Westinghouse Electric Corporation
The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company. It was founded on January 8, 1886, as Westinghouse Electric Company and renamed Westinghouse Electric Corporation by its founder George Westinghouse. George Westinghouse had founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company; the corporation purchased the CBS broadcasting company in 1995 and became the original CBS Corporation in 1997. Westinghouse Electric was founded by George Westinghouse in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1886; the firm became active in developing electric infrastructure throughout the United States. The company's largest factories were located in East Pittsburgh Pennsylvania, Lester, Pennsylvania and in Hamilton, where they made turbines, generators and switch gear for generation and use of electricity. In addition to George Westinghouse, early engineers working for the company included Frank Conrad, Benjamin Garver Lamme, Oliver B. Shallenberger, William Stanley, Nikola Tesla, Stephen Timoshenko and Vladimir Zworykin.
Early on, Westinghouse was a rival to Thomas Edison's electric company. In 1892, Edison was merged with Westinghouse's chief AC rival, the Thomson-Houston Electric Company, making an bigger competitor, General Electric. Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company changed its name to Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1945. Westinghouse purchased CBS Inc. in 1995. Westinghouse Electric Corporation changed its name to and became CBS Corporation in 1997. In 1998, the Power Generation Business Unit, headquartered in Orlando, was sold to Siemens AG, of Germany. A year CBS sold all of its commercial nuclear power businesses to British Nuclear Fuels Limited. In connection with that sale, certain rights to use the Westinghouse trademarks were granted to the newly formed BNFL subsidiary, Westinghouse Electric Company; that company was sold to Toshiba in 2006. In 1990, Westinghouse experienced a financial catastrophe when the Corporation lost over one billion dollars due to bad high-risk, high-fee, high-interest loans made by its Westinghouse Credit Corporation lending arm.
In an attempt to revitalize the corporation, the Board of Directors appointed outside management in the form of CEO Michael Jordan, who brought in numerous consultants to help re-engineer the company in order to realize the potential that they saw in the broadcasting industry. Westinghouse reduced the work force in many of its traditional industrial operations and made further acquisitions in broadcasting to add to its substantial Group W network, purchasing CBS in 1995. Shortly after, Westinghouse purchased Infinity Broadcasting, TNN, CMT, American Radio Systems, rights to NFL broadcasting; these investments cost the company over fifteen billion dollars. To recoup its costs, Westinghouse sold many other operations. Siemens purchased non-nuclear power generation, while other firms bought the defense electronics, office furniture company Knoll, Thermo King, residential security. With little remaining of the company aside from its broadcasting, Westinghouse renamed itself CBS Corporation in 1997.
During the 20th century, Westinghouse engineers and scientists were granted more than 28,000 US government patents, the third most of any company. The company pioneered the power generation industry and in the fields of long-distance power transmission and high-voltage alternating-current transmission, unveiling the technology for lighting in Great Barrington, Massachusetts; the first commercial Westinghouse steam turbine driven generator, a 1,500 kW unit, began operation at Hartford Electric Light Co. in 1901. The machine, nicknamed Mary-Ann, was the first steam turbine generator to be installed by an electric utility to generate electricity in the US. George Westinghouse had based his original steam turbine design on designs licensed from the English inventor Charles Parsons. Today a large proportion of steam turbine generators operating around the world, ranging to units as large as 1,500 MW were supplied by Westinghouse from its factories in Lester, Pennsylvania. Major Westinghouse licensees or joint venture partners included Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan and Harbin Turbine Co. and Shanghai Electric Co. of China.
Westinghouse boasted 50,000 employees by 1900, established a formal research and development department in 1906. While the company was expanding, it would experience internal financial difficulties. During the Panic of 1907, the Board of Directors forced George Westinghouse to take a six-month leave of absence. Westinghouse retired in 1909 and died several years in 1914. Under new leadership, Westinghouse Electric diversified its business activities in electrical technology, it acquired the Copeman Electric Stove Company in 1914 and Pittsburgh High Voltage Insulator Company in 1921. Westinghouse moved into radio broadcasting by establishing Pittsburgh's KDKA, the first commercial radio station, WBZ in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1921. Westinghouse expanded into the elevator business, establishing the Westinghouse Elevator Company in 1928. Throughout the decade, diversification engendered considerable growth. Westinghouse produced the first operational American turbojet for the US Navy program in 1943.
After many successes, the ill-fated J40 project, started soon after WWII, was abandoned in 1955 and led to Westinghouse exiting the aircraft engine business with closure of the Westinghouse Aviation Gas Turbine Division in 1960. During the late 1940s Westinghouse applied its aviation gas turbine technology and experience to develop its first industrial gas turbine. A 2,0
Robert Berks
Robert Berks was an American sculptor, industrial designer and planner. He created hundreds of bronze sculptures and monuments including the Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial, the Albert Einstein Memorial in Washington, D. C, he grew up in Boston. He studied at the Boston Museum. In 1953, he married. One of Berks's most famous works is a bust of former President John Fitzgerald Kennedy that can be found in the Grand Foyer of The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC. A copy of his Bust of Abraham Lincoln was displayed in the Oval Office during the Clinton Administration. Another of his statues, that of the Swedish botanist and physician Carl Linnaeus, can be found in the Heritage Garden of the Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, Illinois. In 2005, he donated a sculpture of Einstein to Princeton University. In 2007, he made a sculpture of Fred Rogers for Pittsburgh, he died on May 2011 at the age of 89 from natural causes. Louis Dembitz Brandeis Sculpture, Brandeis University, Massachusetts, 1956 Abraham Lincoln Bust, 1958 Richard Caliguiri Memorial, Pittsburgh City-County Building Pittsburgh, Robert F. Kennedy Memorial, Department of Justice Washington, DC, 1969 Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial, Lincoln Park, Washington, DC, 1974 Albert Einstein Memorial, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1979 John F. Kennedy Bust, Kennedy Center Washington, DC, 1971 Carl Linnaeus Monument, Chicago Botanic Garden, Illinois, 1983 Reinhold Niebuhr Memorial, Elmhurst College, 1997 Albert Einstein statue, Borough Hall Walk, Princeton, NJ, 2005 Fred Rogers Memorial, Pennsylvania, 2009 James M. Goode: Outdoor Sculpture of Washington D.
C. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979, ISBN 0-87474-138-6 Photos of Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial Photos of Albert Einstein Memorial Biographies in bronze - Robert Berks Studios Robert Berks: Albert Einstein
Jones and Laughlin Steel Company
The Jones and Laughlin Steel Company began as the American Iron Company, founded in 1852 by Bernard Lauth and B. F. Jones, a few miles south of Pittsburgh along the Monongahela River. Lauth's interest was bought in 1854 by James H. Laughlin; the first firm to bear the name of Jones and Laughlin was organized in 1861 and headquartered at Third & Ross in downtown Pittsburgh. Katharine Hepburn's maternal uncle, Frank Garlinghouse, was a longtime engineer for J&L Steel. Producing only iron, the enterprise began the production of steel in 1886. Over the ensuing 60 years, the company expanded its facilities and its operations along both sides of the Monongahela River and along the Ohio River; the Hot Metal Bridge across the Monongahela River was built to connect the blast furnaces on one side of the river with the open hearth furnaces on the other side of the river. In 1905, a new plant was begun at Pennsylvania; the company owned coal mines in western Pennsylvania in its early days, including some reached by an incline in Pittsburgh's South Side which connected to the railroad over the bridge adjacent to the Hot Metal Bridge.
Other mines were along the nearby Becks Run directly connected by railroad. The incline and mines were gone before 1900, but mining continued in Pennsylvania towns such as Vestaburg and elsewhere; the former Otis Steel company along the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland was purchased in 1942, in the mid-1960s a finishing plant was constructed in Hennepin, Illinois. J & L Steel provided the most able competition to the Carnegie Steel Company in the vicinity of Pittsburgh. Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc. of Texas offered to purchase 63 percent of J & L Steel on May 10, 1968 J&L agreeing to it on May 14, completing its purchase of 63% by June 1968 for $428.5 million. It took full control of the company in 1974. In 1978, J & L Steel acquired Youngstown Tube. In 1981, J & L Steel bought a stainless steel mill from McLouth Steel Products in Detroit, an attempt to try to get closer to the auto market, it merged with Republic Steel in 1984 to form LTV Steel. The J&L Coal Incline was a 1,300-foot incline connecting a coal mine to the J&L iron making facility.
It ran from Josephine Street, between South 29th street and South 30th Street on the lower end to Summer Street on its upper end. It was supplied with coal from the American Mine, opened in 1854. Dismantling of the buildings which housed J & L Steel produced an upsurge of building on the tracts of land where the buildings had stood. By September 2005, numerous new structures had been erected on both sides of the Monongahela River; the Pittsburgh Technology Center now stands on the north side of the Monongahela River where the blast furnaces once stood and the SouthSide Works, a commercial and residential development, stands on the south side where milling operations occurred. The Hot Metal Bridge has been converted into a pedestrian/bike bridge. Another development, Almono, is on the site of the coke works. Jones & Laughlin Steel Co. is a builder of record for a number of bridges and other structures that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Works include: Big Blue River Bridge, Twp.
Rd. over Big Blue R. 1 mi. SE of Surprise, Nebraska, NRHP-listed Brewer Bridge, Co. Rd. over the Niobrara R. 14.7 mi. E of Valentine, Nebraska, NRHP-listed Hill Annex Mine, off US 169, Minnesota, NRHP-listed Nine Bridges Bridge, private rd. over Middle Channel of the Platte R. 3.9 mi. N of Doniphan, Nebraska, NRHP-listed Prairie Dog Creek Bridge, Twp. Rd. over Prairie Dog Cr. 8.5 mi. S and 1 mi. W of Orleans. Orleans, Nebraska, NRHP-listed Southwest Fifth St. Bridge, SW Fifth St. over Raccoon R.. Des Moines, Iowa, NRHP-listed Turkey Creek Bridge, Co. Rd. over Turkey Cr. 2 mi. W and 1 mi. S of Ragan, Nebraska, NRHP-listed National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer Interstate 180 Wollman, David H.. Portraits in Steel: An Illustrated History of Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0873386241. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Photographs, 1864-1953 online collection MSP #33 from the Library & Archives, Senator John Heinz History Center Finding aid to the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Historical Records at the Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh Finding aid to the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Works Earnings Records at the Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh Finding aid to the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Records at the Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh Finding aid to the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Pittsburgh Works Records at the Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh Finding aid to the Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation Aliquippa Works Records at the Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh Historic American Engineering Record No.
PA-48, "Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh Works, Morgan Billet Mill Engine, 550 feet north of East Carson Street, opposite South Twenty-seventh Street, Allegheny County, PA", 35 photos, 4 data pages
Julius Erving
Julius Winfield Erving II known by the nickname Dr. J, is an American retired basketball player who helped popularize a modern style of play that emphasizes leaping and playing above the rim. Erving helped legitimize the American Basketball Association and was the best-known player in that league when it merged with the National Basketball Association after the 1975–76 season. Erving won three championships, four Most Valuable Player Awards, three scoring titles with the ABA's Virginia Squires and New York Nets and the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers, he is the eighth-highest scorer in ABA/NBA history with 30,026 points. He was well known for slam dunking from the free throw line in slam dunk contests and was the only player voted Most Valuable Player in both the ABA and the NBA. Erving was inducted in 1993 into the Basketball Hall of Fame and was named to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time team. In 1994, Erving was named by Sports Illustrated as one of the 40 most important athletes of all time. In 2004, he was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame.
Many consider him one of the most talented players in the history of the NBA. While Connie Hawkins, "Jumping" Johnny Green, Elgin Baylor, Jim Pollard and Gus Johnson performed spectacular dunks before Erving's time, Erving brought the practice into the mainstream, his signature dunk was the "slam" dunk, since incorporated into the vernacular and basic skill set of the game in the same manner as the "crossover" dribble and the "no look" pass. Before Erving, dunking was a practice most used by the big men to show their brutal strength, seen as style over substance unsportsmanlike, by many purists of the game. However, the way Erving utilized the dunk more as a high-percentage shot made at the end of maneuvers starting well away from the basket and not a "show of force" helped to make the shot an acceptable strategy in trying to avoid a blocked shot. Although the slam dunk is still used as a show of power, a method of intimidation and a way to fire up a team, Erving demonstrated that there can be great artistry and balletic style to slamming the ball into the hoop after a launch several feet from that target.
Erving was born in East Meadow, New York, raised from the age of 13 in Roosevelt, New York. Prior to that, he lived in nearby Hempstead, he played for Roosevelt High School and received the nickname "Doctor" or "Dr. J" from a high school friend named Leon Saunders, he explains, I have a buddy—his name is Leon Saunders—and he lives in Atlanta, I started calling him "the professor", he started calling me "the doctor". So it was just between us...we were buddies, we had our nicknames and we would roll with the nicknames. Lo and behold we graduate from high school together, we both go to U-Mass, we separated for many years'cause he went over to Africa and did some stuff, I went my way, but now he's my golf buddy in Atlanta...and I love him. He's just like a little brother to me though, you know, there's only months between us, but he's the professor and he was the first one to call me "the doctor". And that's. Erving recalled, "ater on, in the Rucker Park league in Harlem, when people started calling me'Black Moses' and'Houdini', I told them if they wanted to call me anything, call me'Doctor,'" Over time, the nickname evolved into "Dr. Julius," and "Dr. J." Erving enrolled at the University of Massachusetts in 1968.
In two varsity college basketball seasons, he averaged 26.3 points and 20.2 rebounds per game, becoming one of only six players to average more than 20 points and 20 rebounds per game in NCAA Men's Basketball. Having left college early to pursue a professional career, Erving earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst through the University Without Walls program in creative leadership and administration in 1986, fulfilling a promise he had made to his mother. Erving holds an honorary doctorate from the University of Massachusetts Amherst Although NBA rules at the time did not allow teams to draft players who were less than four years removed from high school, the ABA instituted a “hardship” rule that would allow players to leave college early. Erving took advantage of the rule change and left Massachusetts after his junior year to sign a four-year contract worth $500,000 spread over seven years with the Virginia Squires. Erving established himself as a force and gained a reputation for hard and ruthless dunking.
He scored 27.3 points per game as a rookie, was selected to the All-ABA Second Team, made the ABA All-Rookie Team, led the ABA in offensive rebounds, finished second to Artis Gilmore for the ABA Rookie of the Year Award. He led the Squires into the Eastern Division Finals, where they lost to the Rick Barry-led New York Nets in seven games; the Nets would go to the finals, losing to the star-studded Indiana Pacers team. Under NBA rules, he became eligible for the 1972 NBA draft and the Milwaukee Bucks picked him in the first round; this move would have brought him together with Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. However prior to the draft, he signed a contract with the Atlanta Hawks worth more than $1 million with a $250,000 bonus; the signing with the Hawks came after a dispute with the Squires where he demanded a renegotiation of the terms. He discovered that his agent at the time, Steve Arnold, was employed by the Squires and convinced him to sign a below-market contract; this created a dispute between three teams in two leagues.
The Bucks asserted their rights to Erving vi
Grant Street
Grant Street is the main government and business corridor in Pittsburgh. It is home to the global headquarters of Mellon Financial, U. S. Steel, Koppers Chemicals, Federated Investors, Oxford Development, it is home to the seat of Allegheny County, City of Pittsburgh and the regional Federal Government offices. It is part of the Pittsburgh Central Downtown Historic District. Grant Street was named after British Major General James Grant, defeated by the French at that location during the French and Indian War; the street's location on "Grant's Hill" strangled growth in downtown Pittsburgh, leading to several attempts in 1836 and 1849 to regrade the area to remove the hill. The successful removal of the hill in 1912 cost $800,000, plus $2.5 million in reimbursement costs for property damaged by the project. For example, the project removed 16 feet of hill near the Allegheny County Courthouse, meaning that the former basement became the modern ground level; the extreme south end of Grant Street—near the Monongahela River and Boulevard of the Allies intersection—was home to Pittsburgh's Chinatown from the 1880s until the 1950s.
Grant Street has long been a central area for civic events, including longtime Mayor and Pennsylvania Governor David L. Lawrence's funeral procession in November, 1966 attended by Robert F. Kennedy, Mayors Joseph Barr of Pittsburgh, Jerome Cavanaugh of Detroit, James Tate and Richardson Dilworth of Philadelphia, Govs. William Scranton, James Duff, Ray Shafer and John Fine along with President Lyndon Johnson staff members Robert Kintner and Marvin Watson, Secretary of Agriculture Orville Freeman and Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall. An extensive six-year $15.3 million resurfacing and redesign of Grant Street was completed in August, 1990. The American Planning Association named Grant Street one of its 10 Great Streets for 2012, describing it as "Pittsburgh's finest collection of historic buildings and modern skyscrapers, buildings that tell the stories of 20th century aristocrats and architects who shaped the city into an industrial and banking empire."Its importance to the city is because of its status as the "seat of financial and legal power" and its "striking architecture".
It is the "corporate and government heartbeat" of the city. The term "Grant Street" is shorthand for the government of PittsburghAfter the death of Pittsburgh Mayor Richard Caliguiri, his successor Sophie Masloff pursued changing the name of Grant Street to Richard S. Caliguri Boulevard However, resistance to changing the historic street name for the beloved deceased mayor, halted that effort; the street stretches for close to 10 blocks on the eastern boundary of Downtown Pittsburgh. Many of Pittsburgh's tallest skyscrapers are on Grant Street. Federated Tower Penn Station William S. Moorhead Federal Building Federal Reserve Pittsburgh Branch at 717 Grant Street Gulf Tower at 707 Grant Street U. S. Post Office & Courthouse at 700 Grant Street U. S. Steel Tower at 600 Grant Street Koppers Tower at 436 6th Avenue One Mellon Center at 500 Grant Street Omni William Penn Hotel Union Trust Building The Frick Building at 437 Grant Street Allegheny County Courthouse Union Trust Building 435 Grant Street The Grant Building at 330 Grant Street Oxford Centre Pittsburgh City-County Building Grant Street Station
Pittsburgh City Council
The Pittsburgh City Council serves as the legislative body in the City of Pittsburgh. It consists of nine members. City council members are chosen by plurality elections in each of nine districts; the city operates under a strong-mayor-council system of local governance. The current members of the city council are: † Denotes Council President Darlene Harris 2010-2014 Doug Shields 2006-2010 Luke Ravenstahl 2005-2006 Gene Ricciardi 2002-2005 Bob O'Connor 1998-2002 Jim Ferlo 1994-1998 Jack Wagner 1990-1994 Ben Woods 1988-1990 Sophie Masloff 1988 Ben Woods 1985-1988 Robert Rade Stone 1985 Eugene "Jeep" DePasquale 1978-1984 Richard Caliguiri 1977-1978 Louis Mason Thomas Gallagher 1936-1959 Robert Garland c. 1934 James F. Malone c. 1928 John F. Counahan James Ross 1817 List of mayors of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Mayoral Chief of Staff Pittsburgh City Council official city website
Erie, Pennsylvania
Erie is a city on the south shore of Lake Erie and the county seat of Erie County, United States. Named for the lake and the Native American Erie people who lived in the area until the mid-17th century, Erie is the fourth-largest city in Pennsylvania, as well as the largest city in Northwestern Pennsylvania, with a population of 101,786 at the 2010 census; the estimated population in 2017 had decreased to 97,369. The Erie metropolitan area, equivalent to all of Erie County, consists of 276,207 residents; the Erie-Meadville, PA Combined Statistical Area has a population of 369,331, as of the 2010 Census. Erie is halfway between the cities of Buffalo, New York, Cleveland and due north of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Erie's manufacturing sector remains prominent in the local economy, though health care, higher education, service industries and tourism are emerging as significant economic drivers. Over four million people visit Erie during summer months for recreation at Presque Isle State Park, as well as attractions such as Waldameer Park.
Erie is known as the "Flagship City" because of its status as the home port of Oliver Hazard Perry's flagship Niagara. The city has been called the "Gem City" because of the sparkling lake. Erie won the All-America City Award in 1972, in 2012 hosted the Perry 200, a commemoration, celebrating 200 years of peace between England and Canada following the War of 1812 and Battle of Lake Erie. Cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the shoreline and bluffs in this area for thousands of years, taking advantage of the rich resources; the Sommerheim Park Archaeological District in Millcreek Township, Pennsylvania west of the city, includes artifacts from the Archaic period in the Americas, as well as from the Early and Middle Woodland Period a span from 8,000 BCE to 500 CE. The historic Iroquoian-speaking Erie Nation occupied this area before being defeated by the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the 17th century during the Beaver Wars; the Iroquois tribes had developed and five nations formed a political league in the 1500s, adding their sixth nation in the early 18th century.
The Erie area became controlled by the Seneca, "keeper of the western door" of the Iroquois, who were based in present-day New York. Europeans first arrived as settlers in the region when the French constructed Fort Presque Isle near present-day Erie in 1753, as part of their effort to defend New France against the encroaching British colonists; the name of the fort refers to the peninsula that juts into Lake Erie, now protected as Presque Isle State Park. The French term "presque-isle" means peninsula; when the French abandoned the fort in 1760 during the French and Indian War, it was the last post they held west of Niagara. The British established a garrison at the fort at Presque Isle that same year, three years before the end of the French and Indian War. Erie is in what was the disputed Erie Triangle, a tract of land comprising 202,187 acres in the northwest corner of Pennsylvania fronting Lake Erie, claimed after the American Revolutionary War by the states of New York, Pennsylvania and Massachusetts.
The Iroquois claimed ownership first so a conference was arranged for on January 9, 1789 wherein representatives from the Iroquois signed a deed relinquishing their ownership of the land. The price for it was $1,200 from the federal government; the Seneca Nation separately settled land claims against Pennsylvania in February 1791 for the sum of $800. It became a part of Pennsylvania on March 3, 1792, after Connecticut and New York relinquished their rights to the land and sold the land to Pennsylvania for 75 cents per acre or a total of $151,640.25 in continental certificates. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania commissioned the surveying of land near Presque Isle through an act passed on April 18, 1795. Andrew Ellicott, who completed Pierre Charles L'Enfant's survey of Washington, D. C. and helped resolve the boundary between Pennsylvania and New York, arrived to begin the survey and lay out the plan for the city in June 1795. Initial settlement of the area began that year. Lt. Colonel Seth Reed and his family moved to the Erie area from New York.
They became the first European-American settlers of Erie, settling at what became known as "Presque Isle". President James Madison began the construction of a naval fleet during the War of 1812 to gain control of the Great Lakes from the British. Daniel Dobbins of Erie and Noah Brown of Boston were notable shipbuilders who led construction of four schooner−rigged gunboats and two brigs. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry arrived from Rhode Island and led the squadron to success in the historic Battle of Lake Erie. Erie was an important shipbuilding and railroad hub during the mid-19th century; the city was the site. While the delays engendered cargo troubles for commerce and travel, they provided much-needed local jobs in Erie; when a national standardized gauge was proposed, those jobs, the importance of the rail hub itself, were put in jeopardy. In an event known as the Erie Gauge War, the citizens of Erie, led by the mayor, set fire to bridges, ripped up track and rioted to try to stop the standardization.
On August 3, 1915, the Mill Creek flooded downtown Erie. A culvert, or a tunnel, was blocked by debris, collapsed. A four-block reservoir, caused by torrential downpours, had formed behind it; the resulting deluge killed 36 people. After the flood, Mayor Miles Brown Kitts had the Mill Creek directed into another larger culvert, constructed under more than 2 mi
