1.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
2.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
3.
William Burn
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William Burn, FRSE was a Scottish architect, pioneer of the Scottish Baronial style. A talented architect, he received commissions from the age of 20 until his death at 80. He was born in Rose Street in Edinburgh, the son of architect Robert Burn, after training with the architect of the British Museum, Sir Robert Smirke, he returned to Edinburgh in 1812. Here he established a practice from the builders yard. In 1841, he took on a pupil, David Bryce, from 1844 he worked in London, where he took on his nephew John Macvicar Anderson as a partner. In 1827 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and he resigned in 1845 following his move to London. In the 1830s he was living and working at 131 George Street in the New Town, Burn was a true master of many styles, but all are typified by well-proportioned simplicity externally and frequent stunning interiors. He died at 6 Stratton Street in Piccadilly, London and is buried in Kensal Green Cemetery just on the edge of the path to the north-west of the central buildings, gazetteer for Scotland- William Burn Archival material relating to William Burn
4.
George Edmund Street
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George Edmund Street RA, also known as G. E. Street, was an English architect, born at Woodford in Essex. Stylistically, Street was a practitioner of the Victorian Gothic revival. Though mainly an ecclesiastical architect, he is perhaps best known as the designer of the Royal Courts of Justice, Street was the third son of Thomas Street, a solicitor, by his second wife, Mary Anne Millington. He went to school at Mitcham in about 1830, and later to the Camberwell Collegiate School, for a few months he worked in his fathers business in Philpot Lane, but on his fathers death he went to live with his mother and sister at Exeter. There his thoughts first turned to architecture, and in 1841 his mother obtained a place for him as pupil in the office of Owen Browne Carter at Winchester, afterwards he worked for five years as an improver with George Gilbert Scott in London. His first commission – undertaken while still working for Scott – was for the design of Biscovey Church, in 1849 he set up in practice in an office of his own. Much of his earliest work, which included many church restorations, was in Cornwall. In November 1850, having been appointed architect to the diocese of Oxford he left London, and moved to Wantage, where he had designed a vicarage. In May 1852 he went to live in Beaumont Street, Oxford, during this period he developed his use of constructional polychromy, in churches such as All Saints, Boyne Hill. Early in his career, he advocated the idea that architects should have an involvement with the decoration of their buildings. However, with his increasing amount of business, he realised the difficulties of such an approach. He remained in Oxford until late in 1855, when he moved back to London, taking a house in Montagu Place, Bloomsbury. At around this time he entered the competition to design the new cathedral at Lille, winning prize, behind a design by Henry Clutton. He came second to Burges in another competition, to design the Crimea Memorial Church in Constantinople and he also submitted, unsuccessfully, Gothic schemes for the new Foreign Office in Whitehall, and for a projected rebuilding of the National Gallery. Street was an member of the Ecclesiological Society. From an early age he had interested in the principles of Gothic architecture. These works inspired the use of constructional polychromy by British architects. Even the materials used in its construction and the mode by which it is lighted were novelties, Street could satisfy without danger, but which betrayed many of his contemporaries into intemperance
5.
William Eden Nesfield
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William Eden Nesfield was an English architect. Like his some-time partner, Richard Norman Shaw, he designed houses in Britain in the revived Old English. He was also a designer and painter, William Eden Nesfield was born in Bath on 2 April 1835, the eldest son of the landscape architect and painter William Andrews Nesfield. He was educated at Eton College, in 1850 he was articled to the architect William Burn, but after two years he moved to the practice of his uncle by marriage, Anthony Salvin. He studied architectural drawing under James Kellaway Colling and he travelled widely in the 1850s, and published his drawings in Specimens of Mediaeval Architecture, which was dedicated to William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven. Nesfield and Shaw contributed greatly to the new styles of architecture in Britain. Many of Nesfields clients were friends of his fathers, and his designs tended to be more extravagant. Notable examples were additions to Combe Abbey, Warwickshire, Cloverley Hall, Shropshire, Kinmel Hall, Flintshire and he also designed many small lodges and cottages, most famously a lodge in Regents Park, and another at Kew Gardens, both in London. He also designed the Victoria Gate, one of the entrances into the Gardens. At Loughton, Nesfield designed the church of St Nicholas, and was commissioned to rebuild the Hall. In Montgomeryshire, Nesfield largely rebuilt St Beunos Church, Bettws Cedewain, Nesfield gave up architectural practice around the time his father died in 1881, and retired to Brighton, where he died in 1888 at the age of 53. He is usually considered one of the most original of the Victorian domestic architects and he was not interested in publicity but preferred to pursue his career privately and enjoy himself with his bohemian friends, many of them artists. Andrew Saint, William Eden Nesfield, in William Eden Nesfields Letters to the Rector of Radwinter in Essex,1998, pp. 13–20
6.
Royal Academy of Arts
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The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly in London. The Royal Academy of Arts was founded through an act of King George III on 10 December 1768 with a mission to promote the arts of design in Britain through education and exhibition. Supporters wanted to foster a national school of art and to encourage appreciation, fashionable taste in 18th-century Britain was based on continental and traditional art forms, providing contemporary British artists little opportunity to sell their works. From 1746 the Foundling Hospital, through the efforts of William Hogarth, the success of this venture led to the formation of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Free Society of Artists. Both these groups were primarily exhibiting societies, their success was marred by internal factions among the artists. The combined vision of education and exhibition to establish a school of art set the Royal Academy apart from the other exhibiting societies. It provided the foundation upon which the Royal Academy came to dominate the art scene of the 18th and 19th centuries, supplanting the earlier art societies. Sir William Chambers, a prominent architect, used his connections with George III to gain royal patronage and financial support of the Academy, the painter Joshua Reynolds was made its first president. Francis Milner Newton was elected the first secretary, a post he held for two decades until his resignation in 1788, the instrument of foundation, signed by George III on 10 December 1768, named 34 founder members and allowed for a total membership of 40. William Hoare and Johann Zoffany were added to this list later by the King and are known as nominated members, among the founder members were two women, a father and daughter, and two sets of brothers. The Royal Academy was initially housed in cramped quarters in Pall Mall, although in 1771 it was given temporary accommodation for its library and schools in Old Somerset House, then a royal palace. In 1780 it was installed in purpose-built apartments in the first completed wing of New Somerset House, located in the Strand and designed by Chambers, the Academy moved in 1837 to Trafalgar Square, where it occupied the east wing of the recently completed National Gallery. These premises soon proved too small to house both institutions, in 1868,100 years after the Academys foundation, it moved to Burlington House, Piccadilly, where it remains. Burlington House is owned by the British Government, and used rent-free by the Royal Academy, the first Royal Academy exhibition of contemporary art, open to all artists, opened on 25 April 1769 and ran until 27 May 1769. 136 works of art were shown and this exhibition, now known as the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, has been staged annually without interruption to the present day. In 1870 the Academy expanded its programme to include a temporary annual loan exhibition of Old Masters. The range and frequency of these exhibitions have grown enormously since that time. Britains first public lectures on art were staged by the Royal Academy, led by Reynolds, the first president, a program included lectures by Dr. William Hunter, John Flaxman, James Barry, Sir John Soane, and J. M. W. Turner
7.
John Callcott Horsley
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John Callcott Horsley RA, was an English Academic painter of genre and historical scenes, illustrator, and designer of the first Christmas card. He was a member of the colony in Cranbrook. Horsley was born in London, the son of William Horsley, the musician and his sister Mary Elizabeth Horsley wed the famous British engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1836. Horsley was mentored by William Mulready and Augustus Wall Callcot who sent him at age thirteen to study at Dr Henry Sasss academy where he met D. G Rossetti, J. Millais, frith, in his biography Horsley recalls Dr Sass as being vain and untalented. Following preparatory school Horsley studied painting at the Royal Academy schools where he met Thomas Webster, in 1836 he exhibited The Pride of the Village at the Royal Academy. Horsley married Elvira Walter in 1846 with whom he had three sons, Edward, Frank, and Harry, Elvira died of consumption in 1852 followed by the deaths of Edward and Harry in 1854 and Frank in 1857 due to scarlet fever. Rosamund gave birth to Walter, Hugh, Victor, Emma, Fanny, Gerald, Gerald grew up to be an architect, Walter an artist also studying at the RA Schools, and Victor a surgeon. Sir Victor Horsley, became famous as a surgeon and neuropathologist, Horsley and Rosamund had four more children, Emma, Fanny, Gerald and Rosamund, losing Hugh and Emma to scarlet fever. After his wedding to Rosamund in 1854 Horsley and his new wife toured the Midlands for five months to establish contacts with wealthy industrialists for portrait commissions, Horsley moved into Willesley, his house in Cranbrook in 1861, joining the Cranbrook Colony, whilst maintaining a home in London. The architect Richard Shaw adds. tall chimneys and cosy inglenooks. in the Jacobean style to Willesley, horsleys paintings were largely of historical subjects set in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, influenced by the Dutch masters Pieter de Hooch and Vermeer. Examples are Malvolio, LAllegro and il Penseroso, Le Jour des Morts, in 1843 his cartoon of St Augustine Preaching won a prize in the competition to provide interior decorations for Palace of Westminster. This led to his being selected in 1844 he was as one of the six painters commissioned to execute frescoes there and he painted Religion in the House of Lords, Henry V assuming the Crown and Satan touched by Ithuriels Spear while whispering evil dreams to Eve. In 1864 he became a Royal Academician, Horsley had much to do with organizing the winter exhibitions of Old Masters at Burlington House after 1870. Horsley was rector and treasurer of the Royal Academy from 1875 to 1890 and 1882 to 1897 respectively and he earned the nickname Clothes-Horsley for his opposition to the use of nude life models. However, it was a letter printed in The Times on 20 May which proved the catalyst for igniting a national controversy around the exhibition of the nude, the letter was titled A Womans Plea and signed British Matron. In fact it was penned by J. C and he resigned from the academy in 1897, and became a retired Academician. Horsley designed the first ever Christmas card, commissioned by Henry Cole and it caused some controversy because it depicted a small child drinking wine. He also designed the Horsley envelope, an envelope that was the precursor to the postage stamp
8.
George Henry Boughton
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This page is about the painter, for the NY politician see George H. Boughton. George Henry Boughton RA was an Anglo-American landscape and genre painter, illustrator, Boughton was born in Norwich in Norfolk, England, the son of farmer William Boughton. The family emigrated to the United States in 1835, and he grew up in Albany, at this early stage he was influenced by the artists of the Hudson River School. By the age of 19 he was recognised as a landscape painter, in 1853, the American Art Union purchased one of his early pictures which financed six months of studying art in England. He concluded this period of his training with a tour of the Lake District. After coming back to the USA, Boughton exhibited his works in Washington, D. C. and New York, from 1859–61 he studied art in France under Pierre Edouard Frère and Edward Harrison May. His subject-pictures, such as the Early Puritans of New England Going to Church, were especially popular, the Return of the Mayflower was praised as a picture which will live as long as the memory of the Mayflower itself lasts. Vincent Van Gogh, who lived London in 1873–75, was impressed by Boughton’s painting Godspeed. Then working as a minister, he gave an inspired by the painting. The Boughton painting is now part of the collection of the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam, Boughton illustrated Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and Henry Wadsworth Longfellows poems. In 1893, the edition of Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle, a London critic once declared that he has learnt the secret of putting natural feelings into rustic figures, which has been almost entirely wanting to English painters. Boughton exhibited extensively in both Britain and USA, and was elected a member of the National Academy of Design in New York in 1871. He was elected a member of the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours, an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1879, and a Royal Academician in 1896. He was a useful and popular member of this body, and worked well as member of the council, as a hanger, after the death of John Callcott Horsley, Boughton was elected a Director of the Fine Art and General Insurance Company. Among his landscape paintings - views of England and Brittany in France, in 1883, he travelled to Holland. His illustrated account of that journey was published in the Harpers Magazine as Artist Strolls in Holland, in 1865, Boughton married Katherine Louise Cullen, and they had an adopted daughter, Florence. Along with John Callcott Horsley, he was one of the clients of architect Richard Norman Shaw who built a house for the Boughtons on Campden Hill. The parties given here by Mr and Mrs Boughton were celebrated among artistic and literary people and it was noticed that Boughton was influenced by works of British painter and illustrator Frederick Walker
9.
William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong
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William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong CB FRS was an English industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing concern on Tyneside. He was also an eminent scientist, inventor and philanthropist, in collaboration with the architect Richard Norman Shaw, he built Cragside in Northumberland, the first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity. He is regarded as the inventor of modern artillery, Armstrong was knighted in 1859 after giving his gun patents to the government. Armstrong was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, at 9 Pleasant Row, Shieldfield, although the house in which he was born no longer exists, an inscribed granite tablet marks the spot on which it once stood. At that time the area, next to the Pandon Dene, was rural and his father, also called William, was a corn merchant on the Newcastle quayside, who rose through the ranks of Newcastle society to become mayor of the town in 1850. An elder sister, Anne, born in 1802, was named after his mother, Armstrong was educated at private schools in Newcastle and Whickham, near Gateshead, until he was sixteen, when he was sent to Bishop Auckland Grammar School. While there, he visited the nearby engineering works of William Ramshaw. During his visits he met his wife, Ramshaw’s daughter Margaret. Armstrong’s father was set on him following a career in the law, and so he was articled to Armorer Donkin and he spent five years in London studying law and returned to Newcastle in 1833. In 1835 he became a partner in Donkin’s business and the firm became Donkin, Stable, Armstrong married Margaret Ramshaw in 1835, and they built a house in Jesmond Dene, on the eastern edge of Newcastle. Armstrong worked for years as a solicitor, but during his spare time he showed great interest in engineering. Armstrong was a keen angler, and while fishing on the River Dee at Dentdale in the Pennines, he saw a waterwheel in action. It struck Armstrong that much of the power was being wasted. When he returned to Newcastle, he designed an engine powered by water. Unfortunately, little interest was shown in the engine, Armstrong subsequently developed a piston engine instead of a rotary one and decided that it might be suitable for driving a hydraulic crane. In 1846 his work as an amateur scientist was recognized when he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1845 a scheme was set in motion to provide piped water from distant reservoirs to the households of Newcastle. He claimed that his hydraulic crane could unload ships faster and more cheaply than conventional cranes, the Corporation agreed to his suggestion, and the experiment proved so successful that three more hydraulic cranes were installed on the Quayside. The success of his hydraulic crane led Armstrong to consider setting up a business to manufacture cranes and he therefore resigned from his legal practice
10.
Cragside
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Cragside is a country house near the town of Rothbury in Northumberland, England. It was the first house in the world to be lit using hydroelectric power, the property was opened to the public in 1979. At one point, the building included an observatory and a scientific laboratory. The Grade I listed house is surrounded by one of Europes largest rock gardens, a number of rhododendrons. One variety of rhododendron is named after Lady Armstrong, Lord Armstrong spent much of his time as a child in Rothbury to get away from industrial Newcastle to alleviate his ill health. He returned to Rothbury after not having a holiday for many years, the original house was completed in 1863 by an unknown architect but was transformed by architect Richard Norman Shaw between 1869 and 1884 into an imposing mansion. Cragside is an example of his English Gothic style, in 2007, Cragside reopened after undergoing total refurbishment. In 1868, an engine was installed, with water being used to power labour-saving machines such as laundry equipment, a rotisserie. The resultant electricity was used to power an arc lamp installed in the Gallery in 1878, the arc lamp was replaced in 1880 by Joseph Swans incandescent lamps in what Swan considered the first proper installation of electric lighting. The generators, which provided power for the farm buildings on the estate, were constantly extended and improved to match the increasing electrical demand in the house. The 2006 regeneration project included extensive rewiring, a new hydro-powered electricity generator was installed in 2014, it can provide 12 kW, supplying around 10% of the propertys electricity consumption. The new system uses an Archimedes screw 17 metres long, the Open University Arts Foundation Course featured Cragside in one of its programmes in 1987. The documentary series Abroad Again in Britain by Jonathan Meades focused on Cragside in episode 2, henrietta Heald, William Armstrong, Magician of the North. Ken Smith, Emperor of Industry, Lord Armstrong of Cragside
11.
Grim's Dyke
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Grims Dyke is the name of a house and estate in Harrow Weald, in northwest London, England. The house was built from 1870 to 1872 by Richard Norman Shaw for painter Frederick Goodall and named after the nearby prehistoric earthwork known as Grims Ditch. The house is best known as the home of the dramatist W. S. Gilbert, of the opera partnership Gilbert and Sullivan and he died while attempting to save a girl from drowning in his lake. Lady Gilbert and the Gilberts ward, Nancy McIntosh, lived there until her death in 1936, the statue of Charles II now found in Soho Square stood on the property from about 1880 to 1938. The house was used as a rehabilitation centre until 1963. From 1963, the house was used mainly as a location for films and television, including Futtocks End and it was converted into Grims Dyke Hotel in 1970 but continues to be used as a film location. The hotel retains 30 of the original 110 acres of land that Gilbert purchased with the house, shaws design for the house included aspects of Gothic revivalism, added to a late-Elizabethan style, which included high red-tiled gables, tall clustered chimneys and leaded lights. To the north of the house, Shaw built a lodge, a walled garden and various outhouses. Over the dyke Shaw built two bridges, which incorporated flint from the ruined church at Stanmore. Construction on the house was completed in 1872, Goodalls ground-floor studio was built on a north-south axis in order to catch the light. Goodall sold the property in 1880 to Robert Herriot of Hambros Bank, windsor Castle is visible from the house. W. S. Gilbert purchased the property in August 1890 for £4,000 and he made various additions and alterations to the property, including an elaborate fireplace of Cornish alabaster in Goodalls studio, which became Gilberts drawing/music room. At the house, Gilbert wrote his last ten works from an armchair in his library overlooking the croquet lawn, Gilbert also had an observatory for stargazing. Arthur Sullivan visited Grims Dyke with his nephew, Herbert, on 27 May 1893 and they stayed at the house for three days while Sullivan worked with Gilbert to finalise Utopia, Limited. At the house, Gilbert had a vinery, apiary, orchards and he also kept a variety of exotic animals including monkeys, lemurs, a lynx and many others. Lady Gilbert designed the 30 acres of gardens at the house. After Gilberts death in 1911, Lady Gilbert and the Gilberts companion, Nancy McIntosh, continued to live there until Lady Gilberts own death in 1936. After Lady Gilberts death, the contents of the house, apart from a few items kept by Nancy McIntosh, were sold at auction on 17 and 18 March 1937
12.
Thomas Graham Jackson
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Sir Thomas Graham Jackson, 1st Baronet RA was one of the most distinguished English architects of his generation. Much of his career was devoted to the architecture of education and he worked extensively for various schools, notably Giggleswick, Jackson designed the former town hall in Tipperary Town, Ireland. He also worked on many churches and the college chapel at the University of Wales. He is also famous for designing the chapel at Radley College, the City of Oxford High School in George Street, Oxford was another building designed by him. He was educated at Brighton College and then Wadham College, Oxford, of which he wrote a history, Jackson was a prolific author of carefully researched works in architectural history, often illustrated with sketches made during his extensive travels. In 1919, Jackson wrote a collection of stories, Six Ghost Stories. These stories were written under the influence of M. R. James, a stone memorial tablet to Sir Thomas was erected in the chapel of Brighton College, part of which he had built as a First World War memorial in 1922–23. For that schools chapel he had designed many memorials during the 1880s and 1890s. The other concentrated group of tablets by Jackson is to be found in the antechapel of Wadham College in Oxford. Jacksons pupils and assistants included Evelyn Hellicar, Jackson was created a Baronet, of Eagle House in Wimbledon in Surrey, in 1913. Nicholas Jackson, ed. Recollections, The life and travels of a Victorian architect, jones, Martin D. W. Gothic Enriched, Thomas Jacksons Mural Tablets in Brighton College Chapel in Church Monuments VI. pp. 54–66. Leigh Rayments list of baronets Whyte, William, Oxford Jackson, Architecture, education, status, and style, 1835–1924. Media related to Thomas Graham Jackson at Wikimedia Commons WorldCat Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
13.
Edwardian era
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The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era. The new king Edward VII was already the leader of an elite that set a style influenced by the art. The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms, below the upper class, the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that had been largely excluded from wielding power in the past, such as common labourers. The Edwardian period is sometimes imagined as a golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties. This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia, the Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war. Recent assessments emphasise the differences between the wealthy and the poor during the Edwardian era and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life. Robert Tressells popular novel The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists is an example of the eras social critique. Despite this, this type of perception has been challenged more recently by modern historians, the British historian Lawrence James has argued that, during the early 20th century, the British felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany, Russia, and the United States. There was a political awareness of the working class, leading to a rise in trade unions. The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices, the Conservatives – at the time called Unionists – were dominant from the 1890s to 1906. The party had many strengths, appealing to voters supportive of imperialism, tariffs, the Church of England, a powerful Royal Navy, and traditional hierarchical society. There was a powerful leadership base in the aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England, plus strong support from the Church of England. Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working-class districts and they had an appeal as well to the better-off element of traditional working class Britons in the larger cities. Nevertheless, the weaknesses were accumulating, and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to power until 1922. The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm, especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain, there was a bitter split on tariff reform, that drove many of the free traders over to the Liberal camp. Tariff reform was an issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to. Support among the top tier of the class, and in lower middle class weakened. The 1906 election was a landslide for the opposition, which saw its total vote jump 25 percent, the Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906
14.
Classicism
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Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for a classical period, classical antiquity in the Western tradition, as setting standards for taste which the classicists seek to emulate. Classicism is a genre of philosophy, expressing itself in literature, architecture, art, and music, which has Ancient Greek and Roman sources. It was particularly expressed in the Neoclassicism of the Age of Enlightenment, Classicism is a recurrent tendency in the Late Antique period, and had a major revival in Carolingian and Ottonian art. Until that time the identification with antiquity had been seen as a history of Christendom from the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine I. Renaissance classicism introduced a host of elements into European culture, including the application of mathematics and empiricism into art, humanism, literary and depictive realism, importantly it also introduced Polytheism, or paganism, and the juxtaposition of ancient and modern. The classicism of the Renaissance led to, and gave way to and this period sought the revival of classical art forms, including Greek drama and music. Opera, in its modern European form, had its roots in attempts to recreate the combination of singing and dancing with theatre thought to be the Greek norm, examples of this appeal to classicism included Dante, Petrarch, and Shakespeare in poetry and theatre. Tudor drama, in particular, modeled itself after classical ideals, studying Ancient Greek became regarded as essential for a well-rounded education in the liberal arts. They also began reviving plastic arts such as bronze casting for sculpture, for example, the painting of Jacques-Louis David which was seen as an attempt to return to formal balance, clarity, manliness, and vigor in art. Various movements of the period saw themselves as classical revolts against a prevailing trend of emotionalism and irregularity. The 20th century saw a number of changes in the arts, thus, both pre-20th century disciplines were labelled classical and modern movements in art which saw themselves as aligned with light, space, sparseness of texture, and formal coherence. Examples of classicist playwrights are Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine and Moliere, the influence of these French rules on playwrights in other nations is debatable. In the English theatre, Restoration playwrights such as William Wycherly and those of Shakespeares plays that seem to display the unities, such as The Tempest, probably indicate a familiarity with actual models from classical antiquity. Classicism in architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance, notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and this style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere. In the 16th century, Sebastiano Serlio helped codify the classical orders, building off of these influences, the 17th-century architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren firmly established classicism in England. For the development of classicism from the mid-18th-century onwards, see Neoclassical architecture, for Greek art of the 5th century B. C. E. See Classical art in ancient Greece and the Severe style Italian Renaissance painting and sculpture are marked by their renewal of classical forms, motifs and subjects. In the 15th century Leon Battista Alberti was important in theorizing many of the ideas for painting that came to a fully realised product with Raphaels School of Athens during the High Renaissance
15.
Pont Street
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Pont Street is a fashionable street in Knightsbridge and Belgravia, central London, England, not far from the Knightsbridge department store Harrods to the north-west. The street crosses Sloane Street in the middle, with Beauchamp Place to the west and Cadogan Place, on the west side Hans Place leads off the street to the north and Cadogan Square to the south. The actress Lillie Langtry lived at 21 Pont Street from 1892 to 1897, the building became part of the Cadogan Hotel in 1895, but she still stayed in her old bedroom even after this. Oscar Wilde was arrested in room number 118 of the Cadogan Hotel on 6 April 1895, politician Harry Crookshank, 1st Viscount Crookshank lived from 1937 until his death at 51 Pont Street. St Columbas Church in Pont Street was designed in the 1950s by the architect Sir Edward Maufe and it is one of the two London congregations of the Church of Scotland. The original St Columbas Church building of 1884 was destroyed during the Blitz of World War II on the night of 10 May 1941, Portmeirion had an antiques shop in Pont Street, later to become the headquarters of Portmeirion Pottery. A section of railing from the Liverpool Sailors Home was installed outside the shop by Clough Williams-Ellis, the Challoner Club, an exclusively Catholic gentlemans club, was based in Pont Street. A restaurant called Drones is located at 1 Pont Street, the nearest tube stations are Knightsbridge to the north and Sloane Square to the south. Wodehouses The Code of the Woosters, Mrs. Wintergreen, widow of the late Colonel H. H. Wintergreen and fiancée of Sir Watkyn Bassett, Pont Street is referred to in Evelyn Waughs novel Brideshead Revisited, as a place related to typical English snobbery. In the novel, the character Julia and her friends say that it was Pont Street to wear a ring and to give chocolates at the theatre, it was Pont Street at a dance to say. In Nancy Mitfords Love in a Cold Climate, the heroines aunt, who is bringing her up to mix in the best society, is said to keep her nose firmly to Pont Street
16.
Norman Shaw Buildings
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The Norman Shaw Buildings are a pair of buildings in Westminster, London, overlooking the River Thames. The North Building is Grade I listed and it was designed in 1887 as the replacement central offices of the Metropolitan Police, Shaw being the personal choice of the Home Secretary, Henry Matthews. It was built on land reclaimed from the River Thames by the building of the Victoria Embankment, in 1888, during the construction of New Scotland Yard, workers discovered the dismembered torso of a female, the case, known as the Whitehall Mystery, has never been solved. Opened in 1890, the building was found inadequate for the growing police force. The South Building, now Grade II* listed, built 1902–1906, was originally called Scotland House and its elevations were designed by Shaw. It was linked to the north building by a bridge over the then–public road. Iron gates by Reginald Blomfield were erected and they are now Grade II* listed. In 1919 the Directorate of Intelligence was founded in this building in 1919, the north building was refurbished between 1973 and 1975 at a cost of £3. False ceilings were erected to conserve heat and improve lighting and carpets were laid, in 2000 a walkway to the Palace of Westminster via Portcullis House was created to reduce the time for members to reach the chamber for divisions. The south building was refurbished between 1976 and 1979 with offices for 56 MPs, a gymnasium and a flat for the Clerk of the House, no false ceilings or carpeting were fitted, nor was any exterior cleaning carried out. A further refurbishment of the interior and exterior and roof was done between 2001 and 2003, in December 2016, the firm WSP Parsons Brinckerhoff was awarded a contract to manage a major refurbishment project for various Parliamentary Estate buildings. The project is expected to be complete in the early 2020s, the offices of the Leader of the Opposition have been located in a suite in the Norman Shaw Buildings since the time of Michael Howard. In addition to Howard, David Cameron, Ed Miliband, albion House – Former White Star Line headquarters in Liverpool which were inspired architecturally by the Norman Shaw Buildings
17.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
18.
Timber framing
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Timber framing and post-and-beam construction are methods of building with heavy timbers rather than dimensional lumber such as 2x4s. Traditional timber framing is the method of creating structures using heavy squared-off and it is commonplace in wooden buildings from the 19th century and earlier. The method comes from making out of logs and tree trunks without modern high tech saws to cut lumber from the starting material stock. Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in parts of the world. These styles are categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers. Three basic types of frames in English-speaking countries are the box frame, cruck frame. The distinction presented here is the load is carried by the exterior walls. Purlins are also in a timber frame. A cruck is a pair of crooked or curved timbers which form a bent or crossframe, more than 4,000 cruck frame buildings have been recorded in the UK. Several types of frames are used, more information follows in English style below. True cruck or full cruck, blades, straight or curved, base cruck, tops of the blades are truncated by the first transverse member such as by a tie beam. Raised cruck, blades land on masonry wall, and extend to the ridge, middle cruck, blades land on masonry wall, and are truncated by a collar. Upper cruck, blades land on a tie beam, very similar to knee rafters, jointed cruck, blades are made from pieces joined near eaves in a number of ways. See also, hammerbeam roof End cruck is not a style, aisled frames have one or more rows of interior posts. These interior posts typically carry more load than the posts in the exterior walls. This is the concept of the aisle in church buildings, sometimes called a hall church. However, a nave is often called an aisle, and three-aisled barns are common in the U. S. the Netherlands, aisled buildings are wider than the simpler box-framed or cruck-framed buildings, and typically have purlins supporting the rafters. In northern Germany, this construction is known as variations of a Ständerhaus, the frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building
19.
Gable
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A gable is the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of intersecting roof pitches. The shape of the gable and how it is detailed depends on the system used, which reflects climate, material availability. A gable wall or gable end more commonly refers to the wall, including the gable. A variation of the gable is a gable, which has a stairstep design to accomplish the sloping portion. Gable ends of more recent buildings are often treated in the way as the Classic pediment form. But unlike Classical structures, which operate through trabeation, the ends of many buildings are actually bearing-wall structures. Thus, the detailing can be ambiguous or misleading, gable style is also used in the design of fabric structures, with varying degree sloped roofs, dependent on how much snowfall is expected. Sharp gable roofs are a characteristic of the Gothic and classical Greek styles of architecture, the opposite or inverted form of a gable roof is a V-roof or butterfly roof. While a front-gabled building faces the street with its gable, a building faces it with its cullis. The terms are used in architecture and city planning to determine a building in its urban situation, front-gabled buildings are considered typical for German city streets in the medieval gothic period, while later Renaissance buildings, influenced by Italian architecture are often side-gabled. In America, front-gabled houses, such as the Gablefront house, were primarily between the early 19th century and 1920. A wimperg is a German and Dutch word for a Gothic ornamental gable with tracery over windows or portals and it was a typical element in Gothic Architecture especially in cathedral architecture. Wimpergs often had crockets or other elements in the Gothic style. The intention behind the wimperg was the perception of increased height, the gable end roof is a poor design for hurricane regions, as it easily peels off in strong winds. The part of the roof overhangs the triangular wall very often creates a trap that can catch wind like an umbrella. A series of ornamental timber gables, from existing examples in England and France of the 16th Century
20.
Chimney
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A chimney is a structure that provides ventilation for hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, the space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships, in the United States, the term smokestack is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys, and the term funnel can also be used. The height of a chimney influences its ability to transfer flue gases to the environment via stack effect. Additionally, the dispersion of pollutants at higher altitudes can reduce their impact on the immediate surroundings, in the case of chemically aggressive output, a sufficiently tall chimney can allow for partial or complete self-neutralization of airborne chemicals before they reach ground level. The dispersion of pollutants over an area can reduce their concentrations. Romans used tubes inside the walls to draw out of bakeries. The earliest extant example of an English chimney is at the keep of Conisbrough Castle in Yorkshire, however, they did not become common in houses until the 16th and 17th centuries. Smoke hoods were a method of collecting the smoke into a chimney. Another step in the development of chimneys was the use of built in ovens which allowed the household to bake at home, industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century. Chimneys in ordinary dwellings were first built of wood and plaster or mud, since then chimneys have traditionally been built of brick or stone, both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a brick construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around tile liners, to control downdrafts, venting caps with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the used to extract lead from its ore produced large amounts of toxic fumes. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, todays central heating systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural gas vent pipe allows a flue gas conduit to be installed around obstructions and through walls. In fact, most modern high-efficiency heating appliances do not require a chimney, such appliances are generally installed near an external wall, and a noncombustible wall thimble allows a vent pipe to run directly through the external wall. On a pitched roof where a chimney penetrates a roof, flashing is used to seal up the joints, the down-slope piece is called an apron, the sides receive step flashing and a cricket is used to divert water around the upper side of the chimney underneath the flashing. Industrial chimneys are commonly referred to as flue gas stacks and are generally external structures and they are generally located adjacent to a steam-generating boiler or industrial furnace and the gases are carried to them with ductwork
21.
Inglenook
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An inglenook, or chimney corner, is a small recess that adjoins a fireplace. The word is formed with ingle, meaning fireplace in Old English, the inglenook originated as a partially enclosed hearth area, appended to a larger room. The hearth was used for cooking, and its enclosing alcove became a place for people seeking warmth to gather. With changes in building design, kitchens became separate rooms, while inglenooks were retained in the space as intimate warming places. Inglenooks were prominent features of shingle style architecture and characteristic of Arts and Crafts architecture, prominent American architects who employed the feature included Greene and Greene, Henry Hobson Richardson, and Frank Lloyd Wright. British architect Richard Norman Shaw significantly influenced Richardson, inglenooks play a large role in Lucy M. Bostons first two Green Knowe novels. In the second novel, The Chimneys of Green Knowe, and its adaptation by Julian Fellowes, From Time to Time. Perhaps the most famous reference to an inglenook in literature occurs in the line of John Betjemans short poem In a Bath Teashop
22.
Queen Anne style architecture
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George Devey and the better-known Norman Shaw popularized the Queen Anne style of British architecture of the industrial age in the 1870s. Norman Shaw published a book of architectural sketches as early as 1858, Shaws eclectic designs often included Tudor elements, and this Old English style also became popular in the United States, where it became known as the Queen Anne style. Confusion between buildings constructed during the reign of Queen Anne and the Queen Anne Style still persists, in the late 1850s the name Queen Anne was in the air, following publication in 1852 of William Makepeace Thackerays novel, The History of Henry Esmond, Esq. A Colonel in the Service of Her Majesty Queen Anne, one minor side-effect of Thackerays novel and of Norman Shaws freehand picturesque vernacular Renaissance survives to this day. The British Victorian version of the style more closely with the Arts and Crafts movement than does its American counterpart. A good example is Severalls Hospital in Colchester, Essex, now defunct, in the 20th century Edwin Lutyens and others used an elegant version of the style, usually with red-brick walls contrasting with pale stone details. In the United States, the so-called Queen Anne style is used of a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right. The gabled and domestically scaled Queen Anne style arrived in New York City with the new housing for the New York House and School of Industry Sidney V. Stratton, architect, 1878). Dentils, classical columns, spindle work, oriel and bay windows, horizontal bands of leaded windows, monumental chimneys, painted balustrades, front gardens often had wooden fences. The Federation period went from 1890 to 1915 and included twelve styles and this became the most popular style for houses built between 1890 and 1910. The style often utilised Tudor-style woodwork and elaborate fretwork that replaced the Victorian taste for wrought iron, verandahs were usually a feature, as were the image of the rising sun and Australian wildlife, plus circular windows, turrets and towers with conical or pyramid-shaped roofs. The first Queen Anne house in Australia was Caerleon in the suburb of Bellevue Hill, Caerleon was designed initially by a Sydney architect, Harry Kent, but was then substantially reworked in London by Maurice Adams. This led to controversy over who deserved the credit. The house was built in 1885 and was the precursor for the Federation Queen Anne house that were to become so popular. Caerleon was followed soon after by West Maling, in the suburb of Penshurst, New South Wales and these houses, although built around the same time, had distinct styles, West Maling displaying a strong Tudor influence that was not present in Annesbury. The style soon became popular, appealing predominantly to reasonably well-off people with an Establishment leaning. The style as it developed in Australia was highly eclectic, blending Queen Anne elements with various Australian influences, Old English characteristics like ribbed chimneys and gabled roofs were combined with Australian elements like encircling verandahs, designed to keep the sun out. One outstanding example of this approach is Urrbrae House, in the Adelaide suburb of Urrbrae, South Australia
23.
Highdown School
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Highdown School and Sixth Form Centre is an academy in Emmer Green on the outskirts of Reading, Berkshire, England. It has a capacity for approximately 1450 students aged 11–18, there are currently 1342 students on roll at the school with 262 students attending the Sixth Form. Highdown School is a specialist school for maths and computing, Highdown School was established as a comprehensive school in September 1971. Highdown School has three Grade II listed buildings within its grounds, the main building was altered and extended by Richard Norman Shaw from 1878–80. On 1 November 2010, Highdown School became an independently run academy after being judged outstanding by Ofsted and it was the first school in Berkshire to be awarded academy status. During April 2015 Highdown School was judged as Good by Ofsted
24.
St Giles' Church, Longstone
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St Giles’ Church, Longstone is a Grade I listed parish church in the Church of England in Great Longstone, Derbyshire. The church dates from the 13th century with 14th and 16th century additions and it was restored between 1872 and 1873 by Richard Norman Shaw. The church was restored sensitively with much re-use of original material as possible. The levels of floor throughout were re-arranged, and the church seated with open oak seats, new choir stalls were placed in the chancel, and a low stone screen of simple character was erected between the chancel and the nave. A new vestry and organ chamber was provided, the contractors for the restoration work were Joseph Brown and Co. Stained glass windows designed by Richard Norman Shaw were constructed by Heaton, Butler, the bells were cast by Taylor of Loughborough, and the tower clock provided by Smiths of Derby. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register
25.
Flete House
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Flete House is a Grade I listed country house in the parish of Holbeton, in the South Hams district of Devon, England. The gardens are Grade II listed in the National Register of Historic Parks, Flete was a Saxon estate, the manor being held by the Damarell family from the reign of William I until the time of Edward III. The earliest part of the dates from the sixteenth century. The Hele family held the house until 1716, when the estate passed to the Bulteels, additions were made to the house in both the early and the late eighteenth century. The house was remodelled in the Gothic style in 1835 by J. C. Bulteel, which obliterated the early and late eighteenth century classical work, Flete House was used by the City of Plymouth as a maternity hospital during and after the Second World War. At the time the Second World War broke out, the estate was in the hands of Lieutenant-Colonel, the first baby to be born at Flete arrived on Monday July 14,1941, and by the end of 1941 there had been a further 124 births. Lord Mildmay remained in residence at the House until his death in 1947 and was often seen in the wards. Dave Hill of the pop group Slade was one of the babies born at the House, the hospital closed on 8 May 1958, less than a month after the last baby was born there. Flete House was returned to the Mildmay family in 1959, more recently, the House was leased from the Flete Estate by the Country Houses Association until it went into liquidation in 2003. Flete House is now leased by Audley Retirement, and is part of a retirement community run by them. In 1979 Flete House was used as the location for the BBC series Penmarric, Country Life Vol.38,29 November 1915,680 Andrew Saint,1976, Richard Norman Shaw, 211-16 Yale University Press Historic England. Detailed architectural information of Flete House
26.
Bryanston School
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Bryanston is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference and the Eton Group. It has a reputation as a liberal and artistic school using some ideas of the Dalton Plan, the school opened on 24 January 1928 with 23 pupils and seven members of staff. In 2004, the school had around 650 pupils and 80 teachers, during the mid-1930s, Bryanston School was the location of Anglo-German youth camps where the Hitler Youth and Boy Scouts tried to develop links. In 2005 the school was one of fifty of the leading independent schools which were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel. In 2014 the school opened a new building, the Tom Wheare Music School, designed by Hopkins Architects. The 300-seat concert hall was named after conductor Sir Mark Elder, the interior of the building won a 2015 Wood Award. G. Jeffreys Thorold Coade Robson Fisher Rev. David Jones Bob Allan Tom Wheare Sarah Thomas — first female head of Bryanston, alumni of the school are known as Old Bryanstonians, there is an alumni organisation called the Bryanston Society. The Society exists to further the cause of Bryanston in the broadest possible sense and it aims to bring together the whole Bryanston family through social and sporting events. The school estate has Europes tallest London Plane tree, each year, the JACT Ancient Greek Summer School is held at Bryanston, the school has played host to many of the United Kingdoms classicists, both as teachers and pupils. The school hosts the annual Dorset Opera Festival, which combines amateur, operas are staged at the conclusion of a two-week summer school. Bryanston Reflections, Et nova et vetera, Angela Holdsworth
27.
St Leonards-on-Sea
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St Leonards-on-Sea has been part of Hastings, East Sussex, England, since the late 19th century though it retains a sense of separate identity. It lies to the west of central Hastings, todays St Leonards has extended well beyond that original design, although the original town still exists within it. Eversfields served as sheriffs of Surrey and Sussex in the 16th and 17th centuries and were later baronets before the family became extinct, the land was part of Gensing Farm, and included a small wooded valley leading down to the sea. Work on the plan started in early 1826, in addition he persuaded the Turnpike Commissioners to have the road leading to St Leonards included in the scheme, and arranged for the road through Silverhill to be built so as to give access. Before he died in 1837 St Leonards Hotel, the South Colonnade, an archway marking the boundary with Hastings. His grave is marked by a pyramid in the churchyard above St Leonards Church, in 1850 his son Decimus started the second phase of building, by acquiring more land and extending the development westward. He lived in the town for the remainder of his life, Decimus Burton became a Commissioner of the new town in 1833. He leased a triangle of land bounded by Mercatoria, St Johns Church, Maze Hill, here he built The Cottage, Maze Hill House, The Mount, The Uplands, The Lawn, and six semi-detached houses which later became a school. Later, in Upper Maze Hill he built Baston Lodge, Tower House and he gave some land in Mercatoria for a National School, and completed his fathers seafront terrace by building 72 to 82 Marina. Modern photographs give a flavour of this development, the popularity of St Leonards, however, was not lost upon the town of Hastings. It had already begun to expand westwards, through Pelham Place and Wellington Square, as a result, the area between the two towns began to fill with properties. In 1875 the two merged into the County Borough of Hastings, and by then the total seafront had reached some three miles. Soon after that, the Warrior Square and Upper St Leonards areas were being developed, construction of the pier began in March 1888, and it was opened by Lord and Lady Brassey on 28 October 1891. There was also a tollhouse to the left of the entrance that was demolished by a storm on 12 February 1899, the far end of the pier had a building used for dancing, and later as a roller hockey rink. During the 1920s the pier was modernised and finally cut in half during the Second World War as protection against invasion, the remains were removed in 1951. Despite this claim to fame, entries to a competition to name the show that it was not universally popular. Now a listed building, it has recently bought by the residents after many years of neglect and is in the process of being fully restored. St Leonards Golf Club, Hastings, was founded in 1902/3, the latter part of the town – Bulverhythe – is thought to be the original site of the port of Hastings, since cut off by longshore drift of pebbles
28.
Flora Fountain
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Flora Fountain, built in 1864, is a fusion of water, architecture and sculpture, and depicts the Roman goddess Flora. It was built at a total cost of Rs,47,000, or 9000 pounds sterling, a large sum in those days. The fountain originally intended for the Victoria Gardens, is now surmounted by the figure of Plenty. Prior to this demolition, the Fort had been built between 1686 and 1743 by the British East India Company with three gates, a moat, esplanade, level open spaces on its western fringe and residences. A small road called the Hornby Road, named after the then Governor of Bombay between 1771 AD and 1784 AD, also existed at the old Fort area. The Flora Fountain was erected at the place where the Church gate stood before its demolition along with the Mumbai Fort. It was constructed by the Agri–Horticultural Society of Western India, out of a donation of Rs 20,000 by Cursetjee Fardoonjee Parekh, designed by Richard Norman Shaw, it was sculpted in imported Portland stone by James Forsythe. A white coat of oil paint has to some extent marred the antiquity of the structure, the fountain was originally to be named after Sir Bartle Frère, the Governor of Bombay at the time, whose progressive policy had resulted in many of the great public buildings of Mumbai. The four corners of the fountain are decorated with mythological figures, from the time the Flora Fountain was built in 1864 and until 1960, the chowk where five streets meet and the fountain stands now, was named as the Flora Fountain area. It sits admirably well alongside the Hutatma statue which adorns the chowk, the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority and public spirited people of the area conscious of the developing chaotic conditions in the area took action to redress the situation. The L. G. and Cine Blitz hoardings, which used to display latest film gossip, at the fountain were targeted for relocation and these efforts have also resulted in the UNESCO’s “Asia-Pacific Heritage Award of Merit in the year 2004” bestowed on the MMRDA. A public spirited doctor by profession filed a Public Interest Litigation in 2002, in the Bombay High Court, the court directed the Heritage Committee to look at the feasibility of hoardings in heritage areas. The Heritage Committee passed a resolution that said “that all hoardings on individual buildings or in heritage precincts must be removed. Even now I feel a magic about Mumbai’s Flora Fountain. We called it the heart of the city and so it was, local cab system, auto rickshaws or local trains run frequently in Mumbai providing the other means of transport to the location. The area surrounding the fountain gives excellent shopping opportunities in departmental and other stores for ethnic artifacts, the charges for participation are nominal. In the year 2004, the Group had arranged a walk along Flora Fountain – D. N. Road – V. T, N. Petit Library, Bombay Mutual Building and several others
29.
Swanscombe
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Swanscombe is a small town in the Dartford Borough of Kent. It is located north-west of Gravesend, at the 2011 Census the population is included in the civil parish of Swanscombe and Greenhithe. Bone fragments and tools, representing the earliest humans known to have lived in England, have found from 1935 onwards at the Barnfield Pit about 2 km outside the village. This site is now the Swanscombe Heritage Park, Swanscombe Man was a late Homo erectus or an early Archaic Homo sapiens. 400, 000-year-old skull fragments are kept at the Natural History Museum in London with a replica on display at the Dartford Museum, lower levels of the Barnfield Pit yielded evidence of an even earlier, more primitive human, dubbed Clactonian Man. Nearby digs on land for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link revealed a c,400, 000-year-old site with human tools and the remains of a Straight-tusked Elephant, and evidence of water vole, pine vole, newts, frogs etc. indicating a site with standing water. During archaeological work undertaken at Ebbsfleet, before construction of High Speed 1, an Anglo-Saxon mill and a Roman villa were found near Swanscombe. From Crayford to the Isle of Thanet, the Danes occupied the land and terrorised the Saxon inhabitants, giving rise to the appearance of Deneholes and these were wells, cut deep into the chalk landscape, thought to be for concealing people and goods. They have a vertical shaft with short tunnels bearing horizontally from the base. The Vikings settled throughout the winter along the Thames estuary with their ships, archaeological digs and centuries of tilling have revealed a Danish castle and settlement, with pottery, anchors, weapons and some ships timbers. The settlement was variously called Suinescamp, Sweinscamp and Swanscamp, the name deriving from the Viking king Sweyn Forkbeard, who landed in East Anglia. Father of Canute, Sweyn died at Gainsborough on the Trent in 1014, Canute died in 1035 his sons were unable to hold on to his empire, he was king of England, Scotland, Norway and Denmark. Other research suggests that deneholes might have been dug as a method of extracting chalk for use on the fields above, in any case, the practice reached a peak around the 13th – 14th centuries, long after the Viking raids had ceased. In 1066 Swanscombe locals massed an army in defiance of William I, the men of Kent met William near Swanscombe, where the Saxons concealed their number with branches, thus intimidating the Norman army. They were offered a truce that left Kent as the region in England which William did not conquer. Kent County Council have inherited the motto Invicta, meaning unconquered, richard Norman Shaw built a church at Swanscombe for the workers of the cement industry, and it survives as a rare example of his design. The flint-built parish church of St Peter and St Paul, partially Saxon, has a spire on its tower, the parish register dates from 1559. George Cecil Renouard is buried in the Swanscombe churchyard, just after 8 oclock on the evening of Sunday 10 November 1940 a German bomb crashed down directly into The Morning Star Inn, causing in a single explosion, Swanscombes worst wartime disaster
30.
Albion House, Liverpool
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Albion House is a Grade II* listed building located in Liverpool, England. It was constructed between 1896 and 1898 and is positioned on the corner of James Street and The Strand across from the Pier Head. Designed by architects Richard Norman Shaw and J. Francis Doyle, it was built for the Ismay, Imrie and Company shipping company, which later became the White Star Line. After White Star merged with Royal Mail Line the headquarters remained at Albion House until 1934 at which time the British Government forced the merger of Cunard Line, the building is situated on the corner of The Strand and James Street. The facade is constructed from white Portland stone and red brick, in 1912, when news of the disaster of the Titanic reached the offices, the officials were too afraid to leave the building, and instead read the names of the deceased from the balcony. During World War II, the gable was damaged and was rebuilt in the late 1940s. After many years being vacant, in 2014 the building was converted into a Titanic-themed hotel known as 30 James Street, the design closely follows the architects earlier work of 1887, the former New Scotland Yard building in London. In the 1980s the Offices in Albion House were noted for their exquisite Office desks of fine wood, Albion House is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. Grade II* listed buildings in Merseyside Architecture of Liverpool English Heritage National Monuments Register Image, New Scotland Yard, for comparison
31.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
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Leadenhall Street
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Leadenhall Street is a road in London that is about 0.3 miles long and links Cornhill and Bishopsgate in the west to St. Botolph Street and Aldgate in the east. It is situated in the City of London, which is the nucleus of modern London as well its primary financial district. It was formerly the start of the A11 road from London to Norwich, the Aldgate Pump is located at the east end of the street. During much of the 18th and 19th centuries its name was synonymous with the East India Company, the nearest London Underground station is Aldgate, and the closest mainline railway station is Fenchurch Street. The Leadenhall Press was established following a move of the publisher Field & Tuer to No.50 Leadenhall Street in 1868, in 1879 a telephone exchange was installed at No.101 Leadenhall Street by the Telephone Company Ltd. — one of the first in London. The street was home to East India House from 1729 until its demolition in 1861, Leadenhall Market is accessible via Whittington Avenue, a small side-road off Leadenhall Street. The London Metal Exchange is located at No,56, opposite the church of St. Katharine Cree, which dates from 1631 and was made a Grade I listed building in 1950. Several major companies are headquartered on Leadenhall Street, including Xchanging, Ace European Group, Verdasyss EMEA, due to the proximity of Lloyds, a number of other insurance firms and brokers also have offices on Leadenhall Street. The Leadenhall Building, located at No.122 and opposite the Lloyds building, is a 48-storey skyscraper, a 38-storey skyscraper at 52-54 Lime Street has been approved for construction at the junction of Leadenhall Street and Lime Street. A new office development including a tower of 34 storeys has been proposed for 40 Leadenhall Street, Fenchurch Street Lime Street St Mary Axe Google Maps Media related to Leadenhall Street at Wikimedia Commons
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Lowther Lodge
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Lowther Lodge is a house in South Kensington, London, England, immediately south of Hyde Park, which has housed the Royal Geographical Society since 1912. Lowther Lodge was designed by Richard Norman Shaw and built between approximately 1872 and 1875, the client was William Lowther, an MP who was a nephew of the Earl of Lonsdale, the head of the Lowther landowning family of Westmorland and Cumberland. After Lowther died in 1912, his son sold the house to the Royal Geographical Society, the Society converted the building into its headquarters and commissioned extensions, including the Societys lecture theatre, from G. L. Kennedy and F. B. A further extension, including a new space, reading room. The building is an important example of Victorian Queen Anne architecture, the building is also notable for having one of the first passenger lifts in a private house. It is a Grade II* listed building, Richard Norman Shaw William Lowther Royal Geographical Society Survey of London entry History of Lowther Lodge Albertopolis, Lowther Lodge Architecture and history of the building
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Royal Geographical Society
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The Royal Geographical Society is the UKs learned society and professional body for geography, founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical sciences. Today, it is the centre for geographers and geographical learning. The Society has over 16,500 members and its work reaches millions of people each year through publications, research groups, the Geographical Society of London was founded in 1830 under the name Geographical Society of London as an institution to promote the advancement of geographical science. It later absorbed the older African Association, which had been founded by Sir Joseph Banks in 1788, as well as the Raleigh Club and the Palestine Association. Like many learned societies, it had started as a club in London. Founding members of the Society included Sir John Barrow, Sir John Franklin, under the patronage of King William IV it later became known as The Royal Geographical Society and was granted its Royal Charter under Queen Victoria in 1859. From 1830 –1840 the RGS met in the rooms of the Horticultural Society in Regent Street, London and from 1854 -1870 at 15 Whitehall Place, London. In 1870, the Society finally found a home when it moved to 1 Savile Row, London – an address that became associated with adventure. The Society also used a lecture theatre in Burlington Gardens, London which was lent to it by the Civil Service Commission, however, the arrangements were thought to be rather cramped and squalid. A new impetus was given to the Societys affairs in 1911, with the election of Earl Curzon, the premises in Savile Row were sold and the present site, Lowther Lodge in Kensington Gore, was purchased for £100,000 and opened for use in April 1913. In the same year the Societys ban on women was lifted, Lowther Lodge was built in 1874 for the Hon William Lowther by Norman Shaw, one of the most outstanding domestic architects of his day. Extensions to the east wing were added in 1929, and included the New Map Room, the extension was formally opened by HRH the Duke of York at the Centenary Celebrations on 21 October 1930. The history of the Society was closely allied for many of its years with colonial exploration in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, the polar regions. It has been a key associate and supporter of many explorers and expeditions, including those of Darwin, Livingstone, Stanley, Scott, Shackleton, Hunt. The early history of the Society is inter-linked with the history of British Geography, exploration, information, maps, charts and knowledge gathered on expeditions was sent to the RGS, making up its now unique geographical collections. The Society published its first journal in 1831 and from 1855, accounts of meetings, in 1893, this was replaced by The Geographical Journal which is still published today. With the advent of a systematic study of geography, the Institute of British Geographers was formed in 1933, by some academic Society fellows. Its activities included organising conferences, field trips, seminars and specialist research groups and publishing the journal, the RGS and IBG co-existed for 60 years until 1992 when a merger was discussed
35.
8 Melbury Road
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8 Melbury Road is a large detached house at the Holland Park district of Kensington and Chelsea, W14. Built in the Queen Anne style by the architect Richard Norman Shaw and it was commissioned by the painter Marcus Stone as a studio-home for himself. The house was designed by architect Richard Norman Shaw in the Queen Anne style, Shaw was well acquainted with members of the art establishment, being friends with Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Morris and Philip Webb. The imposing houses and studios that Shaw designed would impress potential patrons, the house is next to the home of George Frederick Watts, and backs on to the garden of the Leighton House Museum, the former studio-home of Frederic, Lord Leighton. Stones studio occupied the whole of the first floor of the house, the house is now separated into flats. Following Stones death the house was occupied by artist Percyval Tudor-Hart, the film director Michael Powell lived at the house from 1951 to 1971 and shot parts of his controversial 1960 film Peeping Tom at the house. It was the first of two houses in Melbury Road designed by Shaw, the second, Woodland House,11 Melbury Road, was designed for fellow painter Luke Fildes, Fildes and Stone were artistic rivals and each naturally regarded their own Shaw-designed house as superior. Stone moved into the 8 Melbury Road with his wife, Laura Broun, Stone and Luke Fildes were the first two artists to build studio-houses in Melbury Road. In 1994 English Heritage commemorated Stone with a plaque at 8 Melbury Road. A green plaque placed by the Directors Guild of Great Britain on the house commemorates Michael Powell, the Holland Park Circle, Artists and Victorian Society Yale University Press ISBN 978-0-30008-164-0 Fletcher, Pamela
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Marcus Stone
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Marcus Stone RA, was an English painter. He was the son of Frank Stone ARA, trained by his father and began to exhibit at the Royal Academy, a few years later he illustrated, with much success, books by Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, and other writers who were friends of his family. Stone was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1877, one of his canvases is in Tate. Most of his works have been engraved, and medals were awarded to him at exhibitions in all parts of the world, Stone and fellow painter Luke Fildes both lived in Melbury Road, Holland Park, in houses designed by Richard Norman Shaw. A blue plaque commemorates Stone at his house at 8 Melbury Road, Stone married Laura Brown, the daughter of the Zealand merchant William Brown. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. Alfred Lys Baldry, Life and Work of Marcus Stone, R. A, Works by Marcus Stone at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Marcus Stone at Internet Archive Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
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Woodland House
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Woodland House is a large detached house at 31 Melbury Road, in the Holland Park district of Kensington and Chelsea, W14. Built from 1875-7 in the Queen Anne style by the architect Richard Norman Shaw, commissioned by the painter Luke Fildes, Woodland House is situated next to William Burges Grade I listed Tower House. Originally 11 Melbury Road, the house was renumbered as 31 Melbury Road in 1967 and it was the second of two houses in Melbury Road designed by Shaw, the first,8 Melbury Road, was designed for another painter Marcus Stone. Fildes and Stone were artistic rivals and each naturally regarded their own Shaw-designed house as superior, of the construction of Woodland House Fildes wrote in November 1876 that The house is getting on famously and looks stunning. Fildes moved into the house in October 1877 and it remained his home until his death there in February 1927, Fildes was survived by his wife and six children. In 1959 the London County Council commemorated Fildes at Woodland House with a blue plaque, woodlands House was later the home of the film director Michael Winner. It was subsequently purchased by the pop star Robbie Williams, the development of Melbury Road in the grounds of Little Holland House created an art colony in Holland Park, the inhabitants of which became known as the Holland Park Circle. Shaw congratulated Fildes on acquiring such a site in May 1875. The site was recommended to Fildes by Val Prinsep, it is at the bend of Melbury Road, with vistas to the south and west, the garden spans.75 acres and contains tropical and native trees. The gardens of Woodland House and the adjoining Tower House both contain trees from the former Little Holland House, Woodland House was designed by architect Richard Norman Shaw. Shaw was well acquainted with members of the art establishment, being friends with Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Morris, the imposing houses and studios that Shaw designed would impress potential patrons. All of the studio-houses of the Holland Park Circle were built with red bricks, Shaw had prepared preliminary designs of Woodland House by August 1875, and building began early in 1876, with construction being undertaken by W. H. Lascelles. The initial cost of building the house was £4,500, Fildes and his family moved into the house in the Autumn of 1877. Fildes house was larger than Marcus Stones, and costlier to build, shortly after Fildes had commissioned Shaw to design his house, Fildes grandmother, Mary, had died, leaving him her property. Facing south, Fildes large artists studio was at the rear of the house and was lit by a skylight and this arrangement was found not to provide the necessary light and the middle pair of windows was redesigned as a single, large, four-light, window. The studio was initially 43 feet and 24 feet, a winter studio was added in 1880, followed by a glass studio in 1885, situated above a nursery. When King Edward VII came to sit for a portrait he described the studio as one of the finest rooms in London. Fildes childrens bedrooms were hung with wallpapers designed by Morris & Co. Michael Winners father bought the house on a long lease after the Second World War
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Luke Fildes
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Sir Samuel Luke Fildes KCVO RA was an English painter and illustrator born in Liverpool and trained at the South Kensington and Royal Academy schools. He was the grandson of the political activist Mary Fildes, at the age of seventeen Fildes became a student at the Warrington School of Art. Fildes moved to the South Kensington Art School where he met Hubert von Herkomer, all three men became influenced by the work of Frederick Walker, the leader of the social realist movement in Britain. Fildes shared his grandmothers concern for the poor and in 1869 joined the staff of The Graphic newspaper, Fildes shared Thomas belief in the power of visual images to change public opinion on subjects such as poverty and injustice. Thomas hoped that the images in The Graphic would result in acts of charity. Fildes illustrations were in the style popular in France and Germany during the era. He worked in a social realist style, compatible with the direction of The Graphic. The picture produced by Fildes showed a line of homeless people applying for tickets to stay overnight in the workhouse, Fildes illustrations also appeared in other mass-circulation periodicals, Sunday Magazine, The Cornhill Magazine, and The Gentlemans Magazine. He also illustrated a number of books in addition to Dickens Edwin Drood, Fildes soon became a popular artist and by 1870 he had given up working for The Graphic and had turned his full attention to oil painting. He took rank among the ablest English painters, with The Casual Ward, The Widower, The Village Wedding, An Al-fresco Toilette, and The Doctor, now in Tate Britain. He also painted a number of pictures of Venetian life and many portraits, among them portraits commemorating the coronation of King Edward VII. He was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1879, and a Royal Academician in 1887, and was knighted by King Edward VII in 1906. In 1918, he was appointed as Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order by King George V. Fildes produced a number of caricatures for Vanity Fair under the nom de crayon ELF. He and Henry Woods were regarded as leaders of the Neo-Venetian school, in 1874 Luke Fildes married Fanny Woods, who was also an artist and the sister of Henry Woods. Fildes first son, Philip, died of tuberculosis in 1877, the image of the doctor at his sons side during the ordeal left a lasting memory of professional devotion that inspired Fildes 1891 work The Doctor. His later son, Sir Paul Fildes, was an eminent scientist, a blue plaque marks Fildess former house, Woodland House, in Melbury Road, Kensington, next to William Burgess Tower House. His home was owned by film director Michael Winner. He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery, in 1949 Fildes painting The Doctor was used by the American Medical Association in a campaign against a proposal for nationalised medical care put forth by President Harry S. Truman
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Swan House, Chelsea Embankment
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Swan House is a Grade II* listed house at 17 Chelsea Embankment on the north bank of the River Thames in Chelsea, central London, England. Built in 1876 by the architect Richard Norman Shaw, architecturally it is relevant both to the Queen Anne Revival and to the Arts and Crafts movement and it was built by Shaw for the artistic patrons Wickham and Elizabeth Flower. Jones and Woodward, in their Guide to the Architecture of London, the building is one of eighteen elegant contiguous red-brick houses built in the late 1870s, adjacent to the Chelsea Physic Garden by notable architects of the day. In 1892, the journal The British Architect hailed Swan House, creating some confusion, now it is the newer, current structure, rather than the long-destroyed inn that is frequently called the Old Swan House. The old Swan Inn is sometimes misidentified with any of several Swan inns and taverns visited by diarist, the house built in 1875-76 made a home for solicitor and art collector Wickham Flower and his artist wife Elizabeth. Shaw designed the lower part of the building in the Queen Anne Revival style popular during the Victorian Era and he incorporated bay windows on the second floor and dormer windows at the top floor for an unusual look. On the third floor, Shaw alternated flat narrow windows with caged oriel windows, in 1892, The British Architect hailed Swan House and the six other homes Shaw designed in the Chelsea Embankment as “masterpieces. ”Wickham Flower hired the firm of designer William Morris to decorate Swan House. Flower also bought two pieces from his friend, American expatriate artist James Whistler — Sweet Shop - Note in Orange. The four-story building with basement and dormers was listed as a Grade II building on 24 June 1954, beginning in 1985, Swan House was an architectural studio and office space for many years. After undergoing a 10-year renovation, Swan House was put on sale as a home in 2007 for £32 million. The home has a 44-by-18-foot ballroom, a cinema and a basement pool, the house was formerly the headquarters of Securicor, and in 1981 presents for the royal wedding of Charles and Diana were stored there. The 19, 000-square-foot home also has a dining room seating twenty, private terraces, an elevator, and parking for five cars
40.
Bedford Park, London
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Bedford Park is a suburban development in west London, England. It forms an area that is mostly within the London Borough of Ealing. The nearest underground station is Turnham Green, and the London bus routes 94 and it can be justly described as the worlds first garden suburb. Sir John Betjeman described Bedford Park the most significant suburb built in the last century, the developer was Jonathan Carr, who in 1875 bought 24 acres of land just north of Turnham Green Station in West London which had been constructed six years earlier. The City of London was only 30 minutes by steam train, the desire to protect the mature trees led to the informal plan that is major feature of Bedford Park. Some designs were commissioned from the firm of Coe and Robinson, in the 1880s with its church, parish hall, club, stores, pub and school of art, living in Bedford Park was the height of fashion. Yeats, the actor William Terriss, the actress Florence Farr, the playwright Arthur Wing Pinero, Bedford Park is Saffron Park in G. K. Chesterton’s The Man Who Was Thursday and Biggleswick in John Buchan’s Mr. Standfast. So fashionable did it become that Bedford Park came in for some gently ribbing in the St Jamess Gazette in the Ballad of Bedford Park. As the 20th century drew on the place became less a centre of fashion, the demolition by Acton Council of The Bramptons and its replacement by a five storey old peoples home led directly to the foundation in 1963 of the Bedford Park Society. Through the activities of the society, in 1967 the government listed the greater part of the estate, a few years later both Ealing and Hounslow councils designated Bedford Park a conservation area. Since that time the area has gradually improved, houses have returned to family use and many have been renovated. Their concerns about the future of Bedford Park were united by the demolition of The Bramptons in Bedford Park to make way for an old people’s home, taylor became chairman, Greeves the secretary and John Betjeman the first patron. In the first year the society grew to 200 members who were exhorted not to make improvements to their homes. However, Greeves was aware that the only protection for the whole estate lay in getting the buildings statutorily listed. Through Grogan,356 of Bedford Park’s houses were Grade II listed and the London Borough of Ealing, Tom Greeves, who as secretary was de facto leader of the society for many years, died in 1997. The society has successfully resisted demolition plans and has protected the general quality of the estate. The societys Log Book, which is issued to every listed house, helps owners learn about the history of their dwelling, the society reviews all planning applications and gives its views to the local authorities. The societys main role is to protect the amenity of the first garden suburb and it is not a residents association, but it does get involved in more general issues such as parking and traffic where these have an environmental impact
41.
Metropolitan Police Service
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As of March 2016, the Met employed 48,661 full-time personnel. This included 32,125 sworn police officers,9,521 police staff and this number excludes the 3,271 Special Constables, who work part-time and who have the same powers and uniform as their regular colleagues. This makes the Metropolitan Police the largest police force in the United Kingdom by a significant margin, the post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The post is occupied by the now-outgoing Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe. The Commissioners deputy, the Deputy Commissioner, is currently Craig Mackey, a number of informal names and abbreviations exists for the Metropolitan Police Service, the most common being the Met. In colloquial London, it is referred to as the Old Bill. The Met is also referred to by the metonym Scotland Yard after the location of its headquarters in a road called Great Scotland Yard in Whitehall. The Mets current headquarters is New Scotland Yard, in Victoria, the Metropolitan Police Service, whose officers became affectionately known as bobbies, was founded in 1829 by Robert Peel under the Metropolitan Police Act 1829. In 1839, the Marine Police Force, which had formed in 1798, was amalgamated into the Metropolitan Police. In 1837, it also incorporated with the Bow Street Horse Patrol that had organised in 1805. Since January 2012, the Mayor of London is responsible for the governance of the Metropolitan Police through the Mayors Office for Policing, the mayor is able to appoint someone to act on his behalf, the current office-holder is Deputy Mayor for Policing and Crime, Sophie Linden. The work of MOPAC is scrutinised by the Police and Crime Committee of the London Assembly, the area policed by the Metropolitan Police Service is known as the Metropolitan Police District. In terms of policing, the Met is divided into a number of Borough Operational Command Units. The City of London is a police area and is the responsibility of the separate City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for policing of the network in the United Kingdom. Within London, they are responsible for the policing of the London Underground, Tramlink, The Emirates Air Line. There is also a park police force, the Kew Constabulary, responsible for the Royal Botanic Gardens. Officers also have limited powers in Scotland and Northern Ireland, within the MPD, the Met will take over the investigation of any serious crime from the British Transport Police and Ministry of Defence Police, if it is deemed appropriate
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Scotland Yard
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Scotland Yard is a metonym for the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, the territorial police force responsible for policing most of London. The name derives from the location of the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place, the Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous. The New York Times wrote in 1964 that just as Wall Street gave its name to New Yorks financial district, Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London. The force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890, to a completed building on the Victoria Embankment. An adjacent building was completed in 1906, a third building was added in 1940. In 1967, the MPS moved its headquarters from the complex to a tall. In November 2016, MPS moved to its new headquarters, which continues to bear the name of New Scotland Yard. the sign spins around non stop and it has a camera inside it. The Metropolitan Police Service is responsible for law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the square mile of the City of London, additionally, the London Underground and National Rail networks are the responsibility of the British Transport Police. The Metropolitan Police was formed by Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act, Peel, with the help of Eugène-François Vidocq, selected the original site on Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters. The first two commissioners, Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, along with police officers and staff. Previously a private house,4 Whitehall Place backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard, in 1888, during the construction of the new building, workers discovered the dismembered torso of a female, the case, known as the Whitehall Mystery, was never solved. In 1890, police moved to the new location, which was named New Scotland Yard. By this time, the Metropolitan Police had grown from its initial 1,000 officers to about 13,000 and needed more administrative staff, further increases in the size and responsibilities of the force required even more administrators and space. Therefore, new buildings were constructed and completed in 1906 and 1940, the first two buildings are now a Grade I listed structure known as the Norman Shaw Buildings. The original building at 4 Whitehall Place still has an entrance on Great Scotland Yard. Stables for some of the branch are still located at 7 Great Scotland Yard. By the 1960s the requirements of modern technology and further increases in the size of the force meant that it had outgrown its three-building complex on Victoria Embankment. In 1967 New Scotland Yard moved to a newly constructed building on Broadway, from 1967 to 2016, the third building of the first New Scotland Yard was partly used as the base for the Mets Territorial Support Group
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Shaw, Richard Norman". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
