow-up film to his 1916 epic Intolerance. Contrasting with Intolerances grand story, set and length, Griffith charmed audiences by the delicacy with which Broken Blossoms handled such a complex subject, few pictures have enjoyed greater or more lasting success destime. She said Griffith himself was sickened while directing her in the closet scene, today, Broken Blossoms is widely regarded as one of Griffiths finest works
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Way Down East
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Way Down East is a 1920 American silent romantic drama film directed by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. It is one of four film adaptations of the melodramatic 19th century play Way Down East by Lottie Blair Parker, there were two earlier silent versions and one sound version in 1935 starring Henry Fonda. Griffiths version is remembered for its exciting climax in which Lillian Gishs character is rescued from doom on an icy river. Some sources, quoting newspaper ads of the time, say a sequence was filmed in a color process. The rich, typified by the handsome man-about-town Lennox, are exceptionally selfish, Anna is a poor country girl whom Lennox tricks into a fake wedding. When she becomes pregnant, he leaves her and she has the baby, named Trust Lennox, on her own. When the baby dies she wanders until she gets a job with Squire Bartlett, David, Squire Bartletts son, falls for her, but she rejects him due to her past. Then Lennox shows up lusting for another girl, Kate. Seeing Anna, he tries to get her to leave, but she refuses to go, finally, Squire Bartlett learns of Annas past from Martha, the town gossip. In his anger, he tosses Anna out into a snow storm, before she goes, she fingers the respected Lennox as her despoiler and the father of her dead baby. Anna becomes lost in the storm while David leads a search party. In the famous climax, the unconscious Anna floats on an ice floe down a river towards a waterfall, until rescued at the last moment by David, subplots relate the romances and eventual marriages of some of the picaresque characters inhabiting the village. Davies died in 1912 but had toured the play for well over ten years, the play was considered outdated by the time of its cinematic production in 1920. The play was a story that espoused nineteenth century Americana. Although it was Griffiths most expensive film to date, it was one of his most commercially successful. Way Down East is the fourth highest grossing silent film in cinema history, silentEra. com says that some sequences of Way Down East were filmed in an early Technicolor process. Clarine Seymour had appeared in four previous Griffith films, and was hired to play Kate, however, her role was given to Mary Hay, and Seymours footage reshot, when Seymour died after surgery. The famous ice floe sequence was filmed in White River Junction, an actual waterfall was used, though it was only a few feet high — the long shot where a large drop is shown was filmed at Niagara Falls
11.
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academys corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, the roster of the Academys approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a closely guarded secret. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, the Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017, the notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began with Louis B. He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and he met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having a banquet was discussed. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry, actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts, everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6,1927 and their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president and that night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five groups, or branches. The original five were, Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers, the initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as went on, the organization moved further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented, during July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This award of merit for distinctive achievement is what we know now as the Academy Award, the initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, the screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers, in 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created Americas first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures
12.
Academy Award for Best Actor
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The Academy Award for Best Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a leading role while working within the film industry. The 1st Academy Awards ceremony was held in 1929 with Emil Jannings receiving the award for his roles in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the branch of AMPAS. In the first three years of the awards, actors were nominated as the best in their categories, at that time, all of their work during the qualifying period was listed after the award. The following year, this unwieldy and confusing system was replaced by the current system in which an actor is nominated for a performance in a single film. Starting with the 9th ceremony held in 1937, the category was officially limited to five nominations per year, since its inception, the award has been given to 79 actors. Daniel Day-Lewis has received the most awards in this category with three Oscars, spencer Tracy and Laurence Olivier were nominated on nine occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Casey Affleck is the most recent winner in category for his role as Lee Chandler in Manchester by the Sea. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. For the first five ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned twelve months from August 1 to July 31, for the 6th ceremony held in 1934, the eligibility period lasted from August 1,1932 to December 31,1933
13.
The Patent Leather Kid
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The Patent Leather Kid is a 1927 silent film which tells the story of a boxer who scoffs at fighting outside the ring. Particularly for the United States once it enters World War I, eventually, he is drafted, is shipped overseas, and performs a heroic act, which results in his being severely wounded. It stars Richard Barthelmess, Molly ODay, Lawford Davidson, Matthew Betz, the movie was adapted by Gerald C. Duffy, Winifred Dunn, Casey Robinson and Adela Rogers St. Johns from the story by Rupert Hughes and it was directed by Alfred Santell. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, Richard Barthelmess - The Patent Leather Kid Molly ODay - Curley Boyle Lawford Davidson - Lt. com
14.
Nyack, New York
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Nyack /ˈnaɪ. æk/ is a village located primarily in the town of Orangetown in Rockland County, New York, United States. Incorporated in 1872, it retains a small western section in Clarkstown. Nyack had a population of 6,765 as of the 2010 census, most of Rockland Countys local music scene is based in Nyack. Nyack is one of five southeastern Rockland County villages and hamlets that constitute The Nyacks – Nyack, Central Nyack, South Nyack, Upper Nyack and West Nyack. Adjacent South Nyack is the terminus of the Tappan Zee Bridge. Interstate 87, an important commuter artery, the village is approximately 1.6 square miles in area, over 50% of which falls within the Hudson River. It is in the Nyack School District, Native American stone relics and oyster middens found along the shore of the Hudson indicate todays Nyack was a favorite pre-Colonial fishing spot. The first Europeans settled in there in 1675, calling the general area Tappan, Harman Douwenszen is thought to be the first white settler. He came to America as a toddler and grew up in Bergen, in the State Archives in Albany there is a 1687 letter on file petitioning Governor Dongan to buy a strip of land in the west hills of Tappan, in which he had lived on for 12 years. His partition was granted and he bought the land from the Native Americans and he called his farm New Orania. This section of Nyack became known as Orangetown in 1683, the Tappan Register of 1707 claimed it was pronounced Nay-ack. Nyack became part of Rockland County in 1798, harmans younger brother Theius changed the family name from Douwse to Talma proper Dutch for first son. His children became Talman and eventually Tallmans, the New Orania farm became the Tallman homestead, at the northeast corner of what is now Broadway and Tallman Place. The building was demolished in 1914, letter dated 8/31/1687 on file at New York State Archives at Albany, The humble Peticon of Harman Dowse of Tappan Neare Ye River Side, Alias New Orania farm. Your peticonr is a farmer that hath nothing wot comes by his hard labour but by Gods Blessing out ye Produce and ye ground, here, in summer they lived upon fish and oysters. In Algonkian dialect spoken by them they called this location NAY-ACK which means the fishing place. The first settlement of people within the limits of the present Rockland County, New York, took place in 1675 when Harmen Dowesen. The Tallmans erected a mill upon a stream which still is known as Mill Brook, abraham Lydecker purchased land from the Tallmans when there were but seven homes in Nyack in 1813
15.
Hartford, Connecticut
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Hartford is the capital of the U. S. state of Connecticut. It was the seat of Hartford County until Connecticut disbanded county government in 1960, as of the 2010 Census, Hartfords population was 124,775, making it Connecticuts third-largest city after the coastal cities of Bridgeport and New Haven. Census Bureau estimates since then have indicated Hartfords subsequent fall to fourth place statewide as a result of sustained growth in the coastal city of Stamford. Nicknamed the Insurance Capital of the World, Hartford houses many insurance company headquarters, founded in 1635, Hartford is among the oldest cities in the United States. In 1868, resident Mark Twain wrote, Of all the towns it has been my fortune to see this is the chief. Following the American Civil War, Hartford was the richest city in the United States for several decades, today, Hartford is one of the poorest cities in the nation with 3 out of every 10 families living below the poverty line. In sharp contrast, the Hartford metropolitan area is ranked 32nd of 318 metropolitan areas in total economic production, various tribes, all part of the loose Algonquin confederation, lived in or around present-day Hartford. The area was referred to as Suckiaug, meaning Black Fertile River-Enhanced Earth, the first Europeans known to have explored the area were the Dutch, under Adriaen Block, who sailed up the Connecticut in 1614. Dutch fur traders from New Amsterdam returned in 1623 with a mission to establish a trading post, the original site was located on the south bank of the Park River in the present-day Sheldon/Charter Oak neighborhood. This fort was called Fort Hoop, or the House of Hope, in 1633, Jacob Van Curler formally bought the land around Fort Hoop from the Pequot chief for a small sum. It was home to perhaps a couple families and a few dozen soldiers, the area today is known as Dutch Point, and the name of the Dutch fort, House of Hope, is reflected in the name of Huyshope Avenue. The fort was abandoned by 1654, but its neighborhood in Hartford is still known as Dutch Point, the Dutch outpost, and the tiny contingent of Dutch soldiers that were stationed there, did little to check the English migration. The Dutch soon realized they were vastly outnumbered, the House of Hope remained an outpost, but it was steadily swallowed up by waves of English settlers. The English began to arrive 1637, settling upstream from Fort Hoop near the present-day Downtown, the settlement was originally called Newtown, but was changed to Hartford in 1637 in honor of Stones hometown of Hertford, England. Hooker also created the town of Windsor. The etymology of Hartford is the ford where harts cross, the Seal of the City of Hartford features a male deer, which in full maturity was referred to by the medieval hunting term hart. The fledgling colony along the Connecticut River had issues with the authority by which it was to be governed because it was outside of the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colonys charter. Historians suggest that Hookers conception of self-rule embodied in the Fundamental Orders went on to inspire the Connecticut Constitution, today, one of Connecticuts nicknames is the Constitution State
16.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
17.
Alla Nazimova
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Alla Nazimova was a Russian actress who immigrated to the United States in 1905. On Broadway, she was noted for her work in the plays of Ibsen, Chekhov. Her efforts at silent film production were less successful, but a few sound-film performances survive as a record of her art, Nazimova openly conducted relationships with women, and her mansion on Hollywood’s Sunset Boulevard was believed to be the scene of outlandish parties. She is credited with having originated the phrase ‘sewing circle’ as a code for lesbian or bisexual actresses. She was born Marem-Ides Leventon in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire and her stage name Alla Nazimova was a combination of Alla and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets. She was widely known as just Nazimova, and also went under the name Alia Nasimoff and she was the youngest of three children of Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sofia Lvovna Horowitz, who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev. She grew up in a family, her parents divorced when she was 8. After her parents separated, she was shuffled among boarding schools, as a teenager she began to pursue an interest in the theatre and took acting lessons at the Academy of Acting in Moscow. She joined Constantin Stanislavskis Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time, Nazimovas theater career blossomed early, and by 1903 she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with her boyfriend Pavel Orlenev, in 1905 they moved to New York City and founded a Russian-language theater on the Lower East Side. The venture was unsuccessful, and Orlenev returned to Russia while Nazimova stayed in New York and she was signed up by the American producer Henry Miller and made her Broadway debut in New York City in 1906 to critical and popular success. Her English-language premiere in November 1906 was in the role of Hedda Gabler. She quickly became popular and remained a major Broadway star for years, often acting in the plays of Henrik Ibsen. Dorothy Parker described her as the finest Hedda Gabler she had ever seen, due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in 1916 in the filmed version of the play, which was produced by Lewis J. Selznick. A young actor with a bit part in the movie was Richard Barthelmess, Nazimova had encouraged him to try out for movies and he later became a star. In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM and she moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro that earned her considerable money. In 1927, she became a citizen of the United States. Nazimova soon felt confident enough in her abilities to begin producing and writing films in which she also starred, in her film adaptations of works by such notable writers as Oscar Wilde and Ibsen, she developed her own filmmaking techniques, which were considered daring at the time
18.
Gloria's Romance
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Glorias Romance was a 1916 silent film serial starring Billie Burke. The film was Burkes second outing as an actress. In its original form, this serial comprised 20 chapters and was 40 reels long, glorias Romance marked the debut of actor Richard Barthelmess. It was written by Rupert Hughes and his wife and produced by George Kleine, walter Edwin and Colin Campbell served as principal directors. There she finds terror and excitement, as well as the rivalry of two men in love with her
19.
Marguerite Clark
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Marguerite Clark was an American stage and silent film actress. As a movie actress, at one time, Clark was second only to Mary Pickford in popularity, born Helen Marguerite Clark in Avondale, Cincinnati, Ohio, she was the third child of Augustus Gus James and Helen Elizabeth Clark. She had a sister, Cora, and an older brother named Clifton. Clarks mother Helen died on January 21,1893 and her father worked in his self-owned successful haberdashery located in downtown Cincinnati before his death on December 29,1896. Following the death, Clarks sister Cora was appointed her legal guardian and she finished school at age 16, decided to pursue a career in the theatre and soon made her Broadway debut in 1900. The 17-year-old performed at various venues, in 1903 she was seen on Broadway opposite that hulking comedian DeWolf Hopper in Mr. Pickwick. The 6-foot-6-inch Hopper dwarfed the nearly 5-foot-tall Clark in their scenes together, in 1909 Clark starred in the whimsical costume play The Beauty Spot, establishing the fantasy stories for which would soon become her hallmark. In 1910 Clark appeared in The Wishing Ring, a directed by Cecil DeMille. That same 1910 season had Clark appearing in Baby Mine, a play produced by William A. Brady. Clarks popularity led to her signing a contract in 1914 to make pictures with Famous Players-Lasky. Clark had a role in a film that defined Clarks persona. At age 31, it was late in life for a film actress to begin a career with starring roles, but the diminutive Clark had a little-girl look, like Mary Pickford. Also, film was not developed or mature enough to showcase Clark at her youthful best at the turn of the century and these were one of the reasons established Broadway stars refused early film offers. Feature films were unheard of when Clark was in her early 20s and she made her first appearance on screen in the short film Wildflower, directed by Allan Dwan. In 1915 Clark starred as Gretchen in a production of The Goose Girl based on a 1909 best-selling novel by Harold MacGrath. She performed in the feature-length production The Seven Sisters, directed by Sidney Olcott, and she reprised a Broadway role, starring in the first feature-length film version of Snow White. Clark was directed in this by J. Searle Dawley, as well as in a number of films, Clark starred in Come Out of the Kitchen, which was filmed in Pass Christian, Mississippi, at Ossian Hall. The same year, she enrolled as a yeowoman in the naval reserves, Clark made all but one of her 40 films with Famous Players-Lasky, her last with them in 1920 titled Easy to Get, in which she starred opposite silent film actor Harrison Ford
20.
Tol'able David
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Tolable David is a 1921 American silent film based on the Joseph Hergesheimer short story. It was adapted to the screen by Edmund Goulding and directed by Henry King for Inspiration Pictures and they filmed the movie on location in Blue Grass, Virginia during 1921, with some inhabitants in minor roles. A major box office success, the film was voted the 1921 Photoplay Magazine Medal of Honor and is seen by critics. However, he is reminded that he is still a boy, tolable enough. Esther initially tells David not to interfere, saying hes no match for her cousins, later, the cousins kill Davids pet dog and cripple his older brother while the latter is delivering mail and taking passengers to town in his hack wagon. Davids father sets out to administer justice on the Hatburn cousins. The family is turned out of the farm and are forced to move into a small house in town. David asks for his brothers old job of driving the hack but is told he is too young and he does find work at the general store though. Later, when the regular driver is fired for drunkenness. He loses the mailbag near the Hatburn farm, where it is found by Luke, David goes to the Hatburn farm to demand the mailbag. He is refused and gets into an argument with the cousins, David then shoots Iscah and the younger son and later, after a prolonged fight with the older brother, emerges victorious. Esther flees for help and makes it to the village, telling that David has been killed, as a crowd prepares to go look for David, he, although injured, arrives in the hack with the bag of mail. It is clear to all that David, no longer merely tolable, is a real man, in Life, Robert E. Sherwood wrote, It is the first motion picture to achieve real greatness without placing any reliance on spectacular effect. In Photoplay it was called a masterpiece again and one of the few film tragedies of uncompromising power, variety said of Barthelmess performance that it came close to being the best effort he has ever made. The review in Motion Picture News gave the opinion that there would be few who will not feel the power of it, the Exhibitors Herald found it a superb piece of cinema craftsmanship and excellent throughout. Pudovkin who used it as an exemplar in his writing, in 1963, John Ford named Tolable David in his Top Ten of favorite films. The Kid Brother, Harold Lloyds highly regarded comedy, had a similar plot, the Kid Brother was a reworking of The White Sheep, which also loosely adapted aspects of Tolable David. A less successful 1930 sound remake with Richard Cromwell in the role was directed by John G. Blystone for Columbia
21.
Photoplay
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Photoplay is a dated term for a motion picture that can also refer to a type of novel popular during the silent era of Hollywood. Photoplay was one of the first American film fan magazines and it was founded in 1911 in Chicago, the same year that J. Stuart Blackton founded Motion Picture Story, a magazine also directed at fans. For most of its run, Photoplay was published by Macfadden Publications, Photoplay began as a short-fiction magazine concerned mostly with the plots and characters of films at the time and was used as a promotional tool for those films. In 1915, Julian Johnson and James R. Quirk became the editors, by 1918 the circulation exceeded 200,000, with the popularity of the magazine fueled by the publics increasing interest in the private lives of celebrities. Photoplay reached its apex in the 1920s and 1930s and was considered influential within the motion picture industry. The magazine was renowned for its portraits of film stars on the cover by such artists as Earl Christy. Macfadden Publications purchased the magazine in 1934, with the advancement of color photography, the magazine began using photographs of the stars instead by 1937. The magazine was edited by Quirk until 1932, later editors include Kathyrn Dougherty, Ruth Waterbury and it also featured the health and beauty advice of Sylvia of Hollywood, arguably the first fitness guru to the stars. Beginning in 1920, Photoplay gave out what is considered the first significant annual movie award, the worth of its dramatic message. By 1939 the Medal of Honor had declined in importance and the award was discontinued that year. From 1944 to 1968, Photoplay awarded a Gold Medal for film of the based on polling done by George Gallups Audience Research Inc. through the 1950s. It also awarded Most Popular Male Star and Most Popular Female Star based on an actor and actress popularity, the awards were based on polling through the 1950s, and then on a vote by the readers, similar to the Gold Medal. Most popular television stars were named in the 1960s. In 1948, the Photoplay Awards were broadcast on television as part of The Steve Allen Plymouth Show. Photoplay merged with another fan magazine, Movie Mirror, in 1941, and with TV-Radio Mirror in 1977, the magazine ceased publication in 1980 and its staff were moved to Us magazine. A British version of Photoplay debuted in 1950, featuring a mix of American and British films and stars. Original Photoplay interview with Greta Garbo - as told by her to Ruth Biery
22.
Wallace Reid
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Wallace Reid was an American actor in silent film referred to as the screens most perfect lover. Reid was born William Wallace Halleck Reid in St. Louis, Missouri and his mother, Bertha Westbrook, was an actress and his father, James Halleck Hal Reid, worked successfully in a variety of theatrical jobs, mainly as playwright and actor, traveling the country. As a boy, Wallace Reid was performing on stage at an early age, Reid graduated from Perkiomen Seminary in Pennsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1909. A gifted all-around athlete, Reid participated in a number of sports while also following an interest in music, learning to play the piano, banjo, drums, as a teenager, he spent time in Wyoming, where he learned to be an outdoorsman. Reid was drawn to the motion picture industry by his father, who shifted from the theatre to acting, writing. In 1910, Reid appeared in his first film, The Phoenix, Reid used the script from a play his father had written and approached the very successful Vitagraph Studios, hoping to be given the opportunity to direct. Instead, Vitagraph executives capitalized on his sex appeal, and in addition to having him direct, cast him in a major role. Although Reids good looks and powerful physique made him the perfect matinée idol, he was happy with roles behind the scenes and often worked as a writer, cameraman. Wallace Reid appeared in films with his father, and as his career in film flourished, he was soon acting and directing with. In 1913, while at Universal Pictures, Reid met and married actress Dorothy Davenport, one of his auto-racing films, Across the Continent, was chosen as the opening night film for San Franciscos Castro Theatre, which opened 22 June 1922. To keep on filming, he was prescribed morphine for relief of his pain, Reid soon became addicted, but kept on working at a frantic pace in films that were growing more physically demanding and changing from 15–20 minutes in duration to as much as an hour. Reids morphine addiction worsened at a time when drug rehabilitation programs were nonexistent, Wallace Reid was interred in the Azalea Terrace of the Great Mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. His widow, Dorothy Davenport, co-produced and appeared in Human Wreckage, Reid and she had two children, a son, Wallace Reid, Jr. born in 1917, and a daughter, Betty Mummert, whom they adopted in 1922 at age three. Wallace Reids contribution to the industry has been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Reids name is mentioned by William Holden in Sunset Boulevard, a film in which Gloria Swanson, one of Reids original costars, appeared as a forgotten silent film star. In 2007, a biography Wallace Reid, Life and Death of a Hollywood Idol by author E. J. Fleming appeared, the first since his mothers personal recollections after Reids death. In 2011, his biography, Wally, The True Wallace Reid Story by David W. Menefee, was sanctioned by Reids surviving relatives. The biography was submitted for a 2011 Pulitzer Prize, notes Bibliography The First Male Stars, Men of the Silent Era by David W. Menefee
23.
Thomas Meighan
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Thomas Meighan was an American actor of silent films and early talkies. He played several leading man roles opposite popular actresses of the day including Mary Pickford, at one point he commanded $10,000 a week. Meighan was born to John and Mary Meighan in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and his father was the president of Pittsburgh Facing Mills and his family was well off. Meighans parents encouraged him to go to college but he refused, at the age of 15 his father sent him to work shoveling coal which quickly changed his mind. He attended St. Marys College studying pharmacology, after 3 years of study Meighan decided he wished to pursue acting. After dropping out of college in 1896 Meighan became a player in the Pittsburgh Stock Company headed by Henrietta Crosman. He first appeared on Broadway in 1900, in 1904 Meighan appeared in The Two Orphans. His breakthrough role came in 1908 when he appeared with William Collier Sr. in The Dictator and that was followed by a leading role in The College Widow, which had a successful run on Broadway for the 1907–1908 season. It was during this run he met his wife Frances Ring, despite his film career Meighan remained devoted to the theatre during his life. In 1914 he abandoned theatre for the new industry, which was still in its infancy at the time. His first film was shot in London, titled Dandy Donovan and this film led to a contract with Famous Players-Lasky. His first US film was in 1915, The Fighting Hope, during the next 2 years Meighans career would take off. In 1918 he made a film for World War I titled, Norma Talmadge. He then played opposite Mary Pickford in MLiss, one of his best known films at the time was the 1919 The Miracle Man which featured Lon Chaney Sr. This film is now believed to be lost except for brief clips and this was followed with Cecil B. DeMilles Male and Female which starred him opposite Gloria Swanson and Lila Lee, most of the cast returned for the 1920 film, Why Change Your Wife. which also co-starred Bebe Daniels. In April 1925, Meighan and Swanson produced a short film and this film, sometimes known as Gloria Swanson Dialogue made in Lee DeForests sound-on-film Phonofilm process, was made as a joke for the live event, showing Swanson trying to crash the all-male club. His popularity continued through the Roaring Twenties with him starring in several pictures, in 1924 he played in The Alaskan opposite Estelle Taylor and Anna May Wong
24.
Niles Welch
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Niles Eugene Welch was an American performer on Broadway, and a leading man in a number of silent and early talking motion pictures from the early 1910s through the 1930s. A native of Hartford, Connecticut, after graduating from St. Pauls School, Welch attended Yale, later he joined a stock company, and from there toured the U. S. in vaudeville. The first photoplay he worked in was with the Eastern Vitagraph Studios in a picture entitled The Stranger in Grey, after spending four years on the legitimate stage, Welch started his screen career appearing with World Film Corporation, Universal, Pathé Studios and Goldwyn Pictures. His career continued well into the era but mainly in bit roles. Later in life, he did wartime foreign-language broadcasts for the Voice of America, the New York Times Silent Gents Niles Welch portrait NY Public Library Niles Welch at the Internet Movie Database Niles Welch at the Internet Broadway Database
25.
Dorothy Gish
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Dorothy Elizabeth Gish was an American actress of the screen and stage, as well as a director and writer. Dorothy and her sister Lillian Gish were major movie stars of the silent era, Dorothy also had great success on the stage, and was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame. Dorothy Gish was noted as a comedian, and many of her films were comedies. Gish was born in Dayton, Ohio and she had an older sister, Lillian. The Gish sisters mother, Mary Robinson McConnell Gish, supported the family after her husband, James Leigh Gish, when they were old enough, Dorothy and Lillian were brought into their mothers act, and they also modeled. In 1912, their friend, actress Mary Pickford, introduced them to director D. W. Griffith. Dorothy and Lillian Gish both debuted in Griffiths An Unseen Enemy, Dorothy would go on to star in over 100 short films and features, many of them with Lillian. As the “little disturber”, a singer, her performance was the comic highlight of the film. They were directed by young Griffith protégés such as Donald Crisp, James Kirkwood and these films were wildly popular with the public and the critics. She specialised in pantomime and light comedy, while her sister appeared in tragic roles, almost all of these films are now considered to be lost films. Today my objection to playing comedy is that it is so often misunderstood by the audiences, both in the theater and in the picture houses. In the eyes of so many persons comedy is not only the absence of studied effect and acting, but it is not considered an art. ”When the film converted to talking pictures, Dorothy made one, Wolves. George Cukor directed her in Young Love, and the comedy found success with New York audiences as well as those on the road. A London production followed with equal success, in 1939, both Dorothy and Lillian Gish found the role of a lifetime. “Dorothy and I went to see the New York production of Life With Father, starring Howard Lindsay and Dorothy Stickney, Pickford did not make the film version, but the Gish sisters took the two road companies on extensive tours. Television in the 1950s offered many actors the opportunity to appear in plays broadcast live, Dorothy ventured into the new medium, appearing on NBC’s Lux Video Theatre on the night of November 24,1955, in a production of Miss Susie Slagle’s. The play had been a film in 1945 with her sister, Lillian, “The truth is, that she did not know what she really wanted to do, ” wrote her sister, Lillian, in her autobiography. “She had always had trouble making decisions and assuming responsibilities, In some ways she had never grown up and she was such a witty and enchanting child that we enjoyed indulging her
26.
Three Men and a Girl
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Three Men and a Girl is a lost 1919 American romantic comedy film directed by Marshall Neilan and starring Marguerite Clark. It was produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures, the film is based on an off-Broadway play The Three Bears by Edward Childs Carpenter. As described in a magazine, Sylvia Weston is a capricious young woman who says I do NOT when she leaves a rich groom at the altar. She runs away in her gown to a bungalow she owns at Loon Lake. They expel her and her old nurse to a nearby cabin, one by one the three men come to love Sylvia. The two older men, thinking that she is married, propose to adopt her and provide her with some clothes other than her bridal gown and swimming suit. The younger one, however, is wiser and wins her in the end
27.
Scarlet Days
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Scarlet Days is a 1919 American silent western film produced and directed by D. W. Griffith and released through Paramount/Artcraft Pictures, Artcraft being an affiliate of Paramount. Richard Barthelmess stars in a role for which Griffith had screentested Rudolph Valentino and it is considered by many to be one of Griffiths worst films. Considered a lost film, it was found in the State Film Archives of the Soviet Union, as described in a film magazine, Rosie Nell, a woman of dance halls in early lawless California, is wrongly charged with the murder of one of her fellow entertainers. The three days pass happily, but King Bagley, manager of the hall, has seen the daughter. The women barricade themselves in the cabin to resist capture and Alvarez, john Randolph, who also loves the young woman, joins the fight on their side, which ends with the timely arrival of the Sheriff. This results in a happy ending
28.
The Love Flower
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The Love Flower is a 1920 American silent drama film produced by D. W. Griffith and released through the then nascent United Artist company of which Griffith was a founding partner. As described in a magazine, Thomas Bevan has served an undeserved term in prison. He marries again, but his new wife is unsympathetic towards his daughter Stella because of the great great love for. Matthew Crane of the Secret Service, who sent Bevan to prison, bevans wife is unfaithful, and a loyal servant goes after Bevan, who had been leaving on a business trip, and tells him of the treachery. Bevan goes back to verify the statement, and in a fight the man is accidentally killed, Crane hears of the murder and intercepts Stella, who had been on her way to the motorboat Bevan had purchased for his getaway. Bevan comes up from the rear and makes a captive of Crane until he and they eventually land on a South Sea island and happily live there with one servant. Visiting a nearby island to trade with a native, Stella meets Bruce Sanders and she wants to be friends with him, but fears he may be a federal officer looking for her father. Sanders is puzzled by her cold manner, Sanders returns to the mainland where he meets Crane who is hot on the trail. Crane persuades Sanders to take him to the island where Stella and Bevan live, on their arrival Crane arrests Bevan and Stella, believing Sanders deliberately brought Crane there, will have nothing to do with him. Stella sinks Sanders boat, marooning all four on the island, when the boat is washed ashore, Sanders to show his good faith sinks it again, and Stella confesses that she loves him. Cranes comrades send help to him on the island, and Bevan refuses to get on the boat, after a dramatic fight, Crane believes Bevan has drowned. Stella and Sanders return and wed on the mainland and make plans to rescue her father, the reedited film was then released by United Artists
29.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
30.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
31.
Son of the Gods
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Son of the Gods is a 1930 American pre-Code romantic drama film with Technicolor sequences, produced and released by First National Pictures, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. It was adapted from the novel of the name by Rex Beach. Richard Barthelmess and Constance Bennett star as a couple in love who have a falling-out when she discovers that, though he looks Caucasian, Sam Lee is the son of a Chinese merchant, Lee Ying, in San Franciscos Chinatown. He is tolerated in white dominated social circles because of his wealth, one day, he leaves college after being insulted by three racist white girls who think they are too good to be seen going out with a dirty yellow Chinaman. He takes a tour around the world and ends up in the Riviera, Allana falls madly in love with Sam and refuses to listen to anything about his background. Sam is afraid to pursue a relationship with her until she tells him that she used to date a man from India, Sam then becomes Allanas boyfriend and everything goes well for a while. One day, however, Allana discovers that Sam is Chinese and she flies into a rage and lashes him in public with her riding crop. Heartbroken, Sam now returns home, only to find that his father is on his deathbed, Sam now discovers that his parents were both white and that he had been orphaned as a child. Allana, unable to quench her love for Sam, returns to the United States in order to find him and she declares her love for Sam before he has a chance to tell her that he is indeed white. The film ends with the lovers happily reunited, one reel was originally in Technicolor, but no color prints seem to have survived. This reel tells the story of how Sam was orphaned and adopted by the Chinese man he thought was his father, current prints present this originally color sequence in sepia-tone. List of early color feature films Son of the Gods at the Internet Movie Database Son of the Gods at the TCM Movie Database Son of the Gods at AllMovie
32.
The Dawn Patrol (1930 film)
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The Dawn Patrol is a 1930 American Pre-Code World War I film starring Richard Barthelmess and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. It was directed by Howard Hawks, a former World War I flight instructor, the Dawn Patrol won the Academy Award for Best Story for John Monk Saunders. It was subsequently remade in 1938, with the title. During World War I, the pilots of an RFC squadron deal with the stress of combat primarily through nightly bouts of heavy drinking. The two aces of the squadrons A Flight, Courtney and Scott, have come to hate the officer, Brand. Brand is so disliked by the two he cannot even easily join the men for the partying, drinking alone and clearly breaking under the strain. The tension grows worse when an elite German squadron led by von Richter takes up position just across the front lines from them. After losing several of the veteran pilots, the ranks become increasingly made up of new recruits. Von Richter issues a taunt that Courtney and Scott answer by attacking the Germans airdrome in defiance of orders from Brand not to go up against them, Brand gets revenge when he is recalled to headquarters and Courtney is made squadron commander. Courtney quickly learns the misery that Brand endured when four patrols a day are ordered, Scott and Courtney have a falling out when Scotts younger brother is one of the new replacements and is immediately ordered on a mission. He is killed flying the Dawn Patrol, Brand returns with orders for what amounts to a suicide mission far behind enemy lines. Courtney is forbidden to fly the mission, so Scott angrily volunteers, Courtney gets him drunk and flies off in his stead. He shoots down von Richter returning from the mission but is killed by another German pilot. Scott becomes squadron commander and reads orders to his new replacements, Richard Barthelmess as Dick Courtney Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. Paramount Publix Corp. also loaned Actor Neil Hamilton and writer Seton I. Miller for the film, principal photography began in February 1930 with exteriors shot at the Metropolitan Airport in Van Nuys, Newhall, and Sherwood Forrest in Southern California. In the midst of production, the studio was sued by Howard Hughes, through the Caddo Company, the suit alleged that The Dawn Patrol plagiarized his Hells Angels production, also in production. The lawsuit resulted in The Dawn Patrol being rushed through post-production in order to be in theaters before Hughes competing film. In late 1930, Warner Bros. won the suit, although an issue arose when both Howard Hawks and John Monk Saunders claimed ownership of the original idea behind the film
33.
The Cabin in the Cotton
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The Cabin in the Cotton is a 1932 American pre-Code drama film directed by Michael Curtiz. The screenplay by Paul Green is based on the novel of the title by Harry Harrison Kroll. The film perhaps is best known for a line of dialogue spoken by a platinum-blonde Bette Davis in a Southern drawl -- Id like ta kiss ya, -- a line lifted directly from the book. In later years it was immortalized by Davis impersonators and quoted in the 1995 film Get Shorty, marvin Blake is a sharecroppers son who wants to better himself by continued schooling instead of working in the fields under the heat in the Deep South. When producer Darryl F. Zanuck urged Michael Curtiz to cast Bette Davis as Madge Norwood, who would want to go to bed with her. Under his breath during her scenes with Richard Barthelmess. In later years, Davis observed, Mr. Curtiz, I must say and he was not a performers director. You had to be strong with him. Cruelest man I have ever known, but he knew how to shoot a film well. She went on to six additional films with Curtiz, including The Private Lives of Elizabeth. Davis liked Barthelmess personally but was stymied by his acting style and he did absolutely nothing in the long shots, followed basic stage directions for medium shots, and reserved his talent for the close-ups. In that way it was necessary to use his close-ups almost entirely, Barthelmess said of Davis, There was a lot of passion in her, and it was impossible not to sense. One got the sense of a lot of feeling dammed up in her, in a way it was rather disconcerting - yes, I admit it, frightening. Davis later confessed she was a virgin when she made the film, no question about it, she added for emphasis. But my part called for me to exude raging sexuality, well, if they had known I was still a virgin, they wouldnt have believed I could carry it off. They wouldnt have trusted me if theyd known, but no one asked and it was assumed that a young actress had lived a bit of a loose life. Richard Barthelmess gives a careful but hardly an inspired performance and his general demeanor lacks the desired spontaneity and often he speaks his lines in a monotone. Michael Curtiz is responsible for the direction, which is uneven, the Cabin in the Cotton was one of nine 1932 releases in which Davis appeared
34.
Rita Hayworth
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Rita Hayworth was an American actress and dancer. She achieved fame during the 1940s as one of the top stars. The press coined the term love goddess to describe Hayworth after she had become the most glamorous screen idol of the 1940s and she was the top pin-up girl for GIs during World War II. Hayworth is perhaps best known for her performance in the 1946 film noir, Gilda, opposite Glenn Ford, Fred Astaire, with whom she made two films, called her his favorite dance partner. Her greatest success was in the Technicolor musical Cover Girl, with Gene Kelly and she is listed as one of the top-25 female motion picture stars of all time in the American Film Institutes survey, AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars. In 1980, Hayworth was diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, which contributed to her death at age 68, the public disclosure and discussion of her illness drew attention to Alzheimers, and helped to increase public and private funding for Alzheimers research. Hayworth was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1918 as Margarita Carmen Cansino and her father, Eduardo Cansino, Sr. was from Castilleja de la Cuesta, a little town near Seville, Spain. Her mother, Volga Hayworth, was an American of Irish-English descent who had performed with the Ziegfeld Follies and they also had two sons, Eduardo Cansino, Jr. and Vernon Cansino. Margaritas father wanted her to become a dancer, while her mother hoped she would become an actress. Her paternal grandfather, Antonio Cansino, was renowned as a Spanish classical dancer and he popularized the bolero, and his dancing school in Madrid was world-famous. Hayworth later recalled, From the time I was three and a half … as soon as I could stand on my own feet, I was given dance lessons. She noted I didnt like it very much … but I didnt have the courage to tell my father, rehearse, rehearse, rehearse, that was my girlhood. She attended dance classes every day for a few years in a Carnegie Hall complex and she performed publicly from the age of six. In 1926 at the age of eight, she was featured in La Fiesta, in 1927, her father took the family to Hollywood. He believed that dancing could be featured in the movies and that his family could be part of it and he established his own dance studio, where he taught such stars as James Cagney and Jean Harlow. During the Great Depression, he lost all his investments as commercial interest in his dancing classes waned, in 1931, Eduardo Cansino partnered with his 12-year-old daughter to form an act called the Dancing Cansinos. Since under California law Margarita was too young to work in nightclubs and bars, her father took her with him to work across the border in Tijuana, in the early 1930s, it was a popular tourist spot for people from Los Angeles. Because she was working, Cansino never graduated high school
35.
Only Angels Have Wings
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Only Angels Have Wings is a 1939 American drama film directed by Howard Hawks, and starring Cary Grant and Jean Arthur, based on a story written by Hawks. The film also marked the first significant role in a film for Rita Hayworth. It is generally regarded as being among Hawks finest films, particularly in its portrayal of the professionalism of the pilots of the film, its atmosphere, the supporting cast features Thomas Mitchell and Richard Barthelmess. Only Angels Have Wings was based on a number of real incidents witnessed by Hawks, the film inspired the 1983 television series Tales of the Gold Monkey, which in turn, inspired the 1990 television series TaleSpin. Bonnie Lee, an entertainer, arrives one day. Joe Souther, a pilot who had been planning to have dinner with her, Bonnie becomes infatuated with Carter, despite his fatalistic attitude about the dangerous mountain flying, and stays on in Barranca. The situation is complicated by the appearance of pilot Bat MacPherson and his wife, MacPherson is revealed to be an alias, his real surname is Kilgallen. He is infamous among the pilots for having once bailed out of a plane, leaving his mechanic — the brother of Kid Dabb, Carters best friend — to be killed in the resulting crash. When Geoff is forced to ground the Kid because of failing eyesight, he is short on pilots, MacPherson understands and accepts the setup, none of the other pilots would shed a tear if he were lost. Dutchy will secure a government mail contract that would put the airline on a solid financial footing. If he proves he can provide reliable mail service during a six month trial period, on the last day of Barranca Airways probation, bad weather closes the mountain pass. Geoff plans to fly a new Ford Trimotor over the mountains at an altitude of 17,000 feet, the Kid asks to go with him, as co-pilot. When Geoff refuses him, the Kid suggests letting the toss of a coin decide the matter, Geoff tries to grab the coin in mid-air. However, it lands on the floor, and he picks it up, realizing how important it is to the Kid, Geoff agrees to take him along. Just before leaving, Bonnie tries to talk Geoff out of going, as they hug, she takes his gun out of his holster, points it at him and tells Geoff that she wont let him go. Knowing that she cant stop him, she lowers the gun. However, when she drops the gun on the table, it accidentally fires, unable to fly, Geoff agrees to let Bat and the Kid try flying over the mountains instead of threading the pass. However, they are unable to climb above 15,600 feet before the plane stalls and falls off, the Kid radios Geoff and tells him that the plane could not get enough altitude to go over the mountains
36.
United States Navy Reserve
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The United States Navy Reserve, known as the United States Naval Reserve from 1915 to 2005, is the Reserve Component of the United States Navy. Members of the Navy Reserve, called Reservists, are enrolled in the Selected Reserve, the Individual Ready Reserve, the size of these centers varies greatly, depending on the number of assigned. They are intended mostly to administrative functions and classroom style training. However, some NOSCs have more training facilities, including damage control trainers. Because of this, NOSCs outside the concentration areas are also heavily tasked to provide personnel. This service provided to the community is one of the NOSCs top two priority missions. FTS, previously known as TAR, serve in all year round and provide administrative support to SELRES. Army Reserve and the Army National Guard, the IRR do not typically drill or train regularly, but can be recalled to service in a full mobilization. These personnel will drill for points but no pay and are not eligible for Annual Training with pay, however, they remain eligible for other forms of active duty with pay and mobilization. Reservists are called to duty, or mobilized, as needed and are required to sign paperwork acknowledging this possibility upon enrollment in the reserve program. After the September 11 attacks of 2001, Reservists were mobilized to combat operations. The War on Terrorism has even seen the activation of a Reserve squadron, the VFA-201 Hunters, flying F/A-18 Hornet aircraft, which deployed on board the USS Theodore Roosevelt. Additionally, more than 52,000 Navy Reservists have been mobilized and deployed to serve in Iraq and Afghanistan, the Reserve consists of 108,718 officers and enlisted personnel who serve in every state and territory as well as overseas as of September 2012. S. Following the American Revolution, the expense of maintaining a navy was deemed too great. However, attacks by Barbary pirates against American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea prompted a change in course in 1794, a navy that helped give birth to the nation was now deemed essential to preserving its security, which faced its most serious threat during the War of 1812. Though overwhelmed by a superior in numbers, these men, most recruited from Baltimore, continued to wage war on land, joining in the defense of Washington. Having fought against a power, naval reservists faced a much different struggle with the outbreak of the Civil War, which divided a navy. By wars end the Navy had grown from a force numbering 9,942 in 1860 to one manned by 58,296 sailors, the latter action resulted in the awarding of the Medal of Honor to six reserve enlisted men
37.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
38.
Adela Rogers St. Johns
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Adela Nora Rogers St. Johns was an American journalist, novelist, and screenwriter. St. Johns was born in Los Angeles, the daughter of prominent Los Angeles criminal lawyer Earl Rogers. She attended Hollywood High School, graduating in 1910 and she obtained her first job in 1912 working as a reporter for Hearsts San Francisco Examiner. She reported on crime, politics, society, and sports news before transferring to the Los Angeles Herald in 1913, after seeing her work for that newspaper, James R. Quirk offered her a job writing for his new fan magazine Photoplay. St. Johns accepted the job so she could spend time with her husband. Her celebrity interviews helped the magazine become a success through her numerous revealing interviews with Hollywood film stars and she also wrote short stories for Cosmopolitan, The Saturday Evening Post, and other magazines and finished nine of her thirteen screenplays before returning to reporting for Hearst newspapers. Writing in a distinctive, emotional style, St, in the mid-1930s, she moved to Washington, D. C. to report on national politics for the Washington Herald. There she became prominent among a group of reporters working for Cissy Patterson. St. Johns again left work in 1948 in order to write books. In 1962, she published Final Verdict, a biography of her father Earl Rogers, the book was adapted for a TNT television film of the same name in 1991, Olivia Burnette portrayed the young St. Johns. St. Johns was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on April 22,1970, during the late 1960s and 1970s, St. Johns was a frequent guest on various talk shows including Jack Paars The Tonight Show. During one Tonight Show visit, Paar noted that St. Johns had known many of the legends of Hollywoods Golden Age and was rumored to have had Clark Gables child. St. Johns replied, Well who wouldnt have wanted to have Clark Gables baby, Paar then noted that St. Johns had enjoyed a rather incredible life and asked if there was anything she wanted to do that she had not yet done. St. Johns replied, I just want to live long enough to see how it all turns out. In 1976, at the age of 82, she returned to reporting for the Examiner to cover the bank robbery and conspiracy trial of Patty Hearst, in the late 1970s, St. Johns hosted a miniseries chronicling Gables films, which appeared on Iowa Public Television. Around the same time she was interviewed for the documentary series Hollywood. The following year, St. Johns appeared with other early twentieth-century figures as one of the witnesses in Warren Beattys Reds, St. Johns spent her remaining years living in Arroyo Grande, California. St. Johns was married three times and had four children and her first marriage was to Los Angeles Herald chief copy editor William Ivan St. Johns, whom she married in 1914
39.
Hartsdale, New York
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Hartsdale is a hamlet and a census-designated place located in the town of Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York. The population was 5,293 at the 2010 census and it is a suburb of New York City. Hartsdale is located at 41°2′N 73°48′W, major roads include NY100 and the Bronx River Parkway. For mass transit to NYC, residents can take either Metro-North Railroads Harlem Line or the Bee-Line Bus routes 1X,3,20,21, Bee-Line also provides local service on bus routes 34,38,39,43, and 65. According to the United States Census Bureau, the community has an area of 0.9 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,830 people,4,314 households, the population density was 3,068.0 per square mile. There were 4,478 housing units at a density of 1,397. 6/sq mi. The racial makeup of the community was 76. 14% White,8. 71% African American,0. 19% Native American,10. 17% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 64% from other races, and 2. 10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 55% of the population,31. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the family size was 2.86. In the CDP the population was out with 18. 2% under the age of 18,4. 8% from 18 to 24,30. 3% from 25 to 44,28. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 43 years, for every 100 females there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.2 males, the median income for a household in the community was $81,824, and the median income for a family was $100,330. Males had an income of $62,362 versus $47,380 for females. The per capita income for the community was $45,691, about 1. 6% of families and 2. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1. 5% of those under age 18 and 4. 6% of those age 65 or over. Hartsdale, a CDP/hamlet/post-office in the town of Greenburgh, New York and it is served by the Metro-North Harlem River commuter rail line into Grand Central Terminal. Hartsdale is the home of Americas first canine pet cemetery, and the worlds first Carvel Ice Cream store, hartsdales earliest settlers were the Weekquaeskeeks, a sub-tribe of the Algonquian tribe that lived in most of southern New York, from Westchester down through Manhattan. Weekquaeskeek is an Algonquian term believed to place of the bark kettle
40.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
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The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
41.
Hollywood Boulevard
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West of Laurel Canyon, it continues as a residential street and ending at Sunset Plaza Drive. The eastern end of Hollywood Boulevard passes through Little Armenia and Thai Town, parts of the boulevard are popular tourist destinations. Prior to Hollywood Boulevard, the street was named Prospect Avenue until 1910, after annexation, the street numbers changed from 100 Prospect Avenue, at Vermont Avenue, to 6400 Hollywood Boulevard. In the early 1920s, real estate developer Charles E. Toberman envisioned a thriving Hollywood theatre district, Toberman was involved in 36 projects while building the Max Factor Building, Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel and the Hollywood Masonic Temple. With Sid Grauman, he opened the three themed theatres, Egyptian, El Capitan, and Chinese, and was inspired to write Here Comes Santa Claus with Oakley Haldeman. In 1958, the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which runs from Gower Street to La Brea Avenue, was created as a tribute to artists working in the entertainment industry, the El Capitan Theatre was refurbished in 1991 then damaged in the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The full El Capitan building was restored and upgraded in December 1997. The Hollywood Entertainment District, a business improvement district, was formed for the properties from La Brea to McCadden on the boulevard. The Hollywood extension of the Metro Red Line subway was opened in June 1999, stops on Hollywood Boulevard are located at Western Avenue, Vine Street, and Highland Avenue. Metro Local lines 180,181, and 217, and Metro Rapid line 780 also serve Hollywood Boulevard, an anti-cruising ordinance prohibits driving on parts of the boulevard more than twice in four hours. Beginning in 1995, then Los Angeles City Council member Jackie Goldberg initiated efforts to clean up Hollywood Boulevard, central to these efforts was the construction of the Hollywood and Highland Center and adjacent Dolby Theatre in 2001. In early 2006, the city made revamping plans on Hollywood Boulevard for future tourists, the three-part plan was to exchange the original streetlights with red stars into two-headed old-fashioned streetlights, put in new palm trees, and put in new stoplights. The renovations were completed in late 2006, in the few years leading up to 2007, more than $2 billion was spent on projects in the neighborhood, including mixed-use retail and apartment complexes and new schools and museums. A popular event that takes place on the Boulevard is the transformation of the street to a Christmas theme. Shops and department stores attract customers by lighting their stores and the street with decorated Christmas trees. The street essentially becomes Santa Claus Lane, list of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in Hollywood Hollywood Chamber of Commerce
42.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
43.
George Eastman Museum
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The George Eastman Museum, the worlds oldest museum dedicated to photography and one of the worlds oldest film archives, opened to the public in 1949 in Rochester, New York. Home to the 500-seat Dryden Theatre, the museum is located on the estate of George Eastman, the estate was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966. The Rochester estate of George Eastman was bequeathed upon his death to the University of Rochester, University presidents occupied Eastmans mansion as a residence for ten years. In 1948, the university transferred the property to the museum, George Eastman House was chartered as a museum in 1947. From the outset, the mission has been to collect, preserve. The museum opened its doors on November 9,1949, displaying its core collections in the public rooms of Eastmans house. Today, the name is the George Eastman Museum. Entire archives, corporate collections, and artists lifetime portfolios have been donated to the Eastman Museum, as well as an assemblage of rare motion pictures and ephemera. By 1984, the holdings were considered by many to be among the worlds finest, but with the collections growing at a rapid pace. Additional space became critical to store, study the number of collection objects. The museums expansion facility opened to the public in January 1989, in 1999, the George Eastman Museum launched the Mellon Advanced Residency Program in Photograph Conservation, made possible with grant support from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The program trains top photograph archivists and conservators from around the world, in 1996, the museum opened the Louis B. Mayer Conservation Center in nearby Chili, New York. One of only four film conservation centers in the United States and that same year, the Eastman House launched the first school of film preservation in the United States to teach restoration, preservation, and archiving of motion pictures. The L. Jeffrey Selznick School of Film Preservation is supported by a grant from The Louis B. Mayer Foundation, George Eastman Museum has organized numerous groundbreaking exhibitions, including New Topographics, Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape in 1975. On October 6,2015, the changed its name from George Eastman House to the George Eastman Museum. The current director of the George Eastman Museum is Bruce Barnes who was appointed in September 2012, the George Eastman Museum is headed by a board of trustees. Steven Schwartz, of Chicago, is the current chair of board, the George Eastman Museums annual budget is approximately $10 million. As of December 2014, its endowment exceeded $35 million, more than 14,000 photographers are represented in the collection, including virtually all the major figures in the history of the medium
