1.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
Vincent Hubbard
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Vincent Hubbard is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Richard Blackwood. He was first introduced by executive producer Dominic Treadwell-Collins during the shows 30th anniversary celebrations, during these appearances, he is only credited as Vincent. He returned as a character on 21 April 2015. Blackwood praised bosses for the character of Vincent, stating he knew that his portrayal would surprise viewers given his comedy background. He is described on the BBC website as an operator, whose easy charm and quick wittedness covers a steely, ruthless streak. They also state that Vincent believes himself to be the man in the room. During the wedding reception of Ian and Jane Beale, Denise Fox mocks her sister Kim Foxs relationship with Vincent, who is her husband, and she goes into premature labour with Vincents child. Kim tells Denise that Vincent never existed and Pearl was the result of a one-night stand, the following month, Vincent sends Ronnie a get well soon card after hearing that she has awoken from her coma, and later visits her. He reminds her of the times spent with each other when he owned a bar and attempts to romance her. He leaves, and Ronnie later explains to her sister Roxy Mitchell that she and Vincent were in a relationship before they left for Ibiza. Vincent visits Kim, who reveals what she saw him getting up to at his flat, Kim is still shaken after he leaves, believing that there is something strange about the article. Whilst in Albert Square, Vincent decides to pay a visit to his sister, Donna Yates. He also confesses to her that he is close with Ronnie, however, Ronnie reminds him that she still has the gun he gave her, so he lends her the favour. When Ronnie finds out that he has got the wrong end of the stick, Phil approaches Vincent, threatening to kill one of his family members if he refrains from leaving Ronnie alone. However, Vincent punches him and warns him to back off, following this, Kim forces Vincent to promise her no more lies, and Donna is disheartened to find that they have reunited, bitterly revealing to Kim that Vincent had dated Ronnie. Vincent reunites with Kim having promised her that he and Ronnie are no longer together. He later approaches Phil after finding out that he was the result of his arrest and blackmails him, Phils wife Sharon Mitchell disapproves of this, and she and Vincent are forced to share the business. Phil grows irritable about Vincents involvement in the business, and when Vincent changes the name of The Albert to Pearls, Kim decides to end their marriage after seeing him covered in blood, but he soon is able to change her mind
4.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
5.
EastEnders
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EastEnders is a long running British soap opera created by Julia Smith and Tony Holland which has been broadcast on BBC One since 1985. Set in the East End of London in the fictional Bough of Walford the programme follows the stories of local residents, the series was initially screened as two 30-minute episodes per week however since 2001, episodes have been broadcast every day apart from Wednesdays and weekends. Same-day repeats and omnibus editions of the series were previously shown on BBC Three however as of 2016 these are broadcast on UK-based TV channel W. They gave the job of creating this new soap to script writer Tony Holland and producer Julia Smith and they created twenty-four original characters for the show, based upon Hollands own family, and people they remembered from their own experiences in the East End. Granada Television gave Smith unrestricted access to the Coronation Street production for a month so that she could get a sense how a continuing drama was produced and they cast actors for their characters, and began to film the show at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire. Julia Smith thought Eastenders looked ugly written down, and capitalised the second e, the central focus of EastEnders is the fictional Victorian square Albert Square in the fictional London Borough of Walford. In the shows narrative, Albert Square is a 19th-century street, named after Prince Albert, thus, central to Albert Square is The Queen Victoria Public House. Fans have tried to establish the location Walford would have within London if it were real, Walford has the postal district of E20. The postcode district was selected as if it were part of the actual E postcode area covers much of east London although the next unused postcode district in the area was. In 1917 the current postal districts in London were assigned according to the name of the main sorting office for each district. If Walford had been assigned in this scheme it would have been given E17, in March 2011, Royal Mail allocated the E20 postal district to the 2012 Olympic Park. The postal district in EastEnders was entirely fictional up to that point, the shows creators opted for E20 instead of E19 as it was thought to sound better. In September 2011 the postal code for Albert Square was revealed in an episode as E20 6PQ, there is also a market close to Fassett Square at Ridley Road. The postcode for the area, E8, was one of the titles for the series. The name Walford is both a street in Dalston where Tony Holland lived and a blend of Walthamstow and Stratford—the areas of Greater London where the creators were born, other parts of the Square and set interiors are based on other locations. The fictional local newspaper, the Walford Gazette, in local news events such as the arrests or murders of characters appear. EastEnders is built around the idea of relationships and strong families and this theme encompasses the whole Square, making the entire community a family of sorts, prey to upsets and conflict, but pulling together in times of trouble. Co-creator Tony Holland was from a large East End family, Pauline and Petes mother was the domineering Lou Beale, who lived with Pauline and her family
6.
Singled Out
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Singled Out is a dating game show that ran on MTV from 1995 to 1998. Each episode featured a group of 50 men and a group of 50 women competing for a date with one contestant of the opposite sex. The original hosts were Chris Hardwick and Jenny McCarthy, when McCarthy left the show in early 1997 to star in her own sitcom, Jenny, MTV hired Carmen Electra to replace her for the last season and a half. Each game began with one contestant, the Picker, being escorted onto the set blindfolded in front of the 50 potential dates in the Dating Pool while the announcer described him/her. The Picker was then led to a seat facing away from the Dating Pool, the Picker was presented with a board showing six categories, which ranged from physical attributes to preferences in love-making to leisure activities. They generally were expressed in a style, often with various pop-culture references. After choosing a category, two or three choices were listed, and the Picker was asked to one of the choices. After eliminating a choice, all the contestants who fit that choice left the Dating Pool and this process was repeated until five to eight potentials were left, at which point they advanced to the next round. In the third season, a Golden Ticket was introduced, which allowed the Picker to save one eliminated player as he or she walked in front of him on the way out of the studio and this contestant automatically advanced to the semifinals. For episodes taped outside, the Golden Ticket was replaced with a Golden Lifesaver, at that point, the Picker asked a series of questions which ranged from Dating Game–style questions to stunt-oriented questions. This round continued either until three contestants were kept, or all but three had been dumped, if the potential date received the golden ticket, then sometimes the host would show him or her to the picker. The wall was removed from behind the Picker to reveal a walkway with several spaces behind him or her, the three finalists started on the back step, and were asked a series of two-choice questions. Each time a contestants answer matched the Pickers, the advanced one space on the walkway. In case of a tie, a question was asked to the tying contestants. The contestant who guessed the closest without going over won the date, two games were played per show, first with a woman picking from 50 single men, then with a man picking from 50 single women. Besides the hosts, the also had mascot characters. The most prominent character was a scruffy, cigar-smoking cupid known as Bob the Angel, Bob would be joined by a wife, Roberta, and a son, Little Bob. Other characters included Fidel Castro, or an evangelist and these characters would often interact with the contestants during the Keep Em or Dump Em round, such as one male contestant being challenged to a game of tetherball against Castro
7.
Channel 5 (UK)
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Channel 5 is a British commercial television network. It was launched in 1997, and was the national terrestrial analogue network in the United Kingdom after BBC One, BBC Two, ITV. It is generally the network in the country in audience share. The station was branded as Five between 2002 and 2011, when it was owned by the RTL Group, on 1 May 2014 the channel was acquired by Viacom for £450 million. Well Take It Away. and Gibraltar, Britain in the Sun, the station has been very successful with imports from the United States in particular, including the CSI franchise, the NCIS franchise, the first 3 series in the Law & Order franchise. Power Rangers, The Mentalist, Body of Proof, Once Upon a Time, Dallas, in July 2014, Channel 5 announced plans to open up its production arm and allow it to create shows for other channels, aping the BBC and ITV Studios. Channel 5 Broadcasting Limited was licensed by the UK Government in 1995 after a process that started in 1993. The difficulty with the lay in use of television broadcast frequencies that had been allocated to RF outputs from domestic videocassette recorders. To achieve national coverage, large numbers of domestic video recorders had to be retuned or fitted with a filter, the project was revived in mid-1994 when the ITC re-advertised the franchise. Lord Hollick, then chief executive of Meridian Broadcasting took up the project as lead investor as UK law prohibited Time Warner from owning more than 25%, pearson Television, who by now owned original licence bidders Thames Television, also came on board. When McGrath left to become President of Paramount, Time Warner dropped out of the project and was replaced by CLT, the channel would be both modern and mainstream. After re-tuning around 65% of the populations televisions could view the channel on launch night, the channels launch on Easter Sunday 1997 at 6pm featured the Spice Girls singing a re-written version of Manfred Manns hit 5-4-3-2-1 as 1-2-3-4-5. Presenters Tim Vine and Julia Bradbury introduced the nation to the UKs fifth terrestrial channel with half an hour of previews, on 16 September 2002, Channel 5 re-branded to Five, in a multimillion-pound project directed by Trevor Beattie. The channels director of marketing at the time, David Pullen, said, On 27 February 2004, it was reported that Five, Channel 4 and Five announced in November of that year that merger plans were being called off. Early in 2009, rumours started re-surfacing about Five, Channel 4, pearson Television and CLT later merged, becoming RTL Group who became part of Bertelsmann and, control the network, after buying UBMs 35. 4% stake for £247.6 million on 20 July 2005. The acquisition was approved on 26 August 2005, after Holleck became involved, he and McGrath brought on board Greg Dyke as interim CEO during the application and launch phase of the project. On 18 November 2005, it was announced that Five had bought a stake in DTTs pay-TV operator and it was said that the investment may lead to the development of new free and pay services on DTT, and other platforms. The channel previously aired pre-school shows under the Milkshake and it was renamed Fiver in 2008, 5* in 2011 and eventually its current name in 2016
8.
MTV
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MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
9.
Donna Air
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Donna Air is an English media personality, singer, and actress. Air was born in Wallsend, Newcastle upon Tyne, following St Oswalds Catholic Primary School in Gosforth, she attended Sacred Heart Convent School on Fenham Hall Drive, in Newcastle upon Tyne. Air then graduated from Gosforth Academy, also in Newcastle upon Tyne and her fellow students at First Act included Jill Halfpenny and Anthony McPartlin. Donna started her career age 10 on the CBBC series Byker Grove, Air appeared in the films Still Crazy, The Mummy Returns, and Bad Day amongst others. Air presented on Fives early evening, magazine programme Live from Studio Five, alongside regular presenter of the programme, donna has worked with the Soil Association, promoting organic milk, launching the Nursery Food report at Downing Street, and edited the Grown in Britain cookbook. In January 2013, Air came fourth in the ITV programme and she replaced Jennifer Metcalfe at short notice. Air was in a long relationship with Damian Aspinall, who is the step-grandson of Sir George Osborne. Damians father John Aspinall was the owner of Aspers, an entertainment company, Aspinall and Airs daughter, Freya Air Aspinall, was born in Westminster, London in September 2003. Air and Aspinall are no longer a couple, prior to their breakup the couple announced their intention to place their baby daughter in the care of a gorilla in a ritual Aspinalls older children had already taken part in. Since February 2013, Air has been in a relationship with James Middleton, Air supports the Macmillan Cancer Support, Race for Life, Sport Relief and Jeans for Genes charities. In March 2012, Air was acquitted of a charge of obtaining a permit by false representation. Donna Air at the Internet Movie Database Official website
10.
Mama Used to Say
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Mama Used to Say is the debut single release from British singer-songwriter Junior, taken from his debut studio album, Ji. Mama Used to Say was released in April 1982 and peaked inside the UK Singles Chart top 10 in June 1982, where it remained at number seven for two weeks. Mama Used to Say was also a Top 40 Pop hit and Top 5 R&B hit in the United States, knight said of the song, I think this was everyones favourite track at the time and is still played on every club classics radio show in the country. It’s still so fresh and just brings a smile whenever I sing it and it was an obvious choice for the album and a no-brainer for the choice of first single. The video features both performance and behind the scenes footage from her April 2011 album launch show at West Londons Porchester Hall, the video features cameos from Junior himself, Jaki Graham, Rod Temperton and Jazzie B amongst others. The songs guitar intro was sampled for Positive Ks hit. Rapper Heavy D of Heavy D & the Boyz sampled Mama Used to Say for their hit song Is It Good to You from their album Peaceful Journey, french electro duo Jupiter covered Mama Used to Say. The song is featured in the video-game NBA 2K15
11.
Brass Eye
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Brass Eye is a British comedy series parodying the current affairs news programming of the mid-1990s. A series of six episodes aired on Channel 4 in 1997, the series was created by Chris Morris, written by Morris, David Quantick, Peter Baynham, Jane Bussmann, Arthur Mathews, Graham Linehan and Charlie Brooker and directed by Michael Cumming. Drugs The second episode, Drugs, has described by Professor Michael Gossop as illustrative of the ease in which anti-drug hysteria can be evoked in the United Kingdom. In the opening scene of episode, a voiceover tells viewers that there are so many drugs on the streets of Britain that not even the dealers know them all. He also explained that possession of drugs without physical contact and the exchange of drugs through a mandrill were perfectly legal in English law, in response, the Home Office minister incorrectly identified the fictitious drug Cake as a pseudonym for the hallucinogenic drug methylenedioxybenzylamphetamine. Just imagine how his mother felt, Sex In one scene of the Sex episode, Morris posed as a talk-show host who took a starkly discriminatory attitude in favour of those with Good AIDS over those with Bad AIDS. A special one-off edition of the show aired four years after the series had ended and it eventually aired on 28 July 2001. It tackled paedophilia and the panic in parts of the British media following the murder of Sarah Payne. This included an incident in 2000 in which a paediatrician in Newport had the word PAEDO daubed in yellow paint on her home, nOTWs then Editor Rebekah Brooks would years later discuss this campaign at the Leveson Inquiry. To illustrate the medias reaction to the subject, various celebrities were duped into presenting fatuous. Gary Lineker and Phil Collins endorsed a spoof charity, Nonce Sense, with Collins saying, at one point, bogus CCTV footage was shown of a paedophile attempting to seduce children by stalking the streets while disguised as a school. Lineker described paedophile text slang, stating that BALTIMORA translates to literally, labour MP Syd Rapson related that paedophiles were using an area of internet the size of Ireland. Blackwood also warned watching parents that exposure to the fumes would make their children smell like hammers, prior to the launch, an eight-year-old boy had been placed on board the spaceship with Cooke by mistake. During the programme, the studio was invaded by a fictional militant pro-paedophile activism organisation called Milit-pede, when it returned, presenter Chris Morris confronted a spokesman, Gerard Chote, who had been placed in a pillory, asking if he wanted sex with Morriss six-year-old son. Hesitantly, the spokesman refused, apologetically explaining I dont fancy him, the episode won a Broadcast magazine award in 2002. The series was repeated in 2001 to tie in with the paedophilia special, a disclaimer was also added to the Drugs episode at the request of David Amess. In a particularly infamous portrayal, Hindley was the topic of a song by a fictitious indie band called Blouse. The lyrics to part of the read, Every time I see your picture, Myra/I have to phone my latest girlfriend up and fire her/And find a prostitute who looks like you and hire her/Oh
12.
Holby City
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Holby City is a British medical drama television series that airs weekly on BBC One. The series was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin-off from the established BBC medical drama Casualty, since the shows initial development, it has become a weekly fixture in the schedule. Holby City airs once a week, all round. The show follows the lives of medical and ancillary staff at the fictional Holby City Hospital and it began with eleven main characters in its first series, all of whom have since left the show. New main characters have both written in and out of the series since, with a core of around fifteen main actors employed on the serial at any given time. Seventeen series of Holby City have aired, and the eighteenth began airing from 13 October 2015, the show has run for over 800 hour-long episodes. It is filmed at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire, from October 2010, Holby City moved to high definition broadcasting. The series employs a team of researchers to ensure medical accuracy, cast members are taught to perform basic medical procedures, and given the opportunity to spend time on real hospital wards for research. The shows first series averaged 9.27 million viewers, but apart from a rise in its series, ratings declined year-on-year until 2009. The twelfth series saw a rise to 5.62 million. Later series have drawn over 4 million viewers per week. The show began with eleven main characters in its first series. New main characters have both written in and out of the series since, with a core of fifteen to twenty main actors employed on the serial at any given time. McHale was the lead writer for several years, and was the first British writer ever to become the showrunner of a major prime time drama. Seventeen complete series of Holby City have aired, and an eighteenth began airing in October 2015, the show has run for over 600-hour-long episodes. It is filmed in studios at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire and it has occasionally featured special episodes filmed on location abroad. From October 2010, Holby City moved to high definition broadcasting, in September 2016, as part of the broadcasters Compete Or Compare Strategy, the BBC confirmed the show would be one of the first put up for tender. A decision on the tender was also confirmed for February or March 2017
13.
Bollywood
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Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
14.
Capital XTRA
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Capital XTRA is an urban music radio station owned by Global Radio. It is anchored by an FM operation in London, and is also broadcast via DAB Digital Radio, Freesat, Sky, Virgin Media, Choice 96.9 began as an independent company in March 1990, broadcasting from studios in Trinity Gardens, Brixton. It was Britain’s first 24-hour black music station with a licence. The station was now broadcasting from Borough High Street, Borough, the move resulted in a community march from the coverage area and their studios. It was accused of selling out as some of their DJs were removed and replaced by their Kiss counterparts who play some electronic music, the DAB service also became a simulcast of the London station, with the demise of local drop-ins. Following their takeover of Choice, Capital Radio Group merged with GWR to form GCap Media in 2005, Choice was flagged up as one of the key brands of the new larger network, and the station was made available to digital TV viewers via its addition to Sky. GCap were subsequently taken over by Global Radio, who owned the Galaxy Network of dance/urban music stations. Despite the separate music format and branding, Choice was marketed to advertisers as part of the Galaxy network for package advertising deals, in 2010 Global Radio announced that the Galaxy network stations would be networked with 95.8 Capital FM, leaving Choice as a standalone brand again. On 3 October 2013, Global announced that Choice would be rebranded as Capital Xtra on 7 October, Capital Xtra reaches 680,000 listeners in London alone. Supporting Global Radios commitment to a Social Responsibility programme, Choice FM promoted social action campaigns, I Have a Choice and I Have a Choice - Music Potential. As of September 2016, schedule changes meant the departure of presenters E-Plus, Steve Clarke and DJ Woody, ras Kwame also lost his Tuesday-Friday 12-3am Midnight Mix slot and now only presents The Reggae Recipe from 12-2am on Sunday night/Monday mornings. Weekend overnights are currently presenter free, list of radio stations in the United Kingdom Official website
15.
Capital (radio network)
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Capital is a radio network of twelve independent contemporary hit radio stations in the United Kingdom, owned and operated by Global Radio. Capital was previously known as Mix, One, Galaxy and Hit Music at various times, the stations serve a combined weekly audience of 8 million listeners and target a core audience in the 14–34 age group. Throughout the 1990s, Capital became one of the UKs major radio groups by acquiring a number of local radio stations including Red Dragon FM, BRMB. This left Leicester Sound, Ram FM, Red Dragon FM, in January 2011, these stations were rebranded as part of Capital. The first Galaxy radio station, Galaxy 97.2, was launched in 1990 in South West England initially broadcasting solely from Bristol and operated under the Chiltern Radio Group. In 1994 the station won the first regional FM licence and moved frequency to 101.0 MHz, rebranded as Galaxy 101, at the same time a second studio was opened in Cardiff to provide some programming alongside the existing Bristol studio. Chrysalis Radio purchased the station in 1996 and a later, expanded the network by buying Faze FMs stations – Kiss 102 in Manchester. In 1998, black community station Choice FM was acquired in Birmingham, Chrysalis Radio won the North East regional licence in 1999 and sold the original station, Galaxy 101, to the GWR Group in 2002. In 2007, Chrysalis Radio was sold to Global Radio and following their subsequent acquisition of GCap in 2008, XFM Scotland, another rebrand followed in January 2011 when all Galaxy stations were rebranded as Capital. Within the first five months of the network, Capitals flagship London station regained its position as the most listened-to commercial station in London. However, Manchester, the North East, South Wales and Yorkshire lost listeners, contrasting with Birmingham, Central Scotland, on 1 July 2011, Global Radio requested changes to the formats of Capital Birmingham and Capital Scotland, which had obligations from previous owners. This was to enable format consistency within all nine Capital stations, on 17 November 2011, Ofcom approved both format change requests. On 6 February 2014, Global Radio announced it would be selling two of its Capital stations - in Scotland and South Wales - to Communicorp, Capitals network programming and brand name is still used by both stations under contract. Two ex-Heart stations were added to the network on Tuesday 6 May 2014 – Capital Cymru and Capital North West and Wales, broadcasting from Wrexham. In January 2016, Global added the former Juice FM station in Liverpool to the network, Capital stations based in Central Scotland and Birmingham produced and transmitted specialist output for the network on Saturday and Sunday overnights respectively. However, in July 2012 this was replaced with content from 95.8 Capital studios in Leicester Square, London, breakfast and drive-time shows on weekdays and weekend afternoons are produced and broadcast from local stations studios. Capital also broadcasts via a number of DAB ensembles that do not correspond with a local FM station and these platforms take a national feed with programming identical to that of 95.8 Capital London. Prior to January 2011, Leicester Sound, Ram FM and Trent FM shared off-peak programming from Trents studios in Nottingham, whilst Galaxy programming came from studios in Leeds, Red Dragon FM and Capital were entirely autonomous, producing all of their own output
16.
Tennessee Williams
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Thomas Lanier Tennessee Williams III was an American playwright. Along with Eugene ONeill and Arthur Miller he is considered among the three foremost playwrights in 20th-century American drama, after years of obscurity, he became suddenly famous with The Glass Menagerie, closely reflecting his own unhappy family background. This heralded a string of successes, including A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and his later work attempted a new style that did not appeal to audiences, and alcohol and drug dependence further inhibited his creative output. His drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often numbered on the short list of the finest American plays of the 20th century alongside Long Days Journey into Night, much of Williams most acclaimed work was adapted for the cinema. He also wrote stories, poetry, essays and a volume of memoirs. In 1979, four years before his death, Williams was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. Thomas Lanier Williams III was born in Columbus, Mississippi, of English, Welsh, and Huguenot ancestry and his father was an alcoholic traveling shoe salesman who spent much of his time away from home. Williams early childhood was spent in the parsonage there, Williams had two siblings, sister Rose Isabel Williams and brother Walter Dakin Williams. As a small child Williams suffered from a case of diphtheria which nearly ended his life, leaving him weak, at least in part as a result of his illness, he was less robust as a child than his father wished. Cornelius Williams, a descendant of hearty East Tennessee pioneer stock, had a violent temper and was a man prone to use his fists. He regarded his sons effeminacy with disdain, and his mother Edwina, locked in an unhappy marriage, many critics and historians note that Williams found inspiration for much of his writing in his own dysfunctional family. When Williams was eight years old, his father was promoted to a job at the office of the International Shoe Company in St. Louis. He attended Soldan High School, a setting he referred to in his play The Glass Menagerie, Later he studied at University City High School. At age 16, Williams won third prize for an essay published in Smart Set entitled, a year later, his short story The Vengeance of Nitocris was published in the August 1928 issue of the magazine Weird Tales. That same year he first visited Europe with his grandfather, from 1929 to 1931, he attended the University of Missouri, in Columbia, where he enrolled in journalism classes. Williams found his classes boring, however, and was distracted by his love for a girl. He was soon entering his poetry, essays, stories, and plays in writing contests and his first submitted play was Beauty Is the Word, followed by Hot Milk at Three in the Morning. As recognition for Beauty, a play about rebellion against religious upbringing, at University of Missouri, Williams joined the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, but he did not fit in well with his fraternity brothers
17.
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
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Cat on a Hot Tin Roof is a play by Tennessee Williams. One of Williamss best-known works and his favorite, the play won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1955. Cat on a Hot Tin Roof features several recurring motifs, such as social mores, greed, superficiality, mendacity, decay, sexual desire, repression, dialogue throughout is often rendered phonetically to represent accents of the Southern United States. The original production starred Barbara Bel Geddes, Burl Ives, the play was adapted as a motion picture of the same name in 1958, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Paul Newman as Maggie and Brick, with Burl Ives and Madeleine Sherwood recreating their stage roles. Williams made substantial excisions and alterations to the play for a revival in 1974 and this has been the version used for most subsequent revivals, which have been numerous. The party is to celebrate the birthday of patriarch Big Daddy Pollitt, the Deltas biggest cotton-planter, all family members are aware of Big Daddys true diagnosis, he is dying of cancer. Maggie, determined and beautiful, has escaped a childhood of poverty to marry into the wealthy Pollitts, the family is aware that Brick has not slept with Maggie for a long time, which has strained their marriage. Brick, a football hero, infuriates her by ignoring his brother Goopers attempts to gain control of the family fortune. Bricks indifference and his drinking have escalated with the suicide of his friend Skipper, Maggie fears that Bricks malaise will ensure that Gooper and his wife Mae end up with Big Daddys estate. Through the evening, Brick, Big Daddy and Maggie—and the entire family—separately must face down the issues which they have bottled up inside, Big Daddy attempts a reconciliation with the alcoholic Brick. Brick explains to Big Daddy that Maggie was jealous of the friendship between Brick and Skipper because she believed it had a romantic undercurrent. He states that Skipper took Maggie to bed to prove her wrong, Brick believes that when Skipper couldnt complete the act, his self-questioning about his sexuality and his friendship with Brick made him snap. Brick also reveals that, shortly before he committed suicide, Skipper confessed his feelings to Brick, disgusted with the familys mendacity, Brick tells Big Daddy that the report from the clinic about his condition was falsified for his sake. Big Daddy storms out of the room, leading the party gathered out on the gallery to drift inside, Maggie, Brick, Mae, Gooper, and Doc Baugh decide to tell Big Mama the truth about his illness and she is devastated by the news. Gooper and Mae start to discuss the division of the Pollitt estate, Big Mama defends her husband from Gooper and Maes proposals. Big Daddy reappears and makes known his plans to die peacefully, attempting to secure Bricks inheritance, Maggie tells him she is pregnant. Gooper and Mae know this is a lie, but Big Mama, when they are alone again, Maggie locks away the liquor and promises Brick that she will make the lie true. Mendacity is a theme throughout the play
18.
James Earl Jones
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James Earl Jones is an American actor. His career has spanned more than 60 years, and he has described as one of Americas most distinguished and versatile actors. Since his Broadway debut in 1957, Jones has won awards, including a Tony Award. Jones has won three Emmy Awards, including two in the year in 1991, and he also earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role in the film version of The Great White Hope. He is also known for his roles as Darth Vader in the Star Wars film series and Mufasa in Disneys The Lion King as well as many other film, stage. As a child Jones had a stutter, in his episode of Biography, he said he overcame the affliction through poetry, public speaking, and acting, although it lasted for several years. A pre-med major in college, he went on to serve in the United States Army during the Korean War before pursuing a career in acting, on November 12,2011, he received an Honorary Academy Award. On November 9,2015, Jones received the Voice Arts Icon Award, Jones and his father reconciled many years later. His parents were African-American, and Jones has learned they also had Irish, from the age of five, Jones was raised by his maternal grandparents, John Henry and Maggie Connolly, who had moved from Mississippi and had a farm in Jackson, Michigan. Jones has described his grandmother, Maggie, as the most racist person I have ever known and his grandmother was of African-American, Cherokee and Choctaw ancestry. Jones found the transition to his grandparents in Michigan traumatic, when his family moved to Brethren, Michigan, a teacher helped him overcome his stutter. He remained functionally mute for eight years, until he entered high school and he credits his English teacher, Donald Crouch, who discovered he had a gift for writing poetry, with helping him end his silence. Crouch urged him to challenge his reluctance to speak, so my first year of school was my first mute year, and then those mute years continued until I got to high school. He joined the Reserve Officer Training Corps, and excelled and he felt comfortable within the structure of the military environment, and enjoyed the camaraderie of his fellow cadets in the Pershing Rifles Drill Team and Scabbard and Blade Honor Society. During the course of his studies, Jones discovered he was not cut out to be a doctor, after four years of college, Jones graduated from the university in 1955. With the war intensifying in Korea, Jones expected to be deployed as soon as he received his commission as a second lieutenant. As he waited for his orders, he worked as a stage crew hand at the Ramsdell Theatre in Manistee, Michigan. Jones was commissioned in mid-1953 and reported to Fort Benning to attend Infantry Officers Basic Course and he then attended Ranger School and received his Ranger Tab
19.
Novello Theatre
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Aldwych was also home to the earlier Royal Strand Theatre The Novello Theatre is a West End theatre on Aldwych, in the City of Westminster. The theatre was built as one of a pair with the Aldwych Theatre on either side of the The Waldorf Hilton, London, the theatre was opened by The Shubert Organization as the Waldorf Theatre on 22 May 1905, and was renamed the Strand Theatre, in 1909. It was again renamed as the Whitney Theatre in 1911, before becoming the Strand Theatre in 1913. In 2005, the theatre was renamed by its owners the Novello Theatre in honour of Ivor Novello, the black comedy Arsenic and Old Lace had a run of 1337 performances here in the 1940s, and Sailor Beware. Ran for 1231 performances from 1955, stephen Sondheims musical A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum opened here in 1963, running for nearly two years. In 1971, the comedy No Sex Please, Were British opened here, the theatre was extensively refurbished in 1930 and again in the early 1970s. It was Grade II listed by English Heritage on 20 July 1971, after The Rat Pack, Live From Las Vegas in 2005, its 100th anniversary year, the theatre was extensively refurbished. The current seating capacity is 1,105, in 2006, the theatre played host to the London première of the Broadway musical Footloose, starring Cheryl Baker. The London production starred Elaine Paige, Bob Martin, Summer Strallen, the London production closed after a run of only two months on 4 August 2007 after failing to attract audiences, despite positive notices. The musical previewed on 16 October 2007, receiving its world première on 15 November 2007.5 million, a quick replacement came in the form of the cross-West End transfer of Shadowlands from the Wyndhams Theatre, commencing 21 December 2007 for a 12-week run to 25 February 2008. Producer Phil McIntyre opened ZooNations adaptation of the musical Into the Woods, entitled Into the Hoods and this theatre is one of the 40 theatres featured in the 2012 DVD documentary series Great West End Theatres, presented by Donald Sinden. Notes Bibliography Earl, John and Sell, Michael Guide to British Theatres 1750–1950 London, ISBN 0-7136-5688-3 Novello Theatre website Novello Theatre History
20.
Adam Deacon
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Adam Steven Deacon is an English film actor, rapper, writer and director. He is best known for his lead role in the films Kidulthood, sequel Adulthood and for his directorial debut, Anuvahood. Convicted in 2015 of harassment without violence against fellow actor Noel Clarke, Deacon was brought up by his English mother in Stoke Newington, Hackney. His father is Moroccan, and walked out on the family when he was two old, and to this date the pair have never had any contact. Although his acting career began with guest appearances in Bills New Frock, Shooters, Ali G Indahouse, Deacons breakthrough came when he landed a starring role in the urban drama film Kidulthood. He then worked with Kidulthood writer Noel Clarke on a number of other projects until 2011, including the sequel Adulthood,4.3.2.1. Deacon co-wrote, co-directed and played the lead role in urban comedy Anuvahood. Following this, Time Out magazine labeled Deacon The New Face of Youth Cinema, in February 2012, he won the BAFTA Rising Star Award. Deacon has since appeared in lead and supporting roles in feature films, including Bonded by Blood, Jack Falls, Shank, Everywhere and Nowhere. He had a guest role in Victim, in November 2012, he co-hosted the Music of Black Origin Awards telecast with Miquita Oliver where Deacon played a comical part in the awards. In January 2015, he was arrested after police were called to reports of a man armed with a machete style knife. He was unable to attend a hearing in March due to being in hospital for treatment for underlying mental health issues and the case was adjourned until 30 April. In July 2015 he was guilty of harassment without violence at West London Magistrates Court. Clarke then received a barrage of abuse from Deacon, including accusations that he had sabotaged Deacons career, on 20 July Deacon was found guilty. The court, which heard that Deacon had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and had been self-medicating using skunk cannabis, adam Deacon, I was too street and too scary for directors 19 February 2012. Adam Deacon, Streetwise star who knows the score
21.
Donkey (Shrek)
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Donkey is a fast-talking donkey created by William Steig and adapted by DreamWorks Animation for the Shrek franchise. The character is voiced by Eddie Murphy, Donkey first makes his debut at a sale of mythical characters from beloved fairy-tales being sold to the evil Lord Farquaads knights. An old woman attempts to sell Donkey, but magic pixie dust accidentally is unleashed upon him from a caged fairy, however, the spell unleashed upon Donkey then breaks and he falls to the ground, being chased by Farquaads knights into the woods, where he meets Shrek. Shrek is at first reluctant to meet the talkative and annoying Donkey, Donkey requests to stay with Shrek since he has no one else. Shrek refuses, but finally gives in due to Donkeys constant begging, however, he allows him to stay outside of his house. When Shrek discovers all the fairy tale creatures are residing in his swamp, Donkey denies bringing them to the swamp, seeing how Donkey knows where Farquaad is and is the only one who is willing to help Shrek, he accompanies Shrek to Duloc, Farquaads kingdom. When they arrive, however, Farquaad has his men try to kill Shrek in an arena to find the perfect champion to find and bring him back Princess Fiona, whom he wants to make his bride. He and Shrek easily defeat his men, and Farquaad decides to have Shrek be his champion instead, however, Shrek shows no interest, and only demands his swamp back. When Farquaad offers Shrek a deal to him his swamp if he agrees to go on the quest. While coming to the castle, Donkey unintentionally catches the attention of the fire-breathing dragon. Shrek escapes, but Donkey is caught and cornered, however, Shrek rescues Donkey before things become too personal and narrowly escape with the Princess. Donkey begins to notice a romance between Fiona and Shrek, despite their denials, the next night, Donkey goes inside a Windmill to talk to the Princess, only to discover that she becomes an ogre herself after sunset. Shrek overhears them talking, and misinterprets it as her insulting him, the next day, Shrek berates Fiona for what she said and Lord Farquaad comes to take her. Donkey tries to clear things up with Shrek, but Shrek in turn berates Donkey as well, hurt and angered, Donkey claims his half of the swamp for his hard work helping him. The two get into a fallout, where Donkey finally explains that Fiona didnt say he was ugly. Hearing this, the two make up and become friends, Donkey then has the dragon, whom he reconnected with earlier, take him and Shrek to Fionas wedding to clear things up with each other. After Shrek saves Fiona from marrying Lord Farquaad and Dragon swallows Farquaad, Donkey sings Im a Believer at Shrek and Fionas wedding reception and takes his love, Dragon, on Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party. He sings Baby Got Back by Sir Mixalot, Donkey first appears in the film, having been remaining at Shreks house while Shrek and Fiona were away on their honeymoon
22.
West End theatre
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West End theatre is a common term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of Theatreland in and near the West End of London. Along with New York Citys Broadway theatre, West End theatre is considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London, in 2013, ticket sales reached a record 14.4 million, making West End the largest English speaking audience in the world. Famous screen actors frequently appear on the London stage, helen Mirren received an award for her performance as the Queen on the West End stage, and then stated, theatre is such an important part of British history and British culture. Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation, the first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain, both are known to have been used by William Shakespeares company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark and these theatres were closed in 1642 due to the Puritans who would later influence the interregnum of 1649. After the Restoration, two companies were licensed to perform, the Dukes Company and the Kings Company, performances were held in converted buildings, such as Lisles Tennis Court. The first West End theatre, known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, was designed by Thomas Killigrew and built on the site of the present Theatre Royal and it opened on 7 May 1663 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. It was replaced by a new designed by Christopher Wren and renamed the Theatre Royal. Outside the West End, Sadlers Wells Theatre opened in Islington on 3 June 1683. Taking its name from founder Richard Sadler and monastic springs that were discovered on the property, it operated as a Musick House, with performances of opera, as it was not licensed for plays. In the West End, the Theatre Royal Haymarket opened on 29 December 1720 on a site north of its current location. The Patent theatre companies retained their duopoly on drama well into the 19th century, by the early 19th century, however, music hall entertainments became popular, and presenters found a loophole in the restrictions on non-patent theatres in the genre of melodrama. Melodrama did not break the Patent Acts, as it was accompanied by music, initially, these entertainments were presented in large halls, attached to public houses, but purpose-built theatres began to appear in the East End at Shoreditch and Whitechapel. The West End theatre district became established with the opening of small theatres and halls. South of the River Thames, the Old Vic, Waterloo Road, the next few decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End. It abbreviated its name three years later, the theatre building boom continued until about World War I
23.
Shrek The Musical
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Shrek The Musical is a musical with music by Jeanine Tesori and book and lyrics by David Lindsay-Abaire. It is based on the 2001 DreamWorks film Shrek and William Steigs 1990 book Shrek, after a trial run in Seattle, the original Broadway production opened in December 2008 and closed after a run of over 12 months in January 2010. It was followed by a tour of the United States which opened in 2010, since its debut, the musicals rights have been available for independent theaters overseas, who have chosen to stage their own versions of the show, starting with the 2010 Israel production. A High Definition filming of the Broadway production was released on DVD, Blu-ray and digital download on October 15,2013, in North America, Lindsay-Abaire and Jason Moore began working on the show in 2002, with Tesori joining the team from 2004. The musical premiered in a tryout at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle. Previews began August 14,2008, with a night of September 10. The tryout ran through September 21, and played to generally favorable reviews, during previews, I Could Get Used to This was replaced by Dont Let Me Go, and Let Her In became Make a Move. Also during previews, a reprise of Who Id Be was sung after Shrek overhears Fionas misleading comment about being with a hideous beast. This was cut and Build a Wall was placed after Morning Person, Build a Wall was later cut during previews, but re-instated towards the end of the run. After extensive changes were made, the show previews on Broadway at the Broadway Theatre on November 8,2008. The cast included Brian dArcy James as Shrek, Sutton Foster as Fiona, Christopher Sieber as Farquaad, daniel Breaker took over the role of Donkey, as the creative team thought Chester Gregory II did not fit the part. The Dragon was voiced by company members Haven Burton, Aymee Garcia and Rachel Stern, kecia Lewis-Evans, who played Dragon in Seattle, was offered a part in the shows ensemble but declined. Ben Crawford was the standby for Shrek, until he replaced dArcy James for the months of performances. The song Im a Believer, which was played as the audience left the theatre, was added to the score on October 2,2009. The Broadway production of the received a total of twelve Drama Desk Award and eight Tony Award nominations, including Best Musical and acting awards for dArcy James. The Broadway production closed on January 3,2010, after 441 performances and 37 previews. At the time, it was one of the most expensive musicals to open on Broadway, at an estimated $25 million, the show was then extremely modified for the national tour. A national tour of North America began previews at the Cadillac Palace Theatre in Chicago, on July 13,2010, rob Ashford is the co-director, as the Broadway creative team revised changes
24.
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
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The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, commonly known as Drury Lane, a West End theatre, is a Grade I listed building in Covent Garden, London. The building faces Catherine Street and backs onto Drury Lane, the building is the most recent in a line of four theatres which were built at the same location, the earliest of which dated back to 1663, making it the oldest theatre site in London still in use. According to the author Peter Thomson, for its first two centuries, Drury Lane could reasonably have claimed to be Londons leading theatre. For most of time, it was one of a handful of patent theatres. The first theatre on the site was built at the behest of Thomas Killigrew in the early 1660s, when theatres were allowed to reopen during the English Restoration. Initially known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, the proprietors hired a number of prominent actors who performed at the theatre on a regular basis, including Nell Gwyn. In 1672 the theatre caught fire and Killigrew built a theatre on the same plot, renamed the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. This building lasted nearly 120 years, under the leaderships of Colley Cibber, David Garrick and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, in 1791, under Sheridans management, the building was demolished to make way for a larger theatre which opened in 1794. This new Drury Lane survived for 15 years before burning down in 1809, the building that stands today opened in 1812. It has been the residency of a number of known actors including, Edmund Kean, comedian Dan Leno. From the Second World War, the theatre has primarily hosted long runs of musicals and my Fair Lady, 42nd Street and Miss Saigon, the theatres longest-running show. The theatre is owned by the composer Andrew Lloyd Webber, soon after, Charles issued Letters Patent to two parties licensing the formation of new acting companies. One of these went to Thomas Killigrew, whose company became known as the Kings Company, the new playhouse, architect unknown, opened on 7 May 1663 and was known from the placement of the entrance as the Theatre Royal in Bridges Street. It went by names as well, including the Kings Playhouse. The building was a wooden structure,112 feet long and 59 feet wide. Set well back from the streets, the theatre was accessed by narrow passages between surrounding buildings. The King himself frequently attended the productions, as did Samuel Pepys. The day after the Theatre Royal opened, Pepys attended a performance of Francis Beaumont, performances usually began at 3 pm to take advantage of the daylight, the main floor for the audience, the pit, had no roof in order to let in the light
25.
Amanda Holden
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Amanda Louise Holden is an English television presenter, actress and singer, best known as a judge on ITVs Britains Got Talent since the show began in 2007. Holden played the role of Sarah Trevanion in Wild at Heart, more recently she has presented various television shows for ITV including Superstar, This Morning and Give a Pet a Home. Although born in Portsmouth, Holden spent much of her childhood in Bishops Waltham and she attended Swanmore Secondary School, where a teacher recalled that she had a natural talent on stage. At 16 she moved to Bournemouth, and then attended Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts), Holdens first television appearance was as a contestant on the game show Blind Date in 1991. From 2006 to 2008, Holden appeared as Sarah Trevanian in three series of ITVs Wild at Heart co-starring Stephen Tompkinson and she also co-starred with Bill Nighy and Tom Courtenay in Ready When You Are, Mr McGill, Jack Rosenthals comedy drama. Holden is currently a judge on Britains Got Talent along with Simon Cowell, David Walliams and she joined the show in 2007 and this is her best known role. She has appeared on various British series such as Smack the Pony, EastEnders, Hearts and Bones, Cutting It, in 2009, Holden appeared as Lizzie, the Ring Mistress in the BBC sitcom Big Top. In April 2009, it was reported that the US network CBS had offered Holden the job of one-time guest presenter on The Early Show, on 1 June 2009, she appeared with regular presenters Harry Smith and Maggie Rodriguez. Holden has since signed up with CBS as a British correspondent for The Early Show, from 2009 until 2014, Holden co-presented A Night of Heroes, The Sun Military Awards annually on ITV with Phillip Schofield. In 2010, Holden co-presented The Door with Chris Tarrant, in 2011, Holden narrated the documentary The Nations Favourite Bee Gees Song on ITV. On 6 July 2012, Holden guest presented an episode of Lorraine and she returned to guest present six further episodes of the show from 4–8 April and 4 July 2016. In 2012, Holden presented talent show Superstar on ITV, on 24 March 2014, she hosted an episode of the Channel 4 show Dispatches about the treatment for stillbirths and miscarriages. From 22 September to 18 December 2014, Holden filled in as a co-host on This Morning with Phillip Schofield during Holly Willoughbys maternity leave. She took a break in January and February 2015 to record the Britains Got Talent auditions before returning to the show from 2 March until 17 July 2015. Holden presented a six-part factual series for ITV called Give a Pet a Home which worked alongside the RSPCA finding homes for animals, the series aired in April and May 2015. On 18 December 2015, Holden was part of the team for ITVs Christmas telethon Text Santa. The show opened at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane on 14 June 2011 and she starred with Nigel Lindsay, Richard Blackwood and Nigel Harman. Holden departed the show on 3 October 2011, ten weeks earlier than planned, for this role, Holden won the WhatsOnStage. com Theatregoers Choice Award for Best Actress in a Musical
26.
Kimberley Walsh
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Kimberley Jane Scott is an English singer-songwriter, model, television presenter, actress, and dancer. She rose to fame in late 2002 when she auditioned for the reality television show Popstars, the programme announced that Walsh had won a place as a member of the girl group Girls Aloud. In 2009, Girls Aloud won Best Single with their song The Promise, during the groups hiatus Walsh embarked mainly on acting and presenting, In July 2010, Walsh became a presenter on music talk-show, Suck My Pop and presented coverage for the BAFTA Awards. In 2011, Walsh starred in Horrid Henry, The Movie as Prissy Polly, musically, Walsh has featured on Aggro Santoss Like U Like. In 2012 Walsh made her West End theatre debut, playing Princess Fiona in the London production of Shrek the Musical, Walsh fronted the 2009 Autumn/Winter collection for the fashion chain New Look and, in January 2011, Walsh was revealed as the new face of Puma AG. In 2012, Walsh took part in Strictly Come Dancing, where she finished as one of the runners-up, Walshs net worth was estimated at £7 million as of 2014. Walsh was born in Bradford, West Yorkshire, the daughter of John and she grew up with three siblings in Allerton, West Yorkshire. Sally played the character of Lyn Hutchinson on the soap opera Emmerdale between 1997 and 2000, and Amy joined the shows cast in 2014 and she starred as Young Cosette in a regional production of Les Misérables and starred in ITVs The Book Tower in 1986. Walsh attended the Bradford theatre school, Stage 84, and briefly taught there, Walsh auditioned for the reality television show Popstars The Rivals in 2002 with the song Where Do Broken Hearts Go. Several thousand applicants attended auditions across the UK in hope of being selected, Ten girls and ten boys were chosen as finalists by judges Pete Waterman, Louis Walsh and Geri Halliwell. Walsh did not initially make it into the group of ten contestants who were to appear on the show. However, when another contestant was disqualified on a technicality, she found herself on the show and these finalists then took to the stage participating in weekly Saturday night live performances which alternated weekly between the girls and boys. Each week, the contestant polling the fewest phone votes was eliminated, Walsh joined Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts, and Cheryl Tweedy to comprise the new girl group Girls Aloud, formed through the show by a public vote on 30 November 2002. The groups debut single Sound of the Underground peaked at one on the UK Singles Chart. Girls Aloud hold the record for the shortest time between formation and reaching number one, the group released their debut album Sound of the Underground in May 2003, which entered the charts at number two and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry later the same year. Their singles Ill Stand by You, Walk This Way, and they also achieved seven certified albums and have been nominated for five Brit Awards, winning the 2009 Best Single for The Promise. The groups musical style is pop, but throughout their career they had experimented with electropop and dance-pop, Girls Alouds collaborations with Brian Higgins and his songwriting and production team Xenomania earned the group critical acclaim, due to an innovative approach to mainstream pop music. The group became one of the few UK reality television acts to achieve continued success, guinness World Records lists them as Most Successful Reality TV Group in the 2007 edition
27.
Britain's Got Talent
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Britains Got Talent is a British television talent show reality TV competition which started in June 2007 and originated from the Got Talent franchise. The show is a Thames production distributed by FremantleMedia and is produced in association with Syco TV, the show is broadcast on ITV and its sister show Britains Got More Talent is broadcast on ITV2. Anyone of any age with some sort of talent can audition for the show, acts compete against each other in order to gain the audience support while trying to win the title of The winner of Britains Got Talent. The original judging panel consisted of the shows creator Simon Cowell, Amanda Holden, Kelly Brook was brought in briefly as a fourth judge in series 3, but was axed after one audition site. Morgan did not return for series 5 and Cowell was only present during the shows, while David Hasselhoff. Alesha Dixon and David Walliams joined the panel in series 6 as replacements for McIntyre, throughout the show, contestants must perform in front of the judges, and each year initial auditions have been held in front of a live audience. Auditions precede live semi-finals, where the final 45 contestants perform nightly for a week in order to impress the British public, each night, two acts from each semi-final progress to the live final. There have been ten winners to date, Paul Potts, George Sampson, Diversity, Spelbound, Jai McDowall, Ashleigh and Pudsey, Attraction, Collabro, Jules ODwyer & Matisse and Richard Jones. A significant show in British popular culture, Britains Got Talent is the UKs biggest television talent competition, the series 3 live final brought in 17.3 million viewers, a 64. 6% audience share. On 29 February 2016, it was announced that ITV had signed a contract to renew Britains Got Talent until 2019. The shows format was devised by The X Factor creator and Sony Music executive Simon Cowell, a pilot episode was filmed in September 2005, with the judging panel consisting of Cowell, then-This Morning presenter Fern Britton, and tabloid journalist Piers Morgan. It was originally planned that the show would be broadcast in 2006, however, after defection to Channel 4 for The Paul OGrady Show, he refused to appear on another ITV show, so the show was put on hold. The pilot remained unbroadcast on television until it was shown during The Talent Show Story in January 2012, in a 2010 interview, OGrady said, I did the pilot for Britains Got Talent – which was originally going to be called Paul OGradys Got Talent. But I told the producers they were having a joke if they thought I would front a show with that title, the original panel of judges was going to be Simon Cowell, Fern Britton and Piers Morgan. Then when I had the row with ITV I was banned from the studios, I remember I rang Simon and told him he had a huge hit on his hands, but there was no way I could do it. I said, if I am banned I have to be banned from everything, I can’t be a hypocrite and come in and do this. On 12 February 2007, following the success of Americas Got Talent the previous year, it was announced that the show would air in June 2007 with Cowell, Morgan and actress Amanda Holden as judges. Ant & Dec were announced as presenters, with Stephen Mulhern as the presenter of ITV2 spin-off series Britains Got More Talent, the auditions take place in front of the judges and a live audience at different cities across the UK
28.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4
29.
I'm a Believer
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Im a Believer is a song composed by Neil Diamond and recorded by The Monkees in 1966 with the lead vocals by Micky Dolenz. Billboard ranked the record as the No.5 song for 1967, because of 1,051,280 advance orders, it went gold within two days of release. It is one of the fewer than forty singles to have sold 10 million physical copies worldwide. The song was No.1 in the UK Singles Chart for four weeks in January and February 1967, as well as a Number 1 in numerous countries including Australia, Canada, and Ireland. The success of the single prompted the song to appear in four episodes of The Monkees TV show throughout December 1966. Neil Diamond had already recorded this song before it was covered by The Monkees, a revised recording by Diamond, featuring additional lyrics, appears on the album September Morn, while his original recording appeared on the 1967 album Just for You. Diamond also suggested it to The Fifth Estate who recorded it as a 1967 album cut to follow up their hit Ding-Dong, the Monkees recording kept the novelty hit Snoopy Vs. The Red Baron, by The Royal Guardsmen, at two for four weeks, and from reaching the Hot 100s summit. Session guitarist Al Gorgoni had worked on Diamonds Cherry, Cherry, other personnel on the record include Sal Ditroia on guitar, Carol Kaye on bass, Artie Butler on Vox Continental organ, Jeff Barry on piano and tambourine, and Buddy Saltzman on drums. In 2008, the song ranked No.1 on Dallas station KLUV98. 7FMs Top 500 Memorial Day Countdown, the song is listed at No.48 on Billboards All Time Top 100. It was Wyatts first recording after the June 1973 accident that left him a paraplegic, in 1995, British comedians Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer teamed up with the band EMF for a version which reached No.3 on the UK Singles Chart. American pop rock band Smash Mouth covered the song in 2001, as part of the soundtrack to the movie Shrek, eddie Murphy, portraying the character Donkey, also performed a rendition of the song in the film. The song was chosen for its line, I thought love was only true in fairy tales. Subsequently, the song was played as music for the Broadway musical adaptation of the film. Weezer also had a version of the song at the end of Shreks 2010 sequel Shrek Forever After and this version hit number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Neil Diamond Show Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
30.
Den Watts
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Dennis Alan Den Watts is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by actor Leslie Grantham. He became well known for his nickname, Dirty Den. Den was the landlord of The Queen Victoria. He perhaps is best remembered for his stormy relationship with his alcoholic first wife Angie. He was also known for his later involvement with the criminal gang known as The Firm that eventually led to an attempt on his life in 1989. For 14 years, it was believed that the Firms attempt on his life had been successful, seventeen months later, his character was killed off again, this time for good, at the hands of his manipulative second wife Chrissie. His character has described by EastEnders executive producer Louise Berridge as being arguably one of the most iconic soap characters ever. Den and his wife Angie Watts are landlords of The Queen Victoria pub in Albert Square, when 16-year-old Michelle falls pregnant, she refuses to name the father, fearing repercussions for Den and herself. When she gives birth to a daughter Vicki in 1986, Den is not allowed any contact with her, he is allowed to hold his daughter once, Den and Angies marriage continues to sour, despite their strong professional personas. However, Angie struggles to contain her jealousy regarding Dens mistress, she grows depressed, still, Den makes plans to leave Angie permanently, hoping to stop him, Angie claims that she is dying and has only six months to live in October that year. Den chooses to stay with her and tries to rebuild their relationship and he takes Angie to Venice for a second honeymoon, but liaises with Jan, who is also there. Feeling guilty about her lie, Angie gets drunk on the way home via the Orient Express and admits to a barman that she is not dying and he bides his time and gets revenge by serving her divorce papers on Christmas Day. The couples divorce is finalized in 1987 and Angie damages Den by demanding a divorce settlement. Den runs The Queen Vic alone, initially assisted by Jan, Den has a fling with the Vics caterer, Magda Czajkowski, but is scorned when she eventually opts to date Simon Wicks instead. When he discovers that they are seeing each other, he punches Simon, sacks him, whilst single again, Den begins to realise that The Vics trade is floundering without Angie. With some meddling from Sharon, Den and Angie decide to reunite as business partners, however, it is short-lived, because Angie falls in love with her friend, Sonny. Realising that Angie is planning to leave him, Den visits a solicitor, Angie leaves Walford for Spain in May 1988 with nothing, and they never see or hear anything of each other again. Having had an association with the criminal organisation known as The Firm
31.
Supermodel
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A supermodel is a highly paid fashion model who usually has a worldwide reputation and often a background in haute couture and commercial modeling. The term supermodel became prominent in the culture of the 1980s. Supermodels usually work for prominent fashion designers and clothing brands and they may have multimillion-dollar contracts, endorsements, and campaigns. Supermodels have branded themselves as household names and worldwide recognition is associated with their modeling careers and they have been on the covers of magazines such as French, British, American, and Italian Vogue. Claudia Schiffer stated, In order to become a supermodel one must be on all the all over the world at the same time so that people can recognise the girls. Then I have had what I call the super model and you know the sort of man, he goes in for theatrical effect. On 6 October 1942, a writer named Judith Cass had used the term super model for her article in the Chicago Tribune, according to Model, The Ugly Business of Beautiful Women by Michael Gross, Gross stated the term supermodel was first used by Dessner. In 1947, anthropologist Harold Sterling Gladwin wrote supermodel in his book Men Out of Asia, on 18 October 1959, Vancouvers Chinatown News described Susan Chew as a super model. The term supermodel had been used several times in the media in the 1960s and 1970s, in 1965, the encyclopedic guide American Jurisprudence Trials used the term super model. American Vogue used the term super-model to describe Jean Shrimpton in the 15 October 1965 edition, Hemingway was again described as a supermodel in the 25 July 1977 edition of Time. Jet also described Beverly Johnson as a supermodel in the 22 December 1977 edition, Model Janice Dickinson has incorrectly stated that she coined the term supermodel in 1979, as a compound of Superman and model. During an interview with Entertainment Tonight, Dickinson stated that her agent Monique Pilar of Elite Model Management asked her, Janice, im a supermodel, honey, and you will refer to me as a supermodel and you will start a supermodel division. Dickinson also claims to be the first supermodel, lisa Fonssagrives is widely considered the worlds first supermodel. She was in most of the fashion magazines and general interest magazines from the 1930s to the 1950s, including Town & Country, Life, Vogue, the original Vanity Fair, Harpers Bazaar. Dorian Leigh has also called the worlds first supermodel, as well as Gia Carangi. In the 1970s, some became more prominent as their names became more recognizable to the general public. Lauren Hutton became the first model to receive a contract from a cosmetics company. Iman is considered to have been the first supermodel of color, donyale Luna was the first black model to appear in British Vogue
32.
Naomi Campbell
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Naomi Elaine Campbell is a British supermodel and actress. Campbell is also involved in charity work for various causes and her personal life has been widely reported over the years, particularly her four highly publicised convictions for assault. Campbell was born in Streatham, South London, the daughter of Jamaican-born dancer Valerie Morris, in accordance with her mothers wishes, Campbell has never met her father, who abandoned her mother when she was four months pregnant and was unnamed on her birth certificate. She took on the surname Campbell from her mothers second marriage and her half-brother, Pierre, was born in 1985. Campbell is of Afro-Jamaican descent, as well as of Chinese Jamaican ancestry through her paternal grandmother, during her early years, Campbell lived in Rome, where her mother worked as a modern dancer. Following their return to London, she was left in the care of relatives while her mother travelled across Europe with the dance troupe Fantastica. From the age of three, Campbell attended the Barbara Speake Stage School, and at 10 years old, she was accepted into the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, where she studied ballet. Campbells first public appearance came at the age of seven, in 1978, at the age of 12 she tap-danced in the music video for Culture Clubs Ill Tumble 4 Ya. In 1986, while still a student of the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, Campbell was scouted by Beth Boldt, head of the Synchro Model Agency and her career quickly took off—in April, just before her 16th birthday she appeared on the cover of British Elle. By the late 1980s, Campbell, with Christy Turlington and Linda Evangelista, formed a trio known as the Trinity, in December 1987, she appeared on the cover of British Vogue, as that publications first black cover girl since 1966. The group was subsequently cast to star in the video for George Michaels Freedom. By then, Campbell, Turlington, Evangelista, Crawford, with the addition of newcomer Kate Moss, they were collectively known as the Big Six. Later that year, she starred as Michael Jacksons love interest in the video for In the Closet. In April 1992, she posed with several other top models for the cover of American Vogue. That same year, she appeared in Madonnas controversial book Sex, in a set of photos with Madonna. In 1993, Campbell twice appeared on the cover of American Vogue, in April, alongside Christy Turlington, Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour, and Helena Christensen, and again, solo, in June. She famously fell on the catwalk in Vivienne Westwoods foot-high platform shoes, elite founder John Casablancas described her as manipulative, scheming, rude, and impossible. In the mid-1990s, Campbell branched out other areas of the entertainment industry
33.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
34.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
35.
MusicBrainz
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MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
