1.
Columbus, Ohio
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Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River
2.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
3.
AirNet Express
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AirNet is an American Part 135 cargo airline based in Franklin County, Ohio, USA, near Columbus. It specializes in delivery of documents and small packages, banks were once their main client, transporting checks for over 300 of the countrys largest banks. With the passing of the Check 21 Act, and the increase in the usage of electronic banking, AirNet is now focusing on time critical documents and packages, such as those required in the scientific and medical field. The main sort facility is located at Rickenbacker International Airport in Columbus, in September 2008, AirNet announced that they were moving their sort facility to Chicago, reducing the number of aircraft, and redesigning their route network. Their corporate headquarters remains in Columbus Financial Air Express / PDQ was founded in 1974 by Gerald Mercer in Pontiac, jet Courier was founded at about the same time by Donald Wright in Cincinnati, OH. Jet Courier changed its name to Wright International Express in January 1985, in July 1988, these two companies merged to become US Check, headed by Gerald Mercer. US Check acquired Air Continental of Norwalk, OH a year later to become a dominant player in the cancelled check transportation industry. US Check later acquired Midway Aviation of Dallas, TX, Pacific Air Charter of San Diego, CA, Express Convenience Center of Southfield, Massachusetts and Data Air Courier of Chicago, Illinois. In order to raise capital and further grow the company. In 2008, AirNet Systems was purchased by Bayside Capital, which also owns Flight Express of Orlando, airNets destinations, The Airnet Express fleet consists of the following aircraft, Similar in India AirNet
4.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
5.
Asphalt
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Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
6.
Flying ace
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A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down several enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The actual number of aerial victories required to qualify as an ace has varied. The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of victories in military history. Aerial combat became a prominent feature with the Fokker Scourge, in the last half of 1915 and this was also the beginning of a long-standing trend in warfare, showing statistically that approximately five percent of combat pilots account for the majority of air-to-air victories. Use of the ace to describe these pilots began in World War I. The British initially used the term star-turns, while the Germans described their elite fighter pilots as Überkanonen, in the Luftstreitkräfte the Pour le Mérite was nicknamed Der blaue Max/The Blue Max, after Max Immelmann, who was the first fighter pilot to receive this award. Initially, German aviators had to destroy eight Allied aircraft to receive this medal, as the war progressed, the qualifications for Pour le Mérite were raised, but successful German fighter pilots continued to be hailed as national heroes for the remainder of the war. Victories were also counted for aircraft forced down within German lines and these victories were usually included in a pilots totals and in citations for decorations. Nonetheless some pilots did become famous through press coverage, making the British system for the recognition of successful fighter pilots much more informal and somewhat inconsistent. One pilot, Arthur Gould Lee, described his own score in a letter to his wife as Eleven, five by me solo — the rest shared, adding that he was miles from being an ace. This shows that his No.46 Squadron RAF counted shared kills, also evident is that Lee considered a higher figure than five kills to be necessary for ace status. Aviation historians credit him as an ace with two aircraft destroyed and five driven down out of control, for a total of seven victories. Other Allied countries, such as France and Italy, fell somewhere in between the very strict German approach and the relatively casual British one and they usually demanded independent witnessing of the destruction of an aircraft, making confirmation of victories scored in enemy territory very difficult. The Belgian crediting system sometimes included out of control to be counted as a victory, American newsmen, in their correspondence to their papers, decided that five victories were the minimum needed to become an ace. While ace status was generally won only by pilots, bomber. The most notable example of an ace in World War I is Charles George Gass with 39 accredited aerial victories. There were two theaters of war that produced flying aces between the two world wars and they were the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Spanish ace Joaquín García Morato scored 40 victories for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War, part of the outside intervention in the war was the supply of volunteer foreign pilots to both sides
7.
John Glenn Columbus International Airport
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John Glenn Columbus International Airport, is an international airport located 6 miles east of downtown Columbus, Ohio. Formerly known as Port Columbus International Airport, it is managed by the Columbus Regional Airport Authority, the airport code CMH stands for Columbus Municipal Hangar, the original name for the airport. John Glenn Columbus International Airport is primarily a passenger airport and it provides 140 non-stop flights to 34 airports via 6 airlines daily. In 2016, traffic reached 7.3 million, which was a 8% increase over 2015, traffic in 2017 is expected to surpass the record set in 2007. According to a 2005 market survey, Columbus attracts about 50% of its passengers from outside of its 60-mile radius primary service region. In addition, the airport also handles freight and US mail, CMH is the largest passenger airport in central Ohio and second busiest in the state after Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and offers service to most major airline hubs. Accessing John Glenn Columbus International Airport by road is possible by two highways, I-270 to the northeast and I-670 to the west. The main airport roadway, International Gateway, connects directly to I-670, the name change was unanimously approved by the airports nine-member board on May 24,2016. Ohio Governor John Kasich signed the bill into law on June 14,2016 with the change becoming official 90 days later. On June 28,2016, a celebration of the renaming was held, in 2017, after completion of the $80 million terminal renovation, the airport was named by trade organization Airports Council International as the most improved airport in North American in 2016. The airport opened July 8,1929, on a site selected by Charles Lindbergh, the original terminal building and hangars are still in use, the terminal has been restored and has rental office space and the hangars are still hangars. During World War II, most of the facility was taken over by the U. S. Navy, NAS Columbus was closed and the facility relinquished back to civilian authorities in 1946. Also, during the war, the government established an aviation factory on the grounds of the airport known as Air Force Factory 85. The plant produced the F-100 Super Saber, RF-6 Vigilante, T-2 Buckeye, T-28 Trojan, OV-10 Bronco, the diagram on the February 1951 Coast & Geodetic Survey instrument-approach chart shows runways 006/1863550 ft long, 052/2324400 ft, 096/2764500 ft, and 127/3075030 ft. A $12 million terminal building opened on September 21,1958, Jet airline flights started in April 1964. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 72 airline departures each weekday,41 TWA,16 American,6 Eastern,6 Lake Central and 3 Piedmont. The first major airline to fly into Port Columbus was TWA, TWA offered a club for exclusive passengers up until 2000 when America West took over a gate held by TWA and the club itself due to financial problems. Port Columbus International Airport was formerly a hub of America West Airlines in the 1990s, but the company closed the hub in 2003 due to financial losses, the airport was the home base of short-lived Skybus Airlines, which began operations from Port Columbus on May 22,2007
8.
Ohio Air National Guard
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The Ohio Air National Guard is the air force militia of the State of Ohio, United States of America. It is, along with the Ohio Army National Guard, an element of the Ohio National Guard, as state militia units, the units in the Ohio Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Ohio through the office of the Ohio Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The Ohio Air National Guard is headquartered at Beightler Armory, Columbus, under the Total Force concept, Ohio Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components of the United States Air Force. Ohio ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of public services. Air Force and the Air National Guard and it also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and allied nation aircraft. The state of Ohio received its first aerial unit after World War I, when the 112th Observation Squadron was constituted in 1921 and assigned to the 37th Division, the 112th O. S. was organized and federally recognized on June 20,1927, at Cleveland Airport. In 1933 the unit was assigned to the 45th Observation Group, the unit was inducted into federal service on November 25,1940, and assigned to Pope Field, North Carolina, in support of the I Corps. The 112th Observation Squadron continues today as the 112th Fighter Squadron, the official site of the Ohio Air National Guard notes that it is descended from the 357th Fighter Group. The 357th Fighter Group was re-designated the 121st Fighter Group on August 21,1946, in 1947, with the passage of the National Security Act of 1947 creating a separate Air Force, the Ohio Air National Guard came into being as a federally recognized reserve component. The 121st FG received its federal recognition on June 26,1948, the three fighter squadrons of the 357th were also re-designated as squadrons of the Ohio Air National Guard. Initially fighter squadrons flying F-84 and later F-100 and A-7 jets, federally recognized on November 2,1947. 164th Airlift Squadron, now a C-130 squadron, federally recognized on June 20,1948. 166th Air Refueling Squadron, now a KC-135 tanker squadron, federally recognized on March 2,1948. In November 1950 it was redesignated as the 121st Fighter Wing, the 121st FW was called to federal service during the Korean War, although neither it nor its squadrons saw combat. Other units saw service during the Berlin Airlift, the Vietnam War, the 160th Air Refueling Wing was assigned to the Strategic Air Command on July 1,1976. It was initially equipped with Boeing KC-97L Stratofreighters, the 160th ARG was inactivated but its 145th ARS continues as a unit of the 121st ARW today
9.
121st Air Refueling Wing
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The 121st Air Refueling Wing is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard, stationed at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, Ohio. If activated to service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command. The 121st Air Refueling Wings KC-135 Stratotanker mission is to provide the core aerial refueling capability for the U. S. Air Force and this unique aircraft enhances the Air Forces capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, the KC-135 is capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations. Moved to England in November 1943 and became part of VIII Fighter Command, trained with P-51 Mustangs and began combat operations on 11 February 1944 by making a fighter sweep over Rouen. Served primarily as an escort organization, providing penetration and withdrawal support for bombers that attacked strategic objectives on the Continent. Participated in the assault against the German Air Force and aircraft industry during Big Week, 20–25 February 1944. Participated in the invasion of Normandy in Jun 1944, the breakthrough at St Lo in July, the Battle of the Bulge, Dec 1944 – Jan 1945, flew its last mission, an escort operation, on 25 April 1945. Moved to Germany in Jul and assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe for duty with the army of occupation, inactivated in Germany on 20 August 1946. The wartime 357th Fighter Group was re-designated as the 121st Fighter Group and it was organized at Lockbourne Army Airfield, Columbus, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 20 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 121st Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, on 31 October 1950 the 121st Fighter Wing was established, and the 55th Fighter Wing was disbanded, its personnel and mission assumed by the new 121st Fighter Wing. The 121st Fighter Groups and its squadrons were assigned to the new 121st FW. The 112th flew the RB-26C Invader, with the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular militarys complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 112th Bombardment Squadron was federalized on 10 October 1950 and it was re-designated as the 112th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and assigned to the federalized Alabama ANG 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group. It deployed to West Germany and later France to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe and it was released from active duty on 9 July 1952 and returned to Ohio without aircraft or equipment, which was transferred to USAFE. The 162d Fighter Squadron was not federalized and remained at Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport, the 164th Fighter Squadron was federalized on 10 February 1951. The 164th however was selected to remain at Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport and continue the air defense mission, being gained by the Eastern Air Defense Force. The squadron was released from service and returned to Ohio State control
10.
Ohio Military Reserve
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The Ohio Military Reserve serves under the Governor as Commander in Chief through the office of the Adjutant General of Ohio and is headquartered at the Haubuch Armory in Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio Military Reserve had its roots in the Ohio Militia, at that time, every state within the United States had its own militia. The militia existed to protect a states residents from attack, whether it was from Native Americans, other countries, most states required able-bodied white men to participate in the militia. Age limits existed in all states, with most states requiring men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five to participate in the militia, the Ohio Militia played an important role in the states early history. Militiamen helped United States soldiers subdue Ohios Indian people, during the War of 1812, the Ohio Militia helped defend the American Northwest from British invasion. Following this conflict, the Ohio Militia still existed, but it declined in importance, with the death of the Shawnee leader Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames in 1813, most Ohioans no longer faced major threats from the Native Americans. The United States also remained at peace with other nations until the Mexican War began in 1846, during this prolonged era of peace, Ohios state government reduced funding to the militia to set aside money for other programs. The two men discovered a few crates of rusted smoothbore muskets, mildewed harnesses for horses, despite the lack of equipment, Dennison encouraged Ohio communities to revive the militia system and form units that they would send to Columbus, the state capital. Dennison entrusted McClellan with command of units, asking him to create a cohesive. Most of these formed the basis of Ohio Volunteer Infantry units. Following the Civil War, the Ohio Militia remained in existence, in 1903, the United States government implemented the Dick Act, which formally created the National Guard. One of the reasons for this new law was the poor condition of state militia organizations. Most state militia units now became National Guard units, before creation of the National Guard, state militia units, in theory, only existed to protect their states. States still oversaw the new National Guard units, which were primarily to serve in their own states, however, the federal government could now nationalize National Guard units and send them into other states or even other countries without the approval of the units home states. Today, both Army National Guard and Air National Guard units exist in Ohio, and many Ohioans belong to these organizations, members of the National Guard receive pay and other benefits, including financial assistance to attend college. A desire to serve and the financial benefits cause many Americans to enlist in National Guard units. Despite the existence of the National Guard, Ohio still maintained its own militia force, the Dick Act prohibited states from retaining their own militia systems. Ohio was one of the states chose not to follow the federal mandate
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.
