1.
United States Secretary of Education
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The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the U. S. Department of Education. The Secretary advises the President on federal policies, programs, as a member of the Presidents Cabinet, this Secretary is fifteenth in the line of succession to the presidency. The United States Secretary of Education is a member of the Presidents Cabinet and is the fifteenth in the United States presidential line of succession and this Secretary deals with federal influence over education policy, and heads the U. S. Department of Education. Parties Democratic Republican Status As of April 2017, there are eight living former Secretaries of Education, the most recent Secretary of Education to die was Shirley Hufstedler on March 30,2016. – Includes the Secretary of Education
2.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
3.
Lamar Alexander
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Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr. is an American politician, and the senior United States Senator from Tennessee, having served since 2003. A member of the Republican Party, Alexander previously served as the chair of the Republican Party in the US Senate from 2007 to 2012. Born in Maryville, Tennessee, Alexander is a graduate of Vanderbilt University and he worked as a legislative assistant to Senator Howard Baker and as an assistant in the Nixon Administration in the late 1960s. He won the Republican nomination for the 1974 Tennessee gubernatorial election but was defeated by Congressman Ray Blanton in the general election, in 1978, Alexander defeated Knoxville Democrat Jake Butcher for the governorship, serving as the 45th Governor of Tennessee from 1979 to 1987. In 1991, he was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to serve as Secretary of Education, Alexander ran unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000. He defeated Democratic Congressman Bob Clement to replace outgoing Senator Fred Thompson in 2002 and was re-elected in 2008 and 2014. Alexander was born in Maryville, Tennessee, where he was raised, the son of Genevra Floreine, a preschool teacher and his family is of Scotch-Irish descent. He attended Maryville High School, where he was class president and he is also an Eagle Scout, and would eventually be presented with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award. In 1962, Alexander graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a B. A. from Vanderbilt University in Latin American History where he was a member of Sigma Chi Fraternity. He was also the editor of The Vanderbilt Hustler, the student newspaper on campus. At Vanderbilt, he was also a member of the track, in 1965, he obtained his J. D. from the New York University School of Law. After graduating from law school, Alexander clerked for United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit judge John Minor Wisdom in New Orleans from 1965 to 1966. In 1969, Alexander married Leslee Honey Buhler, who grew up in Victoria, Texas and they had met during a softball game for Senate staff members, he was then a staffer for Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee while she worked for Senator John Tower of Texas. Together they have four children, Drew, Leslee, Kathryn, Alexander is a classical and country pianist. He began taking lessons at age 3, and won competitions as a child. In April 2007, he played piano on singer Patti Pages re-recording of her 1950 hit Tennessee Waltz and he appeared on the record at the invitation of record executive Mike Curb. Alexander and Page then performed the live at an April 4 fundraiser for his Senatorial re-election campaign in Nashvilles Schermerhorn Symphony Center. He is a member of Sons of the Revolution, in 1967, Alexander worked as a legislative assistant for Senator Howard Baker
4.
Rod Paige
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Roderick Raynor Rod Paige served as the 7th United States Secretary of Education from 2001 to 2005. Paige, who grew up in Mississippi, moved from teacher to college dean. On November 15,2004, Paige announced his resignation after overseeing the Presidents education agenda for four years, White House domestic policy adviser Margaret Spellings was nominated as his successor. The U. S. Senate confirmed her on January 20,2005 after Bushs inauguration for a second term, Paige has been serving as interim president of his alma mater, Jackson State University, since November 1,2016. Born in Monticello, Mississippi, Paige is the son of public school educators and he earned a bachelors degree from Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi and a Masters degree and a Doctor of Physical Education degree from Indiana University Bloomington. He also holds a doctoral degree from the University of Houston. Paige served in the United States Navy from 1955 to 1957, Paige then taught health and physical education and coached at Hinds Agricultural High School and Hinds Community College in Mississippi from 1957 to 1963. From 1964 to 1968, Paige served as football coach at Jackson State University. Most notably, he recruited and coached Lem Barney who went on to a career with the Detroit Lions and is in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. From 1971 to 1975, Paige served as football coach at Texas Southern University. Paige first moved to Houston in the 1970s and settled in the Brentwood subdivision and he started a move to excise a dump from the edge of the community. The Texas Supreme Court eventually sided with the residents, Paige was a teacher at Texas Southern University from 1980 to 1984 and became the Dean of the College of Education in 1984, where he served until 1994. Paige also established the universitys Center for Excellence in Urban Education, a Declaration of Beliefs and Visions was the catalyst that launched the ongoing, comprehensive restructuring of HISD. As an HISD trustee, Paige launched a municipal-style, accredited police department at HISD with police officers certified by the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officers Standards, Paige became the superintendent of schools of HISD in 1994. He started a system of schools that have broad authority in decisions regarding staffing, textbooks. He saw to it that HISD paid teachers salaries competitive with those offered by other large Texas school districts and he also introduced teacher incentive pay, which rewards teachers for raising test scores. Under Paige HISD contracted with three schools that were certified by the Texas Education Agency to teach HISD students so their parents didn’t have to bus them to schools across the city. Many touted the Houston Miracle accomplished under Paige where student test scores rose under his leadership, however, some schools underreported the number of drop-outs during his watch
5.
Governor of South Carolina
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The Governor of the State of South Carolina is the head of state for the State of South Carolina. Under the South Carolina Constitution, the governor is also the head of government, the governor is the ex officio commander-in-chief of the National Guard when not called into federal use. The governors responsibilities include making yearly State of the State addresses to the South Carolina General Assembly, submitting an executive budget, there are three legal requirements set forth in Section 2 of Article IV of the South Carolina Constitution. Be at least 30 years of age, citizen of the United States and a resident of South Carolina for 5 years preceding the day of election. Watkins, which reaffirmed that religious tests for public offices violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and this requirement, however, has still not been removed from the Constitution of South Carolina. Section 3 of Article IV states that no person shall be elected governor for more than two successive terms, for clarification, a person can hold an unlimited amount of terms as governor as long as such person does not serve more than two consecutive terms. Since Henry McMaster assumed the office of governor after Nikki Haley resigned, he is eligible to serve the remainder of Haleys term, according to the South Carolina Constitution, the Governor, Exercises supreme executive authority. Appoints directors to 14 cabinet agencies, but most appointments are shared with the General Assembly, serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the South Carolina National Guard. Serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the South Carolina State Guard, which is an auxiliary of the National Guard organized for in-state homeland defense, grants reprieves and commutes death sentences to life imprisonment. Calls the General Assembly to a session in extraordinary circumstances. Adjourns the General Assembly as he shall think proper, Exercises veto and a Line-item veto power on budget bills. Declares a state of emergency and oversees relief in the event of a disaster, declares public schools and government offices closed during civil or weather emergencies. Serves as the ex officio chair of the board of trustees of all state universities, submits a budget proposal to the General Assembly every January. Delivers a state of the address, from time to time, to the General Assembly. Appoints United States Senators in cases of vacancy to serve until the next election, appoints county Sheriffs in cases of vacancy to serve until the next election. During impeachment or when the governor is temporarily disabled or absent from office, if the governor elect is unable to fulfill the duties of the office of the governor, the lieutenant governor will become governor when the incumbent governors term expires. Should the Lieutenant Governorship become vacant, the President Pro Tempore will immediately become Lieutenant Governor, should the Governor be unable to fulfill his duties, the Lieutenant Governor must become Governor. If he refuses, he must resign as Lieutenant Governor, likewise, this applies to the President Pro Tempore and the Speaker of the House
6.
James B. Edwards
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James Burrows Edwards was a politician and administrator from South Carolina. He was the first Republican to be elected the Governor of South Carolina since the post-Civil War Reconstruction Era in the 1800s and he later served as the U. S. Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan. Edwards was born in Hawthorne, Florida, and was an officer in the U. S. Maritime Service during World War II and he continued his service in the U. S. Naval Reserve after the war. Edwards received a degree in 1950 at the College of Charleston where he was a brother of Pi Kappa Phi fraternity. He received a D. M. D. in 1955 from the University of Louisville, returning to Charleston, Edwards established a dentistry practice in 1960 that specialized in oral surgery. He subsequently held a variety of associated with dentistry in the community. In 1970, Edwards became chairman of the Republican Party of South Carolinas 1st congressional district, in that capacity as a supporter of the Republican gubernatorial nominee, U. S. Representative Albert Watson of South Carolinas 2nd congressional district, Edwards claimed that Watsons Democratic opponent, west, worked covertly in 1969 against the nomination of South Carolinas Clement Haynsworth to the United States Supreme Court. The Nixon nominee failed in the U. S. Senate,55 to 45, on grounds of alleged bias against organized labor, Edwards narrowly lost to one of Rivers staffers, Mendel Jackson Davis. Edwards gained enough name recognition from his strong showing in the election that he was elected to the South Carolina Senate as a Republican from white-majority Charleston County. Two years later, he entered the race as a long-shot candidate. Dorn had become the Democratic nominee after the winner of the election was disqualified on residency grounds. Edwards was elected as the first Republican governor of the state since Daniel Henry Chamberlain in 1876. S, workman served as Edwards alternate to the Appalachian Regional Commission. He became involved with planning and economic development issues, which were key to his political activities. At that time South Carolina Governors were not allowed to serve two terms in succession, so Edwards was unable to seek re-election in 1978, in 1981, U. S. President Ronald W. Reagan appointed Edwards to be the Secretary of Energy. He resigned two years later to serve as the President of the Medical University of South Carolina, a post that he held for seventeen years, in 1997, Edwards was inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame. In 2008, Edwards endorsed former Governor Mitt Romney of Massachusetts for his partys presidential nomination, as governor and thereafter, Edwards developed a close friendship with his Democratic predecessor, John C. West, whom he had accused of undermining the Haynsworth nomination
7.
Carroll A. Campbell Jr.
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Carroll Ashmore Campbell Jr. was a U. S. Republican Party politician who served as 112th Governor of South Carolina from 1987 to 1995 and he was born in Greenville, South Carolina, the oldest of six children. His father, Carroll Campbell, Sr. worked in the mills and the furniture business. Campbell grew up in Greenville and the small towns of Liberty. He attended the University of South Carolina at Columbia but withdrew because of financial concerns, while a student at South Carolina, he became a member of the Sigma chapter of the Pi Kappa Phi fraternity. Campbell served in the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1970 to 1974 during the administration of Governor John C, West, who defeated Republican nominee Albert Watson, the choice of U. S. Senator Strom Thurmond, in the 1970 general election, with Lee Atwater as a key political strategist, he made an unsuccessful bid for lieutenant governor in 1974 on the ticket headed by Republican James B. Edwards of Charleston. While Edwards was elected, Campbell lost to the Democrat Brantley Harvey, from 1976 to 1978, during the Edwards administration, he served in the South Carolina Senate. In between his two stints in the General Assembly, he served as assistant to Governor Edwards. Campbell hence became the first Republican to hold the 4th district seat since Reconstruction, Campbell served as state campaign chairman for Ronald Reagans presidential campaign in 1980 and 1984, and as southern regional chairman for George Herbert Walker Bushs presidential campaign in 1988. As governor, Campbell coordinated the response to Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Campbell was also known for his role in luring BMW to build its first U. S. manufacturing facility in Greer, South Carolina. In recognition of his role, in 2002 it was announced that BMW had donated $10 million for a facility at the site of Clemson University’s International Center for Automotive Research. Like nearly all such large donations, it came with naming rights, when Campbell was governor, the state was confronted with two major controversies shaking taxpayers confidence in the trustworthiness of public officials. Allegations of financial mismanagement at the University of South Carolina led to university president James B, during 1993–1994, Campbell was the chairman of the National Governors Association. Term limits prevented him from seeking a term in 1994. He left office with a job approval rating of 72 percent. From 1995 to 2001, Campbell was a Washington, D. C. lobbyist, serving as president, Campbell briefly considered running for U. S. President in 1996, but concluded that the fundraising hurdles were too high. S
8.
South Carolina Senate
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The South Carolina Senate is the upper house of the South Carolina General Assembly, the lower house being the South Carolina House of Representatives. It consists of 46 senators elected from single member districts for four-year terms at the time as United States Presidential elections. The South Carolina Constitution of 1895 provided for each county to elect one senator for a four-year term, the election of senators was staggered so that half of the state Senate was elected every two years. After the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in 1964 for the case Reynolds v. Sims, in 1967, the state Senate was again reapportioned, this time into 20 districts with 46 members for four-year terms. The number of districts was reduced to 16 in 1972 and in 1984, the annual session of the General Assembly convenes at the State Capitol Building in Columbia on the second Tuesday of January of each year. However, after convening, either the House or the Senate may call for itself a 30-day recess by a majority vote, except as noted, all Senators were elected in November 2016. All terms expire in November 2020, the election of a Democrat from Abbeville was declared void and the seat remained vacant. All 7 were members of the Conservative Party of South Carolina, after the 2000 elections, the Senate was evenly split between 23 Democrats and 23 Republicans. A Democrat, J. Verne Smith of Greer, switched to the Republicans to break the tie, Republicans gained an additional seat in a 2007 special election. Dubin, Michael J. Party affiliations in the state legislatures, South Carolina State House Online South Carolina Legislative Information Tracking System allows users to track legislative information via custom reports, tracking lists or subscription services. Services are provided via web search or Palm Pilot, the South Carolina Senate Democratic Caucus The South Carolina Senate Republican Caucus Project Vote Smart – State Senate of South Carolina
9.
Greenville, South Carolina
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Greenville is the county seat of Greenville County in the upstate region of South Carolina, in the United States. The citys mayor is Knox White, who has served in that position since December 1995, with an estimated population of 64,579 as of 2015, it is the sixth-largest city in the state. The population of the area was 400,492 as of 2010. Greenville is the largest city in the Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area, the MSA had a population of 874,869 in 2015, making it the largest in South Carolina and the third largest in the Carolinas. Greenville is the largest city in the Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Combined Statistical Area, according to United States Census Bureau, the CSA had a population of 1,426,625 as of 2015, making it the largest CSA in the state. The CSA, a 10-county region of northwestern South Carolina, is known as The Upstate, Greenville is located approximately halfway between Atlanta and Charlotte, North Carolina, along Interstate 85, and its metropolitan area also includes Interstates 185 and 385. The land of present-day Greenville was once the ground of the Cherokee which was forbidden to colonists. A wealthy settler from Virginia named Richard Pearis arrived in South Carolina around 1754 trading with Cherokee, Pearis had a child with a Cherokee woman and received about 100,000 acres from the Cherokee around 1770. Pearis established a plantation on the Reedy River called the Great Plains in present-day downtown Greenville, the American Revolution divided the South Carolina country between the Loyalists and Patriots. Pearis supported the Loyalists and together with their allies the Cherokee attacked the Patriots, the Patriots retaliated by burning down Pearis plantation and jailing him in Charleston. Pearis never returned to his plantation but Paris Mountain is named after him, the Treaty of Dewitts Corner in 1777 ceded almost all Cherokee land, including present-day Greenville, to South Carolina. Greenville County was created in 1786 and was named for its physical appearance, however, other sources say Greenville is named after General Nathanael Greene in honor of his service in the American Revolutionary War. Lemuel J. Alston came to Greenville County in 1788 and bought 400 acres, in 1797 Alston used his land holdings to establish a village called Pleasantburg where he also built a stately mansion. Vardry McBee purchased Alstons land in 1816 who then leased the Alston mansion for a summer resort, McBee decided to make the mansion his home in 1835 until his death in 1864. Considered to be the father of Greenville, McBee donated land for many such as churches, academies. Furman University was funded by McBee who helped bring the university to Pleasantburg from Winnsboro, in 1853 McBee and other Greenville County leaders funded a new railroad called the Greenville and Columbia Railroad. Pleasantburg boomed to around 1,000 in the 1850s due to the growth of McBees donations, in 1831 Pleasantburg was incorporated as Greenville. In December 1860 Greenville supported a convention to debate the issue of secession for South Carolina, the Greenville District sent James Furman, William K. Easley, Perry E. Duncan, William H. Campbell, and James P. Harrison as delegates for the convention
10.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
11.
Furman University
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Furman University is a private, coeducational liberal arts college located in Greenville, South Carolina. Furman is the oldest and most selective institution of higher learning in South Carolina. Founded in 1826, Furman enrolls approximately 2,700 undergraduate students and 200 graduate students, representing 46 states and 53 foreign countries, the school was named for Richard Furman of Charleston, a clergyman considered one of the most important Protestant leaders in the antebellum United States. Furman Academy and Theological Institution was established by the South Carolina Baptist Convention, with 10 students meeting at Edgefield, it held its first classes January 15,1828, but moved to the High Hills of the Santee in 1829 because of financial difficulties. It was not until 1851 that South Carolina Baptists were able to raise the funds for the removal of the school to Greenville. The Furman Institution Faculty Residence serves as a reminder of the early history of Furman University. The first school building from the downtown Greenville campus was transported to the current campus, in 1933, students from the Greenville Womens College began attending classes with Furman students. Shortly thereafter, the two merged to form the present institution. In 1924, Furman was named one of four beneficiaries of the Duke Endowment. Through 2007, Furman has received $110 million from The Endowment, three other colleges — Duke, Davidson and Johnson C. Smith — also receive annual support and special grants from The Endowment. As of the late 1950s, separate but equal laws had continued to allow Furman to not admit African Americans as students, soon after Brown v. Board of Education integrated public schools, some Furman students began to press for change. In 1955, some students wrote short stories and poems in The Echo, in 1956, Furman began construction on its new campus, five miles north of downtown Greenville. Classes on the new campus began in 1958, by 1963, enough faculty were siding with the students over racial segregation that Furmans board of trustees voted for an open admission policy. Joe Vaughn, a graduate of Sterling High School, became Furmans first black undergraduate in February 1965, after the 1991-92 academic year, Furman ended its affiliation with the Southern Baptist Convention and became a private, secular university, while keeping Christo et Doctrinae as the schools motto. Between 1996 and 2003,308 Furman graduates received Ph. D. degrees, David Shi, a historian, author and champion of sustainability, served as the university’s president from 1994 to 2010. Rod Smolla resigned for personal reasons after holding the top post for three years. Carl F. Kohrt held the position on an interim basis, Davis came to Furman from Baylor University in Texas, where she was Executive Vice President and Provost. Furman offers majors and programs in 42 subjects, undergraduates come from 46 states and 53 countries
12.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
13.
University of South Carolina
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The University of South Carolina is a public, co-educational research university located in Columbia, South Carolina, United States, with seven satellite campuses. Its campus covers over 359 acres in downtown Columbia not far from the South Carolina State House, the University is categorized by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching as having highest research activity. It also houses the largest collection of Robert Burns and Scottish literature materials outside Scotland, the University of South Carolina has an enrollment of approximately 49,220 students, with 33,575 on the main Columbia campus as of fall 2015. USC also has several thousand students in feeder programs at surrounding technical colleges. Professional schools on the Columbia campus include business, engineering, law, medicine, pharmacy, on January 10,1805, having an initial enrollment of nine students, the college commenced classes with a traditional classical curriculum. The first president was the Baptist minister and theologian Reverend Jonathan Maxcy and he was an alumnus of Brown University, with an honorary degree from Harvard University. Before coming to the college, Maxcy had served as the president of Brown. Maxcys tenure lasted from 1804 through 1820, when South Carolina College opened its doors in 1801, the building now known as Rutledge College was the only building on campus. Located one block southeast of the State Capitol, it served as an office, academic building, residence hall. However, the plan for the original campus called for a total of eleven buildings. In 1807, the original Presidents House was the building to be erected. The building now known as DeSaussure College followed shortly thereafter, when completed, all eleven buildings formed a U-shape open to Sumter Street. This modified quadrangle became known as the Horseshoe, as with other southern universities in the antebellum period, the most important organizations for students were the two literary societies, the Clariosophic Society and the Euphradian Society. These two societies, which arose from a split in a literary society known as the Philomathic. The College became a symbol of the South in the period as its graduates were on the forefront of secession from the Union. Despite the depletion of students, the professors issued a notice that the college would temporarily close and would reopen to those under eighteen. When the college reopened on March 17, only nine students showed up for classes, on June 25 with the consent of the state government, the Confederate authorities took possession of the college buildings and converted them into a hospital. After many unsuccessful attempts to reopen the college, the trustees passed a resolution on December 2,1863 that officially closed the college
14.
Bachelor of Laws
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The Bachelor of Laws is an undergraduate degree in law originating in England and offered in most common law jurisdictions. The LL. of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum, creating an abbreviation for a plural, especially from Latin, is often done by doubling the first letter, thus LL. B. Stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin, today in Canada the predominant first degree in common law is the Juris Doctor degree having replaced the LL. B. Bachelor of Laws is also the name of the first degree in Scots law and South African law awarded by a number of universities in Scotland and South Africa, the first academic degrees were all law degrees in medieval universities, and the first law degrees were doctorates. The foundations of the first universities were the glossators of the 11th century, the first university, that of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 12th century who were students of the glossator school in that city. The University of Bologna served as the model for law schools of the medieval age. The bachelors degree originated at the University of Paris, whose system was implemented at Oxford, the arts designation of the degree traditionally signifies that the student has undertaken a certain amount of study of the classics. On continental Europe the bachelors degree was phased out in the 18th or early 19th century but it continued at Oxford, the teaching of law at Oxford University was for philosophical or scholarly purposes and not meant to prepare one to practise law. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, as well as court proceedings observation. By the seventeenth century, the Inns obtained a status as a kind of university akin to the University of Oxford, with the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the lawyer role grew tremendously, and the demand for lawyers grew. The apprenticeship programme for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programmes for the trades. The training of solicitors by apprenticeship was formally established by an act of parliament in 1729, therefore, formal schools of law were called for, but not finally established until later in the century, and even then the bar did not consider a university degree in admission decisions. When law degrees were required by the English bar and bar associations in other common law countries, historically, law students studied both canon law and civil law. Today, this is less common. In most common law countries, the Bachelor of Laws programme is generally entered directly after completion of secondary school, Masters courses are also offered to university graduates, those who graduate from such courses are entitled to use the initials LL. M. Additionally, of the thirty-six Law Schools thirteen of those universities have started offering the Juris Doctor as a Graduate entry degree. Bangladesh is a common law country, like other Common Law countries, Bachelor of Laws degree is a condition precedent to practise as an Advocate in the Courts of Law of Bangladesh. Both LL. B. and LL. B. degrees are offered in different Public, only seven Public Universities offer LL. B. degree
15.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress
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President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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South Carolina
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South Carolina /ˌsaʊθ kærəˈlaɪnə/ is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. The state is bordered to the north by North Carolina, to the south and west by Georgia across the Savannah River, South Carolina became the eighth state to ratify the U. S. Constitution, doing so on May 23,1788. South Carolina became the first state to vote to secede from the Union on December 20,1860, after the American Civil War, it was readmitted into the United States on June 25,1868. South Carolina is the 40th most extensive and the 23rd most populous U. S. state and its GDP as of 2013 was $183.6 billion, with an annual growth rate of 3. 13%. The capital and largest city is Columbia with a 2013 population of 133,358, South Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England, under whose reign the English colony was first formed, with Carolus being Latin for Charles. There is evidence of activity in the area about 12000 years ago. Along the Savannah River were the Apalachee, Yuchi, and the Yamasee, further west were the Cherokee, and along the Catawba River, the Catawba. These tribes were village-dwellers, relying on agriculture as their food source. The Cherokee lived in wattle and daub houses made with wood and clay, about a dozen separate small tribes summered on the coast harvesting oysters and fish, and cultivating corn, peas and beans. Travelling inland as much as 50 miles mostly by canoe, they wintered on the plain, hunting deer and gathering nuts. The names of these survive in place names like Edisto Island, Kiawah Island. The Spanish were the first Europeans in the area, in 1521, founding San Miguel de Gualdape, established with 500 settlers, it was abandoned within a year by 150 survivors. In 1562 French settlers established a settlement at what is now the Charlesfort-Santa Elena archaeological site on Parris Island, three years later the Spanish built a fort on the same site, but withdrew following hostilities with the English navy. In 1629, King Charles I of England established the Province of Carolina an area covering what is now South and North Carolina, Georgia, in the 1670s, English planters from the Barbados established themselves near what is now Charleston. Settlers built rice plantations in the South Carolina Lowcountry, east of the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, settlers came from all over Europe. Plantation labor was done by African slaves who formed the majority of the population by 1720, another cash crop was the Indigo plant, a plant source of blue dye, developed by Eliza Lucas. Meanwhile, in Upstate South Carolina, west of the Fall Line, was settled by farmers and traders. Colonists overthrew the rule, seeing more direct representation
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South Carolina House of Representatives
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The South Carolina House of Representatives is the lower house of the South Carolina General Assembly, the upper house being the South Carolina Senate. It consists of 124 Representatives elected to two terms at the same time as US Congressional elections. Unlike many legislatures, seating on the floor is not divided by party and this is a legacy of the original apportionment of the chamber. Until 1964, each county was a district, with the number of representatives determined by the countys population. 21 were members of the Union Reform Party of South Carolina, two of the Union Reform members from Chesterfield were later replaced by Republicans from a resolution passed in the House. All 33 were members of the Conservative Party of South Carolina, the origins of the southern strategy, two-party competition in South Carolina, 1950–1972. Reynolds, John S. Reconstruction in South Carolina, the Post and Courier The State South Carolina House of Representatives 2007 seating chart Project Vote Smart – State House of South Carolina links to each Representative
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South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1978
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The 1978 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 7,1978 to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. Richard Riley, the Democratic nominee, defeated Republican Edward Lunn Young, the South Carolina Democratic Party held their primary for governor on June 13, featuring three high tier candidates. Richard Riley, a member of the General Assembly, emerged as the winner of the runoff election over Lieutenant Governor W. Brantley Harvey. The South Carolina Republican Party held their primary for governor on June 13, the race between Edward Lunn Young and Raymon Finch drew little interest compared to the Democratic primary and turnout for the Republican was less than that of 1974. Young defeated Finch in a close contest and earned the right to face Riley in the general election, the general election was held on November 7,1978 and Richard Riley was elected as the next governor of South Carolina. Turnout was higher than the gubernatorial election because of the increasingly competitive nature of the race between the two parties. Governor of South Carolina List of Governors of South Carolina South Carolina gubernatorial elections SCIway Biography of Governor Richard Wilson Riley
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South Carolina gubernatorial election, 1982
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The 1982 South Carolina gubernatorial election was held on November 2,1982 to select the governor of the state of South Carolina. The state constitution was amended by the voters on November 4,1980 to allow for the governor to serve a second consecutive four-year term, Governor Richard Riley faced no opposition from South Carolina Democrats and avoided a primary election. The South Carolina Republican Party held their primary for governor in the summer of 1982, W. D. Workman, Jr. decisively defeated Roddy T. Martin and earned the right to face Riley in the general election. The general election was held on November 2,1982 and Richard Riley was elected as the governor of South Carolina. Turnout decreased from the gubernatorial election because of the uncompetitive nature of the race. Riley won every County in the state, Governor of South Carolina List of Governors of South Carolina South Carolina gubernatorial elections SCIway Biography of Governor Richard Wilson Riley
22.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
23.
W. D. Workman Jr.
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William Douglas Workman Jr. known as W. D. Workman Jr. was a journalist, author, and a pioneer in the development of the 20th century South Carolina Republican Party and he carried his partys banner as a candidate for the United States Senate in 1962 and for the governorship in 1982. He lost to the Democrats, Olin D. Johnston and Richard Riley, Workman was born in Greenwood in Greenwood County in western South Carolina to W. D. Workman Sr. a veteran of the United States Army during World War I, known as Major Workman and thereafter an educator, lawyer, the senior Workman served on the staff of Democratic Governor Robert Archer Cooper. Workmans mother, the former Vivian Virginia Watkins, was the daughter of J. Newt Watkins, Workman had a sister, Vivian Virginia Workman. Though sources say that Workman Jr. was born in Greenwood, fifty-four miles south of Greenville, it appears that Workman Sr. though born in Charleston lived after 1914 in Greenville. Therefore, it may be that Workman Jr. was also born in Greenville, rather than Greenwood, in 1931, Workman graduated from Greenville High School in Greenville. Like his father and his son as well, the junior Workman graduated in 1935 from The Citadel in Charleston and he majored in English and History. He became not a lawyer, though he did briefly study at George Washington Law School in Washington, D. C. but a newspaper journalist, in 1940, the U. S. Army called Workman to active duty. He became an officer, with domestic and then foreign duty in Great Britain, the North Africa. After his demobilization in 1945, Workman remained in the United States Army Reserves, after his World War II service, Workman returned to South Carolina to work for the Charleston News and Courier at $50 per week. He later moved to The State in the city of Columbia. Workman wrote columns and articles for Newsweek magazine, the Hall syndicate and he appeared regularly on radio and WIS, the NBC television outlet in Columbia, to deliver political commentary. He engaged in speaking, charging $25 plus expenses for his appearances during the 1950s. Workman entered politics as a Republican challenger to Senator Olin Johnston in the election held on November 6,1962. He announced his campaign in December 1961, the year the South Carolina GOP elected its first member to the state House of Representatives, the Workman campaign was managed by business entrepreneur Drake Edens, sometimes considered the father of the modern Republican Party in South Carolina. The election occurred eleven months later, not long after the Cuban missile crisis bolstered Democratic prospects nationwide, Workman said that he, unlike Johnston, represented the conservative traditions of the state. Workmans campaign was the first significant Republican effort in South Carolina since Reconstruction, two years later in 1964, U. S
24.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
25.
South Carolina's 4th congressional district
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The 4th Congressional District of South Carolina is a congressional district in upstate South Carolina bordering North Carolina. It includes all of Spartanburg county and parts of Greenville and Laurens counties, the district is characterized by the two major cities of Greenville and Spartanburg. The district is the states wealthiest district and one of its most conservative, in the late 20th century, it has been in Republican hands since 1979, aside from a six-year stint by Democrat Liz J. Patterson, the daughter of former Senator Olin Johnston. Even before the Republicans finally took control of the seat, the 4th had been a conservative district. Like in most of the state, the old-line Southern Democrats began splitting their tickets as early as the 1940s. However, this areas white conservatives became increasingly willing to support Republicans at the state and local level as early as the 1970s, the district is a major destination for Presidential candidates in election years, as South Carolina is one of the first states to hold a Presidential primary. Republican Trey Gowdy has represented the district since 2011, South Carolinas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
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Air Force One
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Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign for a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States. In common parlance the term describes those Air Force aircraft designed, built, the presidential aircraft is a prominent symbol of the American presidency and its power. A C-87 Liberator Express was reconfigured for use as a presidential transport, a number of aircraft types have been used as Air Force One since the creation of the presidential fleet, starting with two Lockheed Constellations in the late 1950s, Columbine II and Columbine III. The Air Force plans to procure the Boeing 747-8 for the version of Air Force One. On 11 October 1910, Theodore Roosevelt became the first U. S. president to fly in an aircraft, however, he was no longer in office at the time, having been succeeded by William Howard Taft. The record-making occasion was a brief overflight of the crowd at a county fair but was nonetheless the beginning of air travel. Prior to World War II, overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare, the lack of wireless telecommunication and available modes of transportation made long-distance travel impractical, as it took much time and isolated the president from events in Washington, D. C. Railroads were a safer and more reliable if the president needed to travel to distant states. By the late 1930s, with the arrival of such as the Douglas DC-3. All-metal aircraft, more engines, and new radio aids to navigation had made commercial airline travel safer. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office, the Dolphin was modified with luxury upholstery for four passengers and a small separate sleeping compartment. The aircraft remained in service as a transport from 1933 until 1939. There are no reports, however, on whether the president actually flew in the aircraft. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am-crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco, the threat from the German submarines throughout the Battle of the Atlantic made air travel the preferred method of VIP transatlantic transportation. Concerned about relying upon commercial airlines to transport the president, USAAF leaders ordered the conversion of an aircraft to accommodate the special needs of the Commander-in-Chief. The first dedicated aircraft proposed for use was a C-87A VIP transport aircraft. This aircraft, number 41-24159, was re-modified in 1943 for use as a presidential VIP transport, had it been accepted, it would have been the first aircraft to be used in presidential service, in effect the first Air Force One. However, after a review of the C-87s highly controversial safety record in service, the Guess Where II was used to transport senior members of the Roosevelt administration on various trips
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Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
28.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
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Ruth Bader Ginsburg is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10,1993 and she is the second female justice and one of four female justices appointed on the Supreme Court. She is generally viewed as belonging to the wing of the Court. Ginsburg was one of the few women in her law school class, following law school, Ginsburg turned to academia. She was a professor at Rutgers School of Law–Newark and Columbia Law School, Ginsburg spent a considerable portion of her legal career as an advocate for the advancement of gender equality and womens rights, winning multiple victories arguing before the Supreme Court. She advocated as a lawyer for the American Civil Liberties Union and was a member of its board of directors. In 1980, President Jimmy Carter appointed her to the U. S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Born in Brooklyn, New York City, Joan Ruth Bader is the daughter of Nathan and Celia Bader, Russian Jewish immigrants. The Baders older daughter, Marylin, died of meningitis at age 6 when Ruth was 14 months old, the family called Joan Ruth Kiki, a nickname Marylin had given her for being a kicky baby. When Kiki started school, Celia discovered that her daughters class had several other girls named Joan, although not devout, the Bader family belonged to East Midwood Jewish Center, a Conservative temple, where Ruth learned tenets of the Jewish faith and gained familiarity with the Hebrew language. At age thirteen, Ruth acted as the rabbi at a Jewish summer program at Camp Che-Na-Wah in Minerva. Her mother took a role in her education, taking her to the library often. Celia had been a student in her youth, graduating from high school at age 15. Celia wanted to see her daughter get more of an education, Ruth attended James Madison High School, whose law program later dedicated a courtroom in her honor. Celia struggled with cancer throughout Ruths high school years, and died the day before Ruths high school graduation, Bader attended Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, where she was a member of Alpha Epsilon Phi. While at Cornell she met Martin D. Ginsburg at age 17 and she graduated from Cornell with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government on June 23,1954. She was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and the female student in her graduating class. At age 21, she worked for the Social Security Administration office in Oklahoma and she gave birth to a daughter in 1955
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Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough
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Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP is a U. S. law firm and lobby group based in Columbia, South Carolina. In 2015, the American Lawyer ranked the firm as the 111th largest law firm in the based on 2014 gross revenue. It is the largest law firm in South Carolina, according to a S. C and his son, William Shannon Nelson ran the firm after his father, as did Williams son Patrick Henry Nelson III. In 2013, Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP received a Beacon of Justice Award for providing pro bono representation to those unable to afford representation. In 2005, the received the John Minor Wisdom Public Service and Professionalism Award from the Litigation Section of the American Bar Association. Spann, Jr. Award from the State Bar of Georgia, in 1992, Nelson Mullins won the ABA’s Pro Bono Publico Award, given annually to law firms for extraordinary contributions in providing legal services to the poor and disadvantaged. Nelson Mullins became a member of the Pro Bono Challenge in 1993. Nelson Mullins Homepage EducationCounsel Nelson Mullins Encompass
30.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
31.
Walden University
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Walden is a part of a global network of 80 universities across 29 countries owned or managed by Laureate Education Inc. The network includes a mix of both for-profit and public universities, with most of those operations located outside of the United States. The network also includes partnerships with established institutions such as The University of Liverpool, University of Roehampton, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, in 2015, Laureate Education converted to a public benefit corporation. In an effort to measure public benefit performance against an objective third-party standard, Laureate chose to be assessed by B Lab, an independent non-profit organization. Walden was established in 1970 by two New York teachers, Bernie and Rita Turner, who created a program for working adults / teachers to pursue doctoral degrees, in the summer of 1971, the first classes took place in Naples, Florida, focusing primarily on school administrators. In 1972, Walden conferred its first degrees,46 PhDs and 24 Ed. D. s at its first commencement in Naples, Florida. In 1979, the Minnesota Higher Education Coordinating Board licensed Walden to grant Ph. D. s and Ed. D. s in the state, in 1990, the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools accredited the University. In 1995, the school expanded its offering with the nations first fully online program in education, offering a Masters in Educational Change. Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc. purchased 41 percent of Walden University in 2001, in 2004, Sylvan Learning Systems became Laureate Education, Inc. Former President Bill Clinton, founder of the William J. Clinton Foundation and 42nd President of the United States, was until 2015, President Clinton was the keynote speaker at Walden University’s commencement on July 30,2011. Jonathan Kaplan is the current President and CEO of Walden University, previously, Kaplan served three years as economic policy adviser to then-President Bill Clinton. Kaplan received his Juris Doctor degree from Boston University School of Law and he later practiced law as an associate at Covington & Burling, a leading international law firm based in Washington, D. C. Laureate’s current Board Advisory Committee on Education also includes notable individuals as Condoleezza Rice. Walden spent $1,574 per student on instruction in 2009, compared to $2,230 per student on marketing, Walden University gets more than 75% of its funds from the U. S. government, including more than $750 million a year for graduate student loans. This is the largest amount for any college in the U. S. Walden University is under heightened cash monitoring from the US Department of Education, the U. S. Department of Education’s Cohort Default Rate demonstrates an institution’s borrower’s ability to manage their debt against default. A Master’s Degree in Education at Walden University costs $18,000, the same online degree at University of Minnesota costs $31,235. An online Bachelor of Science in Business Administration degree at Walden University costs $62,795, the same degree at the University of Minnesota costs $56,240. Walden University spends 41% more on marketing than it does on instruction, Walden University has been regionally accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, a regional accreditation agency, since 1990
32.
Winthrop University
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The school originally opened in Columbia to educate young women to teach in the public schools. Winthrop offers undergraduate and graduate degrees through five colleges and schools and has enrollment of about 6,000 students, the 100-acre main academic and residential campus is located 25 miles southwest of Charlotte, North Carolina and 71 miles north of Columbia, South Carolina in Rock Hill. Fielding athletic teams known as Winthrop Eagles, the university participates in the National Collegiate Athletic Association at the Division I level as a member of Big South Conference, the athletic program is known for its success in basketball and soccer. The majority of Winthrops students are from South Carolina, with out-of-state, the university offers a number of extracurricular activities to its students, including athletics, honor societies, clubs and student organizations, as well as fraternities and sororities. Alumni and former students have gone on to prominent careers in government, business, science, medicine, education, sports, Winthrop University was founded In 1886, when the Peabody Education Board, headed by Robert C. Winthrop, provided $1,500 to form the Winthrop Training School for women teachers and that year the school opened its doors to twenty-one students in Columbia, S. C. and nine years later in 1895 moved to Rock Hill, S. C. The schools name had changed in 1893 to Winthrop Normal and Industrial College of South Carolina, the college opened its admissions to minority students in 1964 and became fully coeducational in 1974. The universitys campus is in the city of Rock Hill, South Carolina, tillman Hall, Withers Building, and the Winthrop College Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Winthrop University campus also has its own zip code of 29733, Winthrops main campus has seen extensive development during the last decade. A $12 million Dalton Hall opened in 1999, the Courtyard at Winthrop, which features apartment style residences for students, opened in 2003. The Lois Rhame West Health, Physical Education and Wellness Center was opened in 2007 and serves as the new home of the Universitys physical education department, the DiGiorgio Center is connected to the West Center via an open-air plaza. In addition to hosting the universitys intercollegiate athletic facilities, the Research Complex also hosts the Piedmont Wetlands Research Project, a golf course and a world-class disc golf course. Winthrops campus has served as the location for movies, television and other video productions, including the 2008 film Asylum. Additionally, the Winthrop Coliseum has hosted numerous television tapings of various syndicated television programs, first lady Eleanor Roosevelt was the first high-profile visitor to Winthrop in 1943. Winthrop University is a point for presidential elections, it is common for presidential candidates to visit the campus during election season. Most recently, a forum for the Democratic party was held on campus in 2015, barack Obama spoke at Winthrop in 2008 as a presidential candidate. Ninety-one percent of freshman and forty-five percent of all students live on-campus. In all the university offers 42 undergraduate and 26 graduate degrees, Winthrop University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award baccalaureate, master’s and specialist degrees
33.
World Justice Project
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The World Justice Project is an independent, multidisciplinary organization working to advance the rule of law around the world. It was founded by William H. Neukom in 2006 as an initiative of the American Bar Association. The World Justice Project became an independent 501 non-profit organization in 2009 and its offices are located in Washington, D. C. and Seattle, Washington, USA. The World Justice Project defines the rule of law system as one in which the following four principles are upheld, The government and its officials. The laws are clear, publicized, stable and fair, and protect rights, including the security of persons. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered, and enforced is accessible, efficient, Justice is delivered by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals who are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve. The World Justice Project supports research that examines the contributions of the rule of law to aspects of economic, political and these factors are further disaggregated into forty-four indicators. Together, they provide a picture of rule of law compliance. The index is published annually. To date, over 97,000 people and 2,500 experts have been interviewed in 99 countries, the World Justice Projects most recent index offers a detailed and comprehensive picture of the extent to which 113 countries and jurisdictions around the world adhere to the rule of law. The list below shows the top 30 countries/territories and the rankings are available for download on the WJP website. In its analysis, countries are grouped with those that are geographically and economically similar. According to the analysis, Scandinavia is home to the most successful rule of law countries. While the United States scores well on limiting civil conflict, protecting the right to petition the government and freedom of speech, the WJP’s Engagement initiatives strive to make rule of law advancement as fundamental to the thinking and work of other professionals as it is to lawyers and judges. The World Justice Challenge is a competition designed to incubate practical. Since 2007, the WJP has held three World Justice Forums, the inaugural World Justice Forum was held in Vienna, Austria, on July 2–5,2008. The World Justice Forum II took place on November 11–14,2009, also in Vienna, the World Justice Forum III was held on June 20–23,2011, in Barcelona, Spain. The World Justice Forum IV took place on July 8–11,2013, in The Hague and it produced a detailed report on the rule of law situation in Tunisia based on data from its Rule of Law Index
34.
Rule of law
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The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, John Locke defined freedom under the rule of law as follows, “Freedom is constrained by laws in both the state of nature and political society. Freedom of nature is to be no other restraint but the law of nature. Freedom of people under government is to be under no restraint apart from standing rules to live by that are common to everyone in the society and made by the lawmaking power established in it. Persons have a right or liberty to follow their own will in all things that the law has not prohibited and not be subject to the inconstant, uncertain, unknown, and arbitrary wills of others. ”The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including lawmakers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy. In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men, Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws, according to the Roman statesman Cicero, We are all servants of the laws in order that we may be free. During the Roman Republic, controversial magistrates might be put on trial when their terms of office expired, under the Roman Empire, the sovereign was personally immune, but those with grievances could sue the treasury. In contrast, the Huang-Lao school of Daoism rejected legal positivism in favor of a law that even the ruler would be subject to. There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law, according to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented. The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the right of kings. In Islamic jurisprudence rule of law was formulated in the century, so that no official could claim to be above the law. However, this was not a reference to law. Alfred the Great, Anglo-Saxon King of the 9th century, reformed the law of his kingdom and created a law code with the biblical Mosaic law and he ruled that justice had to be equal between people, whether rich or poor, friends or enemies. This was likely inspired from Leviticus 19, You shall do no injustice in judgment and you shall not be partial to the poor, nor defer to the great
35.
Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates
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President Bill Clinton made two appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States, both during his first term. On March 19,1993, Associate Justice Byron White announced his retirement, President Clinton announced Ruth Bader Ginsburg as Whites replacement on June 15,1993, and she was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 3,1993. On April 6,1994, Associate Justice Harry Blackmun announced his retirement, President Clinton announced Stephen Breyer as Blackmuns replacement on May 13,1994, with the United States Senate confirming Breyer on July 29,1994. I will appoint judges to the Supreme Court who believe in the right to privacy, including the right to choose. In addition, Clinton said he felt it was unhealthy that the court was dominated by former judges, most of whom, he felt, Clinton also made clear he was interested in shifting the dynamics of the court. Look, the court is totally fragmented and its dominated by Republican appointees and its not enough for someone to vote the right way. Weve got to get someone who will move people, who persuade the others to join them. After Byron White announced his retirement on March 19,1993, the name that came up that interested Clinton the most was that of New York Gov. Mario Cuomo. Liberal lawyers wanted Harvard Law professor and constitutional scholar Laurence Tribe, Clinton played with the idea of nominating a brilliant political philosopher instead of a practicing attorney. Professors Stephen L. Carter of Yale and Michael Sandel of Harvard would have fit the bill, but Clinton then hit upon what he considered to be a sexy idea, however, there was a huge problem associated with such a selection. Sexy was good, but safe was better and we simply couldnt afford another failed nomination. Stephanopoulos quotes Clinton himself saying, We dont need another gang-that-couldnt-shoot-straight story, Clinton then turned to other politicians—first, U. S. Sen. George J. Mitchell of Maine, who declined on the spot, desiring to stay in the Senate and help to pass Clintons legislation. After Mitchell, Clinton approached his Secretary of Education, Richard Riley, I was a mediocre country lawyer, Riley told Clinton. Clinton next considered his Secretary of the Interior, Bruce Babbitt, Clinton chose not to proceed with Babbitts nomination. Clinton then turned to existing judges and he considered Eighth Circuit judge Richard S. Arnold, who was not a close friend of Clintons but who was from Clintons home state of Arkansas. The president very much wanted to nominate Arnold but feared the nomination might be viewed as cronyism and he then weighed Sixth Circuit judge Gilbert S. Merritt, who was a family friend of Vice President Al Gore. However, a problem surfaced relating to Merritts tenure as a U. S. attorney in the 1960s, and Clinton decided not to proceed with Merritt. Clinton then asked his staff about Janie Shores, who had been the first woman to serve on the Alabama Supreme Court but who was not well known in Washington, in addition, Shores constitutional views were completely unknown to Clinton or anyone else on his team
36.
C-SPAN
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C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request
37.
William Jennings Bryan Dorn
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William Jennings Bryan Dorn, known as W. J. Dorn was born near Greenwood, South Carolina on April 14,1916. He attended the public schools and became a farmer. He was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1938 and he served in the United States Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II. Dorn was first elected to Congress in the 1946 election, in the 1948 election, he unsuccessfully challenged incumbent Burnet R. Maybank for the United States Senate seat that was later held by Strom Thurmond. Dorn returned to the House in the 1950 election, and became known for his work on issues related to the military and the expansion of civil rights. In 1966, journalist Drew Pearson reported that Dorn was one of a group of Congressman who had received the Statesman of the Republic award from Liberty Lobby for his right-wing activities, in his final term he was chairman of the House Veterans Affairs Committee. He left Congress to run for Governor of South Carolina in 1974 and he lost the Democratic primary to Charles D. Ravenel, who the South Carolina Supreme Court later ruled ineligible on residency grounds required by the state constitution. A special state convention then chose Dorn as the Democratic candidate and he was defeated in the general election by Republican James B. Edwards, one of the few disappointments in what was generally a big year for Democrats, in 1978, Dorn again sought the Democratic nomination for Governor but was eliminated in a three way race won by Richard Riley. In 1980, he was elected chairman of the South Carolina Democratic Party, Dorn died in Greenwood on August 13,2005. He was buried at Bethel Methodist Church Cemetery in Callison, Greenwood County, Dorn, William Jennings Bryan, and Scott Derks. Dorn, Of the People, A Political Way of Life, bruccoli Clark Layman/Sandlapper Publishing,1988 William Jennings Bryan Dorn at Find a Grave United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
38.
Bruce Babbitt
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Bruce Edward Babbitt is an American politician from the state of Arizona. A member of the Democratic Party, Babbitt served as the 16th governor of Arizona from 1978 to 1987, Babbitt was born in Flagstaff, Arizona, the son of Frances B. and Paul James Babbitt, Sr. He graduated from the University of Notre Dame, attended Newcastle University in the United Kingdom on a Marshall Scholarship and he married Harriet Coons in 1968. She has worked as an attorney in Arizona and Washington, D. C, in the state election of November 1974, Babbitt overcame Republican incumbent Warner Lee to become Attorney General of Arizona. He succeeded Wesley Bolin as governor when Bolin died in office on March 4,1978, Arizona does not have a lieutenant governor, the Arizona Secretary of State, if holding office by election, stands first in line in case the governor vacates his or her post. However, Rose Mofford, then secretary of state, had appointed to her post. Babbitt, as general, was next in the line of succession. Babbitt was elected for a full term later in 1978. He did not run for a term in 1986. The church, which had been implicated in bomb-making, would play a role in the Miracle Valley shootout later that year. In 1983, Babbitt sent the Arizona National Guard to the strike against the Phelps Dodge mining company in Morenci, with the retirement of Republican Barry Goldwater from the U. S. Senate in 1986, many in Arizona expected Babbitt to oppose Representative John McCain for the seat. In a surprise press conference in 1985, Babbitt instead announced he would forgo the Senate race to concentrate on a White House bid in 1988, Babbitt is the only Arizona governor to have completed two four-year terms with nine years of service. George W. P. Hunt is Arizonas longest-serving governor, however, with 17 years of total service, Babbitt spoke at the 1980 Democratic National Convention, which nominated incumbent Jimmy Carter as the Democratic candidate for president. Among his proposals was a sales tax to remedy the then-record budget deficits piled up during the several past administrations. He enjoyed positive press attention, but after finishing out of the top tier of candidates in the Iowa caucuses and New Hampshire primary, he dropped out of the race. In an intentional reference to Richard Nixon, Babbitt joked in his last campaign press conference that the media wont have Bruce Babbitt to puff up anymore, the Washington Post reported that Babbitt dropped this line from the prepared text of his withdrawal speech. After leading the League of Conservation Voters, Babbitt served for eight years, 1993–2001, Babbitt worked to protect scenic and historic areas of Americas federal public lands. In 1993, Babbitt was seriously considered by President Clinton to replace retiring United States Supreme Court Justice Byron White, due to his lead on environmental issues, however, Clinton nominated Ruth Bader Ginsburg instead
39.
Democratic Governors Association
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The Democratic Governors Association is a Washington, D. C. based 527 organization founded in 1983, consisting of U. S. state and territorial governors affiliated with the Democratic Party. The mission of the organization is to provide party support to the election and re-election of Democratic gubernatorial candidates, the DGAs Republican counterpart is the Republican Governors Association. The DGA is not directly affiliated with the non-partisan National Governors Association, elisabeth Pearson is currently the Executive Director of the DGA. The DGA in its current form was founded by Virginia Governor Chuck Robb in 1983 with the help of Democratic National Committee Chairman Chuck Manatt. The purpose of the committee was to raise funds to elect Democrats to governorships, prior to its current formation in mid-1983, they met in a Democratic Governors Conference. The DGA played a role in the election of Bill Clinton to the Presidency in 1992. Republicans had handily won in all but Washington and Oregon the previous three elections, according to The Washington Post, it was all but unthinkable to Republicans that the GOP could lose such stalwart pieces of the partys electoral base as Wyoming and Nevada. Clinton lost Wyoming but carried Nevada, Colorado, Montana, Washington, Oregon, in the past 30 years Democratic Governors have served in various other government positions after their tenure. The following list provides recent positions from the Clinton and Obama administrations, thus senators such as Gaylord Nelson, Richard Russell Jr. Edmund Muskie, Majority Leader Joseph Taylor Robinson and etc. are not included. Ernest Fritz Hollings, even though he was elected in an election in 1966, is included in the list because he had won reelection in the years 1986,1992 and 1998. The leadership of the DGA consists of elected Democratic governors, there are currently 16 Democratic governors, In addition to governors of U. S. states, the DGA also offers membership to Democratic governors of U. S. territories. The DGA reported raising over $20 million in 2011, almost doubling what it raised during the comparable 2007 election cycle. Because of our efforts in 2011, we will have the resources to aid Democratic candidates in targeted states and continue to fight for our core priorities. We are delighted with the support of everyone who believes in our mission of creating jobs. Several former DGA staff members have gone on to prominent positions in the government and in the private. Former Communications Director Jake Siewert served as Press Secretary for President Bill Clinton for four months from 2000 to 2001, from 2001 to 2009, he worked for Alcoa Inc. In 2009, he became an advisor to then-Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, former Policy Director Sheryl Rose Parker was Director of Intergovernmental Affairs for U. S. House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. She is currently Deputy Director of Government Affairs for the Bill, former Policy Communications Director Doug Richardson served as Director of Public Affairs at the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy in the Obama administration
40.
Michael Dukakis
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Michael Stanley Dukakis is an American politician who served as the 65th and 67th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1975 to 1979 and 1983 to 1991 respectively. He is the governor in Massachusetts history and only the second Greek-American governor in U. S. history. He was nominated by the Democratic Party for president in the 1988 election, Dukakis was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. His father Panos was a Greek immigrant from Adramyttion, in Asia Minor, Panos Dukakis settled in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1912, and graduated from Harvard Medical School twelve years later, subsequently working as an obstetrician. Dukakis mother Euterpe was an Aromanian Greek immigrant from Larissa, in Thessaly, she and her family emigrated to Haverhill, Massachusetts, in 1913. Dukakis attended Brookline High School in his hometown, where he was a student and a member of the basketball, baseball, tennis. As a 17- year-old senior in school, he ran the Boston Marathon. He graduated from Swarthmore College in 1955 with a B. A. in history, although Dukakis had been accepted into Harvard Law School, he chose to enlist in the United States Army. After basic training at Fort Dix and advanced training at Camp Gordon, he was assigned as radio operator to the 8020th Administrative Unit in Munsan. The unit was a group to the United Nations delegation of the Military Armistice Commission Dukakis served from 1955 to 1957. He then received his law degree from Harvard Law School in 1960, Dukakis is also an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America. Dukakis began his career as an elected Town Meeting Member in the town of Brookline. Dukakis won in part by promising to be a reformer and pledging a lead pipe guarantee of no new taxes to balance the state budget and he would later reverse his position after taking office. He also pledged to dismantle the powerful Metropolitan District Commission, an enclave that served as home to hundreds of political patronage employees. The MDC managed state parks, reservoirs, and waterways, as well as the highways, in addition to its own police force, the MDC had its own maritime patrol force, and an enormous budget from the state, for which it provided minimal accounting. Dukakis efforts to dismantle the MDC failed in the legislature, where the MDC had many powerful supporters, as a result, the MDC would withhold its critical backing of Dukakis in the 1978 gubernatorial primary. Governor Dukakis hosted President Gerald Ford and Britains Queen Elizabeth II during their visits to Boston in 1976 to commemorate the bicentennial of the United States, Dukakis is also remembered for his 1977 exoneration of Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists whose trial sparked protests around the world. During his first term in office, Dukakis commuted the sentences of 21 first-degree murderers and 23 second-degree murderers, due to controversy engendered by some of these individuals having re-offended, Dukakis curtailed the practice later, issuing no commutations in his last three years as governor
41.
John Rutledge
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John Rutledge was the second Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. S. He was the brother of Edward Rutledge, a signatory of the Declaration of Independence. Rutledge was the eldest child in a family in Charleston. His father was Scots-Irish immigrant John Rutledge, the physician and his mother, South Carolina–born Sarah, was of English descent. John had six siblings, Andrew, Thomas, Sarah, Hugh, Mary. John’s early education was provided by his father until the latters death, the rest of Rutledges primary education was provided by an Anglican priest. John took an early interest in law and often played lawyer with his brothers and sisters, when he was 17 years old, Rutledge began to read law under a man named James Parsons. Two years later, Rutledge sailed to England to further his studies at Londons Middle Temple, in the course of his studies, he won several cases in English courts. After finishing his studies, Rutledge returned to Charleston to begin a legal career. At the time, many new lawyers barely scraped together enough business to earn their livings, most new lawyers could only hope that they would win well-known cases to ensure their success. Rutledge, however, emerged almost immediately as one of the most prominent lawyers in Charleston, with his successful legal career, he was able to build on his mothers fortune. On May 1,1763, Rutledge married Elizabeth Grimké, Rutledge was very devoted to his wife, and Elizabeths death on July 6,1792, was a major cause of the illness that affected Rutledge in his later years. John and Elizabeth had 10 children, Martha Henrietta, Sarah, John, Edward James, Frederick Wilkes, William Spencer, Charles Wilson, Thomas, Elizabeth, in mid-1765 Rutledge was an important figure in the Stamp Act Congress. Rutledge chaired a committee that drew up a petition to the House of Lords attempting to persuade them to reject the Stamp Act, when the delegates returned to South Carolina after the Congress adjourned, they found the state in turmoil. The people had destroyed all the stamps they could find. When the Stamp Act went into effect on November 1,1765, dougal Campbell, the Charleston court clerk, refused to issue any papers without the stamps. Because of this, all processes in the entire state came to a standstill until news that the Stamp Act had been repealed reached South Carolina in early May 1766. After the Stamp Act conflict ended, Rutledge went back into private life, besides serving in the colonial legislature, he did not involve himself in politics
42.
Rawlins Lowndes
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Rawlins Lowndes was an American lawyer and politician, and president/governor of South Carolina. His sons, Thomas and William Lowndes, both served in the U. S. Congress, Lowndes was born on the island of St. Kitts in the British West Indies in January 1721. At the young age of 21, Lowndes was appointed as the Provost-Marshal of South Carolina and he served in this role for ten years, from 1742 to 1752. Lowndes was first elected to the Royal Assembly, the colonial legislature, during his years as a South Carolina political leader, Lowndes was a guiding force in South Carolina’s revolutionary government. He was a member of the First and Second Provincial Congresses, the First and Second General Assemblies, in 1776, Lowndes was one of eleven committee members charged with the responsibility of writing a draft constitution for South Carolina. Despite his involvement in challenging increasingly harsh British measures leading up to the American Revolution, Lowndes opposed armed rebellion, on March 7,1778 South Carolina General Assembly elected Lowndes President of South Carolina after John Rutledge. Lowndes approved major changes to the constitution on March 19,1778. The first changed the title of South Carolina’s chief executive office from president to governor, the three major changes removed the governor’s power to veto legislation, created a Senate elected via popular election, and disestablished the Church of England in South Carolina. After serving as President of South Carolina, Lowndes was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 1787 and represented the parishes of St. Philip, during the same period, he was intendant of Charleston, from September 1788 to September 1789. Lowndes died in Charleston, South Carolina, on August 24,1800, sCIway Biography of Rawlins Lowndes NGA Biography of Rawlins Lowndes Genealogy of the Lowndes family in South Carolina
43.
John Mathews (lawyer)
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John Mathews was an American lawyer from Charleston, South Carolina. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1781 where he endorsed the Articles of Confederation on behalf of South Carolina, on his return, he was elected the 33rd Governor of South Carolina, serving a single term in 1782 and 1783. Mathews was born in Charleston in the Province of South Carolina in 1744 and he was the son of John Mathews and Sarah Gibbes, the exact date of his birth is not known. He was commissioned an ensign and in the South Carolina Provincial Regiment which took part in an expedition against the Cherokee in the early 1760s and he studied law at Middle Temple in London. He was a law clerk for Colonel Charles Pinckney after returning to South Carolina, was admitted to the bar, in 1772 he was elected to the colonial Assembly. In 1775 and 1776 he was a member of the First, in 1776 he was appointed an associate judge of the state circuit court. From 1776 to 1780 he served in the South Carolina House of Representatives, during the American Revolution he served as a captain in the Colleton County regiment. He was a trustee of the College of Charleston. Mathews was a member of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1781 and he was then elected governor by the state legislature, and served from 1782 to 1783. After leaving the governorship, Mathews won election as a judge of the state Court of Chancery in 1784 and he was again elected to the South Carolina House in 1784. From 1791 to 1797 he was a judge of the state Court of Equity in 1791, Mathews died in Charleston on November 17,1802. He was buried at Circular Congregational Church Burying Ground in Charleston, in 1766 he married Mary Wragg. After her death, in 1799 he married Sarah Rutledge, the sister of John Rutledge and his sister Elizabeth Mathewes was the wife of Thomas Heyward, Jr. United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, John Mathews at SCIWAY, South Carolinas Information Highway John Mathews at National Governors Association
44.
Benjamin Guerard
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Benjamin Guerard was a lawyer, patriot of the Revolutionary War and the 34th Governor of South Carolina from 1783 to 1785. Guerard was born in Charlestown to John Guerard and Elizabeth Hill and he was baptized on May 23,1740, his exact date of birth is unknown. He studied law in England and was admitted to the South Carolina bar in 1761, afterwards he practiced law in Charleston and was a member of the South Carolina Provincial Assembly from 1765 to 1768. In 1778, Guerard was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives, Guerard was married on November 29,1766 to Sarah Middleton, who died with their son on a sea voyage to New York City in 1775. He married a second time to Marianne Kennan on April 7,1786, with the opening of the Southern theater in the American Revolutionary War, Guerard enlisted in the militia and participated in the siege of Charleston by the British in 1780. The colonists surrendered Charlestown on May 12,1780 and Guerard became a prisoner, a year later, Guerard was found in violation of his parole and jailed on the schooner Pack Horse. He offered his estate to provide for the maintenance of the American prisoners, the British exiled him in 1781 to Philadelphia and Guerard subsequently made his way back to South Carolina. Guerard was elected later in 1781 to the South Carolina Senate from St and he returned as a member to the House of Representatives in 1783 for a brief period until his election by the General Assembly as Governor of South Carolina for a two-year term. While governor, he came into dispute with General Nathanael Greene regarding the reception of the British Governor of East Florida, after leaving the governorship in 1785, Guerard remained in Charleston where he died on December 21,1788. A History and Genealogy of the Huguenot Family of Guerard of South Carolina, notes SCIway Biography of Benjamin Guerard NGA Biography of Benjamin Guerard
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