1.
Member of the Order of Merit
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The Order of Merit is an order of merit recognising distinguished service in the armed forces, science, art, literature, or for the promotion of culture. While all members are awarded the right to use the post-nominal letters OM and a medallion for life, however, Sir Frederic Leighton, President of the Royal Academy, advised against the new order, primarily because of its selection process. From its inception, the order has been open to women, Florence Nightingale being the first woman to receive the honour, several individuals have refused admission into the Order of Merit, such as Rudyard Kipling, A. E. Housman, and George Bernard Shaw. To date, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, remains the youngest person inducted into the Order of Merit, having been admitted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1968. All citizens of the Commonwealth realms are eligible for appointment to the Order of Merit, since 1991, it has been required that the insignia be returned upon the recipients death. However, it has been claimed by Stanley Martin, in his book The Order of Merit 1902–2002, One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour, that the Order of Merit is the pinnacle of the British honours system. Some orders of precedence are as follows, Martin, Stanley, The Order of Merit, One Hundred Years of Matchless Honour, New York City, I. B
Member of the Order of Merit
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Order of Merit
Member of the Order of Merit
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King Edward VII, founder of the Order of Merit
2.
Member of the British House of Commons
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The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
Member of the British House of Commons
Member of the British House of Commons
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House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Member of the British House of Commons
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The House of Commons in the early 19th century by
Augustus Pugin and
Thomas Rowlandson.
Member of the British House of Commons
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Another picture of the old House of Commons chamber. Note the dark veneer on the wood, which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber.
3.
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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The Royal Society of Edinburgh is Scotlands national academy of science and letters. It is a charity, operating on a wholly independent and non-party-political basis. As of 2014 it has more than 1,500 Fellows, the Society covers a broader selection of fields than the Royal Society of London including literature and history. Fellowship includes people from a range of disciplines – science & technology, arts, humanities, medicine, social science, business. The Medals were instituted in 2000 by Queen Elizabeth II, whose permission is required to make a presentation, past winners include, The Lord Kelvin Medal is the Senior Prize for Physical, Engineering and Informatics Sciences. It is awarded annually to a person who has achieved distinction nationally and internationally, winners receive a silver medal and are required to deliver a public lecture in Scotland. The award is named after William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, who was a mathematical physicist and engineer. Senior Prize-winners are required to have a Scottish connection but can be based anywhere in the world, the Keith medal has been historically awarded every four years for a scientific paper published in the societys scientific journals, preference being given to a paper containing a discovery. It is awarded alternately for papers on Mathematics or Earth and Environmental Sciences, the medal was founded in 1827 as a result of a bequest by Alexander Keith of Dunottar, the first Treasurer of the Society. The prize was founded in 1855 by Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane, the cumbersome name was changed the following year to the Edinburgh Philosophical Society. Under the leadership of Prof. Thus, for the first four decades of the 19th century, by the 1850s, the society once again unified its membership under one journal. During the 19th century the society produced many scientists whose ideas laid the foundation of the modern sciences, from the 20th century onward, the society functioned not only as a focal point for Scotlands eminent scientists, but also the arts and humanities. It still exists today and continues to promote research in Scotland. In February 2014, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell was announced as the societys first female president, taking up her position in October
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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The Royal Society building, at the junction of George Street and Hanover Street in the
New Town
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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The cover of a 1788 volume of the journal Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This is the issue where
James Hutton published his Theory of the Earth.
4.
United Kingdom Parliament
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster
United Kingdom Parliament
United Kingdom Parliament
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Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
United Kingdom Parliament
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Parliament at night, with the
London Eye visible at right
United Kingdom Parliament
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Leading 17th century Parliamentarian
John Hampden is one of the
Five Members annually commemorated
5.
Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
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Sir George Gabriel Stokes, 1st Baronet, PRS, was a physicist and mathematician. Born in Ireland, Stokes spent all of his career at the University of Cambridge, in physics, Stokes made seminal contributions to fluid dynamics and to physical optics. In mathematics he formulated the first version of what is now known as Stokes theorem and he served as secretary, then president, of the Royal Society of London. George Stokes was the youngest son of the Reverend Gabriel Stokes, rector of Skreen, County Sligo, Ireland, where he was born and brought up in an evangelical Protestant family. In accordance with the statutes, he had to resign the fellowship when he married in 1857. He retained his place on the foundation until 1902, when on the day before his 83rd birthday and he did not hold this position for long, for he died at Cambridge on 1 February the following year, and was buried in the Mill Road cemetery. In 1849, Stokes was appointed to the Lucasian professorship of mathematics at Cambridge, on 1 June 1899, the jubilee of this appointment was celebrated there in a ceremony, which was attended by numerous delegates from European and American universities. Stokes, who was made a baronet in 1889, further served his university by representing it in parliament from 1887 to 1892 as one of the two members for the Cambridge University constituency. During a portion of this period he also was president of the Royal Society, since he was also Lucasian Professor at this time, Stokes was the first person to hold all three positions simultaneously, Newton held the same three, although not at the same time. Stokess original work began about 1840, and from that date onwards the great extent of his output was only less remarkable than the brilliance of its quality, the Royal Societys catalogue of scientific papers gives the titles of over a hundred memoirs by him published down to 1883. Some of these are brief notes, others are short controversial or corrective statements. His first published papers, which appeared in 1842 and 1843, were on the motion of incompressible fluids. His work on motion and viscosity led to his calculating the terminal velocity for a sphere falling in a viscous medium. This became known as Stokes law and he derived an expression for the frictional force exerted on spherical objects with very small Reynolds numbers. His work is the basis of the falling sphere viscometer, in which the fluid is stationary in a glass tube. A sphere of size and density is allowed to descend through the liquid. If correctly selected, it reaches terminal velocity, which can be measured by the time it takes to pass two marks on the tube, electronic sensing can be used for opaque fluids. Knowing the terminal velocity, the size and density of the sphere, a series of steel ball bearings of different diameter is normally used in the classic experiment to improve the accuracy of the calculation
Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
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Sir George Stokes, Bt.
Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
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Signature
Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
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Fluorspar
Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
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A calcite crystal laid upon a paper with some letters showing the double refraction
6.
John Eldon Gorst
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Sir John Eldon Gorst PC QC FRS was a British lawyer and politician. He served as Solicitor General for England and Wales from 1885 to 1886, Gorst was born in Preston, Lancashire, the son of Edward Chaddock Gorst, who took the name of Lowndes on succeeding to the family estate in 1853. He graduated third wrangler from St Johns College, Cambridge, in 1857, after beginning to read for the bar in London, his fathers illness and death led to his sailing to New Zealand. Sir George Grey made him inspector of schools, then resident magistrate, tamihanas influence secured his safety at the start of the conflict when chief Rewi Maniapoto of the Ngati Maniapoto tribe and his warriors attempted to kill Gorst. As Gorst was forewarned they made do by destroying the school, destroying a printing press. This incident and the ambush and killing of British troops walking along a beach near New Plymouth, in 1884 he hosted the Maori King when he and his party came to England to seek an audience with Queen Victoria over issues to do with land. At that time Gorst was a member of the liberal Aborigine Protection League, in 1908 he published a volume of recollections, under the title of New Zealand Revisited, Recollections of the Days of my Youth. Gorst then returned to England and was called to the Bar, Inner Temple, in 1865 and he stood unsuccessfully for Hastings as a Conservative in the 1865 general election, but the next year he entered parliament as member for Cambridge. He served as Chairman of the meeting of the National Union of Conservative. He was not re-elected at the 1868 general election, at a by-election in 1875 Gorst reentered parliament as member for Chatham, which he continued to represent until 1892. He joined Sir Henry Drummond-Wolff, Lord Randolph Churchill and Arthur Balfour in the Fourth Party as an advocate of Tory democracy, when the Conservatives came to power in 1885 under Lord Salisbury he was made Solicitor-General and knighted. The government fell in January 1886 but when the Conservatives returned to office, in July of the same year and he was sworn of the Privy Council in 1890 and the following year he became Financial Secretary to the Treasury, a post he held until 1892. Between 1888 and 1891 he also served as deputy chairman of committees in the House of Commons, at the general election of 1892 Gorst became one of the two members for Cambridge University. However, he was never a member of the cabinet, however, he became exceedingly independent in his political action. He then withdrew from the vice-chancellorship of the Primrose League, of which he had one of the founders. In 1910 he contested Preston as a Liberal, but failed to secure election, Gorst married Mary Elizabeth Moore in Geelong in 1860, they had met on the Red Jacket travelling from England to Melbourne. Their elder son, Sir Eldon Gorst, became Consul-General in Egypt, Gorst died in London in April 1916, aged 80, and lies buried in St Andrews churchyard, Castle Combe, Wilts. An account of his connection with Lord Randolph Churchill will be found in the Fourth Party, by his younger son, John Eldon Gorst, Gorst, John Eldon, Sir, 1835-1916
John Eldon Gorst
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"Tory organisation". Caricature by
Spy published in
Vanity Fair in 1880.
7.
Henry Cecil Raikes
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Henry Cecil Raikes PC was a British Conservative Party politician. He was Chairman of Ways and Means between 1874 and 1880 and served as Postmaster General between 1886 and 1891 and he was educated at Shrewsbury School and Trinity College, Cambridge. Raikes was Member of Parliament for Chester between 1868 and 1880, for Preston in 1882 and for Cambridge University between 1882 and 1891 and he served as Chairman of the National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations from 1869 to 1874. In 1874 he was appointed Chairman of Ways and Means, a post he held until 1880 and he later returned to party political life when he served as Postmaster General under Lord Salisbury between 1886 and 1891. Raikes is one of the earliest British politicians to have had their voice recorded, george Edward Gouraud recorded him on behalf of Thomas Edison on the evening of 5 October 1888. Raikes married Charlotte Blanche, of Plas Teg, Mold, daughter of Charles Blayney Trevor-Roper and they had several children, including Cecil Dacre Staveley Raikes, a Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy, and Henry St John Digby Raikes, father of the Conservative politician Sir Victor Raikes. The family lived at Llwynegrin Hall, Wales, Raikes died on 24 August 1891, aged 52. Charlotte Raikes survived her husband by over 30 years and died in September 1922
Henry Cecil Raikes
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"Order, order" Raikes as caricatured by Ape (
Carlo Pellegrini) in
Vanity Fair, 17 April 1875
8.
Samuel Henry Butcher
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Samuel Henry Butcher DCL LLD FRSE FBA was an Anglo-Irish classical scholar and politician. Samuel Henry Butcher was born in Dublin to Samuel Butcher, Bishop of Meath and he was educated at Marlborough College in Wiltshire and then received a place at Trinity College, Cambridge, attending between 1869 and 1873 where he was Senior Classics and Chancellors medalist. Elected fellow of Trinity in 1874, he left the college on his marriage, in 1876, from 1876 to 1882 he was a fellow of University College, Oxford, and tutored there From 1882 to 1903 he was Professor of Greek at Edinburgh University. He was one of the two Members of Parliament for Cambridge University, between 1906 and his death, representing the Unionist Party and he was President of the British Academy, 1909-1910. He died in London on 29 December 1910, but was returned to Scotland and interred at the Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh with his wife and his grave has a pale granite Celtic cross and is located near the northern path of the north section in the original cemetery. John Butcher, 1st Baron Danesfort was his younger brother and he married Rose Julia Trench in 1876. His many publications included, in collaboration with Andrew Lang, a translation of Homers Odyssey which appeared in 1879. Works related to Samuel Butcher at Wikisource Works by Samuel Butcher at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Samuel Butcher at Internet Archive Archival material relating to Samuel Butcher
Samuel Henry Butcher
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Prof Samuel Butcher's grave, Dean Cemetery
9.
John Frederick Peel Rawlinson
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In the 1882 FA Cup Final, however, he was goalkeeper for the Old Etonians in the final against Blackburn Rovers. His solitary appearance for England came on 18 February 1882 against Ireland, as goalkeeper, he had little to do as the England forwards ran riot, scoring thirteen goals without reply. In 1882 he became a member of the committee for the Corinthians and he was also a member of the Wanderers club. C. W. Alcock described Rawlinson as an excellent goalkeeper, cool and sure, though he was said to be almost too casual at times. At university Rawlinson was a Prizeman in Common Law and achieved degrees of 1st Class Law Tripos in 1882, LL. B. in 1883, LL. M. in 1887, and honorary LL. D. from the same university in 1920. He qualified as a barrister and was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1884, becoming a QC in 1897 and he was a member of the General Council of the Bar from its inception in 1894 and later served as Vice-Chairman. He was appointed recorder of Cambridge in 1896, and in 1901 became a county Justice of the Peace for Cambridgeshire, in 1895 he legally represented the Treasury at the government official inquiry into the Jameson Raid in South Africa. He was elected Conservative Member of Parliament for Cambridge University in 1906 and he was co-author with his father of Rawlinsons Municipal Corporations Acts, which became a standard work on the local government laws and went into ten editions. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1923, Rawlinson died, unmarried, at his chambers in 5 Crown Office Row, Temple, London, after ten days illness with pleurisy at the age of 65, and was buried at Brookwood Cemetery, Woking, Surrey
John Frederick Peel Rawlinson
–
"
Eton and Cambridge" Rawlinson as caricatured by Spy (
Leslie Ward) in
Vanity Fair, January 1908
10.
Dundee
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Dundee, officially the City of Dundee, is Scotlands fourth-largest city and the 51st-most-populous built-up area in the United Kingdom. The mid-year population estimate for 2015 was 148,210 which gave Dundee a population density of 2, 477/km2 or 6, 420/sq mi and it lies within the eastern central Lowlands on the north bank of the Firth of Tay, which feeds into the North Sea. Under the name of Dundee City, it one of the 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland. Historically part of Angus, the city developed into a burgh in the late 12th century, rapid expansion was brought on by the Industrial Revolution, particularly in the 19th century when Dundee was the centre of the global jute industry. This, along with its major industries gave Dundee its epithet as the city of jute, jam. Biomedical and technological industries have arrived since the 1980s, and the city now accounts for 10% of the United Kingdoms digital-entertainment industry, Dundee has two universities — the University of Dundee and the Abertay University. In 2014 Dundee was recognised by the United Nations as the UKs first UNESCO City of Design for its contributions to fields including medical research, comics. A unique feature of Dundee is that its two football clubs Dundee United and Dundee F. C. have stadiums all but adjacent to each other. With the decline of industry, the city has adopted a plan to regenerate. The name Dundee is made up of two parts, the common Celtic place-name element dun, meaning fort, and a part that may derive from a Celtic element, cognate with the Gaelic dè. The situation of the town and its promotion by Earl David as a trading centre led to a period of prosperity, the earldom was passed down to Davids descendants, amongst whom was John Balliol. The town became a Royal Burgh on Johns coronation as king in 1292, the town and its castle were occupied by English forces for several years during the First War of Independence and recaptured by Robert the Bruce in early 1312. The original Burghal charters were lost during the occupation and subsequently renewed by Bruce in 1327, the burgh suffered considerably during the conflict known as the Rough Wooing of 1543 to 1550, and was occupied by the English forces of Andrew Dudley from 1547. In 1548, unable to defend the town against an advancing Scottish force, in 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. The town was destroyed by Parliamentarian forces led by George Monck in 1651. The town played a role in the establishment of the Jacobite cause when John Graham of Claverhouse. The town was held by the Jacobites in the 1715–16 rising, many in Scotland, including many in Dundee, regarded him as the rightful king. The economy of mediaeval Dundee centred on the export of raw wool, expansion of the whaling industry was triggered by the second Bounty Act, introduced in 1750 to increase Britains maritime and naval skill base
Dundee
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Top:
Tay Rail Bridge, Middle:
RRS Discovery and
City Centre, Bottom left:
Magdalen Yard Bandstand, Bottom right:
University of Dundee.
Dundee
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The original
Tay Bridge (from the south) the day after the disaster. The collapsed section can be seen near the northern end
Dundee
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Dundee City Chambers, where the city council meets
11.
Cambridge
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Cambridge is a university city and the county town of Cambridgeshire, England, on the River Cam about 50 miles north of London. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, its population was 123,867, there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area in the Bronze Age and in Roman Britain, under Viking rule, Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status was not conferred until 1951, the University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, is one of the top five universities in the world. The university includes the Cavendish Laboratory, Kings College Chapel, the citys skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, the chimney of Addenbrookes Hospital and St Johns College Chapel tower. Anglia Ruskin University, evolved from the Cambridge School of Art, Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology Silicon Fen with industries such as software and bioscience and many start-up companies spun out of the university. More than 40% of the workforce has a higher education qualification, the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest biomedical research clusters in the world, is soon to be home to AstraZeneca, a hotel and the relocated Papworth Hospital. Parkers Piece hosted the first ever game of Association football, the Strawberry Fair music and arts festival and Midsummer Fairs are held on Midsummer Common, and the annual Cambridge Beer Festival takes place on Jesus Green. The city is adjacent to the M11 and A14 roads, settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3, the principal Roman site is a small fort Duroliponte on Castle Hill, just northwest of the city centre around the location of the earlier British village. The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon Road into Clare Street, the eastern side followed Magrath Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton Lane and Kettles Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill. It was constructed around AD70 and converted to use around 50 years later. Evidence of more widespread Roman settlement has been discovered including numerous farmsteads, evidence exists that the invading Anglo-Saxons had begun occupying the area by the end of the century. Their settlement—also on and around Castle Hill—became known as Grantebrycge, Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area. During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands, by the 7th century, the town was less significant and described by Bede as a little ruined city containing the burial site of Etheldreda. Cambridge was on the border between the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and the settlement slowly expanded on both sides of the river, the arrival of the Vikings was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878 Their vigorous trading habits caused the town to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank. In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill, like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies
Cambridge
–
King's College Chapel, seen from
the Backs
Cambridge
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St Bene't's Church, the oldest standing building in Cambridge.
Cambridge
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Peterhouse was the first college to be founded in the University of Cambridge.
Cambridge
–
Cambridge in 1575
12.
Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge
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The Ascension Parish Burial Ground, formerly the burial ground for the parish of St Giles and St Peters, is a cemetery in Cambridge, England. It includes the graves and memorials of many University of Cambridge academics and non-conformists of the 19th, the cemetery encapsulates a century-and-a-half of the Universitys modern history, with 83 people with Oxford Dictionary of National Biography biographies. Among those buried here John Couch Adams, the astronomer, is unique in also having a memorial in Westminster Abbey, the 1.5 acres of the burial ground were established in 1857 when extra burial space was needed as the city of Cambridge expanded in Victorian times. The first burial here was in 1869, today some 2,500 people are buried in about 1,500 plots. Many city and university dignitaries, scientists and scholars are buried here,83 have biographies in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. The cemetery is located just off Huntingdon Road near the junction with Storeys Way in the northwest of Cambridge, the burial ground is a designated City Wildlife Site and is part of the Storeys Way Conservation area. In 2005 the plant species present were catalogued and the site is now managed so as to encourage wildlife and habitat diversity, as well as to care for the graves themselves. The Friends of the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground aim to protect and enhance the ground for the public benefit as a place of remembrance, spirituality, history. Note, plot numbers, where known, are given in square brackets, John Couch Adams FRS Astronomer, discoverer of Neptune, Lowndean Professor, Fellow of Pembroke College and wife Eliza Adams. He is unique in also having a memorial in Westminster Abbey. Rev. Richard Appleton Master Selwyn College 1907–1909, Vicar of St. A. W, william Henry Besant FRS, Fellow of St Johns, mathematician James Bethune-Baker FBA, Theologian, Lady Margarets Professor of Divinity, Fellow of Pembroke College and his wife Edith Bethune-Baker. Agnes Bell Collier Vice Principal of Newnham College, passed Maths, tripos in 1883 Frances Cornford, Poet, interred in grave of father Sir Francis Darwin, wife of Francis Cornford. Lock Fellow of Gonville and Caius College and Assistant Director of the Peradeniya Botanical Gardens, a. Stewart Macalister, archaeologist, Member of St Johns College, Cambridge and his wife Margaret A. M. Sir Leon Radzinowicz FBA, Criminologist, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, arthur Stanley Ramsey Mathematician and philosopher, President of Magdalene College, with his wife Mary, and their son Frank Plumpton Ramsey Frank P. She is buried with her grandmother, Mary Clark, née Johnson, Johns College,1881 to 1908, Fellow of St Johns College, Cambridge, mathematician and Hebrew scholar, Harold McCarter Taylor Mathematician, Barrister, a Fellow of Clare College. Henry Martyn Taylor FRS, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, Mathematician, braille expert, and mother Eliza Taylor Sir Alfred St Valery Tebbitt. Managing director of Kirby, Beard & Co. and British Chamber of Commerce, Paris, and of the Hertford British Hospital, Paris, charles Darwin himself is buried in Westminster Abbey
Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge
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The former chapel of the Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge.
Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge
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Grave of astronomer
John Couch Adams and wife Eliza Adams
Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge
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Grave of
Sir Robert Stawell Ball and wife Lady Frances Elizabeth Ball.
Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge
–
Memorial to Sarah Clackson in
Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge.
13.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
Conservative Party (UK)
–
Sir Robert Peel, twice
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and founder of the Conservative Party, as well as the 'most considered' first Prime Minister of the UK.
Conservative Party (UK)
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Conservative Party
Conservative Party (UK)
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Sir Winston Churchill, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Conservative Party (UK)
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1929 poster attacking the
Labour Party
14.
Classical scholar
–
Classics or Classical Studies is the study of classical antiquity. It encompasses the study of the Graeco-Roman world, particularly of its languages, and literature but also it encompasses the study of Graeco-Roman philosophy, history, and archaeology. Traditionally in the West, the study of the Greek and Roman classics was considered one of the cornerstones of the humanities and it has been traditionally a cornerstone of a typical elite education. The word Classics is derived from the Latin adjective classicus, meaning belonging to the highest class of citizens, the word was originally used to describe the members of the highest class in ancient Rome. By the 2nd century AD the word was used in literary criticism to describe writers of the highest quality, for example, Aulus Gellius, in his Attic Nights, contrasts classicus and proletarius writers. By the 6th century AD, the word had acquired a meaning, referring to pupils at a school. Thus the two meanings of the word, referring both to literature considered to be of the highest quality, and to the standard texts used as part of a curriculum. In the Middle Ages, classics and education were tightly intertwined, according to Jan Ziolkowski, while Latin was hugely influential, however, Greek was barely studied, and Greek literature survived almost solely in Latin translation. The works of even major Greek authors such as Hesiod, whose names continued to be known by educated Europeans, were unavailable in the Middle Ages. Along with the unavailability of Greek authors, there were differences between the classical canon known today and the works valued in the Middle Ages. Catullus, for instance, was almost entirely unknown in the medieval period, the Renaissance led to the increasing study of both ancient literature and ancient history, as well as a revival of classical styles of Latin. From the 14th century, first in Italy and then increasingly across Europe, Renaissance Humanism, Humanism saw a reform in education in Europe, introducing a wider range of Latin authors as well as bringing back the study of Greek language and literature to Western Europe. This reintroduction was initiated by Petrarch and Boccaccio who commissioned a Calabrian scholar to translate the Homeric poems, the late 17th and 18th centuries are the period in Western European literary history which is most associated with the classical tradition, as writers consciously adapted classical models. Classical models were so prized that the plays of William Shakespeare were rewritten along neoclassical lines. From the beginning of the 18th century, the study of Greek became increasingly important relative to that of Latin, in this period Johann Winckelmanns claims for the superiority of the Greek visual arts influenced a shift in aesthetic judgements, while in the literary sphere, G. E. Lessing returned Homer to the centre of artistic achievement, in the United Kingdom, the study of Greek in schools began in the late 18th century. The poet Walter Savage Landor claimed to have one of the first English schoolboys to write in Greek during his time at Rugby School. The 19th century saw the influence of the world, and the value of a classical education, decline, especially in the US
Classical scholar
–
Bust of
Homer, the ancient Greek epic poet
15.
Leslie Ward
–
Sir Leslie Matthew Ward was a British portrait artist and caricaturist who over four decades painted 1,325 portraits which were regularly published by Vanity Fair, under the pseudonyms Spy and Drawl. The portraits were produced as watercolours and turned into chromolithographs for publication in the magazine and these were then usually reproduced on better paper and sold as prints. Such was his influence in the genre that all Vanity Fair caricatures are sometimes referred to as Spy Cartoons regardless of who the artist actually was, Ward was one of eight children of artists Edward Matthew Ward and Henrietta Ward, and the great-grandson of the artist James Ward. Although they had the surname before marriage, Wards parents were not related. She was niece and great-niece respectively of the portrait painter John Jackson, both parents had studios in their homes in Slough and Kensington in London, where they regularly entertained the London artistic and literary elite. Wards father was a gifted mimic who entertained Charles Dickens and other eminent guests, although they never gave their son formal training, they and their artistic friends encouraged the young Ward to draw, paint, and sculpt. Ward had started caricaturing while still at school at Eton College, using his classmates, in 1867 his bust of his brother was exhibited at the Royal Academy in London. At school Ward had been a student, and after he left Eton in 1869 his father encouraged him to train as an architect. Ward was too afraid to tell his father that he wanted to be an artist and he spent a year in the office of the architect Sydney Smirke. In 1873 he sent some of his work to Thomas Gibson Bowles and this led to his being hired to replace Ape, who had temporarily left the magazine after falling out with Bowles. As his nom de crayon, Ward suggested to Bowles that he use the name Spy, meaning to observe secretly, Ward drew 1,325 cartoons for Vanity Fair between 1873 and 1911, many of which captured the personality of his subjects. His portraits of royalty, nobility, and women, however, were over-sympathetic, sometimes they came to his studio to pose in their robes or uniforms. A caricaturist, Ward believed, was born, not made and he observed, A good memory, an eye for detail, and a mind to appreciate and grasp the whole atmosphere and peculiarity of the subject are of course essentials. A caricature, he noted, should never depend on a physical defect, if I could sum up the art in a sentence it would be that caricature should be a comic impression with a kindly touch, and always devoid of vulgarity. In an 1897 interview given by Oliver Armstrong Fry to Frank Banfield of Cassells Magazine, Ward was the most famous Vanity Fair artist, indeed, the whole genre tends to be named after him, the caricatures often being referred to as Spy Cartoons. He worked for Vanity Fair for over forty years, producing more than half of the 2,387 caricatures published. Wards clubs included the Arts, the Orleans, the Fielding, the Lotus, the Punch Bowl, and the Beefsteak, there he sketched many of his victims. Wards last cartoon for Vanity Fair appeared in June 1911 as he had begun to contribute his characteristic portraits to The World
Leslie Ward
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Sir Leslie Ward
Leslie Ward
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"Tommy" Bowles, founder of
Vanity Fair, caricatured by Leslie Ward in 1889
Leslie Ward
–
Leslie Ward
caricatured in 1889 by
'Pal'
Leslie Ward
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Harold Hilton, 1903
16.
Eglantyne Jebb
–
Eglantyne Jebb, was a British social reformer and founder of the Save the Children organization. She was born in 1876 in Ellesmere, Shropshire, and grew up on her familys estate, the Jebbs were a well-off family and had a strong social conscience and commitment to public service. Another sister, Dorothy Frances Jebb, who married the Labour MP Charles Roden Buxton and she was known as the White Flame because the flame of her dedicated love for children in distress burned to a white heat of passion all her life. She moved to Cambridge to look after her sick mother, there she became involved in the Charity Organisation Society, which aimed to bring a modern scientific approach to charity work. This led her to out a extensive research project into conditions in the city, and in 1906 she published a book, Cambridge. She was appointed to the Education Committee of Cambridge Borough Council in 1907 and she was also on the committee of the newly formed League for Physical Education and Improvement, but resigned citing pressures from other workloads. Under the watchful eye of Florence Ada Keynes Eglantyne and Florences daughter Margaret set up and ran the Boys employment registry, there is now a Blue Plaque above 82 Regent Street where the employment registry was sited. In 1913 she was asked to undertake a journey to Macedonia on behalf of the Macedonian Relief Fund, a pressure group, the Fight the Famine Council, was set up in 1919 to persuade the British government to end the blockade. Soon, however, the focus shifted to organising relief, on 15 April 1919, the Council set up a fund to raise money for the German and Austrian children – the Save the Children Fund. The success of the Fund led Eglantyne and Dorothy to attempt to set up a movement for children. The International Save the Children Union was founded in Geneva in 1920, with the British Save the Children Fund, in London, it was now Eglantyne who was in charge, and she ensured that the Fund adopted the professional approach she had learnt in the Charity Organisation Society. A manager, Lewis Golden, was recruited to put the organisation on a businesslike foundation. As the problems in central Europe receded, there was a new focus of the Funds attention – a refugee crisis in Greece and the surrounding areas, then in 1921, just as this situation was coming under control, there was a new and bigger emergency. A new fundraising effort brought a surge of donations, and a Save the Children team was dispatched to the city of Saratov, in all the work the Fund did, a major element in Eglantynes thinking was the importance of a planned, research-based approach. In 1923, when the Russian relief effort was coming to an end, and she headed to Geneva, to a meeting of the International Union, with a plan for a Childrens Charter. The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, or the Declaration of Geneva as it came to be known, was adopted a year later by the League of Nations. With peace returning to Europe, and relief efforts in decline, in 1925, the first International Child Welfare congress was held in Geneva. The Declaration was widely discussed and supported by organisations and governments, an expanded version would be adopted by the United Nations in 1959, and it was one of the main inspirations behind the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
Eglantyne Jebb
–
Eglantyne Jebb
17.
Save the Children
–
The organization promotes policy changes in order to gain more rights for young people especially by enforcing the UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child. Alliance members coordinate emergency-relief efforts, helping to protect children from the effects of war, Save the Children has general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. However, on 15 April 1919, the sisters succeeded in separating itself from the politics of the Council, Jebb built up excellent relationships with other Geneva-based organisations, including the Red Cross who supported Save’s International foundation. Jebb used many ground-breaking fund-raising techniques, making Save the Children the first charity in the United Kingdom to use page-length advertisements in newspapers, Jebb contracted doctors, lawyers and other professionals in order to devise mass advertisement campaigns. In 1920, Save the Children started individual child sponsorship as a way to engage more donors, by the end of the year, Save the Children raised the equivalent to about £8,000,000 in today’s money. By August 1921, the UK Save the Children had raised over £1,000,000, however, the Russian famine of 1921 made Jebb realize that Save the Children must be a permanent organisation and that childrens rights constantly need to be protected. Their mission was changed to an international effort to preserve child life wherever it is menaced by conditions of economic hardship. From 1921 to 1923, Save the Children created press campaigns, propaganda movies and feeding centers in Russia and in Turkey in order to feed and educate thousands of refugees. They began to work with other organisations such as the Russian Famine Relief Fund. Although Russia was largely closed off to international relief and aid, at home, the Daily Express criticised the Funds work, denying the severity of the situation and claiming they should be helping their own people before helping Russia. The charity responded with increased publicity about the famine, showing images of starving children, the campaign gained national appeal, eventually allowing the organisation to charter the SS Torcello off to Russia with 600 tons worth of relief supplies. Over 157 million rations were given out, saving nearly 300,000 children, improved conditions meant Save the Childrens Russian feeding program was able to be closed in the summer of 1923, after having won international acclaim. At the end of World War II, images of malnourished, Jebb and her sister worked to gain public sympathy in order to elicit support aid. At the same time, work in the United Kingdom focused on improving conditions for growing up in cities devastated by bombing and facing huge disruptions in family life. Like other aid agencies, Save the Children was active in the disasters of the era—especially the Vietnam War. The latter brought shocking images of child starvation onto the screens of the West for the first time in a major way. The sort of mass-marketing campaigns first used by Save the Children in the 1920s were repeated, disasters in Ethiopia, Sudan, and many other world hotspots led to appeals which brought public donations on a huge scale, and a consequent expansion of the organisations work. However, the childrens rights-based approach to development originated by Jebb continues to be an important factor and it was used in a major campaign in the late 1990s against the use of child soldiers in Africa
Save the Children
–
Save the Children
18.
Rathfarnham
–
Ráth Fearnáin, Rathfarnham or Rathfarnam is a Southside middle-class suburb of Dublin, Ireland. It is south of Terenure, east of Templeogue, and is in the districts of Dublin 14 and 16. It is within the areas of both Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown and South Dublin County Councils. The area of Rathfarnham includes Whitechurch, Nutgrove, Ballyboden and Ballyroan, historical sites in the Rathfarnham townlands include, Scholarstown, Kilmashogue, Mount Venus, Tibradden and Taylors Grange. Padraig Pearse established St Endas School for Boys, which is now a museum in his honour situated in Saint Endas Park, the name Rathfarnham suggests an earlier habitation but no remains of prehistoric fortifications, burial places, early churches or old records have been found. The written history of Rathfarnham begins after the Norman invasion of Ireland, terenurr and Kimmage, both described as being in Rathfranham parish Dublin, are mentioned in an 1175 grant by Henry II to Walter the goldsmith held at Canterbury Cathedral Archives. In 1199 these lands were granted to Milo le Bret, in 1199 he adapted an existing ridge to build a motte and bailey fort at what is now the start of the Braemor Road. It was apparently still in evidence up to the early 20th century, in the following century no events of great importance are recorded as Rathfarnham, perhaps as it was protected on its south side by the Royal Forest of Glencree. Rathfarnham became more exposed to attack when this park was overrun by the Clan OToole from the Wicklow Mountains in the 14th century. Rathfarnham Castle was erected in part to protect the area from such attacks, in addition, part of the Pales defences ran through the townland of Rathfarnham. Some traces of this are still extant, the castle and much of the land around Rathfarnham belonged to the Eustace family of Baltinglass. However, their property was confiscated for their part in the Second Desmond Rebellion of 1579-83, the castle and its lands were then granted to the Loftus family. In the 1640s, the Loftus family was at the centre of the Irish Confederate Wars arising out of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, in 1649, the castle was seized by the Earl of Ormondes Catholic and Royalist forces before the battle of Rathmines. However they were granted it back by the English parliamentarians after their victory in that battle, reputedly, Oliver Cromwell stayed in Rathfarnham Castle on his way south to the Siege of Wexford. Economic activity in Rathfarnham was stepped up in the 17th century, two key examples were Rathfarnham Castle and Ashfield. Rathfarnham Castle itself was re-modelled from a defensive stronghold into a stately home, Lower Dodder Road is still marked by a triumphal arch, from this era, which originally led to the castle. The erection of this gateway is attributed to Henry Loftus, Earl of Ely from 1769 to 1783 who was responsible for the classical work on the castle itself. The arch is named the new gate on Frizells map of 1779, after the division of the estate in 1913 the arch became the entrance to the Castle Golf Club but was later abandoned in favour of the more direct Woodside Drive entrance
Rathfarnham
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Rathfarnham Castle
Rathfarnham
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Ely's Arch
Rathfarnham
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The Military Road at the Sally Gap
19.
Charterhouse School
–
Charterhouse is an independent day and boarding school in Godalming, Surrey. Today pupils are referred to as Carthusians, and ex-pupils as Old Carthusians. Charging full boarders up to £36,000 per annum in 2015/16, Charterhouse is amongst the most expensive Headmasters and it has educated one British Prime Minister and has a long list of notable alumni. In May 1611, the London Charterhouse came into the hands of Thomas Sutton of Knaith and he acquired a fortune by the discovery of coal on two estates which he had leased near Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards, removing to London, he carried on a commercial career. Charterhouse established a reputation for excellence in care and treatment, thanks in part to Henry Levett. Levett was widely esteemed for his writings, including an early tract on the treatment of smallpox. Levett was buried in Charterhouse Chapel and his widow married Andrew Tooke, the school was moved to its present site in 1872 by the then headmaster, the Reverend William Haig Brown – a decision influenced by the findings of the Clarendon Commission of 1864. The school bought a 68-acre site atop a hill just outside Godalming, in addition to the main school buildings, they constructed three boarding houses, known as Saunderites, Verites and Gownboys. The school was built by Lucas Brothers, who built the Royal Albert Hall. As pupil numbers grew, other houses were built alongside the approach road, each was titled with an adaptation of the name of their first housemaster, such as Weekites, Daviesites and Girdlestoneites. The last of these is referred to as Duckites, reflecting the unusual gait of its original housemaster. There are now the four old houses plus eight new houses. The twelve Houses have preserved a unique identity and pupils compete against each other in sports and the arts. The school continued to expand over the 20th century, around 350 names have been subsequently added to commemorate those who died in the Second World War and other more recent conflicts. Most still attend a chapel service there six times a week. Charterhouse was all male until the 1970s when girls were first admitted in the sixth form, of over 400 sixth formers today, almost a third are girls. An addition to the campus was seven new Houses, built in the 1970s, in 2003, the School renovated its onsite Library. 2006 saw the opening of The Beveridge Centre for the Social Sciences, in 2007, a £3m Modern Languages building was completed
Charterhouse School
–
Statue of
Thomas Sutton on Founder's Court
Charterhouse School
–
Charterhouse
Charterhouse School
–
Brooke Hall at Charterhouse
Charterhouse School
–
Charterhouse School, Godalming
20.
Trinity College, Cambridge
–
Trinity College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in England. With around 600 undergraduates,300 graduates, and over 180 fellows, by combined student numbers, it is second to Homerton College, Cambridge. Members of Trinity have won 32 Nobel Prizes out of the 91 won by members of Cambridge University, five Fields Medals in mathematics were won by members of the college and one Abel Prize was won. Other royal family members have studied there without obtaining degrees, including King Edward VII, King George VI, along with Christs, Jesus, Kings and St Johns colleges, it has also provided several of the well known members of the Apostles, an intellectual secret society. In 1848, Trinity hosted the meeting at which Cambridge undergraduates representing private schools such as Westminster drew up the first formal rules of football, Trinitys sister college in Oxford is Christ Church. Like that college, Trinity has been linked with Westminster School since the schools re-foundation in 1560, the college was founded by Henry VIII in 1546, from the merger of two existing colleges, Michaelhouse, and Kings Hall. At the time, Henry had been seizing church lands from abbeys, the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, being both religious institutions and quite rich, expected to be next in line. The King duly passed an Act of Parliament that allowed him to any college he wished. The universities used their contacts to plead with his sixth wife, the Queen persuaded her husband not to close them down, but to create a new college. The king did not want to use royal funds, so he combined two colleges and seven hostels to form Trinity. Contrary to popular belief, the lands granted by Henry VIII were not on their own sufficient to ensure Trinitys eventual rise. In its infancy Trinity had owed a great deal to its college of St Johns. Its first four Masters were educated at St Johns, and it took until around 1575 for the two colleges application numbers to draw even, a position in which they have remained since the Civil War. Bentley himself was notorious for the construction of a hugely expensive staircase in the Masters Lodge, most of the Trinitys major buildings date from the 16th and 17th centuries. Thomas Nevile, who became Master of Trinity in 1593, rebuilt and this work included the enlargement and completion of Great Court, and the construction of Neviles Court between Great Court and the river Cam. Neviles Court was completed in the late 17th century when the Wren Library, in the 20th century, Trinity College, St Johns College and Kings College were for decades the main recruiting grounds for the Cambridge Apostles, an elite, intellectual secret society. In 2011, the John Templeton Foundation awarded Trinity Colleges Master, Trinity is the richest Oxbridge college, with a landholding alone worth £800 million. Trinity is sometimes suggested to be the second, third or fourth wealthiest landowner in the UK – after the Crown Estate, the National Trust, in 2005, Trinitys annual rental income from its properties was reported to be in excess of £20 million
Trinity College, Cambridge
–
Colleges of the
University of Cambridge Trinity College
Trinity College, Cambridge
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1575 map showing the King's Hall (top left) and Michaelhouse (top right) buildings before Nevile's reconstruction
Trinity College, Cambridge
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David Loggan 's print of 1690 showing Nevile's Great Court (foreground) and Nevile's Court with the then-new Wren Library (background) — New Court had yet to be built
Trinity College, Cambridge
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Trinity established Cambridge Science Park, UK's first science park, in 1970
21.
Cambridge Apostles
–
The Cambridge Apostles is an intellectual society at the University of Cambridge founded in 1820 by George Tomlinson, a Cambridge student who went on to become the first Bishop of Gibraltar. The origin of the Apostles nickname dates from the number, twelve, membership consists largely of undergraduates, though there have been graduate student members, and members who already hold university and college posts. The society traditionally drew most of its members from Christs, St Johns, Jesus, Trinity, the society is essentially a discussion group. Meetings are held once a week, traditionally on Saturday evenings, during which one gives a prepared talk on a topic. The usual procedure was for members to meet at the rooms of those whose turn it was to present the topic, the host would provide refreshments consisting of coffee and sardines on toast, called whales. Women first gained acceptance into the society in the 1970s, the Apostles retain a leather diary of their membership stretching back to its founder, which includes handwritten notes about the topics on which each member has spoken. It was a point of honour that the question voted on should bear only a relationship to the matter debated. The members referred to as the Apostles are the active, usually undergraduate members, undergraduates apply to become angels after graduating or being awarded a fellowship. Every few years, amid great secrecy, all the angels are invited to an Apostles dinner at a Cambridge college, there used to be an annual dinner, usually held in London. Undergraduates being considered for membership are called embryos and are invited to embryo parties, the embryos attend these parties without knowing they are being considered for membership. Becoming an Apostle involves taking an oath of secrecy and listening to the reading of a curse, originally written by Apostle Fenton John Anthony Hort, former members have spoken of the lifelong bond they feel toward one another. Henry Sidgwick, the philosopher, wrote of the Apostles in his memoirs that the tie of attachment to this society is much the strongest corporate bond which I have known in my life and these eleven members were from Christs, Kings, St. Johns College and Trinity. A twelfth member Benjamin Hall Kennedy is buried in the Mill Road Cemetery, bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore joined as students, as did John Maynard Keynes, who invited Ludwig Wittgenstein to join. However, Wittgenstein did not enjoy it and attended infrequently, Russell had been worried that Wittgenstein would not appreciate the groups unseriousness and style of humour. The Apostles became well known outside Cambridge in the years before the First World War with the rise to eminence of the group of known as the Bloomsbury Group. John Maynard Keynes, Leonard Woolf, Lytton Strachey and his brother James, G. E. Moore, E. M. Forster, Keynes, Woolf and Lytton Strachey subsequently gained prominence as members of Bloomsbury. The Apostles came to attention again following the exposure of the Cambridge spy ring in 1951. Three Cambridge graduates with access to the top levels of government in Britain, the three known agents were Apostle Guy Burgess, an MI6 officer and secretary to the deputy foreign minister, Donald MacLean, foreign office secretary, and Kim Philby, MI6 officer and journalist
Cambridge Apostles
–
King's College, Cambridge
22.
Public orator
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The Public Orator is a traditional official post at universities, especially in the United Kingdom. The person in this position acts as the voice of the university during public occasions, the position at Oxford University dates from 1564. The Public Orator at the University presents honorary degrees, giving an oration for each person that is honoured and they may be required to compose addresses and letters as directed by the Hebdomadal Council of the University. Speeches when members of the family are present may also be required. The post was instituted for a visit to Oxford by Queen Elizabeth I in 1566, the Public Orator, Thomas Kingsmill, gave a very long historical speech. Sir Isaac Wake addressed King James I similarly in 1605, at the University of Cambridge, the title for the position changed from Public Orator to Orator in 1926. Trinity College Dublin in Ireland also has a Public Orator, there is no equivalent position in American universities. See also Category, Public Orators of the University of Oxford, edmund Campion William Crowe William Strode Thomas Kingsmill Isaac Wake Colin Hardie Jasper Griffin Richard Jenkyns Jonathan Katz See also Category, Cambridge University Orators. Luce, Brian McGing, Anna Chahoud, Public speaking
Public orator
–
William Crowe (1745–1829), Public Orator at the
University of Oxford.
23.
Cambridge University
–
The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s
Cambridge University
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Emmanuel College Chapel
Cambridge University
–
University of Cambridge coat of arms
Cambridge University
–
Sir Isaac Newton was a student of the University of Cambridge
Cambridge University
–
Trinity Lane in the snow, with
King's College Chapel (centre),
Clare College Chapel (right), and the
Old Schools (left)
24.
Glasgow
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Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland, and third largest in the United Kingdom. Historically part of Lanarkshire, it is now one of the 32 council areas of Scotland and it is situated on the River Clyde in the countrys West Central Lowlands. Inhabitants of the city are referred to as Glaswegians, Glasgow grew from a small rural settlement on the River Clyde to become the largest seaport in Britain. From the 18th century the city grew as one of Great Britains main hubs of transatlantic trade with North America. Glasgow was the Second City of the British Empire for much of the Victorian era and Edwardian period, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Glasgow grew in population, reaching a peak of 1,128,473 in 1939. The entire region surrounding the conurbation covers about 2.3 million people, at the 2011 census, Glasgow had a population density of 8, 790/sq mi, the highest of any Scottish city. Glasgow hosted the 2014 Commonwealth Games and is well known in the sporting world for the football rivalry of the Old Firm between Celtic and Rangers. Glasgow is also known for Glasgow patter, a dialect that is noted for being difficult to understand by those from outside the city. Glasgow is the form of the ancient Cumbric name Glas Cau. Possibly referring to the area of Molendinar Burn where Glasgow Cathedral now stands, the later Gaelic name Baile Glas Chu, town of the grey dog, is purely a folk-etymology. The present site of Glasgow has been settled since prehistoric times, it is for settlement, being the furthest downstream fording point of the River Clyde, the origins of Glasgow as an established city derive ultimately from its medieval position as Scotlands second largest bishopric. Glasgow increased in importance during the 10th and 11th centuries as the site of this bishopric, reorganised by King David I of Scotland and John, there had been an earlier religious site established by Saint Mungo in the 6th century. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth, sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives as the Glasgow Fair. Glasgow grew over the following centuries, the first bridge over the River Clyde at Glasgow was recorded from around 1285, giving its name to the Briggait area of the city, forming the main North-South route over the river via Glasgow Cross. The founding of the University of Glasgow in 1451 and elevation of the bishopric to become the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1492 increased the towns religious and educational status and landed wealth. Its early trade was in agriculture, brewing and fishing, with cured salmon and herring being exported to Europe, Glasgow was subsequently raised to the status of Royal Burgh in 1611. The citys Tobacco Lords created a water port at Port Glasgow on the Firth of Clyde. By the late 18th century more than half of the British tobacco trade was concentrated on Glasgows River Clyde, at the time, Glasgow held a commercial importance as the city participated in the trade of sugar, tobacco and later cotton
Glasgow
–
Clockwise from top-left: View of
Glasgow Science Centre, Duke of Wellington statue outside
Gallery of Modern Art,
Royal Exchange Square, cityscape view from
The Lighthouse, Gilbert Scott Building of
University of Glasgow,
Finnieston Crane,
Glasgow City Chambers
Glasgow
–
The
seal or signet of
Jocelin,
Bishop of Glasgow, founder of the burgh of Glasgow.
Glasgow
–
Shipping on the Clyde,
Atkinson Grimshaw, 1881.
Glasgow
–
Glasgow University in the 1890s
25.
Henry Jackson (classicist)
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Henry Jackson OM FBA, was an English classicist. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1903 and he was awarded the Order of Merit on 26 June 1908. From 1882 to 1892 he sat on the Council of the Senate of the University of Cambridge and he lived within the walls of Trinity College for over 50 years. Born in Sheffield, he lived mainly in Cambridge, but died in Bournemouth. Born on 12 March 1839 in Sheffield, the son of an eminent Sheffield surgeon of the name and his wife, Frances, third daughter of James Swettenham, of Wood End. He attended Sheffield Collegiate School and Cheltenham College before entering Trinity College Cambridge in 1858 and he joined the Cambridge Apostles in 1863. He became a fellow at Trinity College in 1864, and became Assistant Tutor in 1866, Praelector in Ancient Philosophy in 1875, in 1875 he married Margaret, daughter of the Reverend Francis Vansittart Thornton, vicar of South-Hill with Callington, Cornwall. They had two sons and three daughters, jacksons married life was clouded by the illness of his wife, for many years bedridden and unable to live at Cambridge, his wife spent time in a nursing home. Together with Henry Sidgwick and others he essentially established the Cambridge universitys supervisory system by introducing it in the side at Trinity. Other disciplines and other colleges soon followed suit, in July 1919, Jackson was honoured on the occasion of his eightieth birthday and his retirement as Vice-Master of Trinity College, with an address presented by the Master and Fellows. His important work was in translating and commenting upon Aristotles Ethics and his favourite author was William Makepeace Thackeray and, long before his death it was said he had read Thackerays Henry Esmond forty times apparently. His greater achievement was in his lectures and his ability to train the next generation of scholars, his more eminent students included R K Gaye, Francis Cornford. He was a member of Cambridge University Liberal Club in 1886. Henry Jackson died at Bournemouth on 25 September 1921, having been a great reformer and his funeral service took place at Trinity College Chapel on 28 September 1921 which many of his colleagues and friends attended. A full dozen, Desmond MacCarthy, J. M. E, mcTaggart, Frederic William Maitland, Nathaniel Wedd, Bertrand Russell, Robin John Grote Mayor, G. E. It is in a volume entitled The Owl of Minerva. Jackson received the honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Glasgow in June 1901, finally, some men moved from one place to the other, like the archaeologist Percy Gardner, who went from a Cambridge to an Oxford chair. All these mechanisms facilitated mutual learning – as did the railway line, Henry Jackson, who succeeded Richard Jebb as professor of Greek at Cambridge in 1906, belonged to the Ad Eundem club
Henry Jackson (classicist)
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Portrait of Henry Jackson by
Charles Wellington Furse, 1889
26.
Knight
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A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the monarch or country, especially in a military capacity. Historically, in Europe, knighthood was conferred upon mounted warriors, during the High Middle Ages, knighthood was considered a class of lower nobility. By the Late Middle Ages, the rank had become associated with the ideals of chivalry, often, a knight was a vassal who served as a fighter for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings. The lords trusted the knights, who were skilled in battle on horseback, since the early modern period, the title of knight is purely honorific, usually bestowed by a monarch, as in the British honours system, often for non-military service to the country. The modern female equivalent in the United Kingdom is Dame, furthermore, Geoffroi de Charnys Book of Chivalry expounded upon the importance of Christian faith in every area of a knights life. This novel explored the ideals of knighthood and their incongruity with the reality of Cervantes world, in the late medieval period, new methods of warfare began to render classical knights in armour obsolete, but the titles remained in many nations. Some orders of knighthood, such as the Knights Templar, have become the subject of legend, each of these orders has its own criteria for eligibility, but knighthood is generally granted by a head of state or monarch to selected persons to recognise some meritorious achievement. This linkage is reflected in the etymology of chivalry, cavalier, the special prestige accorded to mounted warriors finds a parallel in the furusiyya in the Muslim world, and the Greek hippeus and Roman eques of classical antiquity. The word knight, from Old English cniht, is a cognate of the German word Knecht and this meaning, of unknown origin, is common among West Germanic languages. Middle High German had the phrase guoter kneht, which also meant knight, the Anglo-Saxon cniht had no connection to horsemanship, the word referred to any servant. A rādcniht, riding-servant, was a servant delivering messages or patrolling coastlines on horseback, a narrowing of the generic meaning servant to military follower of a king or other superior is visible by 1100. The specific military sense of a knight as a warrior in the heavy cavalry emerges only in the Hundred Years War. The verb to knight appears around 1300, and, from the same time, an Equestrian was a member of the second highest social class in the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire. This class is often translated as knight, the medieval knight, both Greek ἳππος and Latin equus are derived from the Proto-Indo-European word root ekwo-, horse. In the later Roman Empire, the classical Latin word for horse, equus, was replaced in common parlance by the vulgar Latin caballus, sometimes thought to derive from Gaulish caballos. From caballus arose terms in the various Romance languages cognate with the English cavalier, Italian cavaliere, Spanish caballero, French chevalier, Portuguese cavaleiro, the Germanic languages have terms cognate with the English rider, German Ritter, and Dutch and Scandinavian ridder. These words are derived from Germanic rīdan, to ride, in turn derived from the Proto-Indo-European root reidh-, in ancient Rome there was a knightly class Ordo Equestris from which European knighthood may have been derived. Some portions of the armies of Germanic peoples who occupied Europe from the 3rd century AD onward had been mounted, in the Early Medieval period any well-equipped horseman could be described as a knight, or miles in Latin
Knight
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David I of Scotland knighting a squire
Knight
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The English fighting the French knights at the
Battle of Crécy in 1346.
Knight
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Khosrau II dressed as a mounted Persian knight riding on his favourite horse, Shabdiz. One of the oldest known reliefs of a heavily armoured cavalryman, from the Sassanid empire, Taqé Bostan, Iran (4th century).
Knight
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A Norman knight slaying
Harold Godwinson (
Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070). The rank of knight developed in the 12th century from the mounted warriors of the 10th and 11th centuries.
27.
Humanism
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The term was coined in 1808 by the early nineteenth century German educational reformer and theologian Friedrich Niethammer and gradually adopted into English. Niethammer had wished to introduce into German education the humane values of ancient Greece, the word Humanism is ultimately derived from the Latin concept humanitas, and, like most other words ending in -ism, entered English in the nineteenth century. Those who earnestly desire and seek after these are most highly humanized. For the desire to pursue of that kind of knowledge, and the training given by it, has granted to humanity alone of all the animals. Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and he himself was involved in public affairs. By assigning pride of place to Paideia in his comment on the etymology of humanitas, gelliuss writings fell into obscurity during the middle ages, but during the Italian Renaissance, Gellius became a favorite author. Teachers and scholars of Greek and Latin grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, during the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany, humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and it is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. The first Humanist Manifesto was issued by a conference held at the University of Chicago in 1933, signatories included the philosopher John Dewey, but the majority were ministers and theologians. But in the century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of The general love of humanity. A virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call humanism, for the time has come to create a word for such a beautiful and necessary thing. The latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries saw the creation of numerous philanthropic and benevolent societies dedicated to human betterment. Humanism began to acquire a negative sense, the Oxford English Dictionary records the use of the word humanism by an English clergyman in 1812 to indicate those who believe in the mere humanity of Christ, i. e. Unitarians and Deists. Human-centered philosophy that rejected the supernatural may also be found circa 1500 BCE in the Lokayata system of Indian philosophy, nasadiya Sukta, a passage in the Rig Veda, contains one of the first recorded assertions of agnosticism. Another instance of ancient humanism as a system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra. Zarathustras philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings, dignified with choice, in China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor. Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded, king Wu of Zhou has the famous saying, Humanity is the Ling of the world
Humanism
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An ideal society as conceived by Renaissance humanist Saint
Thomas More in his book
Utopia.
Humanism
Humanism
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Portrait of
Petrarch painted in 1376
Humanism
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Coluccio Salutati, Chancellor of Florence and disciple of Petrarch (1331–1406).
28.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
Latin
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Latin inscription, in the
Colosseum
Latin
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Julius Caesar 's
Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin. The unvarnished, journalistic style of this
patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the
Roman republic.
Latin
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A multi-volume Latin dictionary in the
University Library of Graz
Latin
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Latin and Ancient Greek Language - Culture - Linguistics at
Duke University in 2014.
29.
Caernarfon
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Caernarfon is a royal town, community, and port in Gwynedd, Wales, with a population of 9,615. It lies along the A487 road, on the shore of the Menai Strait. The city of Bangor is 8.6 miles to the north-east, Carnarvon and Caernarvon are Anglicised spellings that were superseded in 1926 and 1974, respectively. The villages of Bontnewydd and Caeathro are close by, abundant natural resources in and around the Menai Straits enabled human habitation in prehistoric Britain. The Ordovices, a Celtic tribe, lived in the region during the known as Roman Britain. The Roman fort Segontium was established around AD80 to subjugate the Ordovices during the Roman conquest of Britain, the Romans occupied the region until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 382, after which Caernarfon became part of the Kingdom of Gwynedd. In the late 11th century, William the Conqueror ordered the construction of a castle at Caernarfon as part of the Norman invasion of Wales. He was unsuccessful, and Wales remained independent until around 1283, in the 13th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, ruler of Gwynedd, refused to pay homage to Edward I of England, prompting the English conquest of Gwynedd. This was followed by the construction of Caernarfon Castle, one of the largest and most imposing fortifications built by the English in Wales. The ascent of the House of Tudor to the throne of England eased hostilities between the English and resulted in Caernarfon Castle falling into a state of disrepair. The city has flourished, leading to its status as a major tourist centre and seat of Gwynedd Council, with a thriving harbour, Caernarfon has expanded beyond its medieval walls and experienced heavy suburbanisation. Its population includes the largest percentage of Welsh-speaking citizens anywhere in Wales, the status of Royal Borough was granted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1963 and amended to Royal Town in 1974. The castle and town walls are part of a World Heritage Site described as the Castles, the present city of Caernarfon grew up around and owes its name to its Norman and Edwardian fortifications. The earlier British and Romano-British settlement at Segontium was named for the nearby Afon Seiont, the work states that the inscribed tomb of Constantius the Emperor was still present in the 9th century. The medieval romance about Maximus and Elen, Macsens Dream, calls her home Caer Aber Sein, the Norman motte was erected apart from the existing settlement and came to be known as y gaer yn Arfon, the fortress in Arfon. A1221 charter by Llywelyn the Great to the canons of Penmon priory on Anglesey mentions Kaerinarfon, in 1283, King Edward I completed his conquest of Wales which he secured by a chain of castles and walled towns. The construction of a new stone Caernarfon Castle seems to have started as soon as the campaign had finished, edwards architect, James of St. George, may well have modelled the castle on the walls of Constantinople, possibly being aware of the towns legendary associations. Edwards fourth son, Edward of Caernarfon, later Edward II of England, was born at the castle in April 1284, Caernarfon was constituted a borough in 1284 by charter of Edward I
Caernarfon
–
Caernarfon from
Caernarfon Castle
Caernarfon
–
A north-west view of Caernarvon Castle. 1749
Caernarfon
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Carnarvon Castle - from Coed Helen. 1854
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jebb, Sir Richard Claverhouse". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 299.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
