1.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
2.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
3.
William Burn
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William Burn, FRSE was a Scottish architect, pioneer of the Scottish Baronial style. A talented architect, he received commissions from the age of 20 until his death at 80. He was born in Rose Street in Edinburgh, the son of architect Robert Burn, after training with the architect of the British Museum, Sir Robert Smirke, he returned to Edinburgh in 1812. Here he established a practice from the builders yard. In 1841, he took on a pupil, David Bryce, from 1844 he worked in London, where he took on his nephew John Macvicar Anderson as a partner. In 1827 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and he resigned in 1845 following his move to London. In the 1830s he was living and working at 131 George Street in the New Town, Burn was a true master of many styles, but all are typified by well-proportioned simplicity externally and frequent stunning interiors. He died at 6 Stratton Street in Piccadilly, London and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery just on the edge of the path to the north-west of the central buildings, gazetteer for Scotland- William Burn Archival material relating to William Burn
4.
George Edmund Street
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George Edmund Street RA, also known as G. E. Street, was an English architect, born at Woodford in Essex. Stylistically, Street was a practitioner of the Victorian Gothic revival. Though mainly an ecclesiastical architect, he is perhaps best known as the designer of the Royal Courts of Justice, Street was the third son of Thomas Street, a solicitor, by his second wife, Mary Anne Millington. He went to school at Mitcham in about 1830, and later to the Camberwell Collegiate School, for a few months he worked in his fathers business in Philpot Lane, but on his fathers death he went to live with his mother and sister at Exeter. There his thoughts first turned to architecture, and in 1841 his mother obtained a place for him as pupil in the office of Owen Browne Carter at Winchester, afterwards he worked for five years as an improver with George Gilbert Scott in London. His first commission – undertaken while still working for Scott – was for the design of Biscovey Church, in 1849 he set up in practice in an office of his own. Much of his earliest work, which included many church restorations, was in Cornwall. In November 1850, having been appointed architect to the diocese of Oxford he left London, and moved to Wantage, where he had designed a vicarage. In May 1852 he went to live in Beaumont Street, Oxford, during this period he developed his use of constructional polychromy, in churches such as All Saints, Boyne Hill. Early in his career, he advocated the idea that architects should have an involvement with the decoration of their buildings. However, with his increasing amount of business, he realised the difficulties of such an approach. He remained in Oxford until late in 1855, when he moved back to London, taking a house in Montagu Place, Bloomsbury. At around this time he entered the competition to design the new cathedral at Lille, winning prize, behind a design by Henry Clutton. He came second to Burges in another competition, to design the Crimea Memorial Church in Constantinople and he also submitted, unsuccessfully, Gothic schemes for the new Foreign Office in Whitehall, and for a projected rebuilding of the National Gallery. Street was an member of the Ecclesiological Society. From an early age he had interested in the principles of Gothic architecture. These works inspired the use of constructional polychromy by British architects. Even the materials used in its construction and the mode by which it is lighted were novelties, Street could satisfy without danger, but which betrayed many of his contemporaries into intemperance
5.
William Eden Nesfield
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William Eden Nesfield was an English architect. Like his some-time partner, Richard Norman Shaw, he designed houses in Britain in the revived Old English. He was also a designer and painter, William Eden Nesfield was born in Bath on 2 April 1835, the eldest son of the landscape architect and painter William Andrews Nesfield. He was educated at Eton College, in 1850 he was articled to the architect William Burn, but after two years he moved to the practice of his uncle by marriage, Anthony Salvin. He studied architectural drawing under James Kellaway Colling and he travelled widely in the 1850s, and published his drawings in Specimens of Mediaeval Architecture, which was dedicated to William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven. Nesfield and Shaw contributed greatly to the new styles of architecture in Britain. Many of Nesfields clients were friends of his fathers, and his designs tended to be more extravagant. Notable examples were additions to Combe Abbey, Warwickshire, Cloverley Hall, Shropshire, Kinmel Hall, Flintshire and he also designed many small lodges and cottages, most famously a lodge in Regents Park, and another at Kew Gardens, both in London. He also designed the Victoria Gate, one of the entrances into the Gardens. At Loughton, Nesfield designed the church of St Nicholas, and was commissioned to rebuild the Hall. In Montgomeryshire, Nesfield largely rebuilt St Beunos Church, Bettws Cedewain, Nesfield gave up architectural practice around the time his father died in 1881, and retired to Brighton, where he died in 1888 at the age of 53. He is usually considered one of the most original of the Victorian domestic architects and he was not interested in publicity but preferred to pursue his career privately and enjoy himself with his bohemian friends, many of them artists. Andrew Saint, William Eden Nesfield, in William Eden Nesfields Letters to the Rector of Radwinter in Essex,1998, pp. 13–20
6.
Royal Academy of Arts
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The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner
7.
John Callcott Horsley
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John Callcott Horsley RA, was an English Academic painter of genre and historical scenes, illustrator, and designer of the first Christmas card. He was a member of the colony in Cranbrook. Horsley was born in London, the son of William Horsley, the musician and his sister Mary Elizabeth Horsley wed the famous British engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1836. Horsley was mentored by William Mulready and Augustus Wall Callcot who sent him at age thirteen to study at Dr Henry Sasss academy where he met D. G Rossetti, J. Millais, frith, in his biography Horsley recalls Dr Sass as being vain and untalented. Following preparatory school Horsley studied painting at the Royal Academy schools where he met Thomas Webster, in 1836 he exhibited The Pride of the Village at the Royal Academy. Horsley married Elvira Walter in 1846 with whom he had three sons, Edward, Frank, and Harry, Elvira died of consumption in 1852 followed by the deaths of Edward and Harry in 1854 and Frank in 1857 due to scarlet fever. Rosamund gave birth to Walter, Hugh, Victor, Emma, Fanny, Gerald, Gerald grew up to be an architect, Walter an artist also studying at the RA Schools, and Victor a surgeon. Sir Victor Horsley, became famous as a surgeon and neuropathologist, Horsley and Rosamund had four more children, Emma, Fanny, Gerald and Rosamund, losing Hugh and Emma to scarlet fever. After his wedding to Rosamund in 1854 Horsley and his new wife toured the Midlands for five months to establish contacts with wealthy industrialists for portrait commissions, Horsley moved into Willesley, his house in Cranbrook in 1861, joining the Cranbrook Colony, whilst maintaining a home in London. The architect Richard Shaw adds. tall chimneys and cosy inglenooks. in the Jacobean style to Willesley, horsleys paintings were largely of historical subjects set in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, influenced by the Dutch masters Pieter de Hooch and Vermeer. Examples are Malvolio, LAllegro and il Penseroso, Le Jour des Morts, in 1843 his cartoon of St Augustine Preaching won a prize in the competition to provide interior decorations for Palace of Westminster. This led to his being selected in 1844 he was as one of the six painters commissioned to execute frescoes there and he painted Religion in the House of Lords, Henry V assuming the Crown and Satan touched by Ithuriels Spear while whispering evil dreams to Eve. In 1864 he became a Royal Academician, Horsley had much to do with organizing the winter exhibitions of Old Masters at Burlington House after 1870. Horsley was rector and treasurer of the Royal Academy from 1875 to 1890 and 1882 to 1897 respectively and he earned the nickname Clothes-Horsley for his opposition to the use of nude life models. However, it was a letter printed in The Times on 20 May which proved the catalyst for igniting a national controversy around the exhibition of the nude, the letter was titled A Womans Plea and signed British Matron. In fact it was penned by J. C and he resigned from the academy in 1897, and became a retired Academician. Horsley designed the first ever Christmas card, commissioned by Henry Cole and it caused some controversy because it depicted a small child drinking wine. He also designed the Horsley envelope, an envelope that was the precursor to the postage stamp
8.
George Henry Boughton
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This page is about the painter, for the NY politician see George H. Boughton. George Henry Boughton RA was an Anglo-American landscape and genre painter, illustrator, Boughton was born in Norwich in Norfolk, England, the son of farmer William Boughton. The family emigrated to the United States in 1835, and he grew up in Albany, at this early stage he was influenced by the artists of the Hudson River School. By the age of 19 he was recognised as a landscape painter, in 1853, the American Art Union purchased one of his early pictures which financed six months of studying art in England. He concluded this period of his training with a tour of the Lake District. After coming back to the USA, Boughton exhibited his works in Washington, D. C. and New York, from 1859–61 he studied art in France under Pierre Edouard Frère and Edward Harrison May. His subject-pictures, such as the Early Puritans of New England Going to Church, were especially popular, the Return of the Mayflower was praised as a picture which will live as long as the memory of the Mayflower itself lasts. Vincent Van Gogh, who lived London in 1873–75, was impressed by Boughton’s painting Godspeed. Then working as a minister, he gave an inspired by the painting. The Boughton painting is now part of the collection of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, Boughton illustrated Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows poems. In 1893, the edition of Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle, a London critic once declared that he has learnt the secret of putting natural feelings into rustic figures, which has been almost entirely wanting to English painters. Boughton exhibited extensively in both Britain and USA, and was elected a member of the National Academy of Design in New York in 1871. He was elected a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1879, and a Royal Academician in 1896. He was a useful and popular member of this body, and worked well as member of the council, as a hanger, after the death of John Callcott Horsley, Boughton was elected a Director of the Fine Art and General Insurance Company. Among his landscape paintings - views of England and Brittany in France, in 1883, he travelled to Holland. His illustrated account of that journey was published in the Harpers Magazine as Artist Strolls in Holland, in 1865, Boughton married Katherine Louise Cullen, and they had an adopted daughter, Florence. Along with John Callcott Horsley, he was one of the clients of architect Richard Norman Shaw who built a house for the Boughtons on Campden Hill. The parties given here by Mr and Mrs Boughton were celebrated among artistic and literary people and it was noticed that Boughton was influenced by works of British painter and illustrator Frederick Walker
9.
William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong
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William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong CB FRS was an English industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing concern on Tyneside. He was also an eminent scientist, inventor and philanthropist, in collaboration with the architect Richard Norman Shaw, he built Cragside in Northumberland, the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity. He is regarded as the inventor of modern artillery, Armstrong was knighted in 1859 after giving his gun patents to the government. Armstrong was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, at 9 Pleasant Row, Shieldfield, although the house in which he was born no longer exists, an inscribed granite tablet marks the spot on which it once stood. At that time the area, next to the Pandon Dene, was rural and his father, also called William, was a corn merchant on the Newcastle quayside, who rose through the ranks of Newcastle society to become mayor of the town in 1850. An elder sister, Anne, born in 1802, was named after his mother, Armstrong was educated at private schools in Newcastle and Whickham, near Gateshead, until he was sixteen, when he was sent to Bishop Auckland Grammar School. While there, he visited the nearby engineering works of William Ramshaw. During his visits he met his wife, Ramshaw’s daughter Margaret. Armstrong’s father was set on him following a career in the law, and so he was articled to Armorer Donkin and he spent five years in London studying law and returned to Newcastle in 1833. In 1835 he became a partner in Donkin’s business and the firm became Donkin, Stable, Armstrong married Margaret Ramshaw in 1835, and they built a house in Jesmond Dene, on the eastern edge of Newcastle. Armstrong worked for years as a solicitor, but during his spare time he showed great interest in engineering. Armstrong was a keen angler, and while fishing on the River Dee at Dentdale in the Pennines, he saw a waterwheel in action. It struck Armstrong that much of the power was being wasted. When he returned to Newcastle, he designed an engine powered by water. Unfortunately, little interest was shown in the engine, Armstrong subsequently developed a piston engine instead of a rotary one and decided that it might be suitable for driving a hydraulic crane. In 1846 his work as an amateur scientist was recognized when he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1845 a scheme was set in motion to provide piped water from distant reservoirs to the households of Newcastle. He claimed that his hydraulic crane could unload ships faster and more cheaply than conventional cranes, the Corporation agreed to his suggestion, and the experiment proved so successful that three more hydraulic cranes were installed on the Quayside. The success of his hydraulic crane led Armstrong to consider setting up a business to manufacture cranes and he therefore resigned from his legal practice
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Shaw, Richard Norman". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
