1.
Chatham, Kent
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Chatham is one of the Medway towns located within the Medway unitary authority, in North Kent, in South East England. Chatham Dockyard closed in 1984, but major naval buildings remain as the focus for a flourishing tourist industry, Chatham also has military connections, several Army barracks were located here, together with 19th-century forts which provided a defensive shield for the dockyard. Brompton Barracks, located in the town, remains the headquarters of the Corps of Royal Engineers, the town has important road links and the railway and bus stations are the main interchanges for the area. It is the headquarters of Medway unitary authority, as well as its principal shopping centre. The name Chatham was first recorded as Cetham in 880, the Domesday Book records the place as Ceteham. Most books explain this name as a British root ceto plus Old English ham, however, the river-valley situation of Chatham is more consistent with cet being an Old English survival of the element catu that was common in Roman-era names and meant basin or valley. Chatham stands on the A2 road along the line of the ancient Celtic route, which was paved by the Romans, among finds have been the remains of a Roman cemetery. It was established as a Royal Dockyard by Queen Elizabeth I in 1568, initially a refitting base, it became a shipbuilding yard, from then until the late 19th century, further expansion of the yard took place. In its time, many thousands of men were employed at the dockyard, after World War I many submarines were also built in Chatham Dockyard. In addition to the dockyard itself, defensive fortifications were built to protect it from attack, upnor Castle had been built in 1567, but had proved ineffectual, the Dutch Raid on the Medway in 1667 showed that more was required. The threat of a attack from the south during the 19th century led to the construction of even more forts. The second phase of fort-building included Fort Pitt, the 1859 Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom ordered, inter alia, a third outer ring of forts, these included Fort Luton, Fort Bridgewood, and Fort Borstal. These fortifications all required military personnel to man them and Army barracks to house those men and these included Kitchener Barracks, the Royal Marine Barracks, Brompton Artillery Barracks and Melville Barracks. In response to the manpower needs, the village of Chatham and other nearby villages. Trams, and later buses, linked those places to bring in the workforce, the area between the High Street and Luton village illustrates part of that growth, with its many streets of Victorian terraces. The importance of Chatham dockyard gradually declined as Britains naval resources were reduced or moved to other locations, the dockyard buildings were preserved as the historic site Chatham Historic Dockyard, which was under consideration as a World Heritage Site the site is being used for other purposes. Part of the St Marys Island section is now used as a marina, under the most recent change, in 1998, and with the addition of the Borough of Gillingham, the Borough of Medway became a unitary authority area, administratively separate from Kent. It remains part of the county of Kent for ceremonial purposes, Medway Council has recently relocated its main administration building to Gun Wharf, the site of the earliest part of the Dockyard, a former Lloyds office building
2.
Broadmoor Hospital
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Broadmoor Hospital is a high-security psychiatric hospital at Crowthorne in Berkshire, England. It is the best known of the three high-security psychiatric hospitals in England, the two being Ashworth and Rampton. At any one time there are also approximately 36 patients on trial leave at other units, most of the patients there suffer from severe mental illness, many also have personality disorders. Most have either been convicted of crimes, or been found unfit to plead in a trial for such crimes. The average stay is six years, but this figure is skewed by a few patients who have stayed for over 30 years, the hospitals catchment area consists of four National Health Service regions, London, Eastern, South East and South West. The hospital was first known as the Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum and it was built to a design by Sir Joshua Jebb, an officer of the Corps of Royal Engineers, and covered 53 acres within its secure perimeter. The first patient was a female admitted for infanticide on 27 May 1863, notes described her as being feeble minded, it has been suggested by an analysis of notes that she was most likely also suffering from congenital syphilis. The first male patients arrived on 27 February 1864, the original building plan of five blocks for men and one for women was completed in 1868. A further male block was built in 1902, due to overcrowding at Broadmoor, a branch asylum was constructed at Rampton and opened in 1912. Rampton was closed as an asylum at the end of 1919. During World War I Broadmoors block 1 was also used as a camp, called Crowthorne War Hospital. It is based on World War II air-raid sirens, and an alarm sounds across the whole area in the event of an escape. It is tested every Monday morning at 10 am for two minutes, after which a single tone all-clear is sounded for a two minutes. All schools in the area must keep procedures designed to ensure that in the event of a Broadmoor escape no child is out of the direct supervision of a member of staff. Sirens are located at Sandhurst School, Wellington College, Bracknell Forest council depot, until this time each was responsible for maintaining its own security policies. This review was made the responsibility of Sir Alan Langlands. This has resulted in upgraded physical security at Broadmoor from approximately category C to category B prison standards, higher levels of security than this are then placed around certain buildings. In 2003 the Victorian buildings at Broadmoor were declared unfit for purpose by the Commission for Healthcare Improvement, as well as providing patient care Broadmoor is a centre for training and research
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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was established as a sovereign state on 1 January 1801 by the Acts of Union 1800, which merged the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. The growing desire for an Irish Republic led to the Irish War of Independence, Northern Ireland remained part of the United Kingdom, and the state was consequently renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Britain financed the European coalition that defeated France in 1815 in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire thereby became the foremost world power for the next century. The Crimean War with Russia and the Boer wars were relatively small operations in a largely peaceful century, rapid industrialisation that began in the decades prior to the states formation continued up until the mid-19th century. A devastating famine, exacerbated by government inaction in the century, led to demographic collapse in much of Ireland. It was an era of economic modernization and growth of industry, trade and finance. Outward migration was heavy to the colonies and to the United States. Britain also built up a large British Empire in Africa and Asia, India, by far the most important possession, saw a short-lived revolt in 1857. In foreign policy Britain favoured free trade, which enabled its financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. Britain formed no permanent military alliances until the early 20th century, when it began to cooperate with Japan, France and Russia, and moved closer to the United States. A brief period of limited independence for Ireland came to an end following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British governments fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with the French resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms and came into effect on 1 January 1801, however, King George III was bitterly opposed to any such Emancipation and succeeded in defeating his governments attempts to introduce it. When the Treaty of Amiens ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized, in May 1803, war was declared again. In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of Berlin Decrees, which brought into effect the Continental System and this policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. Frances population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the British Isles, Napoleon expected that cutting Britain off from the European mainland would end its economic hegemony. The Spanish uprising in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent, after Napoleons surrender and exile to the island of Elba, peace appeared to have returned. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and Blucher defeated Napoleon once, simultaneous with the Napoleonic Wars, trade disputes, arming hostile Indians and British impressment of American sailors led to the War of 1812 with the United States. The war was little noticed in Britain, which could devote few resources to the conflict until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, American frigates inflicted a series of defeats on the Royal Navy, which was short on manpower due to the conflict in Europe
4.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
5.
Fairy
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A fairy is a type of mythical being or legendary creature in European folklore, a form of spirit, often described as metaphysical, supernatural, or preternatural. According to Thomas Keightley, the word derives from the Latin fata. Other forms are the Italian fata, and the Provençal fada, in old French romance, fee was a woman skilled in magic, and who knew the power and virtue of words, of stones, and of herbs. Faierie became fairy, but with that now almost exclusively referring to one of the legendary people. The word fairy was used to represent an illusion, or enchantment, to the word faie was added the suffix -erie, used to express either a place where something is found or a trade or typical activity engaged in. In later usage it applied to any kind of quality or activity associated with a particular type of person. In the sense land where fairies dwell, the distinctive and archaic spellings Faery, the latinate fay is not to be confused with the unrelated fey, meaning fated to die. Various folkloristic traditions refer to them euphemistically, by such as wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair folk. Sometimes the term fairy is used to any magical creature, including goblins or gnomes, at other times. Fairies have their origin in the conflation of Celtic traditions in the Middle French medieval romances. Fairie was in origin used adjectivally, meaning enchanted, but was used as a name for enchanted creatures from as early as the Late Middle English period. In English literature of the Elizabethan era, elves became conflated with the fairies of Romance culture, the Victorian and Edwardian eras saw an increase in interest in fairies. The Celtic Revival viewed them as part of Irelands cultural heritage, carole Silvers and others suggest that the fascination of English antiquarians arose from a reaction to greater industrialization, and loss of folkways. Fairies are generally described as human in appearance and having magical powers, even with these small fairies, however, their small size may be magically assumed rather than constant. Some fairies though normally quite small were able to dilate their figures to imitate humans, on Orkney they were described as short in stature, dressed in dark grey, and sometimes seen in armour. Wings, while common in Victorian and later artwork of fairies, are rare in the folklore, even very small fairies flew with magic. Nowadays, fairies are depicted with ordinary insect wings or butterfly wings. In some folklore, fairies have green eyes, some depictions of fairies either have them wearing some sort of footwear and other depictions of fairies are always barefoot
6.
Orientalism
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In particular, Orientalist painting, representing the Middle East, was a genre of Academic art in the 19th century. Orientalism refers to the Orient, in reference and opposition to the Occident, the East, the word Orient entered the English language as the Middle French orient. In the “Monks Tale”, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote, “That they conquered many regnes grete / In the orient, with many a fair citee. ”The term “orient” refers to countries east of the Mediterranean Sea and Southern Europe. In Place of Fear, Aneurin Bevan used an expanded denotation of the Orient that comprehended East Asia, “the awakening of the Orient under the impact of Western ideas”. Edward Said said that Orientalism “enables the political, economic, cultural and social domination of the West, not just during colonial times, but also in the present. ”In art history, the term Orientalism refers to the works of the Western artists who specialized in Oriental subjects, produced from their travels in Western Asia, during the 19th century. In that time, artists and scholars were described as Orientalists, especially in France, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the term Orientalist identified a scholar who specialized in the languages and literatures of the Eastern world. Among such scholars is the philologist William Jones, whose studies of Indo-European languages established modern philology, additionally, Hebraism and Jewish studies gained popularity among British and German scholars in the 18th and 19th century. The academic field of Oriental studies, which comprehended the cultures of the Near East, the thesis of Orientalism develops Antonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony, and Michel Foucaults theorisation of discourse to criticise the scholarly tradition of Oriental studies. Said criticised contemporary scholars who perpetuated the tradition of outsider-interpretation of Arabo-Islamic cultures, especially Bernard Lewis, the analyses are of Orientalism in European literature, especially French literature, and do not analyse visual art and Orientalist painting. In that vein, the art historian Linda Nochlin applied Said’s methods of analysis to art. In the academy, the book Orientalism became a text of post-colonial cultural studies. Early architectural use of motifs lifted from the Indian subcontinent is known as Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture, one of the earliest examples is the façade of Guildhall, London. The style gained momentum in the west with the publication of views of India by William Hodges, examples of Hindoo architecture are Sezincote House in Gloucestershire, built for a nabob returned from Bengal, and the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. Venice, the trading partner of the Ottomans, was the earliest centre. Chinoiserie is the term for the fashion for Chinese themes in decoration in Western Europe, beginning in the late 17th century and peaking in waves, especially Rococo Chinoiserie. From the Renaissance to the 18th century, Western designers attempted to imitate the technical sophistication of Chinese ceramics with only partial success, Early hints of Chinoiserie appeared in the 17th century in nations with active East India companies, England, Denmark, the Netherlands and France. Tin-glazed pottery made at Delft and other Dutch towns adopted genuine Ming-era blue, Early ceramic wares made at Meissen and other centers of true porcelain imitated Chinese shapes for dishes, vases and teawares. Pleasure pavilions in Chinese taste appeared in the formal parterres of late Baroque and Rococo German palaces, Thomas Chippendales mahogany tea tables and china cabinets, especially, were embellished with fretwork glazing and railings, ca 1753–70
7.
Genre art
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Genre art is the pictorial representation in any of various media of scenes or events from everyday life, such as markets, domestic settings, interiors, parties, inn scenes, and street scenes. Such representations may be realistic, imagined, or romanticized by the artist, some variations of the term genre art specify the medium or type of visual work, as in genre painting, genre prints, genre photographs, and so on. Rather confusingly, the meaning of genre, covering any particular combination of an artistic medium. Painting was divided into a hierarchy of genres, with painting at the top, as the most difficult and therefore prestigious. But history paintings are a genre in painting, not genre works, the following concentrates on painting, but genre motifs were also extremely popular in many forms of the decorative arts, especially from the Rococo of the early 18th century onwards. Single figures or small groups decorated a huge variety of such as porcelain, furniture, wallpaper. Genre painting, also called genre scene or petit genre, depicts aspects of life by portraying ordinary people engaged in common activities. A work would often be considered as a genre work even if it could be shown that the artist had used a known member of his family. In this case it would depend on whether the work was likely to have intended by the artist to be perceived as a portrait—sometimes a subjective question. The depictions can be realistic, imagined, or romanticized by the artist, because of their familiar and frequently sentimental subject matter, genre paintings have often proven popular with the bourgeoisie, or middle class. Genre themes appear in all art traditions. These were part of a pattern of Mannerist inversion in Antwerp painting, giving low elements previously in the background of images prominent emphasis. The generally small scale of these paintings was appropriate for their display in the homes of middle class purchasers. Often the subject of a painting was based on a popular emblem from an Emblem book. The merry company showed a group of figures at a party, other common types of scenes showed markets or fairs, village festivities, or soldiers in camp. In Italy, a school of painting was stimulated by the arrival in Rome of the Dutch painter Pieter van Laer in 1625. He acquired the nickname Il Bamboccio and his followers were called the Bamboccianti, whose works would inspire Giacomo Ceruti, Antonio Cifrondi, jean-Baptiste Greuze and others painted detailed and rather sentimental groups or individual portraits of peasants that were to be influential on 19th-century painting. Spain had a tradition predating The Book of Good Love of social observation and commentary based on the Old Roman Latin tradition, practiced by many of its painters and illuminators
8.
Bethlem Royal Hospital
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Bethlem Royal Hospital, also known as St Mary Bethlehem, Bethlehem Hospital and Bedlam, is a psychiatric hospital in London. Its infamous history has inspired several books, films and TV series, most notably Bedlam. It has moved three times from its location, and is Europes first and oldest institution to specialise in mental illnesses. The hospital is associated with Kings College London and, in partnership with the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology. It is part of the Kings Health Partners academic health science centre, originally the hospital was near Bishopsgate just outside the walls of the City of London. It moved outside of Moorfields in the 17th century, then to St Georges Fields in Southwark in the 19th century, the word bedlam, meaning uproar and confusion, is derived from the hospitals prior nickname. Although the hospital became a psychiatric facility, historically it was representative of the worst excesses of asylums in the era of lunacy reform. The hospital was founded in 1247 as the Priory of the New Order of St Mary of Bethlem in the city of London during the reign of Henry III. It was established by the Bishop-elect of Bethlehem, the Italian Goffredo de Prefetti, following a donation of property by the London alderman and former sheriff. The original location was in the parish of St Botolph, Bishopsgates ward, just beyond Londons wall, the priory, obedient to the Church of Bethlehem, would also house the poor and, if they visited, provide hospitality to the bishop, canons and brothers of Bethlehem. Thus, Bethlem became a hospital, in British English usage, by this time the Bethlehemite bishops had relocated to Clamecy, France, under the surety of the Avignon papacy. As a dependent house of the Order of Saint Bethlehem in Clamecy, Bethlem was vulnerable to seizure by the crown, after this event the masters of the hospital, semi-autonomous figures in charge of its day-to-day management, were normally crown appointees and it became an increasingly secularised institution. The removal of the last symbolic link to the Bethlehemites was confirmed in 1403 when it was reported that master, in 1546 the Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Gresham, petitioned the crown to grant Bethlem to the city. This petition was successful and Henry VIII reluctantly ceded to the City of London the custody, order and governance of the hospital and of its occupants. This charter came into effect in 1547, the crown retained possession of the hospital while its administration fell to the city authorities. It is Europes oldest extant psychiatric hospital and has operated continuously for over 600 years and it has also been the continents most famous, and infamous, specialist institution for the care and treatment of the insane. Its popular designation – Bedlam – has long been synonymous with madness, precisely dating its transition to this role is difficult. It is unknown when it began to specialise in the care and control of the insane and this date is derived from the unsubstantiated conjecture of the Reverend Edward Geoffrey ODonoghue, chaplain to the hospital, who published a monograph on its history in 1914
9.
Royal Academy of Arts
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The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner
10.
William Powell Frith
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William Powell Frith RA was an English painter specialising in genre subjects and panoramic narrative works of life in the Victorian era. He was elected to the Royal Academy in 1853, presenting The Sleeping Model as his Diploma work and he has been described as the greatest British painter of the social scene since Hogarth. William Powell Frith was born in Aldfield, North Yorkshire on 19 January 1819, Frith was encouraged to take up art by his father, a hotelier in Harrogate. Frith was great uncle and an advisor to the English school portrait painter Henry Keyworth Raine and he moved to London in 1835 where he began his formal art studies at Sasss Academy in Charlotte Street, before attending the Royal Academy Schools. Frith started his career as a painter and first exhibited at the British Institution in 1838. In the 1840s he often based works on the output of writers such as Charles Dickens, whose portrait he painted. He was a member of The Clique, which also included Richard Dadd, the principal influence on his work was the hugely popular domestic subjects painted by Sir David Wilkie. Wilkies famous painting The Chelsea Pensioners was a spur to the creation of Friths own most famous compositions, in Ramsgate Sands, Life at the Seaside he depicted visitors and entertainers at the seaside resort. He followed this with The Derby Day, depicting scenes among the crowd at the race at Epsom Downs and this 1858 composition was bought by Jacob Bell for £1,500. It was so popular that it had to be protected by a specially installed rail when shown at the Royal Academy of Arts, another well-known painting was The Railway Station, a scene of Paddington station. In 1865 he was chosen to paint the Marriage of the Prince of Wales and his 1858 painting The Crossing Sweeper has been described as breaking new ground in its description of the collision of wealth and poverty on a London street. Later in his career he painted two series of five each, telling moral stories in the manner of William Hogarth. These were the Road to Ruin, about the dangers of gambling, and he retired from the Royal Academy in 1890 but continued to exhibit until 1902. Frith was a traditionalist who made known his aversion to modern-art developments in a couple of autobiographies – My Autobiography and Reminiscences and Further Reminiscences –, fellow traditionalist Frederic Leighton is featured in the painting, which also portrays painter John Everett Millais and novelist Anthony Trollope. In his later years, he painted copies of his famous paintings, as well as more sexually uninhibited works. A well-known raconteur, his writings, most notably his chatty autobiography, were very popular, in 1856, Frith was photographed at The Photographed Institute by Robert Howlett, as part of a series of portraits of fine artists. The picture was among a group exhibited at the Art Treasures Exhibition in Manchester in 1857, Frith is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. The first major retrospective in Friths native Britain for half a century was staged at the Guildhall Art Gallery and it transferred to Mercer Art Gallery in Harrogate, North Yorkshire in March 2007
11.
Augustus Egg
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Augustus Leopold Egg RA was a Victorian artist best known for his modern triptych Past and Present, which depicts the breakup of a middle-class Victorian family. Egg was born to Joseph and Ann Egg, and baptised in St Jamess Church, Piccadilly and he had an elder brother, George Hine Egg. His father Joseph Egg was a gunsmith from the distinguished gun making family. Egg was educated in the schools of the Royal Academy, beginning in 1836, Egg was a member of The Clique, a group of artists founded by Richard Dadd and others in the late 1830s. Egg sought to combine popularity with moral and social activism, in line with the work of his friend Charles Dickens. With Dickens he set up the Guild of Literature and Art and he acted the lead role in Not So Bad As We Seem, a play written by Edward Bulwer-Lytton to raise funds for the organisation. His self-portrait in the role is in Hospitalfield House in Arbroath, eggs early paintings were generally illustrations of literary subjects. Like other members of The Clique, he saw himself as a follower of Hogarth and his interest in Hogarthian moral themes is evidenced in his paired paintings The Life and Death of Buckingham, depicting the dissolute life and sordid death of the Restoration rake. Yet his paintings often took a look at their subjects. Unlike most other members of The Clique, Egg also admired the Pre-Raphaelites, he bought work from the young William Holman Hunt and his own triptych, known as Past and Present, was influenced by Hunts work. The two outer scenes depict the separated mother and children a few later, now living in poverty. The paintings use of flashback — the central scene is occurring in the past — has been seen as a precursor of cinema, Egg was also an active organiser of exhibitions, being admired by fellow-artists for his dedication and fair mindedness. He was one of the organisers of the Manchester Art Treasures Exhibition in 1857 and he was elected to the Royal Academy in 1860. A member of the circle of friends that included Dickens and Wilkie Collins and he participated, as actor and costume designer, in their amateur theatricals, which were often conducted for charitable purposes as noted above. Dickens described Egg as a gentle little fellow, always sweet-tempered, humorous, conscientious, thoroughly good. In a 1953 radio interview, Evelyn Waugh was asked What painters do you admire most and he answered Augustus Egg I’d put among the highest. Edited by William Baker and William Malpas Clarke, London, Palgrave Macmillan,1999, the Dickens Circle, A Narrative of the Novelists Friendships. New York, E. P. Dutton,1919, Art in the Age of Queen Victoria, Treasures from the Royal Academy of Arts Permanent Collection
12.
Henry Nelson O'Neil
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Henry Nelson ONeil ARA was an historical genre painter and minor Victorian writer. He worked primarily with historical and literary subjects, but his paintings dealt with the Indian Mutiny. Eastward, Ho. dated August 1857 but exhibited the following year, a second painting, Home Again, shows the troops returning to England. He also had successes with romantic scenes portraying the deaths of Mozart and Raphael. In The Last Moments of Mozart the dying composer listens to singers performing part of his Requiem, the Last Moments of Raphael shows the painter contemplating the unseen figure of Christ in his Transfiguration. ONeil was a member of The Clique, a group of artists in the 1840s who, like the later Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, met regularly to discuss and criticize one anothers works. The other members of The Clique were Augustus Egg, Alfred Elmore, Richard Dadd, William Powell Frith, John Phillip, most of the Clique opposed the Pre-Raphaelites, but ONeil was the most virulent in his condemnation of the movement, attacking them in both paintings and writings. These included his futuristic fantasy 2000 Years Hence, which portrayed Britain in the year 3967 as a frozen wasteland excavated by an archaeologist from New Zealand, discussion of The Parting Cheer, by Henry ONeil ONeils Satirical Dialogues at Internet Archive Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
13.
The Clique
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The Clique was a group of English artists formed by Richard Dadd in the late 1830s. Other members were Augustus Egg, Alfred Elmore, William Powell Frith, Henry Nelson ONeil, John Phillip and Edward Matthew Ward. Information about the activities of The Clique derives mainly from the reminiscences of Frith and an essay published in The Art Journal in 1898 by Gilbert Imray. Both state that the group called themselves by name at the time. They met together at the end of the 1830s and early 1840s, the group broke up in 1843 when Dadd became insane and was incarcerated after murdering his father. The others all became members of the Royal Academy of Arts. Their work was supported by the newly founded periodical The Art Journal, the Clique was characterised by their rejection of academic high art in favour of genre painting, following the precedents of William Hogarth and David Wilkie. This was in line with their view that art should be judged by the public, in the 1850s most members of The Clique became inveterate enemies of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, believing their art to be willfully eccentric and primitivist. Frith and ONeil wrote many attacks on Pre-Raphaelite principles, however Egg became a friend and supporter of William Holman Hunt. Portraits of members of The Clique were commissioned by Patrick Allan-Fraser for Hospitalfield House in Arbroath, in the 1860s another group of artists with similar ideas became known as the St. Johns Wood Clique. Art in the Age of Queen Victoria, Treasures from the Royal Academy of Arts Permanent Collection, new Haven and London, Yale University Press/Royal Academy of Arts, London,1999
14.
Milas
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Milas is an ancient city and the seat of the district of the same name in Muğla Province in southwestern Turkey. The city was the first capital of ancient Caria and of the Anatolian beylik of Menteşe in medieval times. Milas center is situated on a plain at the foot of Mount Sodra on. Milass political colour has been centre-left for the last decade, the name Mylasa, with the old Anatolian ending in -asa is sufficient proof of very early foundation. But there is nothing else to suggest a Lycian origin for the name Mylasa, labrandean Zeus was one of the three deities proper to Mylasa, all named Zeus but each bearing indigenous characteristics. Of these, the cult of Zeus Carius was also notable in being exclusively reserved, aside from the Carians, to their Lydian and Mysian kinsmen. One of the finest temples was also the one dedicated to Zeus Osogoa, traceable to times when the Carians had been a maritime folk, under Achaemenid rule Mylasa was the chief city of Caria. A ruler appointed by the Persian Emperor ruled the city in varying degrees of allegiance to the emperor. Between 460-450 BC, Mylasa was a prominent member of the Delian League, like most Carian cities. Mylasa was at once their hometown and their capital, during the long and striking reign of Mausolus, they became virtual rulers of Caria and of a sizable surrounding region between 377-352 BC. It was during Mausoluss reign that the capital was moved to Halicarnassus, Mausolus was the builder of the famous Mausoleum of Mausolus. The international term Mausoleum derives from this Carian ruler, in 40 BCE Mylasa suffered great damage when it was taken by Labienus in the Roman Civil War. Mylasa is frequently mentioned by ancient writers, at the time of Strabo the city boasted two remarkable orators, Euthydemos and Hybreas. Various inscriptions tell us that the Phrygian cults were represented here by the worship of Sabazios, there was also a temple of Nemesis. An inscription from Mylasa provided one of the few data about the life of Cornelius Tacitus. Among the ancient bishops of Mylasa was Saint Ephrem, whose feast was kept on January 23, cyril and his successor, Paul, are mentioned by Nicephorus Callistus and in the Life of Saint Xene. Since the Fourth Crusade, Mylasa has remained a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church, Mylasensis, the seat has been vacant since the death of the last bishop in 1966. Milas and the region was taken over by the Turks under the command of Menteşe Bey in the late thirteenth century
15.
Book frontispiece
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A frontispiece in books generally refers to a decorative or informative illustration facing a books title page, being the verso opposite the recto title page. While some books depict thematic elements, other books feature the portrait as the frontispiece. In medieval illuminated manuscripts, a miniature showing the book or text being presented was often used as a frontispiece. The word comes from the French frontispice, or the late Latin frontispicium, from the Latin frons, in English, it was originally used as an architectural term, referring to the decorative facade of a building. By then, the English spelling had also morphed, by way of folk etymology, book design Prints & People, A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on book frontispieces
16.
Thomas Phillips (mayor)
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Sir Thomas Phillips was a Welsh lawyer, politician and businessman, known as a mayor of Newport in Monmouthshire. The eldest son of Thomas Phillips of Llanellan House, Monmouthshire, by Ann, eldest daughter of Benjamin James of Llangattock, Crickhowell, from June 1824 till January 1840 he practised as a solicitor at Newport, Monmouthshire, in partnership with Thomas Prothero. On 9 November 1838 Phillips was elected mayor of Newport, on 4 November 1839 was in charge of the town when John Frost, at the head of seven thousand chartists, entered it with the intention of releasing Henry Vincent from gaol. While reading the Riot Act from the Westgate Inn he was wounded with slugs in the arm, a company of the 45th Regiment of Foot then fired on the crowd, which was completely routed, seventeen being killed and about thirty wounded. On 9 December Phillips was knighted to mark his individual exertions in maintaining her majestys authority, on 26 February 1840 he was voted the freedom of the City of London, and admitted on 7 April. Phillips was called to the bar at the Inner Temple on 10 June 1842, shortly afterwards he set off on a tour of parts of Europe and the Middle East. He wanted to take a draughtsman, and on the recommendation of David Roberts employed Richard Dadd, Roberts knew Dadds father. The journey, via Venice, Greece and Egypt, saw Dadd suffer a breakdown, having stabbed his father to death, he was confined to Bethlem Hospital as insane. Phillips was named a Queens Counsel on 17 February, and a bencher of his inn on 5 May 1865 and his principal practice lay in parliamentary committees, and many lawsuits were referred to him for arbitration. In Monmouthshire he acquired coal-mines, and became a landed proprietor in Wales. Phillips played a part in the success of Brecon College. He was an member of the governing bodies of Kings College London, and the Church Institution. In 1848 he became a member of the National Society, and devoted time, while living simply, he gave large sums to charities. At Court-y-bella, near Newport, he built and maintained schools for the education of the colliers, Phillips died of paralysis at 77 Gloucester Place, Portman Square, London, on 26 May 1867, and was buried at Llanellan. He was the author of The Life of James Davies, a Village Schoolmaster,1850 and it is a biography of James Davies of Devauden. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Phillips
17.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
18.
Southern Syria
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Southern Syria is the southern part of the Syria region, roughly corresponding to the Southern Levant. Typically it refers chronologically and geographically to the part of Ottoman Syria provinces. Throughout the Ottoman period, prior to World War I, the Levant was administered and viewed locally as one entity, in 1884, the governor of Damascus made a proposal to establish a new Vilayet of Southern Syria, though nothing came out of this. According to the Minutes of the Ninth Session of the League of Nations Permanent Mandate Commission, the reports say the following, Colonel Symes explained that the country was described as Palestine by Europeans and as Falestin by the Arabs. As a set-off to this, certain of the Arab politicians suggested that the country should be called Southern Syria in order to emphasize its close relation with another Arab State. In 1927, an Arab party named the Arab Independence Party in Southern Syria was established in Mandatory Palestine to emphasize the reaffirmed support for Arab pan-Syrianism. While the use of the term Southern Syria term was common by the early 20th century, it is occasionally used term in politics, literature. Helsinki. fi−Levant internetcourse, Brief history of Southern Syria
19.
Egypt
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Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
20.
Jerusalem
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Jerusalem is a city located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is considered a city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, the part of Jerusalem called the City of David was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent, today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger, Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old Citys boundaries. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, the sobriquet of holy city was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Septuagint which Christians adopted as their own authority, was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesuss crucifixion there, in Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. As a result, despite having an area of only 0, outside the Old City stands the Garden Tomb. Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it into Jerusalem, one of Israels Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the countrys undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset, the residences of the Prime Minister and President, the international community does not recognize Jerusalem as Israels capital, and the city hosts no foreign embassies. Jerusalem is also home to some non-governmental Israeli institutions of importance, such as the Hebrew University. In 2011, Jerusalem had a population of 801,000, of which Jews comprised 497,000, Muslims 281,000, a city called Rušalim in the Execration texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt is widely, but not universally, identified as Jerusalem. Jerusalem is called Urušalim in the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba, the name Jerusalem is variously etymologized to mean foundation of the god Shalem, the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city. The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua, according to a Midrash, the name is a combination of Yhwh Yireh and the town Shalem. The earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states, I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem, or as other scholars suggest, the mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem
21.
Jordan
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Jordan, officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west, Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordans most populous city as well as the countrys economic, what is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age, Ammon, Moab, later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom, the Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the then Emir Abdullah I and became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state known as The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. Jordan captured the West Bank, which it later lost in 1967, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, and is one of two Arab states to have signed a peace treaty with Israel. The country is a monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers. Jordan is a relatively-small, semi-arid, almost-landlocked country with a population numbering at 9.5 million, Sunni Islam, practiced by around 92% of the population, is the dominant religion in Jordan. It coexists with an indigenous Christian minority, Jordan is considered to be among the safest of Arab countries in the Middle East, and has avoided long-term terrorism and instability. The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of Iraqi Christians fleeing the Islamic State, while Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure. Jordan is classified as a country of high human development with a middle income economy. The Jordanian economy, one of the smallest economies in the region, is attractive to foreign investors based upon a skilled workforce, the country is a major tourist destination, and also attracts medical tourism due to its well developed health sector. Nonetheless, a lack of resources, large flow of refugees. Jordan is named after the Jordan River, where Jesus is said to have been baptized, the origin of the rivers name is debated, but the most common explanation is that it derives from the word yarad, found in Hebrew, Aramaic, and other Semitic languages. Others regard the name as having an Indo-Aryan origin, combining the words yor and don, another theory is that it is from the Arabic root word wrd, as in people coming to a major source of water. The name Jordan appears in an ancient Egyptian papyrus called Papyrus Anastasi I, the lands of modern-day Jordan were historically called Transjordan, meaning beyond the Jordan River. The name was Arabized into Al-Urdunn during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, during crusader rule, it was called Oultrejordain
22.
Ein Gedi
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Ein Gedi (Hebrew, עֵין גֶּדִי, Arabic, عين جدي, translit. ‘ayn jady, literally spring of the kid is an oasis and a reserve in Israel, located west of the Dead Sea, near Masada. Ein Gedi was listed in 2016 as one of the most popular sites in the country. The name Ein Gedi is composed of two Hebrew words, ein means spring and gǝdi means goat-kid, Ein Gedi thus means Kid spring. At Mikveh Cave archaeologists found Pre-Pottery Neolithic A flint tools and an arrowhead, a Chalcolithic temple belonging to the Ghassulian culture was excavated on the slope between two springs, Ein Shulamit and Ein Gedi. More Chalcolithic finds were made at the Moringa and Mikveh Caves, no traces of Bronze Age settlement have been found at Ein Gedi. The remains of the Iron Age settlement at Ein Gedi are located at a tell on the bank of Wadi Arugot, known in Arabic as Tell el-Jurn. The first permanent Iron Age settlement was Judahite and was established around 630 BCE, the site was destroyed or abandoned after the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in 587/86 BCE. In Genesis 14,7 Hazazon-tamar is mentioned as being an Amorite city, in Joshua 15,62, Ein Gedi is enumerated among the cities of the Tribe of Judah in the desert Betharaba, but Ezekiel 47,10 shows that it was also a fishermans town. Later, King David hides in the desert of Ein Gedi and King Saul seeks him even upon the most craggy rocks, the Song of Songs speaks of the vineyards of En Gedi. The words of Ecclesiasticus 24,18, I was exalted like a tree in Cades. The settlement at Tel Goren is an example of a town which reached its zenith during the Persian period. Ein Gedi receives a fortress and becomes a royal Hasmonean estate, according to the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus Flavius, the Sicarii, who fought the Romans until their defeat and mass suicide at Masada, plundered local villages including En Gedi. At En Gedi, they out the defenders, and killed over seven hundred women and children who could not run away. In April 1848, Lieutenant William Francis Lynch led an American expedition down the Jordan River into the Dead Sea, in 1998–99, the archaeological expedition of Yizhar Hirschfeld at Ein Gedi systematically excavated what has been called the Essenes site, first discovered by Yohanan Aharoni in 1956. Ein Gedi nature reserve was declared in 1971 and is one of the most important reserves in Israel, the park is situated on the eastern border of the Judean Desert, on the Dead Sea coast, and covers an area of 14000 dunams. The elevation of the ranges from the level of the Dead Sea at 423 meters below sea level to the plateau of the Judean Desert at 200 meters above sea level. Ein Gedi nature reserve includes two spring-fed streams with flowing water year-round, Nahal David and Nahal Arugot, two other springs, the Shulamit and Ein Gedi springs, also flow in the reserve
23.
Nile
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The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It is generally regarded as the longest river in the world, in particular, the Nile is the primary water source of Egypt and Sudan. The Nile has two tributaries, the White Nile and Blue Nile. The White Nile is considered to be the headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself, the Blue Nile, however, is the source of most of the water and silt. The White Nile is longer and rises in the Great Lakes region of central Africa and it flows north through Tanzania, Lake Victoria, Uganda and South Sudan. The Blue Nile begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into Sudan from the southeast, the two rivers meet just north of the Sudanese capital of Khartoum. The northern section of the river flows north almost entirely through the Sudanese desert to Egypt, then ends in a large delta, Egyptian civilization and Sudanese kingdoms have depended on the river since ancient times. Most of the population and cities of Egypt lie along those parts of the Nile valley north of Aswan, in the ancient Egyptian language, the Nile is called Ḥpī or Iteru, meaning river. In Coptic, the words piaro or phiaro meaning the river come from the ancient name. The English name Nile and the Arabic names en-Nîl and an-Nîl both derive from the Latin Nilus and the Ancient Greek Νεῖλος, beyond that, however, the etymology is disputed. One possible etymology derives it from a Semitic Nahal, meaning river, the standard English names White Nile and Blue Nile, to refer to the rivers source, derive from Arabic names formerly applied only to the Sudanese stretches which meet at Khartoum. Above Khartoum, the Nile is also known as the White Nile, at Khartoum the river is joined by the Blue Nile. The White Nile starts in equatorial East Africa, and the Blue Nile begins in Ethiopia, both branches are on the western flanks of the East African Rift. The drainage basin of the Nile covers 3,254,555 square kilometers, the source of the Nile is sometimes considered to be Lake Victoria, but the lake has feeder rivers of considerable size. It is either the Ruvyironza, which emerges in Bururi Province, Burundi, or the Nyabarongo, the two feeder rivers meet near Rusumo Falls on the Rwanda-Tanzania border. Gish Abay is reportedly the place where the water of the first drops of the Blue Nile develop. The Nile leaves Lake Nyanza at Ripon Falls near Jinja, Uganda and it flows north for some 130 kilometers, to Lake Kyoga. For the remaining part it flows westerly through the Murchison Falls until it reaches the very northern shores of Lake Albert where it forms a significant river delta
24.
Osiris
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Osiris was an Egyptian god, usually identified as the god of the afterlife, the underworld, and the dead, but more appropriately as the god of transition, resurrection, and regeneration. He was also associated with the epithet Khenti-Amentiu, meaning Foremost of the Westerners, as ruler of the dead, Osiris was also sometimes called king of the living, ancient Egyptians considered the blessed dead the living ones. Osiris was considered the brother of Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus the Elder and he was described as the Lord of love, He Who is Permanently Benign and Youthful and the Lord of Silence. The Kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris in death – as Osiris rose from the dead they would, in union with him, inherit eternal life through a process of imitative magic. By the New Kingdom all people, not just pharaohs, were believed to be associated with Osiris at death, Osiris was widely worshipped as Lord of the Dead until the suppression of the Egyptian religion during the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Osiris is a Latin transliteration of the Ancient Greek Ὄσιρις IPA, in Egyptian hieroglyphs the name is appears as wsjr or jsjrt. Since hieroglyphic writing lacks vowels, Egyptologists have vocalized the name in various ways as Asar, Yasar, Aser, Asaru, Ausar, Ausir, Wesir, Usir, several proposals have been made for the etymology and meaning of the original name wsjr. John Gwyn Griffiths proposed a derivation from wsr signifying the powerful, moreover, one of the oldest attestations of the god Osiris appears in the mastaba of the deceased Netjer-wser. David Lorton proposed that Wsjr is composed by the morphemes set-jret signifying ritual activity, wolfhart Westendorf proposed an etymology from Waset-jret she who bears the eye. He also carries the crook and flail, the crook is thought to represent Osiris as a shepherd god. The symbolism of the flail is more uncertain with shepherds whip, fly-whisk and he was commonly depicted as a pharaoh with a complexion of either green or black in mummiform. The Pyramid Texts describe early conceptions of an afterlife in terms of travelling with the sun god amongst the stars. Amongst these mortuary texts, at the beginning of the 4th dynasty, is found, An offering the king gives, by the end of the 5th dynasty, the formula in all tombs becomes An offering the king gives and Osiris. Osiris is the father of the god Horus, whose conception is described in the Osiris myth. The myth described Osiris as having been killed by his brother Set, Isis joined the fragmented pieces of Osiris, but the only body part missing was the phallus. Isis fashioned a golden phallus, and briefly brought Osiris back to life by use of a spell that she learned from her father and this spell gave her time to become pregnant by Osiris before he again died. Isis later gave birth to Horus, as such, since Horus was born after Osiris resurrection, Horus became thought of as a representation of new beginnings and the vanquisher of the evil Set. Ptah-Seker thus gradually became identified with Osiris, the two becoming Ptah-Seker-Osiris, Osiris soul, or rather his Ba, was occasionally worshipped in its own right, almost as if it were a distinct god, especially in the Delta city of Mendes
25.
The Fairy Feller's Master-Stroke
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The Fairy Fellers Master-Stroke is a painting by English artist Richard Dadd. It was commissioned by George Henry Haydon, who was steward at Bethlem Royal Hospital at the time. He was impressed by Dadds artistic efforts and asked for a painting of his own. Dadd worked on the painting for nine years, paying attention to detail. Although it is regarded as his most important work, Dadd himself considered the painting to be unfinished. The painting is in the Tate Britain collection, terry Pratchetts novel The Wee Free Men contains a scene inspired by the painting. The painting, the art of the insane, and Dadd are mentioned in the novel, Mortal Love, the work is a central plot element in the novel The Witches of Chiswick by Robert Rankin. Neil Gaiman wrote a tribute to the painting for Intelligent Life The painting appears in Alex Bledsoes Tufa novels, the painting is an attributed plot element in Mike Shevdons The Road to Bedlam, Book II of his The Courts of the Feyre series. Former Gorkys Zygotic Mynci singer Euros Childs included a song titled The Fairy Fellers Master-Stroke on his 2009 solo album. Mark Chadbourns The Fairy Fellers Master Stroke, about a young man looking for meanings in the painting. Octavio Paz devoted a chapter on Richard Dadd and this painting in particular in his book The Monkey Grammarian, the Discovery of the Art of the Insane
26.
Cobham, Kent
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Cobham is a village and civil parish in the Gravesham District of Kent, England. It is located south of Watling Street, the old road from Dover to London, the hamlet of Sole Street lies within the parish, which covers an area of 1,240 ha and has a population of 1,328. Increasing to 1,469 at the 2011 census, the village is in a Conservation Area and as such remains relatively unspoilt. The parish church is 13th century and is dedicated to St Mary Magdalene, thirteen of the brasses belong to the years 1320–1529 and commemorate members of the Brooke and Cobham families. The church in Luddesdown, part of the parish, is dedicated to St Peter. Next to the church in the village is Cobham College, a home for secular priests. The Cobham family was established here before the reign of King John, since 1957, the Hall has been a public school for girls, it opens to the public on some occasions in the year. Cobham has strong links with Charles Dickens, who used to out to the village. Other personalities connected with Cobham include Sir Joseph Williamson, and the insane artist Richard Dadd, the Hon Ivo Bligh, who became the 8th Earl of Darnley, was the first English cricket captain to attempt to recover The Ashes from Australia in the late 19th century. Comedian Joe Pasquale lives in the area and owns land adjoining the estate of Cobham Hall, the village was also linked to its namesake HMS Cobham, a Ham class minesweeper which was an active Royal Navy vessel between 1953 and 1966. Cobham is served by Sole Street railway station, on the Chatham Main Line which runs from Gillingham to London Victoria via Bromley South, media related to Cobham, Kent at Wikimedia Commons
27.
Devil
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The Devil is, according to Christianity, the primary opponent of God. Islam identifies the Devil with all those who oppose Allah, some non-Abrahamic religions contain figures similar to the Devil, such as the Buddhist demon Mara and the Zoroastrian spirit Angra Mainyu. The Modern English word devil descends from the Middle English devel, from Old English dēofol, that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of Latin diabolus. This in turn was borrowed from Ancient Greek Greek, διάβολος, slanderer, from Greek, διαβάλλειν to slander, διά- across, through + βάλλειν to hurl, probably akin to the Sanskrit gurate he lifts up. In the New Testament, Satan occurs more than 30 times in passages alongside diábolos, in mainstream Judaism there is no concept of a devil as in mainstream Christianity or Islam. Texts make no direct link between the serpent that tempts Eve in the Garden of Eden in Genesis and the references to Satan are in Zechariah. For the Hasidim of the century, ha-satan was Baal Davar. In the Book of Wisdom, the devil is represented as the one who brought death into the world, a similar story is found in 1 Enoch, however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is called Semjâzâ. In the apocryphal literature, Satan rules over a host of angels, mastema, who induced God to test Abraham through the sacrifice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature. The Book of Enoch contains references to Sathariel, thought also to be Sataniel and Satanel, the similar spellings mirror that of his angelic brethren Michael, Raphael, Uriel and Gabriel, previous to his expulsion from Heaven. In mainstream Christianity the devil is usually referred to as Satan, some modern Christians consider the devil to be an angel who, along with one-third of the angelic host rebelled against God and has consequently been condemned to the Lake of Fire. He is described as hating all humanity, opposing God, spreading lies, other modern Christians consider the devil in the Bible to refer figuratively to human sin and temptation and to any immoral human system. Satan is often identified as the serpent who convinced Eve to eat the fruit, thus. He is also identified as the dragon in the Book of Revelation, beelzebub is originally the name of a Philistine god but is also used in the New Testament as a synonym for Satan. A corrupted version, Belzeboub, appears in The Divine Comedy, in Islam the Devil is referred to as Iblis or sometimes the Shaytan. Etymologically, Iblis means the desperate in Arabic, thus, the name Iblis can be seen as a sobriquet given to Shaitan after falling from Grace. The primary characteristic of the Devil, besides hubris, is that he has no other than the power to cast evil suggestions into the hearts of men and women. He was of the jinn and departed from the command of his Lord, then will you take him and his descendants as allies other than Me while they are enemies to you
28.
Alexander Morison
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Sir Alexander Morison M. D. was a Scottish physician and alienist. Morison was born at Anchorfield, near Edinburgh, and was educated at Edinburgh High School and the University of Edinburgh and he became a licentiate of the Edinburgh College of Physicians in 1800 and a Fellow in 1801. He would serve as President of the College from 1827 to 1829 and he was appointed inspecting physician of lunatic asylums in Surrey in 1810, and from 7 May 1835 physician to Bethlehem Hospital. He was physician to Charlotte, Princess Royal, and was knighted in 1838, a remarkable portrait of Morison was created by the psychotic Victorian artist Richard Dadd in 1852 – incorporating images of Anchorfield created by Morisons daughter. Morison died at home, Balerno Hill House, south-west of Edinburgh on 14 March 1866 and his grave stands in the eastern wall in the north-east corner of the original churchyard. His death was marked by a tribute from William A. F. Morisons graduation thesis was De Hydrocephalo Phrenitico. He published in 1826 Outlines of Lectures on Mental Diseases, and in 1828 Cases of Mental Disease, in 1840 he published The Physiognomy of Mental Diseases, with illustrations including one of Jonathan Martin the arsonist. Morison endowed lectures through the sale of his property starting in 1864 on subjects connected with the mental disease, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Lee, Sidney, ed. Morison, Alexander
29.
Scottish National Portrait Gallery
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The Scottish National Portrait Gallery is an art museum on Queen Street, Edinburgh. The gallery holds the collections of portraits, all of which are of. It also holds the Scottish National Photography Collection, the gallery reopened on 1 December 2011 after being closed since April 2009 for the first comprehensive refurbishment in its history, which was carried out by Page\Park Architects. The founder of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, David Erskine, 11th Earl of Buchan, formed a collection of Scottish portraits in the late 18th century, eventually John Ritchie Findlay stepped in and paid for the entire building, costing £50,000. The museum was established in 1882, before its new building was completed, the famous collection of portraits housed in the Vasari Corridor in Florence remains only accessible to the public on a limited basis. The work generally restores the gallery spaces to their layout, with areas set aside for education, the shop & café. In total the Portrait Gallery has 60% more gallery space after the changes, the cost of the refurbishment was £17.6 million. The museums collection totals some 3,000 paintings and sculptures,25,000 prints and drawings, in the 16th century most painted portraits are of royalty or the more important nobility, the oldest work in the collection is a portrait of James IV of Scotland from 1507. The gallery holds several works by Bronckhorst and his successor, Adrian Vanson, the first significant native Scot to be a portrait painter, George Jamesone only once got the chance to paint his monarch, when Charles I visited Edinburgh in 1633. The collection includes two Jamesone self-portraits and portraits of the Scottish aristocracy, as well as some imagined portraits of heroes of Scotlands past. There are three portraits by Jamesones talented pupil John Michael Wright and ten aristocratic portraits by Sir John Baptist Medina, also wearing tartan is Flora MacDonald, painted by Richard Wilson in London after her arrest for helping Bonnie Prince Charlie to escape after the 1745 Jacobite Rebellion. The museum owns the iconic portrait of Robert Burns by Alexander Nasmyth and his subjects include Adam Smith, James Beattie and Robert Adam. The later 19th century in Scotland had no such dominant figures, but many fine artists, and saw the beginning of photography
30.
Queen II
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Queen II is the second studio album by the British rock band Queen, released on 8 March 1974. It was recorded at Trident Studios, London in August 1973 with co-producers Roy Thomas Baker and Robin Cable, the album is notable for its combination of a heavy rock sound with an art rock sensibility. It has been called a pillar of grandiose, assaultive hard rock by the Rock, Queen II is not a concept album but a collection of songs with a loose theme running throughout. The two sides of the original LP were labelled Side White and Side Black, with corresponding photos of the band dressed in white or in black on either side of the records label face. The white side has songs with an emotional theme and the black side is almost entirely about fantasy. Mick Rocks album cover photograph was frequently re-used by the band throughout its career, most notably in the videos for the songs Bohemian Rhapsody. Released to a mixed critical reception, Queen II remains one of the bands lesser-known albums. After their self-titled debut album Queen was recorded and mixed by the end of November 1972, management problems forced the album to be released on the independent Trident label, but only after eight months had gone by since completion. During that time, Queen were writing new material and eager to record it, several new songs were written immediately after the first album, and some dated from even earlier. See What a Fool Ive Been was left over from the Smile days, Ogre Battle was written during the debut album sessions, as was Father To Son, but the band decided to wait on recording them until they had more freedom in the studio. August 1973 found the back in Trident Studios, now allowed to book proper hours there. For what is considered a complex album, it took a very short time — only one month — to record Queen II. A full version of Seven Seas of Rhye was laid down, after the commercial failure of Keep Yourself Alive, which was taken from the first album, Queen decided it needed a single that did not take too long to happen. So, Queen and Baker made sure that Rhye began in a way which would grab people, mythology and art were passions of Mercurys, and Richard Dadds painting The Fairy Fellers Master-Stroke sparked his creativity. This scene from Dadds imagination was inspired by characters from fairy myths, Rock photographer Mick Rock was employed to do the photography for the albums artwork. This single picture of Queen, used on the Queen II album cover, would one of the bands most iconic images, revisited. Robin Cable, with whom Mercury had worked during the I Can Hear Music session, was recruited to reproduce the Spector production sound for Funny How Love Is, the closing track of The White Side is Taylors only composition in the album, which he also sings. John Deacon played acoustic guitar on Father to Son in addition to duties on bass guitar
31.
Queen (band)
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Queen are a British rock band that formed in London in 1970. Their classic line-up was Freddie Mercury, Brian May, Roger Taylor, before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with elaborate stage. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested Queen as a new band name, John Deacon was recruited before the band recorded their eponymous debut album in 1973. The latter featured Bohemian Rhapsody, which stayed at one in the UK for nine weeks. The bands 1977 album News of the World contained We Will Rock You and We Are the Champions, by the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at the 1985 Live Aid concert has been ranked among the greatest in history by various music publications. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, since then, May and Taylor have performed under the name of Queen with Paul Rodgers and Adam Lambert as vocalists on several tours. The band have released a total of 18 number-one albums,18 number-one singles, estimates of their record sales generally range from 150 million to 300 million records, making them one of the worlds best-selling music artists. Queen received the Outstanding Contribution to British Music Award from the British Phonographic Industry in 1990 and they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001. In 1968, guitarist Brian May, a student at Londons Imperial College, may placed an advertisement on a college notice board for a Mitch Mitchell/Ginger Baker type drummer, Roger Taylor, a young dental student, auditioned and got the job. While attending Ealing Art College, Tim Staffell became friends with Farrokh Bulsara, Bulsara felt that he and the band had the same tastes and soon became a keen fan of Smile. In 1970, after Staffell left to join the band Humpy Bong, the band had a number of bass players during this period who did not fit with the bands chemistry. It was not until February 1971 that they settled on John Deacon and they recorded four of their own songs, Liar, Keep Yourself Alive, The Night Comes Down and Jesus, for a demo tape, no record companies were interested. It was also around this time Freddie changed his surname to Mercury, inspired by the line Mother Mercury, on 2 July 1971, Queen played their first show in the classic line-up of Mercury, May, Taylor and Deacon at a Surrey college outside London. Having attended art college, Mercury also designed Queens logo, called the Queen crest, the logo combines the zodiac signs of all four members, two lions for Leo, a crab for Cancer, and two fairies for Virgo. The lions embrace a stylised letter Q, the crab rests atop the letter with flames rising directly above it, There is also a crown inside the Q and the whole logo is over-shadowed by an enormous phoenix. The whole symbol bears a resemblance to the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom
32.
The Witches of Chiswick
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The Witches Of Chiswick is a novel by the British author Robert Rankin, the title parodying that of The Witches of Eastwick by John Updike. Working in a dystopian 23rd century, William Starling finds a painting, William takes a drug which confers the ability to tap into ancestral memories. After learning of events occurring in the 19th century, William and Tim are attacked by a Babbage robot sent from the past, stuck in the 19th century in Victorian London, William is greeted by Hugo Rune, who explains to Will that he is his direct descendant. After returning to London, Will and Hugo take on a case for Sherlock Holmes - to discover the identity of Jack the Ripper to learn more about the witches cabal, Hugo becomes the Rippers next victim. Will finds a box in Hugos trunk containing Barry, the Sprout Guardian, will uses Barry to return to the future to enlist the aid of Tim. Will and Tim return to the past, meeting an invisible H. G. Wells, the Elephant Man, the Brentford Snail Boy, and another Will from an alternate future. After finding Hugos true residence in the Buttes Estate, Will and Tim set out to save the 19th Century, Hugo faked his death, not for the first time, and returns to aid Tim and Will. Will discovers that Count Otto is a Babbage robot, controlled by the Will from the alternate future, driven mad, the alternate Will became evil and committed the Jack the Ripper killings. Anti-Will faces Hugo, travels back in time to prevent the Babbage Difference Engine from being recognized, when Hugo confesses that he cannot stop the anti-Will, William realises he can sacrifice himself to defeat his duplicate. Will lunges for anti-Will and the pair are destroyed due to the temporal paradox, history is changed, the Victorian era never develops the computer and in the future Will and Tim are born and lead normal lives
33.
Robert Rankin
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Robert Fleming Rankin is a prolific British humorous novelist. His books are a mix of fiction, fantasy, the occult, urban legends, running gags, metafiction, steampunk. According to the printed in some Corgi editions of his books. Many of Rankins books are bestsellers, most of Rankins books are set in Brentford, a suburb of London where the author grew up, and which, in his novels, is usually infested with alien conspiracies and/or ancient evil. He also has performed on stage with bands, Rankins fan club, The Order of the Golden Sprout, maintain a website and arrange events, many around Brentford. In 2009 he was created the first Fellow of The Victorian Steampunk Society in recognition of his contribution to the genre and he lives in Brighton with his wife, Dr. Rachel Heywood-Rankin. Rankin has also had his novel The Antipope dramatised for audio and he is currently recording eleven of his titles for Audible which will become available throughout late 2013 and early 2014. He worked for Playboy magazine and illustrated a book about The Beatles before his portfolio was stolen, however he created many of the sculptures which feature on his book covers, many of which were on display at The Collection, a gallery in Lincoln during September 2010. Some of these works were exhibited in Waterstones, Brighton. A limited hard-back edition of Empires was launched in the UK mid-2012 which is now sold out, july 2014 saw the release of his next illustrated book, The Divine Commodore, also published by Far-Fetched Books in a limitied run of 3000
34.
The Wee Free Men
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The Wee Free Men is a 2003 comic fantasy novel by Terry Pratchett, which takes place in his Discworld setting. It is labelled a Story of Discworld to indicate its status as childrens or young adult fiction, unlike most of the books in the Discworld series. A sequel, A Hat Full of Sky, appeared in 2004, a book called Wintersmith appeared in 2006. The final book in the series, The Shepherds Crown, was released in 2015, an illustrated edition of the novel, with pictures by Stephen Player, appeared in print on October 2,2008. Tiffany Aching is a 9-year-old girl who sees things differently than others. While playing near the river near her home, she sees two tiny blue, kilted men who warn her of a green heid in the water, suddenly a vile green monster, Jenny Greenteeth, appears in the water. She goes into town to visit a traveling teacher and comes upon Miss Tick, Tiffany is told that these little men are the Nac Mac Feegles, who are rough and rowdy fae folk who speak with Glaswegian accents. Miss Tick informs her that she is likely the witch of the wold she resides in, when Wentworth is kidnapped by the Queen of the Fairies. Once in, Tiffany and the Feegles face several large wolves who the Feegles handily clobber, going through drome-caused dreams, she finds the lands Barons son Roland. Tiffany and Roland go through several dreams and the normal dreamscape to eventually find a dream with both Wentworth and the Queen in it. Its revealed by the Feegles who she later meets back up with that the trap the Queen had set wasnt nearly enough to stop the Feegles, and that they and Wentworth are both fine. Tiffany, Roland, Wentworth and the Feegles all return to their homeland, where the Baron mistakenly gives his son all of the credit for saving them, which Tiffany ends up being okay with. Another large influence on the narrative of the story and development of Tiffanys character is her Granny Aching, a working, silent. She was the definition of a witch, one who keeps the balance of wealthy and poor in the community, keeps the peace. Stories and memories of her are mentioned here and there in the book, in January 2006, reports emerged that director Sam Raimi had signed up to make a movie based on this novel with a script by Pamela Pettler, the writer of Tim Burtons Corpse Bride. Sony Pictures Entertainment had recently acquired the rights to the book, the producers are Josh Donen, Vince Gerardis, and Ralph Vicinanza. No other details have been released about the film adaptation, in a June 2008 interview, Pratchett said, I saw a script that I frankly thought was awful. It seemed to be Wee Free Men in name only and it had all the hallmarks of something that had been good, and then the studio had got involved
35.
Terry Pratchett
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Sir Terence David John Terry Pratchett, OBE was an English author of fantasy novels, especially comical works. He is best known for his Discworld series of 41 novels, Pratchetts first novel, The Carpet People, was published in 1971. The first Discworld novel, The Colour of Magic, was published in 1983 and his 2011 Discworld novel Snuff was at the time of its release the third-fastest-selling hardback adult-readership novel since records began in the UK, selling 55,000 copies in the first three days. His final Discworld novel, The Shepherds Crown, was published in August 2015, Pratchett, with more than 85 million books sold worldwide in 37 languages, was the UKs best-selling author of the 1990s. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1998 and was knighted for services to literature in the 2009 New Year Honours, in 2001 he won the annual Carnegie Medal for The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents, the first Discworld book marketed for children. He received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 2010, in December 2007, Pratchett announced that he had been diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimers disease. Pratchett died on 12 March 2015 at age 66, Pratchett was born on 28 April 1948 in Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire, England, the only child of David and Eileen Pratchett, of Hay-on-Wye where he attended Holtspur School. Pratchett described himself as a student and, in his Whos Who entry. He collected Brooke Bond tea cards about space, owned a telescope and wanted to be an astronomer and he developed an interest in reading science fiction and began attending science fiction conventions from about 1963–1964, but stopped when he got his first job a few years later. His early reading included the works of H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle, and every book you ought to read. Pratchett published his first short story entitled Business Rivals in the High Wycombe Technical School magazine in 1962 and it is the tale of a man named Crucible who finds the Devil in his flat in a cloud of sulphurous smoke. The Hades Business, which was published in the magazine when he was 13 was published commercially when he was 15. Pratchett earned five O-levels and started A-level courses in Art, English, One of these episodic stories contains characters found in his novel, The Carpet People. The stories are part of a project by the Bucks Free Press to make them available online. While on day release he finished his A-Level in English and took a course for journalists. Pratchett had his breakthrough in 1968 when he interviewed Peter Bander van Duren, co-director of a small publishing company. During the meeting, Pratchett mentioned he had written a manuscript, Colin Smythe Ltd published the book in 1971, with illustrations by Pratchett. The book received strong, if few, reviews and was followed by the science fiction novels The Dark Side of the Sun, after various positions in journalism, in 1980 Pratchett became Press Officer for the Central Electricity Generating Board in an area which covered four nuclear power stations
36.
Elizabeth Hand
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Elizabeth Hand is an American writer. Hand grew up in Yonkers and Pound Ridge, New York and she studied drama and anthropology at The Catholic University of America. Since 1988, Hand has lived in coastal Maine, the setting for many of her stories and she also lives part-time in Camden Town, London which has been the setting for Mortal Love and the short story Cleopatra Brimstone. Hands first story, Prince of Flowers, was published in 1988 in Twilight Zone magazine, with Paul Witcover, she created and wrote DC Comics 1990s cult series Anima. Her story collections are Last Summer at Mars Hill, Bibliomancy, winner of the World Fantasy Award, and Saffron and Brimstone, Strange Stories, Mortal Love was also shortlisted for the 2005 Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature. Among Hands other recent short fiction, Pavane for a Prince of the Air, most recently, she won the Shirley Jackson Award for Generation Loss and the World Fantasy Award in 2008 for Illyria. She also writes movie and television spin-offs, including Star Wars tie-in novels and novelizations of films as X-Files. She contributed a Bride of Frankenstein novel to the recent series of classic movie monster novels published by Dark Horse Comics, one of Hands themes from the Winterlong saga is the remorseless exploitation of animal and plant species to create what she calls geneslaves. The story is a tribute to entertainers Sandy Becker and Joey Ramone, an online edition of Chip Crocketts Christmas Carol was serialized by Hand on her Livejournal community theinferior4. Hand writes a regular column for the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. com, August 24,2010 Elizabeth Hand at Library of Congress Authorities
37.
Angela Carter
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Angela Olive Carter-Pearce who published as Angela Carter, was an English novelist, short story writer and journalist, known for her feminist, magical realism, and picaresque works. In 2008, The Times ranked Carter tenth in their list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945, in 2012, Nights at the Circus was selected as the best ever winner of the James Tait Black Memorial Prize. Born Angela Olive Stalker in Eastbourne, in 1940, to Sophia Olive, as a teenager she battled against anorexia. After attending Streatham and Clapham High School, in south London, she work as a journalist on the Croydon Advertiser. Carter attended the University of Bristol where she studied English literature and she married twice, first in 1960 to Paul Carter, divorcing in 1972. She then explored the United States, Asia and Europe, helped by her fluency in French, in 1977, Carter married Mark Pearce, with whom she had one son. In 1979, both The Bloody Chamber, and her essay, The Sadeian Woman and the Ideology of Pornography. In the essay, according to the writer Marina Warner, Carter deconstructs the arguments that underlie The Bloody Chamber and its about desire and its destruction, the self-immolation of women, how women collude and connive with their condition of enslavement. She was much more independent-minded than the traditional feminist of her time, as well as being a prolific writer of fiction, Carter contributed many articles to The Guardian, The Independent and New Statesman, collected in Shaking a Leg. She adapted a number of her stories for radio and wrote two original radio dramas on Richard Dadd and Ronald Firbank. Two of her fictions have been adapted for film, The Company of Wolves and these neglected works, as well as her controversial television documentary, The Holy Family Album, are discussed in Charlotte Crofts book, Anagrams of Desire. Her novel Nights at the Circus won the 1984 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for literature and her last novel, Wise Children, is a surreal wild ride through British theatre and music hall traditions. At the time of her death, Carter had started work on a sequel to Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre based on the life of Janes stepdaughter, Adèle Varens. Angela Carter died aged 51 in 1992 at her home in London after developing lung cancer, dimovitz, Scott A. Angela Carter, Surrealist, Psychologist, Moral Pornographer. I Was the Subject of the Sentence Written on the Mirror, Angela Carters Short Fiction, lit, Literature Interpretation Theory 21.1, 1-19. Dimovitz, Scott A. Angela Carter’s Narrative Chiasmus, The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman, dimovitz, Scott A. Cartesian Nuts, Rewriting the Platonic Androgyne in Angela Carter’s Japanese Surrealism. FEMSPEC, An Interdisciplinary Feminist Journal,6,2, 15–31, gordon, Edmund The Invention of Angela Carter, A Biography London, Chatto & Windus,2016. Kérchy, Anna, Body-Texts in the Novels of Angela Carter, at Home all was Blood and Feathers, The Werewolf in the Kitchen - Angela Carter and Horror
38.
David Copperfield
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David Copperfield is the eighth novel by Charles Dickens. The novels full title is, The Personal History, Adventures, Experience and it was first published as a serial in 1849–50, and as a book in 1850. Many elements of the novel follow events in Dickens own life and it was Dickens favorite among his own novels. In the preface to the 1867 edition, Dickens wrote, like many fond parents, and his name is David Copperfield. The story follows the life of David Copperfield from childhood to maturity, David was born in Blunderstone, Suffolk, England, six months after the death of his father. David spends his years in relative happiness with his loving, childish mother and their kindly housekeeper. When he is seven years old his mother marries Edward Murdstone, during the marriage, partly to get him out of the way and partly because he strongly objects to the whole proceeding, David is sent to lodge with Peggottys family in Yarmouth. Her brother, fisherman Mr Peggotty, lives in a built in an upturned boat on the beach, with his adopted relatives Emily and Ham. Little Emly is somewhat spoilt by her foster father. On his return, David is given good reason to dislike his stepfather and has feelings for Murdstones sister Jane. David bites him and soon afterwards is sent away to a school, Salem House, under a ruthless headmaster. There he befriends a boy, James Steerforth, and Tommy Traddles. He develops an admiration for Steerforth, perceiving him as something noble. David goes home for the holidays to learn that his mother has given birth to a baby boy, shortly after David returns to Salem House, his mother and her baby die, and David returns home immediately. Peggotty marries the local carrier, Mr Barkis, Murdstone sends David to work for a wine merchant in London – a business of which Murdstone is a joint owner. Davids landlord, Wilkins Micawber, is arrested for debt and sent to the Kings Bench Prison, no one remains to care for David in London, so he decides to run away. He walks from London to Dover, to his only relative and she had come to Blunderstone at his birth, only to depart in ire upon learning that he was not a girl. Davids great-aunt renames him Trotwood Copperfield and addresses him as Trot, Davids aunt sends him to a far better school than the last he attended
39.
Charles Dickens
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Charles John Huffam Dickens was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the worlds best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era and his works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the twentieth century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity, born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors prison. Dickenss literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the publication of narrative fiction. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audiences reaction, and he modified his plot. For example, when his wifes chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities and his plots were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the poor chipped in hapennies to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up. Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age and his 1843 novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also adapted, and, like many of his novels. His 1859 novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London, Dickens has been praised by fellow writers—from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K. Chesterton—for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of depth, loose writing. The term Dickensian is used to something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812, at 1 Mile End Terrace, Landport in Portsea Island and his father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district. He asked Christopher Huffam, rigger to His Majestys Navy, gentleman, Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey, the owner of a shipping company in Dickenss eponymous Dombey and Son. In January 1815 John Dickens was called back to London, when Charles was four, they relocated to Sheerness, and thence to Chatham, Kent, where he spent his formative years until the age of 11. His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he himself a very small. Charles spent time outdoors but also read voraciously, including the novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding, as well as Robinson Crusoe
40.
Antiques Roadshow
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Antiques Roadshow is a British television show in which antiques appraisers travel to various regions of the United Kingdom to appraise antiques brought in by local people. It has been running since 1979, based on a 1977 documentary series, the series has spawned versions in other countries with the same TV format, including Canada and the United States. As of 2017 it is presented by Fiona Bruce and is in its 39th series, the series began as a 1977 BBC documentary about a London auction house doing a tour of the West Country in England. The pilot was so successful that it was transmitted and the format has remained almost unchanged ever since, negus appeared on Antiques Roadshow until 1983. In the original BBC series, various towns or famous places are advertised as venues. The original theme music was Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No 3, but was changed in the early 1990s to a piece, by Paul Reade and Tim Gibson. The show has visited a number of other countries and has been imitated by other TV production companies around the world. In the United Kingdom, annual childrens Christmas specials aired from 1991 until 2006 and these specials aired under the title Antiques Roadshow, The Next Generation and used a specially reworked version of the regular theme music. However, there was no childrens special in 2007, instead an edition was devoted to antiques of the future dating from the 1950s to the present day, a spin-off series, 20th Century Roadshow, focusing on modern collectibles, aired between April and June 2005. It was hosted by Alan Titchmarsh, in the 1980s a girl wrote in to Jimll Fix It to ask if Jimmy Savile would fix it for her to accidentally drop and smash a seemingly-valuable vase in an episode of the show. The most valuable item to appear on the show featured on 16 November 2008. This was an original 1990s maquette of the Angel of the North sculpture by Antony Gormley, owned by Gateshead Council, conversely, many items brought before the experts are worthless. However, these are shown in the broadcast episodes, to spare embarrassment for the individuals involved. All items are appraised, although most appraisals take place off-camera, with only the most promising items being filmed, the theme music for the show was written by Paul Reade and Tim Gibson and was published by Air Edel. Local people bring along their possessions to be evaluated for authenticity and interest, often, the professional evaluators give a rather in-depth historical, craft, or artistic context to the antique, adding a very strong cultural element to the show. This increases the appeal to people interested in the study of the past or some particular crafts, or certain arts. At the core though, the focus of the production is on the interplay between the owner and the evaluator, each episode is filmed at a different location, although some locations feature in two episodes. In 2005, part of the BBC team visited Australia and produced six episodes in conjunction with The LifeStyle Channel
41.
Dead Sea
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The Dead Sea, is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west. Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres below sea level, the Dead Sea is 304 m deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With 34. 2% salinity, it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and this salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres long and 15 kilometres wide at its widest point and it lies in the Jordan Rift Valley and its main tributary is the Jordan River. The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years and it was one of the worlds first health resorts, and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilizers. People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics, the Dead Sea water has a density of 1.24 kg/litre, which makes swimming similar to floating. The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate, multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession, which had begun causing many problems. The Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance project, carried out by Jordan, will provide water to neighboring countries, the first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and be completed in 2021. In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is Yām ha-Melaḥ, meaning sea of salt, the Bible uses this term alongside two others, the Sea of the Arabah, and the Eastern Sea. The designation Dead Sea never appears in the Bible, in prose sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet is used, due to the scarcity of aquatic life there. In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al-Bahr al-Mayyit, or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ, another historic name in Arabic was the Sea of Zoʼar, after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites, the Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform. This left lateral-moving transform fault lies along the plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end. The Jordan River is the major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, forming pools. The Mujib River, biblical Arnon, is one the larger sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan. The Wadi Mujib valley,420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley, is a biosphere reserve, other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh /Nahal Dragot, and Nahal Arugot
42.
British Museum
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The British Museum is dedicated to human history, art and culture, and is located in the Bloomsbury area of London. The British Museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the physician, the museum first opened to the public on 15 January 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. Although today principally a museum of art objects and antiquities. Its foundations lie in the will of the Irish-born British physician, on 7 June 1753, King George II gave his formal assent to the Act of Parliament which established the British Museum. They were joined in 1757 by the Old Royal Library, now the Royal manuscripts, together these four foundation collections included many of the most treasured books now in the British Library including the Lindisfarne Gospels and the sole surviving copy of Beowulf. The British Museum was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public, sloanes collection, while including a vast miscellany of objects, tended to reflect his scientific interests. The addition of the Cotton and Harley manuscripts introduced a literary, the body of trustees decided on a converted 17th-century mansion, Montagu House, as a location for the museum, which it bought from the Montagu family for £20,000. The Trustees rejected Buckingham House, on the now occupied by Buckingham Palace, on the grounds of cost. With the acquisition of Montagu House the first exhibition galleries and reading room for scholars opened on 15 January 1759. During the few years after its foundation the British Museum received several gifts, including the Thomason Collection of Civil War Tracts. A list of donations to the Museum, dated 31 January 1784, in the early 19th century the foundations for the extensive collection of sculpture began to be laid and Greek, Roman and Egyptian artefacts dominated the antiquities displays. Gifts and purchases from Henry Salt, British consul general in Egypt, beginning with the Colossal bust of Ramesses II in 1818, many Greek sculptures followed, notably the first purpose-built exhibition space, the Charles Towneley collection, much of it Roman Sculpture, in 1805. In 1816 these masterpieces of art, were acquired by The British Museum by Act of Parliament. The collections were supplemented by the Bassae frieze from Phigaleia, Greece in 1815, the Ancient Near Eastern collection also had its beginnings in 1825 with the purchase of Assyrian and Babylonian antiquities from the widow of Claudius James Rich. The neoclassical architect, Sir Robert Smirke, was asked to draw up plans for an extension to the Museum. For the reception of the Royal Library, and a Picture Gallery over it, and put forward plans for todays quadrangular building, much of which can be seen today. The dilapidated Old Montagu House was demolished and work on the Kings Library Gallery began in 1823, the extension, the East Wing, was completed by 1831. The Museum became a site as Sir Robert Smirkes grand neo-classical building gradually arose
43.
Fairy painting
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Fairy painting is a genre of painting and illustration featuring fairies and fairy tale settings, often with extreme attention to detail. The genre is most closely associated with the Victorian era in Great Britain, moreover, fairy painting was also seen as escapism for Victorians. Despite its whimsical appearance, fairy painting is strongly rooted in the literary and theatrical influences of Romanticism, among the most significant of these influences were the fantasy themes of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream and The Tempest. Other literary works, such as Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene, innovations in stage production helped bring these works to the public eye, as the development of gaslight and improvements in wire-work led to increasingly elaborate special effects. Cultural changes were also an important factor during this period, continuing industrialization was uprooting longstanding traditions, and rapid advances in science and technology, especially the invention of photography, left some people discomforted and confused. According to Jeremy Maas, the turn to mythological and fantasy elements, the significance of fairy paintings as a reaction to cultural change is not universally accepted, however. Ultimately, Andrew Stuttaford wrote, these paintings were just about fun, the earliest artists considered to have contributed to the genre predate much of Romanticism and the Victorian era. Henry Fuseli and William Blake produced works that would be indicative of the genre even before 1800. Despite his status and condition, his subjects and extraordinarily detailed style were generally well-received. He accompanied his masterpiece, The Fairy Fellers Master-Stroke, with an elaborate poem providing historical, literary, Fairy painting was not exclusively the domain of outside art, however. The work of John Anster Fitzgerald debuted at Londons Royal Academy and his work, in the form a series of Christmas-themed fairy illustrations, received wider public visibility in the Illustrated London News. Even Edwin Landseer, sometimes named Victorias favourite artist, produced a painting of Titania and Bottom in the genres style, the genre also influenced the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the movement it began. Co-founder John Everett Millais produced a series of paintings based on The Tempest. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, another of the Brotherhoods initial members, took a more sensual approach to the subject, others involved with the movement, such as Arthur Hughes and William Bell Scott, also contributed to the genre. The illustrated fairy-tale books of Arthur Rackham are considered its final flowering, the interest in fantasy art and literature since the 1970s has seen a revival in the topics and styles of Victorian fairy painting, often in novel contexts. Part of the growth in popularity over the past three decades is due to the New Age Movement, renaissance fairs and science fiction conventions have also developed modern fairy art as a genre of collectibles
