1.
Aberdeen station (SkyTrain)
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Aberdeen is a SkyTrain station on the Canada Line in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, in the Metro Vancouver region. It is named after the adjacent Aberdeen Square and Aberdeen Centre, Aberdeen station is located south of the intersection of №3 Road and Cambie Road. The station is located in proximity to numerous Asian-themed shopping centres along Richmonds Golden Village, including Yaohan Centre, President Plaza, Aberdeen Centre. The stations east platform is connected via overhead walkway across to Aberdeen Square, the station was originally planned to be called Cambie station by the RAV Project Management Ltd. and the City of Richmond confirmed its preference for this name in July 2005. 403 Three Road/Bridgeport Station 410 Railway/22nd Street Station N10 Richmond-Brighouse Station/Downtown
2.
Flag of Richmond, British Columbia
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The flag of Richmond, British Columbia depicts a field of gold surrounded by a thick blue border. In the centre of the field is a shield, depicting three Pacific Salmon fish on a blue wave running vertically down the shield. Municipal Council first asked staff to prepare a report on the design of a flag on July 22,1985. Council minutes of April 14,1986 indicate that “the Municipal Flag had been introduced to the public at the opening of Brighouse Park on Saturday, April 12,1986. ”This is much later than the adoption of the coat of arms, which occurred on November 10,1979. The design of the flag is based on Richmond’s Coat of Arms. The official description of the Coat of Arms as used in the program for the Coat of Arms Presentation Ceremony of Nov.10,1979 identifies blue and gold as the “accepted colours for Richmond. ”The inner design of the flag represents the shield on the coat of arms. The statement of significance of the Coat of Arms states, “The shield is coloured gold, with the wavy pale bar in blue, the blue bar represents the Fraser River and the delta waters that surround Richmond. The salmon are representative of the most common species that abound in the waters around the municipality. ”
3.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
6.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
7.
Metro Vancouver Regional District
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Metro Vancouver is a political body and corporate entity designated by provincial legislation as one of the regional districts in British Columbia, Canada. Now officially known by the name of the Metro Vancouver Regional District. Further, it was known as the Regional District of Fraser–Burrard for nearly one year upon originally incorporating in mid-1967, the MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities, it delivers regional services, sets policy and acts as a political forum. The regional districts most populous city is Vancouver, and Metro Vancouvers administrative offices are located in the City of Burnaby, the MVRDs boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area as identified by Statistics Canada. The Greater Vancouver Water District and the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District were established in 1924 and 1956 respectively, the Government of British Columbia incorporated a regional district for this western portion of the Lower Mainland named the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard on June 29,1967. Just under a later, the regional district was renamed as the Greater Vancouver Regional District on June 13,1968. In 2007, the GVRD applied to change its legal name a second time to simply Metro Vancouver. The regional district was formally renamed a second time by the Government of British Columbia on January 30,2017 to the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The Metro Vancouver Regional District is located east of the Strait of Georgia, the boundaries of the MVRD match those of the Vancouver CMA. 5% from its revised 2011 population of 2,313,328. This regional district comprises 23 local authorities as members,21 municipalities, one electoral area, note, Abbotsford is a member for parks purposes only. Electoral Area A comprises all unincorporated land within the district boundaries. There are also seventeen Indian reserves within the area that are not subject to governance by local authorities or the regional district. Abbotsford also participates in the Metro Vancouver regional district, but only for parks purposes, each of these is governed by a board of directors. The board of the MVRD has 38 directors coming from the 23 local authorities who are MVRD members, each board director is an elected official of one of the local authorities, with the exception of the representative for Electoral Area A, which has no elected council. As of 2017, the organization had about 1,500 employees, the principal function of Metro Vancouver is to administer resources and services which are common across the metropolitan area. The Metro Vancouver Board has defined its strategic priorities for 2015 through 2018 in its Board Strategic Plan, the organization categorizes its work into eight action areas, as described in the following subsections. However, 84% of the budget is spent in three of those areas - the three utilities. Metro Vancouvers commitments and its members commitments to each area are outlined in eight board-approved management plans as referenced below
8.
Municipality
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It is to be distinguished from the county, which may encompass rural territory and/or numerous small communities such as towns, villages and hamlets. The term municipality may also mean the governing or ruling body of a given municipality, a municipality is a general-purpose administrative subdivision, as opposed to a special-purpose district. The term is derived from French municipalité and Latin municipalis, a municipality can be any political jurisdiction from a sovereign state, such as the Principality of Monaco, or a small village, such as West Hampton Dunes, New York. The power of municipalities range from virtual autonomy to complete subordination to the state, municipalities may have the right to tax individuals and corporations with income tax, property tax, and corporate income tax, but may also receive substantial funding from the state. Similar terms include Spanish ayuntamiento, also called municipalidad, Polish gmina, Dutch/Flemish Gemeente, in Australia, the term local government area is used in place of the generic municipality. Here, the LGA Structure covers only incorporated areas of Australia, incorporated areas are legally designated parts of states and territories over which incorporated local governing bodies have responsibility. In Canada, municipalities are local governments established through provincial and territorial legislation, the Province of Ontario has different tiers of municipalities, including lower, upper, and single tiers. Types of upper tier municipalities in Ontario include counties and regional municipalities, nova Scotia also has regional municipalities, which include cities, counties, districts, or towns as municipal units. In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality is a local body that administers a city of population 100,000 or more. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it directly with the state government. Generally, smaller cities and bigger towns have a Nagar Palika. Nagar Palikas are also a form of local self-government entrusted with duties and responsibilities. Such a corporation in Great Britain consists of a head as a mayor or provost, since local government reorganisation, the unit in England, Northern Ireland and Wales is known as a district, and in Scotland as a council area. A district may be awarded borough or city status, or can retain its district title, in Jersey, a municipality refers to the honorary officials elected to run each of the 12 parishes into which it is subdivided. This is the highest level of government in this jurisdiction. In the United States, municipality is usually understood as a city, town, village, or other local government unit, in the Peoples Republic of China, a direct-controlled municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. In Taiwan, a municipality is a city with equal status to a province, Kaohsiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei. In Portuguese language usage, there are two words to distinguish the territory and the administrative organ, when referring to the territory, the word concelho is used, when referring to the organ of State, the word município is used
9.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
10.
Malcolm Brodie (politician)
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Malcolm Brodie is the mayor of Richmond, the fourth largest city in British Columbia. A lawyer by profession, Brodie was elected to City Council in 1996 and again in 1999, after the resignation of mayor Greg Halsey-Brandt, Brodie was elected mayor in a special by-election on October 29,2001. He left his RNPA party, and now serves as an independent, Brodie was re-elected by large margins in 2002,2005,2008 and 2014. He is the second-longest serving mayor in Richmonds history, next to Ruby Grauer and he served as Director Representative in the Greater Vancouver Transportation Authority from 2002 to 2007 and Chair in 2006. A Richmond Resident since 1977, Brodie has two children, Garrett and Stephanie, and three grandchildren, Kayla, Matthew, and Brodie
11.
Conservative Party of Canada
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The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Tories, is a political party in Canada. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum, the partys leader from 2004 to 2015 was Stephen Harper, who served as Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015. The Conservative Party is the successor to multiple right-wing parties which have existed in Canada for over a century, until 1942, one of the partys predecessors was known as the Conservative Party of Canada, and participated in numerous governments. Before 1942, the predecessors to the Conservatives had multiple names, but by 1942, in 1957, John Diefenbaker became the first Prime Minister from the Progressive Conservative Party, and remained in office until 1963. Another Progressive Conservative government was elected after the results of the 1979 federal election, Clark served from 1979 to 1980, when he was defeated by the Liberal Party after the 1980 federal election. In 1984, the Progressive Conservatives won with Brian Mulroney becoming Prime Minister, Mulroney was Prime Minister from 1984 to 1993, and his government was marked by free trade agreements and economic liberalization. A similar result occurred in 1997, and in 2000, when the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, in 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives merged, forming the Conservative Party of Canada. The party is currently being led by interim leader Rona Ambrose as it is undergoing a leadership election, which will take place in 2017. John Lynch-Staunton served as leader of the newly created Conservative Party of Canada from 8 December 2003 until 20 March 2004. On 19 January 2016, the party announced that a permanent leader will be elected on 27 May 2017, the National Council is the partys national governing body that is elected by the Conservative Party membership at its bi-annual meetings. A National Councillor is elected for a term and cannot serve for more than three consecutive terms. The party president is elected by National Council following their election, since 2016, the President of the Conservative Party has been Scott Lamb, a councillor representing British Columbia. The party President is the conduit between the Party Leader and the National Council, don Plett interim until 2005 John Walsh Scott Lamb The Executive Director answers to the party President, and is responsible for the day-to-day management and operations of the party. From February 2009 to October 2013, the Executive Director was Dan Hilton, from October to December 2013, the Acting Executive Director was Dave Forestell. Dimitri Soudas was named the new Executive Director in December 2013, on 30 March 2014, Soudas was told to resign or be fired from the position after allegedly interfering with the nomination contest taking place in his fiancees riding. On 30 March 2014, Simon Thompson was named as interim Executive Director, Thompson was previously the partys Chief Information Officer. In July 2014, Dustin Van Vugt was brought in as the Deputy Executive Director – a position created specifically for him, in October 2014, Van Vugts position was unanimously ratified by the partys National Council, and Thompson became the Chief Operations Officer. The Director of Political Operations reports to the Executive Director, and is one of the most important positions within the party
12.
Liberal Party of Canada
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The Liberal Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada. The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum, the Liberal Party is traditionally positioned to the left of the Conservative Party of Canada and to the right of the New Democratic Party. During the beginning of the 21st century, the party lost a significant amount of support, in the present times, the Liberal party has favoured a variety of big tent policies from both right and left of the political spectrum. It also legalized same-sex marriage and allowed the use of cannabis for medical purposes, during the 2015 election, the Liberal partys proposed policies included, Cut the middle class tax bracket from 22% to 20.88 per $100 to $1. In the 29 years after Canadian confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power for the first time in 1873, Mackenzie subsequently won the 1874 election, and served as Prime Minister for an additional four years. However the party was able to build a solid support base in Ontario. The Liberals would spend the next 18 years in opposition, in their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism and opposition to imperialism. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the hostility of French Canadians to the Conservatives. It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party, Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the reputation for anti-clericalism that offended the still-powerful Quebec Roman Catholic Church. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Partys support for reciprocity made it popular among farmers, Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 election, and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada. Lauriers government created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories, there was no national membership of the party, an individual became a member by joining a provincial Liberal party. The new organization allowed individuals to join the national Liberal Party for the first time. No national convention was held, however, until 1948, the Liberal Party held only three national conventions prior to the 1950s – in 1893,1919 and 1948). Over time, provincial Liberal parties in most provinces were separated from provincial wings of the federal party, by the 1980s, the National Liberal Federation was officially known as the Liberal Party of Canada. Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty, after the King–Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the Statute of Westminster, which was passed in 1931
13.
Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
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The Legislative Assembly of British Columbia is one of two components of the Parliament of British Columbia, while the other is the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia. Members are elected from provincial ridings and are referred to as Members of the Legislative Assembly, the current Parliament is the 40th Parliament. The most recent general election was the British Columbia general election held on May 14,2013, proceedings of the Legislative Assembly are broadcast to cable viewers in the province by Hansard Broadcasting Services
14.
British Columbia Liberal Party
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The British Columbia Liberal Party is a centre-right provincial political party in British Columbia, Canada. The Party leads a majority government with leader Christy Clark as Premier of British Columbia, first elected into provincial government in 1916, the party went into decline after 1952, with its rump caucus merging with the Social Credit Party of British Columbia for the 1975 election. It was returned to the legislature through the efforts of Gordon Wilson in a break-through in the 1991 election. At this time, the Social Credit Party had collapsed, with the BC Liberals able to garner the centre vote traditionally split between left and right in British Columbia provincial politics. In the wake of the collapse of the British Columbia New Democratic Party in the 2001 election. Once affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada, the British Columbia Liberal Party became independent of its federal and provincial counterparts in 1987, polls often show BC Liberal voters to predominantly vote Conservative and Liberal in federal elections. The party commonly describes itself as a free enterprise coalition, from 1871 to 1903, British Columbia operated without a party system. Party politics were introduced in 1903 provincial election with the formation of the British Columbia Conservative Party, the premier Richard McBride kept the Liberals to one seat in 1909 and then managed to shut them out in the 1912 election. The governments popularity waned as an economic downturn hit the province along with railway debts relating to government funding of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, McBride resigned on December 15,1915 to become the provinces representative in London, where he died in 1917. The divided Conservatives faced the Liberals in the election of 1916, the Liberals formed a government under Harlan Carey Brewster. Brewster had become leader of the opposition, and was elected party leader in March 1912 and he lost his seat a few weeks later in the 1912 election, which returned no Liberals at all. In 1916, he won election to the legislature again through a by-election, Brewster promised to end patronage in the civil service, end political machines, improve workmans compensation and labor laws, bring in votes for women, and other progressive reforms. The government brought in womens suffrage, instituted prohibition, and combated political corruption before his death in 1918. He is interred in the Ross Bay Cemetery in Victoria, British Columbia, john Oliver succeeded Brewster as Premier when Brewster died in 1918. Olivers government developed the industry in the Nanook Valley. The party managed a majority win in the 1920 election. Although he lost his seat in the 1924 election, Oliver remained Premier until his death in 1927, john Duncan MacLean became Premier when Oliver died in 1927 at a time when the Liberal government was in decline. He was unable to reverse his partys fortunes, and was defeated in the 1928 election by the rival Conservatives, the Liberals managed to increase their vote in the 1928 election but lost close to half their seats
15.
John Yap
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John Yap MLA is a Canadian politician and former banker. He was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia to represent the riding of Richmond-Steveston in the 2005 provincial election and he was subsequently re-elected in the 2009 election and 2013 election. Yap is currently the Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Justice, of Hokkien descent, John Yap was born in Singapore to a homemaker mother and a medical doctor father. He speaks some Mandarin and Cantonese, the family immigrated to Canada, settling in Richmond, British Columbia in 1986. He attended the University of British Columbia, where he completed a Bachelor of Science and he went on to lead a twenty-year career in banking with Toronto-Dominion Bank and financial planning with the Investors Group. Yap is a member and past-president of the Richmond Sunset Rotary Club and he was heavily involved with the Gilmore Park United Church and the Gilmore Gardens Seniors Centre. Yap is married with two children, a son and a daughter. For the past two decades, he and his family have resided in Richmond, in December 2014, he received heart bypass surgery at Vancouver General Hospital. Yap has visited his village in Yongchun, Fujian. In the Richmond-Steveston riding, Yap had worked on Geoff Plants 1996 election campaign, after Plant announced his retirement, Yap sought the BC Liberal nomination in Richmond-Steveston for the upcoming 2005 election. Plant vocally supported Yaps candidacy and Yap was acclaimed uncontested, in the 38th Provincial General Election, held on May 17,2005, Yap was elected to the 38th Parliament of British Columbia. In September 2006 Yap was elected by his peers to be the Chair of the BC Government Caucus, Yap was retained as Minister of State for Climate Action during Gordon Campbells final cabinet shuffle in October 2010. Yap supported the Provinces move towards the Harmonized Sales Tax, Yap also supported the Premiers initiative in income tax reduction to the first $72,000 of income, effective January 1,2011. In the 2011 BC Liberal Party leadership election Yap endorsed Kevin Falcon and he was appointed as the Parliamentary Secretary for Clean Technology to the Minister of Energy and Mines on March 14,2011. On December 8,2011, Premier Christy Clark formed The British Columbia Immigration Task Force, the purpose of the ITF was to review key government programs to increase the number of skilled immigrants and investors in British Columbia. The ITF report, delivered to Premier Christy Clark on March 31,2012 was composed of the findings of eight British Columbia-wide regional consultations. Industry officials, stakeholders, and the public were asked to provide their viewpoints, suggestions. The ITF report listed 10 major recommendations, including, Immediately increase immigration levels to B. C, grow and expand the BC Provincial Nominee Program as the most effective way of supporting regional economic development
16.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
17.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
18.
British Columbia Highway 91
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Highway 91 is an alternative freeway route to Highway 99 through Delta, New Westminster and Richmond, British Columbia. The highway was built in two sections, the first section from Delta to East Richmond in 1986, and the section across Richmond in 1989. It was the highest numbered highway in British Columbia that is not derived from a continuation of a US highway, the total distance covered by Highway 91 is 22 km. Highway 91 then crosses the Annacis Channel bridge into Richmond, at which point it veers west, at the southern entrance to Highway 91, the road is named Annacis Highway, however, that name is not commonly used. $10 million had been allocated for a new interchange at 72nd Avenue, in early 2009, another interchange was agreed upon to be added to Highway 91 just south of the S curve in Richmond, connecting Nelson Road to the highway. The interchange was opened on August 22,2011, the entire route is in Metro Vancouver. Official Numbered Routes in British Columbia
19.
British Columbia Highway 99
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The number of this highway is derived from the old U. S. Route 99, with which the highway originally connected. The highway currently connects with Interstate 5 at the international border, the current freeway alignment of Highway 99 between 8th Avenue in South Surrey and the North Arm of the Fraser River opened in 1962 as Hwy.99 and was called the Deas Throughway. Between 1964 and 1973, the alignment of Highway 99 was designated Highway 499. The Oak Street Bridge was built in 1957 to cross the North Arm Fraser River, tolls were collected at the crossings until April 11963. In 1957, the end of Highway 99 was moved from downtown Vancouver, across the Lions Gate Bridge and west to the village of Horseshoe Bay. Finally, in 1992, the just-paved Duffey Lake Road between Pemberton and Lillooet was made part of Highway 99, and the section of Highway 12 between Lillooet and Highway 97 was re-numbered 99. The portion of the highway between Lillooet and Pavilion was part of the route of the Old Cariboo Road, the total length of Highway 99 from the U. S. border to the Highway 97 junction is 409 kilometres. In 2006 the UKs The Guardian newspaper listed the Sea to Sky as the fifth best road trip worldwide. In the south, Highway 99 begins at the British Columbia – Washington State border crossing at Douglas, on the Canadian side of Peace Arch Park, the highway begins with a four-lane freeway configuration. Four km west, Highway 99 reaches its junction with Ladner Trunk Road, eight km north, Highway 99 reaches a junction with Highway 17A. Another 2 kilometres northwest, Highway 99 crosses into Richmond through the George Massey Tunnel, from Surrey to Vancouver, the speed limit is 100 kilometres per hour. Another 4 kilometres northwest, the freeway section of Highway 99 ends as the highway crosses the North Arm of the Fraser River, over the Oak Street Bridge. The 30-kilometre long route through Vancouvers city streets starts off going north on Oak Street to the intersection with West 70th Avenue. Highway 99 then goes west on West 70th Avenue, and then north along Granville Street for 7 kilometres and it crosses over False Creek into the downtown core. Highway 99 north goes through the area by way of Seymour Street and Georgia Street, through Stanley Park. In West Vancouver, Highway 99 goes west on Marine Drive and north on Taylor Way, Highway 99 shares the Upper Levels Highway with Highway 1 for 12 kilometres west, diverging from Highway 1 near the BC Ferries terminal at Horseshoe Bay. The Sea to Sky Highway is the given to the section of Highway 99 from Horseshoe Bay to Pemberton. From Squamish, it continues north for another 58 kilometres to Whistler, and then to Pemberton 32 kilometres later, where the Sea-to-Sky Highway ends and Duffey Lake Road begins
20.
Immigration to Canada
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Immigration to Canada is the process by which people migrate to Canada to reside in that country. The majority of these individuals become Canadian citizens, after 1947, domestic immigration law and policy went through major changes, most notably with the Immigration Act,1976, and the current Immigration and Refugee Protection Act from 2002. Canadian immigration policies are still evolving, as recently as 2008, Citizenship and Immigration Canada has made significant changes to streamline the steady flow of immigrants. Those changes included reduced professional categories for skilled immigration as well as caps for immigrants in various categories, in the year from July 2015 to June 2016, there were 320,932 immigrants to Canada. In Canada there are four categories of immigrants, family class, economic immigrants, other,16. 2% of the population belonged to visible minorities. The Canadian public, as well as the political parties. A2014 sociological study concluded that Australia and Canada are the most receptive to immigration among western nations, after the initial period of British and French colonization, four major waves of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over a period of almost two centuries. The fifth wave is currently occurring, a second wave of 30,000 Americans settled in Ontario and the Eastern Townships between the late 1780s and 1812 with promises of land. Scottish Highlanders from land clearances also became landers in Canada during this period and it marked a new age for Canada and its people. The second wave from Britain and Ireland was encouraged to settle in Canada after the War of 1812, the Dominion Lands Act of 1872 copied the American system by offering ownership of 160 acres of land free to any man over 18 or any woman heading a household. They did not need to be citizens, but had to live on the plot, also during this period, Canada became a port of entry for many Europeans seeking to gain entry into the U. S. Canadian transportation companies advertised Canadian ports as a way to enter the U. S. especially as the U. S. began barring entry to certain ethnicities. If found, the companies were responsible for shipping the persons back. Clifford Sifton, minister of the Interior in Ottawa, 1896–1905, argued that the western lands were ideal for growing wheat. He removed obstacles that included control of the lands by companies or organizations that did little to encourage settlement, land companies, the Hudsons Bay Company, and school lands all accounted for large tracts of excellent land. The railways kept closed even larger tracts because they were reluctant to take title to the even-numbered lands they were due. Sifton broke the legal log jam, and set up aggressive advertising campaigns in the U. S. and Europe and he also brokered deals with ethnic groups that wanted large tracts for homogeneous settlement. His goal was to maximize immigration from Britain, eastern Canada, the third wave of immigration coming mostly from continental Europe peaked prior to World War I, between 1911–1913
21.
Vancouver International Airport
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Vancouver International Airport is located on Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada, about 12 km from Downtown Vancouver. It is the second busiest airport in Canada by aircraft movements and passengers and it has non-stop flights daily to Asia, Europe, Oceania, the United States, Mexico and other airports within Canada. The airport has won several notable international best airport awards, it won the Skytrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2016. The airport also made the list of top 10 airports in the world for the first time in 2012, rated at 9th, 8th and it is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014. YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results and it is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet. It is also a base for Air Transat. Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Preclearance facilities and it is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled floatplanes. In 1929 the city of Vancouver purchased land on Sea Island for aviation purposes, the airport was a base for Royal Canadian Air Force training. The crews and their families were housed in a new townsite on the island, funds from the lease were used to purchase additional land for new hangars and a production plant for Boeing Aircraft of Canada. The present main terminal was completed in 1968 and has since expanded to include separate domestic. A north runway was completed in 1996, in 2011 the airport announced that it will enact a program aiming to encourage airlines to start more flights between Vancouver and Asia. It has more flights than any other airport in Canada. Vancouver International Airport has two terminals, the Main Terminal and the South Terminal, free Wi-Fi is available in all sections of the airport. The Main Terminal is divided in two sections, the Domestic Terminal and the International Terminal, the majority of flights operate at the Main Terminal. The Domestic Terminal was constructed in 1968 by the Vancouver-based firm Thompson, Berwick and Pratt, the Domestic terminal consists of three concourses. Concourse A consists of six gates, A6 through A10. These gates are used by WestJet Encore, a new permanent ground-loading concourse is planned to start construction in 2016. Concourse B comprises gates B12 through B23 and B26 through B28, gates B14 to B17 have provisions allowing international arrivals in the future
22.
Richmond Olympic Oval
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The Richmond Olympic Oval is an indoor multi-sports arena in the Canadian city of Richmond, British Columbia. The oval was built for the 2010 Winter Olympics and was configured with an speed skating rink. The Olympic bid called for the oval to be located on the grounds of Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, although twice the price of the SFU alternative, the location was selected because the city offered to cover all costs exceeding $60 million. Construction started in 2006, cost $178 million Cdn and the venue opened on 12 December 2008, in addition to speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics, the venue has hosted the 2009 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships. Designed by CannonDesign, the elements are made to resemble the heron. Work on Vancouvers bid process started in 1998 by the Vancouver/Whistler 2010 Bid Society, SFU started planning their grounds as a potential speed skating oval in 2000, SFU plegded to finance $5 million of the venue, in addition to the land. Forty percent of the payouts would be used to cover the costs of the speed skating oval. The bid book called for the speed skating oval to be located on the premises of Simon Fraser University atop Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby. The bid book cited a construction cost of $63.7 million, the post-Olympic operating costs of the oval, along with the Whistler Sliding Centre and Whistler Olympic Park, were according to the bid book to be covered by $71 million endowment trust. The legacy plans for the venue were to convert it to a multi-sports park and they started reviewing the plans for the various venues, and costs started to increase for the oval. At the same time the Richmond City Council started working on plans to locate the venue there. UBC also started working on a proposal for a speed skating oval in the University Endowment Lands, chris Giacomantonio, president of the Simon Fraser Student Society, stated that he was opposed to the project, as the universitys contribution would give little benefit for students. The anticipated cost overruns were caused both because of a shortage in construction labor, and challenging geological conditions at the proposed site. Two formal proposals were submitted, one from Richmond and a bid from SFU. The Richmond bid was for a larger venue, at 33,000 square meters. Unlike SFU, the city was willing to pay for most of the construction cost, including all cost overruns, the budget for the Richmond Olympic Oval was $155 million, while the cost of building a venue at SFU was $78.6 million. VANOC announced on 17 August 2004 that they had selected Richmond as the site of the Olympic oval, VANOC stated that in addition to a cost cap, the Richmond alternative featured better transport, as it would be located on the SkyTrains Canada Line. Burnaby Mayor Derek Corrigan stated that the increases were subject to cost escalation caused by increased general construction costs
23.
Long track speed skating
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Speed skating is an Olympic sport where competitors are timed while crossing a set distance. It is also a sport for leisure, sports such as short track speedskating, inline speedskating, and quad speed skating are also called speed skating. Speed skaters attain maximum speeds of 60 km/h, organized races on ice skates first developed in the 19th century. Norwegian clubs hosted competitions from 1863, with races in the town of Christiania drawing five-digit crowds, in 1884, the Norwegian Axel Paulsen was named Amateur Champion Skater of the World after winning competitions in the United States. The Nederlandse Schaatsrijderbond was founded in 1882 and organised the championships of 1890 and 1891. Skaters started in pairs, each to their own lane, competitions were exclusively for amateur skaters. Peter Sinnerud was disqualified for professionalism in 1904 and lost his world title, World records were registered since 1891 and improved rapidly, Jaap Eden lowered the world 5000-metre record by half a minute during the Hamar European Championships in 1894. The record stood for 17 years, and it took 50 years to lower it further by half a minute, the Elfstedentocht was organised as a competition in 1909 and has been held at irregular intervals whenever the ice on the course is deemed good enough. Other outdoor races developed later, with Noord-Holland hosting a race in 1917, since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the top long track speed skaters and marathon skaters in the world. Another solution to still be able to skate marathons on natural ice became the Alternative Elfstedentocht, at the 1914 Olympic Congress, the delegates agreed to include long track speed skating in the 1916 Olympics, after figure skating had featured in the 1908 Olympics. Charles Jewtraw from Lake Placid, New York, won the first Olympic gold medal, Finland won the remaining four gold medals at the 1924 Games, with Clas Thunberg winning 1,500 metres,5,000 metres, and allround. It was the time an allround Olympic gold medal has been awarded in speed skating. Norwegian and Finnish skaters won all the medals in World Championships between the world wars, with Latvians and Austrians visiting the podium in the European Championships. At the time, North American races were usually conducted packstyle, similar to the races in the Netherlands. The ISU approved the suggestion that the 1932 Olympic speed skating competitions should be held as packstyle races, Canada won five medals, all silver and bronze, while defending World Champion Clas Thunberg stayed at home, protesting against this form of racing. At the World Championships held immediately after the Games, without the American champions, Norwegian racers won all four distances, in the 1930s, women began to be accepted in ISU speed skating competitions. Although womens races had been held in North America for some time and competed at the 1932 Winter Olympics in a demonstration event, however, Zofia Nehringowa set the first official world record in 1929. The womens long track speed skating was dominated by East Germany and later reunified Germany
24.
2010 Winter Olympics
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Approximately 2,600 athletes from 82 nations participated in 86 events in fifteen disciplines. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee, the 2010 Winter Olympics were the third Olympics hosted by Canada and the first by the province of British Columbia. Previously, Canada hosted the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Vancouver is the largest city to host the Winter Olympics. Following Olympic tradition, then-Vancouver mayor Sam Sullivan received the Olympic flag during the ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin. The flag was raised on February 28,2006, in a ceremony and was on display at Vancouver City Hall until the Olympic opening ceremony. The event was opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean, who was accompanied by Prime Minister Stephen Harper. With 14, Canada broke the record for the most gold medals won at a single Winter Olympics, athletes from Slovakia and Belarus won the first Winter Olympic gold medals for their nations. The Canadian Olympic Association chose Vancouver as the Canadian candidate city over Calgary, which sought to re-host the Games and Quebec City, on the first round of voting on November 21,1998, Vancouver-Whistler had 26 votes, Quebec City had 25 and Calgary had 21. On December 3,1998, the second and final round of voting occurred between the two leading contenders, which saw Vancouver win with 40 votes compared to Quebec Citys 32 votes. Vancouver had also bid for the 1976 games, which were first awarded to Denver, then to Innsbruck and the 1980 games. After the bribery scandal over the candidacy of the Salt Lake City bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics, the International Olympic Committee created the Evaluation Commission, which was appointed on October 24,2002. Prior to the bidding for the 2008 Summer Olympics, host cities would often fly members of the IOC to their city where they toured the city and were provided with gifts, the lack of oversight and transparency often led to allegations of money for votes. Afterward, changes brought forth by the IOC bidding rules were tightened, the team analyzed the candidate city features and provided its input back to the IOC. Vancouver won the bid to host the Olympics by a vote of the International Olympic Committee on July 2,2003, at the 115th IOC Session held in Prague, the result was announced by IOC President Jacques Rogge. Vancouver faced two other finalists shortlisted that same February, Pyeongchang, South Korea, and Salzburg, Austria, Pyeongchang had the most votes of the three cities in the first round of voting, in which Salzburg was eliminated. In the run-off, all but two of the members who had voted for Salzburg voted for Vancouver and it was the closest vote by the IOC since Sydney, Australia beat Beijing for the 2000 Summer Olympics by two votes. Vancouvers victory came almost two years after Torontos 2008 Summer Olympic bid was defeated by Beijing in a landslide vote, the Vancouver Olympic Committee spent C$16.6 million on upgrading facilities at Cypress Mountain, which hosted the freestyle and snowboarding events. In 2004, the operational cost of the 2010 Winter Olympics was estimated to be Canadian $1.354 billion, as of mid-2009 it was projected to be C$1.76 billion, mostly raised from non-government sources, primarily through sponsorships and the auction of national broadcasting rights
25.
Lulu Island
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Lulu Island is the name of the largest island in the estuary of the Fraser River, located south of Vancouver, British Columbia. The island comprises most the city of City of Richmond, while a section at the eastern tip. Lulu Island is situated between the two arms of the Fraser River estuary across and downstream from the City of New Westminster. The Middle Arm of the Fraser River separates it on the northwest from Sea Island, the site of Vancouver International Airport, at the western edge of the island lies Sturgeon Bank, a large sandbank which falls off into the Strait of Georgia on its western edge. Lulu Island was named in 1862 by Richard Moody, after Lulu Sweet, a showgirl, possibly of Kanaka origin. Because the island is composed partly of glacial silt brought down by the Fraser River, the island is also fully diked to protect it from potential flooding during the annual spring freshet on the Fraser. Some of the island is below sea level, and river level, and there is also an extensive drainage and pumping system to prevent flooding during heavy rain
26.
River mouth
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A river mouth is the part of a river where the river flows into a larger river, a lake, a reservoir or an ocean. The water from a river can enter the body in a variety of different ways. The motion of the river mainly depends on the density of the river compared to the receiving water and any ambient motion in the receiving water. If the river water is denser than the surface of the receiving water, the river water will then either form an underflow or an interflow within the lake. Alongside these advective transports, inflowing water will also diffuse, at the mouth of a river, the change in flow condition can cause the river to drop any sediment it is carrying. This sediment deposition can generate a variety of landforms, such as deltas, sand bars, spits, many places in England take their names from their positions at the mouths of rivers, for example Plymouth, Sidmouth and Great Yarmouth. Confluence River delta Estuary Liman Aber and Inver
27.
Fraser River
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It is the 10th longest river in Canada. The rivers annual discharge at its mouth is 112 cubic kilometres or 3,550 cubic metres per second, and it discharges 20 million tons of sediment into the ocean. The river is named for Simon Fraser, who led an expedition on behalf of the North West Company from the site of present-day Prince George almost to the mouth of the river, the rivers name in the Dakelh language is Lhtakoh. The Tsilhqotin name for the river, not dissimilar to the Dakelh name, is ʔElhdaqox, the Fraser drains a 220, 000-square-kilometre area. Its source is a spring at Fraser Pass. The river then flows north to the Yellowhead Highway and west past Mount Robson to the Rocky Mountain Trench, from Lytton southwards it runs through a progressively deeper canyon between the Lillooet Ranges of the Coast Mountains on its west and the Cascade Mountains on its east. An aerial tramway takes visitors out over the river, hells Gate is visible from the Trans-Canada Highway 1 about 2 km south of the tramway. Simon Fraser was forced to portage the gorge on his trip through the canyon in June 1808, other notable islands in the lower Fraser are Barnston Island, Matsqui Island, Nicomen Island and Sea Bird Island. Other islands lie on the side of the estuary, most notably Westham Island, a wildfowl preserve, and Iona Island. After 100 kilometres, it forms a delta where it empties into the Strait of Georgia between the mainland and Vancouver Island, the lands south of the City of Vancouver, including the cities of Richmond and Delta, sit on the flat flood plain. The islands of the delta include Iona Island, Sea Island, Lulu Island, Annacis Island, and a number of smaller islands. Most of lowland Whatcom County, Washington is part of the Fraser Lowland and was formed also by sediment deposited from the Fraser and these outflow winds can gust up to 97 to 129 kilometres per hour and have at times exceeded 160 kilometres per hour. Such winds frequently reach Bellingham and the San Juan Islands, gaining strength over the water of the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The estuary at the mouth is a site of hemispheric importance in the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network. The average flow is highly seasonal, summer discharge rates can be ten times larger than the flow during the winter, the Frasers highest recorded flow, in June 1894, is estimated to have been 17,000 cubic metres per second at Hope. It was calculated using high-water marks near the station at Hope. In 1948 the Fraser River Board adopted the estimate for the 1894 flood and it remains the value specified by regulatory agencies for all flood control work on the river. Further studies and hydraulic models have estimated the maximum discharge of the Fraser River, at Hope during the 1894 flood, as within a range of about 16,000 to 18,000 cubic metres per second
28.
Sea Island (British Columbia)
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Sea Island is an island in the Fraser River estuary in the city of Richmond, British Columbia. It is located south of the city of Vancouver and north, Sea Island is the home to Vancouver International Airport, a nature conservation area and a permanent resident population of approximately 736 living in the neighbourhood of Burkeville. A small part of the island is under the administration of the Musqueam Indian Band, the island was traditionally home to the Musqueam Indian Band, and they retain ownership over a tract of land on the islands north-west under the administrative title Sea Island Indian Reserve #3. Construction of residential neighborhoods on the island began during World War II, under the authority of the Wartime Housing Authority, the Boeing Company built a 300 home subdivision to house its workers on Sea Island. This neighborhood on the islands east side became known as Burkeville, a second neighbourhood, known as the Cora Brown subdivision, was constructed in 1946 on the north side of the island, originally with 50 houses. Although it grew to the point of requiring the construction of the second elementary school in 1962. No trace of this neighborhood remains, the airport first opened for service on Sea Island in 1931, and began servicing commercial flights in 1937. With investments from the airlines, the Canadian government and a surcharge on tickets for improvement costs, the airport is the second largest in Canada, with over 19 million passengers passing through each year. It has grown to three terminals and three main runways servicing over fifty airlines. Sea Island is connected to Vancouver to the north via the Arthur Laing Bridge, and to Richmond via the No.2 Road Bridge, Dinsmore Bridge, Moray Bridge and the Sea Island Bridge. Sea Island is also served by three stations on the Canada Line, part of the SkyTrain rapid transit network, which connects the airport to Downtown Vancouver and Downtown Richmond. SICA was transferred to Environment Canada as a compensation package funded by Transport Canada to replace wildlife habitat lost as a result of expansion at Vancouver International Airport. The main goal for management of SICA is to maintain existing populations of wildlife that do not compromise aviation safety, habitats on SICA consist of woodland, wetland sloughs, and old agricultural field habitat which support a diversity of birds, land mammals, and terrestrial plants. Over 50 square kilometres in area, Sturgeon Bank is a preserve located off the west side of the island and is made up of intertidal and subtidal waters. Boating is prohibited in the area, Sea Island boasts two public beaches, McDonald Beach Park and Iona Beach Regional Park. McDonald Beach is operated by the city of Richmond and it is a recreational facility, with a dogs off-leash area, picnic areas and boat docking available. The islands south shore features a Canadian Coast Guard station, as well as floatplane docks, Sea Island is also home to the Aerospace and Aviation Technology faculty of the British Columbia Institute of Technology as well as two hotels run by the Fairmont and Delta chains. 98 B-Line Airport Station Mitchell Island YVR - Airport Conservation Area YVR - Who We Are Air Highways Magazine - Vancouver
29.
Islet
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An islet is a very small island. As suggested by its origin as islette, an Old French diminutive of isle, use of the term implies small size, but little attention is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability. Cay or Key – an islet formed by the accumulation of sand deposits atop a reef Motu – A reef islet formed by broken coral and sand. River island – A small islet within the current of a river, rock – A rock, in the sense of a type of islet, is an uninhabited landform composed of rock, lying offshore, and having at most minimal vegetation. Sandbar – An exposed sandbar is another type of islet, Sea stack – A thin, vertical landform jutting out of a body of water. Skerry – A small rocky island, usually defined to be too small for habitation, subsidiary islets – A more technical application is to small land features, isolated by water, lying off the shore of a larger island. Likewise, any emergent land in an atoll is called an islet. Tidal island – Often small islands lie off the mainland of an area, being connected to it in low tide. In the Caribbean and West Atlantic, islets are often called cays or keys, rum Cay in the Bahamas and the Florida Keys off Florida are examples of islets. In the Channel Islands, they are identified by the suffix -hou from the Norse -holm. In Scotland and Ireland, they are often called inches, from the Gaelic innis, which originally meant island, in Ireland they are often termed skerries. In and around Polynesia, islets are widely known by the term motu, in and around the River Thames in England, small islands are known as aits or eyots. One long-term dispute over the status of such an islet was that of Snake Island, there are thousands of islets on Earth, approximately 24,000 islands and islets in the Stockholm archipelago alone. The following is a list of example islets from around the world, Islands or Rocks, Is that the Real Question. The Treatment of Islands in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, in Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore, Alfred H. A. The Law of the Sea Convention, US Accession and Globalization
30.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
31.
Burnaby
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Burnaby is a city in British Columbia, Canada, located immediately to the east of Vancouver. It is the third-largest city in British Columbia by population, surpassed only by nearby Surrey and it was incorporated in 1892 and achieved City status in 1992, one hundred years after incorporation. It is the seat of the Greater Vancouver Regional Districts government, in 1859 Burnaby had surveyed the freshwater lake near what is now the citys geographical centre. Moody chose to name it Burnaby Lake, in the first 30 to 40 years after its incorporation, the growth of Burnaby was influenced by its location between the expanding urban centres of Vancouver and New Westminster. It first served as an agricultural area supplying nearby markets. Later, it served as an important transportation corridor between Vancouver, the Fraser Valley and the Interior and continues to do so. As Vancouver expanded and became a metropolis, it was one of the first-tier bedroom-community suburbs of Vancouver itself, along with the city and district of North Vancouver, Burnaby has shifted in character over time from rural to suburban to urban. Burnaby occupies 98.60 square kilometres and is located at the centre of the Metro Vancouver area. Burnaby, Vancouver and New Westminster collectively occupy the portion of the Burrard Peninsula. The elevation of Burnaby ranges from sea level to a maximum of 370 metres atop Burnaby Mountain, due to its elevation, the city of Burnaby experiences quite a bit more snowfall during the winter months than nearby Vancouver or Richmond. Overall, the landscape of Burnaby is one of hills, ridges, valleys. The land features and their locations have had an influence on the location, type. Burnaby is home to industrial and commercial firms. British Columbias largest commercial mall, the Metropolis at Metrotown, is located in Burnaby. Major parklands and waterways in Burnaby include Central Park, Robert Burnaby Park, Kensington Park, Burnaby Mountain, Still Creek, the Brunette River, Burnaby Lake, Deer Lake, and Squint Lake. The SkyTrain rapid transit system, based in Burnaby, crosses the city from east to west in two places, the Expo Line crosses the south along Kingsway and the Millennium Line follows Lougheed Highway. Major north-south streets crossing the City include Boundary Road, Willingdon Avenue, Royal Oak Avenue, Kensington Avenue, Sperling Avenue, Gaglardi Way, Cariboo Road, and North Road. East-west routes linking Burnabys neighbouring cities to other include Hastings Street, Barnet Highway
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New Westminster
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New Westminster is a historically important city in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia, Canada, and is a member municipality of the Greater Vancouver Regional District. Before the settlers arrived from various parts of the world, the now known as New Westminster was inhabited by Qayqayt First Nation. The discovery of gold in B. C. and the arrival of gold seekers from the south prompted fear amongst the settlers that Americans may invade to take over this land. Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860, Moody settled the Lower Mainland and selected the site and founded the new capital, everything is large and magnificent, worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England’s dominions on the Pacific mainland. My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp-like pictures of horses, the water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness, not a ripple before us, except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away. It was suggested by Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment that the site be proclaimed Queensborough, Governor James Douglas proclaimed the new capital with this name on February 14,1859. From this naming by the Queen, the City gained its official nickname, a year later New Westminster became the first City in British Columbia to be incorporated and have an elected municipal government. It became an outfitting point for prospectors coming to the Fraser Gold Rush, as all travel to the goldfield ports of Yale. Moreover, to pay for the expense of building roads into the Interior of the colony, in 1866, the colony of British Columbia and the colony of Vancouver Island were united as British Columbia. Cox then popped the lenses of Franklyns glasses from their frames so that the Nanaimo representative could see nothing at all of his speech, the subsequent vote was 13 to 8 against New Westminster. A smallpox epidemic devastated the New Westminster Band, reducing the members from about 400 people to under 100. Many of the remaining Qayqayt were assimilated into other local reserves and their reserve on Poplar Island was turned into an Aboriginal smallpox victim quarantine area. For decades, the Poplar Island reserve was designated as belonging to all coast tribes, in 1913 the federal government seized most of the New Westminster Bands reserve lands. In 1916 the remaining land on Poplar Island was turned over to the BC government, eighteen years earlier, in 1898, a devastating fire destroyed downtown New Westminster. In 1991, the New Westminster Armoury was recognized as a Federal Heritage building on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings, New Westminster is located on the Burrard Peninsula, on the north bank of the Fraser River. It is 19 kilometres southeast of the City of Vancouver proper, adjacent to Burnaby and Coquitlam, a portion of New Westminster called Queensborough is located on the eastern tip of Lulu Island, adjacent to Richmond. The total land area is 15.3 square kilometres, New Westminster has changed markedly over time and by the results of its incorporation into the wider urbanization of the Lower Mainland. In 1878, the Government of Canada opened the British Columbia Penitentiary, BC Pen, or simply the Pen, as it was known, was located between the Sapperton neighbourhood and what is now Queens Park
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Delta, British Columbia
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Delta is a district municipality in British Columbia, and forms part of Greater Vancouver. Located south of Richmond, it is bordered by the Fraser River to the north, the United States to the south, Delta is composed of three distinct communities, Ladner, Tsawwassen, and North Delta. Prior to European settlement, Deltas flatlands and coastal shores were inhabited by the Tsawwassen indigenous peoples, the land was first sighted by Europeans in 1791, when Spanish explorer Lieutenant Francisco de Eliza mistook the area for an island and named it Isla Capeda. The first European settler in Delta was James Kennedy who pre-empted 135 acres in what later became Annieville in February 1860, thomas and William Ladner, began farming the area named after them in 1868. Farming and fishing helped the community grow quickly over the few decades. In 1879, the area was incorporated to become Delta, due to its geography, Delta was a relatively isolated community. The 1986 completion of the Alex Fraser Bridge connecting North Delta to New Westminster and Vancouver also helped Deltas growth, as of 2005, Deltas population was 102,655. About 23% of Deltas population are visible minorities, of which there are approximately 12,000 South Asians and 5,400 Chinese Canadians and it is a largely suburban area in north-east Delta bordered by the Burns Bog and Surrey. Ladner is a 19th-century fishing village in north-west Delta that has expanded into a suburb, fishing and farming are important industries. Ladner Trunk Road is its main street, Tsawwassen is a suburban community in south-west Delta that calls itself the sunniest place in Metro Vancouver. Luxury waterfront homes line Tsawwassens coast, Tsawwassen is also home to the busy Tsawwassen Ferry Terminal which links the mainland to Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. Tsawwassen, together with Ladner are also known as South Delta, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, the population of Delta is 99,863, a 3. 3% increase from 2006. The population density is 554.4 people per square km, the median age is 42.8 years old, which is a bit higher than the national median age at 40.6 years old. There are 35,781 private dwellings with a rate of 97. 1%. According to the 2011 National Household Survey, the value of a dwelling in Delta is $562,181 which is significantly higher than the national average at $280,552. The median household income in Delta is $71,590, quite higher than the average at $54,089. Delta is a diverse city. The remaining 1. 1% affiliate with another religion, Delta is located 27 kilometres south of Vancouver and 22 kilometres north of the Canada–US border at Peace Arch, Surrey
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Strait of Georgia
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The Strait of Georgia or the Georgia Strait is a strait between Vancouver Island, and the mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada and extreme northern Washington, United States. It is approximately 240 kilometres long and varies in width from 20 to 58 kilometres, along with the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound, it is a constituent part of the Salish Sea. Archipelagos and narrow channels mark each end of the Strait of Georgia, the Gulf Islands and San Juan Islands in the south, the main channels to the south are Haro Strait and Rosario Strait, which connect the Strait of Georgia to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. In the north, Discovery Passage is the channel connecting the Strait of Georgia to Johnstone Strait. This line touches the edges of Rosario Strait, which leads south to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Boundary Pass, which leads south to Haro Strait. The mean depth of the Strait of Georgia is 157 metres and its surface area is approximately 6,800 square kilometres. The Fraser River accounts for roughly 80 percent of the water entering the strait. Water circulates in the strait in a general counterclockwise direction, several major islands are in the strait, the largest being Quadra Island and Texada Island. First Nations communities have surrounded the Strait of Georgia for thousands of years, the first European exploration of the area was undertaken by Captain Jose Maria Narvaez and Pilot Juan Carrasco of Spain in 1791. At this time Francisco de Eliza gave the strait the name Gran Canal de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera. In 1792, it was renamed for King George III as the Gulf of Georgia by George Vancouver of Great Britain, Vancouver designated the mainland in this region as New Georgia, and areas farther north as New Hanover and New Bremen. The June 23,1946 Vancouver Island earthquake shocked the Strait of Georgia region, the two busiest routes of the BC Ferries system cross the strait, between Tsawwassen and Swartz Bay and between Horseshoe Bay and Nanaimo. The Strait of Georgia is known as a scuba diving. In 1967, the Georgia Strait inspired the name of Vancouvers alternative newspaper, The Georgia Straight, across the border in the United States, Bellingham, Washington and other communities also lie on the eastern shore. Other settlements on Vancouver Island and the mainland are separated from Georgia Strait itself by islands, a controversial idea has existed since 1872 of a bridge connecting Vancouver Island to the BC Mainland. Later proposals have focussed on bridging the Strait of Georgia itself, some crossing design suggestions include a partly floating, partly submerged tunnel to allow ship traffic to move freely. The hurricane-force windstorms of Typhoon Freda in 1962 and of December 2006 call into question the safety of such a project, proponents of the bridge argue that a reliable link to Vancouver Island from mainland British Columbia will increase tourism and growth on Vancouver Island. Opponents argue that construction of a bridge will result in further urbanization of the island and that the environment will be negatively affected by construction
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McRoberts Secondary School
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Hugh McRoberts Secondary School, officially École Secondaire Hugh McRoberts Secondary School, is a Canadian school in Richmond, British Columbia. Named after Hugh McRoberts, a settler on Sea Island. McRoberts is situated at Garden City Rd. and Williams Rd. and is a member of School District 38 Richmond, the high school was partially renovated in 1999. The school logo and mascot is a Striker, which is depicted as a knight carrying a lance or a claymore. The logo had previously been a shamrock, but was changed because it was felt that this did not adequately convey the competitive nature of the schools athletic clubs. The school offers various sports teams which students can join include basketball, volleyball, rugby, soccer, field hockey, track, badminton, ultimate frisbee, tennis, table tennis and golf. Other clubs include Computer Programming Club, Reach For The Top, Math Club, Comic Club, Global Leadership Club, Business Club Physics & Engineering Club, McRoberts also has a struggling Theatre and Music department due to funding cuts by administration over recent years. McRoberts is a known for its strong athletic program. Former Canadian International Gary Hirayama is one of the coaches of both the junior and senior teams, the Senior Girls volleyball team has finished 4th in the province. The Senior Boys soccer team has placed 14th in the province, the senior girls field hockey and soccer teams have both won provincial championships since the school became a Senior High. In the late 90s and early 00s, the Senior Boys basketball team were consistently dark-horse entrants to the Provincial Tournaments held at the PNE Agrodome, the senior girls rugby team has won the schools only provincial championship taking home the gold in 2008. The Co-Ed Ultimate Frisbee team only accomplishment were winning back-to-back Tier 2 BCJUC Provincials in 2010 and 2011, but in the 2016 spring season, the team was placed in the C Division of Spring Reign Tournament held in Burlington, WA and ended up winning the division. Soon after McRoberts became Richmond School City League Champions for the first time by beating the powerhouse team Richmond High 11-10, McRoberts made it to the finals after defeating the back-to-back champions Sutherland in the semi-finals also on universe point. They were able to complete this Cinderella story by topping Stratford Hall in the finals and this was the first time a Richmond School ever making it to Tier 1 provincial finals and also winning it. The schools teams compete in the Richmond League at a district level, the school competes at a variety of size-levels depending on the sport, and the schools athletic director is former St. Louis Cardinals prospect Dave Milholm
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Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Canada
British Columbia
Hwy 91 
Hwy 99
Pierrefonds, Quebec, Canada (merged with Montreal in 2002) (since 1968)
Wakayama, Japan (since 1973)
Qingdao, China (since 2008)
Media related to Richmond, British Columbia at Wikimedia Commons
Richmond, British Columbia travel guide from Wikivoyage
Richmond
