1.
Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base
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Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base is an Air National Guard facility of the Ohio Air National Guard. The base was named for the early aviator and Columbus native Eddie Rickenbacker. It is the home of the United States Air Forces 121st Air Refueling Wing, Rickenbacker ANGB is also a joint military facility, with tenant activities of the Ohio Army National Guard, as well as Navy Reserve and Marine Corps Reserve units and associated facilities. Rickenbacker ANGB is a former Strategic Air Command base previously named Lockbourne AFB from 1948 to 1974, the facility was transferred from SAC and the active duty Air Force on 1 April 1980 and turned over to the Air National Guard. This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http and this article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base. Air Force Combat Units of World War II, Washington, DC, U. S. Government Printing Office 1961. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977, maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, Office of Air Force History 1984. A Cold War Legacy, A Tribute to Strategic Air Command, 1946–1992, Pictorial Histories Publications ISBN 1-57510-052-5 Rogers, United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Turner Publishing Company, Strategic Air Command, The Story of the Strategic Air Command, turner Publishing Company ISBN 1-56311-265-5 Shaw, Frederick J. Locating Air Force Base Sites History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC,2004. History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002
2.
ICAO airport code
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The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating aerodromes around the world. ICAO codes are used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers. Flight information regions are identified by a unique ICAO-code. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers, for example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with C, so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes and their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world was classified in a more planned top-down manner, thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe. The second letter was more specific, EGxx was the United Kingdom, EDxx was West Germany, ETxx was East Germany, LExx was Spain, LAxx was Albania, France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, which are used for airline timetables, reservations. For example, the IATA code for Londons Heathrow Airport is LHR, in general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes have ICAO codes than IATA codes, and to add to the confusion IATA codes are assigned to railway stations. Unlike the IATA codes, the ICAO codes generally have a structure and are comprehensive. In general, the first letter is allocated by continent and represents a country or group of countries within that continent, the second letter generally represents a country within that region, and the remaining two are used to identify each airport. The exception to rule is larger countries that have single-letter country codes. In either case, ICAO codes generally provide geographical context unlike IATA codes, for example, if one knows that the ICAO code for Heathrow is EGLL, then one can deduce that the airport EGGP is somewhere in the UK. On the other hand, knowing that the IATA code for Heathrow is LHR does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty, there are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code made for political or administrative reasons. Similarly Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe, further, in region L, all available 2-letter prefixes have been exhausted and thus no additional countries can be added
3.
Federal Aviation Administration
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The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. The FAAs roles include, Regulating U. S, each LOB has a specific role within the FAA. Airports — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction, Air Traffic Organization — primary duty is to safely and efficiently move air traffic within the National Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic facilities including Airport Traffic Control Towers, Aviation Safety — Responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and mechanics. Commercial Space Transportation — ensures protection of U. S. assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles, the FAA is headquartered in Washington, D. C. as well as the William J. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight, in fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the system of lighted airways. The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control along the airways, in 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency. The legislation also expanded the role by giving them the authority. President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Civil Aeronautics Board, CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines, the CAA was part of the Department of Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency, on the eve of Americas entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war, the application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions and this legislation gave the CAAs functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, the FAAs first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower
4.
Columbus, Ohio
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Columbus is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Ohio. It is the 15th-largest city in the United States, with a population of 850,106 as of 2015 estimates and this makes Columbus the fourth-most populous state capital in the United States, and the third-largest city in the Midwestern United States. It is the city of the Columbus, Ohio, Metropolitan Statistical Area. With a population of 2,021,632, it is Ohios third-largest metropolitan area, Columbus is the county seat of Franklin County. The city proper has also expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County, named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. As of 2013, the city has the headquarters of five corporations in the U. S, fortune 500, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Big Lots, and Cardinal Health. In 2012, Columbus was ranked in BusinessWeeks 50 best cities in America. In 2013, Forbes gave Columbus an A rating as one of the top cities for business in the U. S. and later that included the city on its list of Best Places for Business. Columbus was also ranked as the No.1 up-and-coming tech city in the nation by Forbes in 2008, and the city was ranked a top-ten city by Relocate America in 2010. In 2007, fDi Magazine ranked the city no.3 in the U. S. for cities of the future, and the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium was rated no.1 in 2009 by USA Travel Guide. The area including modern-day Columbus once comprised the Ohio Country, under the control of the French colonial empire through the Viceroyalty of New France from 1663 until 1763. In the 18th century, European traders flocked to the area, the area found itself frequently caught between warring factions, including American Indian and European interests. In the 1740s, Pennsylvania traders overran the territory until the French forcibly evicted them, in the early 1750s, the Ohio Company sent George Washington to the Ohio Country to survey. Fighting for control of the territory in the French and Indian War became part of the international Seven Years War, during this period, the region routinely suffered turmoil, massacres, and battles. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ceded the Ohio Country to the British Empire, after the American Revolution, the Ohio Country became part of the Virginia Military District, under the control of the United States. Colonists from the East Coast moved in, but rather finding a empty frontier, they encountered people of the Miami, Delaware, Wyandot, Shawnee. The tribes resisted expansion by the fledgling United States, leading to years of bitter conflict, the decisive Battle of Fallen Timbers resulted in the Treaty of Greenville, which finally opened the way for new settlements. By 1797, a surveyor from Virginia named Lucas Sullivant had founded a permanent settlement on the west bank of the forks of the Scioto River
5.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
6.
Franklin County, Ohio
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Franklin County is a county in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of 2016 census estimates, the population was 1,264,518. making it the most populous county in Ohio and its county seat is Columbus, the state capital and most populous city in Ohio. The county was established on April 30,1803, less than two months after Ohio became a state, and was named after Benjamin Franklin, Franklin County originally extended all the way north to Lake Erie before Ohio subdivided further into more counties. Franklin County is included in the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, Franklin County is home to one of the largest universities in the United States, The Ohio State University, which as of fall 2014 has an enrollment of 58,322 students on its main Columbus campus. On March 30,1803, the Ohio government authorized the creation of Franklin County, the county originally was part of Ross County. Residents named the county in honor of Benjamin Franklin, in 1816, Franklin County’s Columbus became Ohio’s state capital. Surveyors laid out the city in 1812, and officials incorporated it in 1816, Columbus was not Ohio’s original capital, but the state legislature chose to move the state government there after its location for a short time at Chillicothe and at Zanesville. Columbus was chosen as the site for the new capital because of its location within the state. The legislature chose it as Ohio’s capital over a number of competitors, including Franklinton, Dublin, Worthington. James Kilbourne was elected president and Josiah Topping secretary, on August 30,1802 James Kilbourne and Nathaniel Little arrived at Colonel Thomas Worthingtons home in Chillicothe, Ohio. They tentatively reserved land along the Scioto River on the Pickaway Plains for their new settlement, jonas Stanbery and his partner, an American Revolutionary War general, Jonathan Dayton. Sixteen thousand acres were purchased along the Whetstone River at $1.50 per acre and this land was part of the United States Military District surveyed by Israel Ludlow in 1797 and divided into townships 5 miles square. Before the state legislature’s decision in 1812, Columbus did not exist, the city was designed from the first as the state’s capital, preparing itself for its role in Ohio’s political, economic, and social life. In the years between first ground-breaking and the movement of the capital in 1816, Columbus and Franklin County grew significantly. By 1813, workers had built a penitentiary, and by the year, residents had established the first church, school. Workers completed the Ohio Statehouse in 1861, Columbus and Franklin County grew quickly in population, with the city having 700 people by 1815. Columbus officially became the county seat in 1824, by 1834, the population of Columbus was 4,000 people, officially elevating it to city status. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 544 square miles
7.
Pickaway County, Ohio
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Pickaway County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 55,698 and its name derives from the Pekowi band of Shawnee Indians, who inhabited the area. Pickaway County is part of the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 507 square miles, of which 501 square miles is land and 5.2 square miles is water. The population density was 105 people per square mile, there were 18,596 housing units at an average density of 37 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 91. 95% White,6. 43% Black or African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 22% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 15% from other races, and 0. 93% from two or more races. 0. 63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,20. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the family size was 3.02. In the county, the population was out with 24. 30% under the age of 18,9. 00% from 18 to 24,32. 60% from 25 to 44,23. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 122.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $42,832, and the median income for a family was $49,259. Males had an income of $36,265 versus $26,086 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,478, about 7. 60% of families and 9. 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 40% of those under age 18 and 7. 00% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 55,698 people,19,624 households, the population density was 111.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 21,275 housing units at a density of 42.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 5% white,3. 4% black or African American,0. 4% Asian,0. 2% American Indian,0. 3% from other races, and 1. 2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1. 1% of the population, in terms of ancestry,27. 0% were German,16. 3% were American,14. 9% were Irish, and 11. 1% were English. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.03. The median age was 38.5 years, the median income for a household in the county was $49,262 and the median income for a family was $58,811
8.
Airline hub
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Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States
9.
AirNet Express
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AirNet is an American Part 135 cargo airline based in Franklin County, Ohio, USA, near Columbus. It specializes in delivery of documents and small packages, banks were once their main client, transporting checks for over 300 of the countrys largest banks. With the passing of the Check 21 Act, and the increase in the usage of electronic banking, AirNet is now focusing on time critical documents and packages, such as those required in the scientific and medical field. The main sort facility is located at Rickenbacker International Airport in Columbus, in September 2008, AirNet announced that they were moving their sort facility to Chicago, reducing the number of aircraft, and redesigning their route network. Their corporate headquarters remains in Columbus Financial Air Express / PDQ was founded in 1974 by Gerald Mercer in Pontiac, jet Courier was founded at about the same time by Donald Wright in Cincinnati, OH. Jet Courier changed its name to Wright International Express in January 1985, in July 1988, these two companies merged to become US Check, headed by Gerald Mercer. US Check acquired Air Continental of Norwalk, OH a year later to become a dominant player in the cancelled check transportation industry. US Check later acquired Midway Aviation of Dallas, TX, Pacific Air Charter of San Diego, CA, Express Convenience Center of Southfield, Massachusetts and Data Air Courier of Chicago, Illinois. In order to raise capital and further grow the company. In 2008, AirNet Systems was purchased by Bayside Capital, which also owns Flight Express of Orlando, airNets destinations, The Airnet Express fleet consists of the following aircraft, Similar in India AirNet
10.
Amerijet International
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Amerijet International is an American cargo airline headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. It operates all-jet cargo services to destinations in Central America, South America, Mexico, Amerijet operates from its primary hub at Miami International Airport. The airline was established and started operations in 1974 and it was founded by David Bassett and a partner with one leased aircraft, a Cessna 401, operating passenger and cargo services between the USA and the Bahamas. In 1976 Amerijet became a freight only carrier, in late 1978 courier contracts were taken from Purolator, FedEx, UPS, DHL and from Airborne Express in the early 1980s. In 1982 Bassett bought out his partner and created Amerijet International, to date, two activists have been arrested in front of Amerijets office. On Valentines Day 2011, Amerijet ended their involvement in the trade with these words, Amerijet has ceased transporting primates for any. Amerijet operated under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection from 22 August 2001 until 31 December 2001, Amerijet International is owned by HIG Capital and David Bassett and has 577 employees. Amerijet and the International Brotherhood of Teamsters reached an agreement on September 14,2009 on a new labor contract covering flight crew employees. Media related to Amerijet International at Wikimedia Commons Official website
11.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
12.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
13.
Asphalt
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Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in deposits or may be a refined product. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used, the word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use of asphalt/bitumen is in construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt, the terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt is the carefully refined residue from the process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen, geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to forms of asphalt/bitumen as tar. Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C is sometimes referred to as refined bitumen. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the reserves of natural bitumen, covering 142,000 square kilometres. Additionally, most natural bitumens contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in a sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found in the <10 ppm level, as is typical of some petroleum, the substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase, and it is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large. Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with tar, which is a visually similar black. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct, the addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen
14.
Lockbourne, Ohio
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Lockbourne is a village in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The population was 237 at the 2010 census, Lockbourne is located near Rickenbacker International Airport, and had initially provided its original name of Lockbourne Air Force Base. Lockbourne was laid out in the early 1830s and it takes its name from the locks of the Ohio and Erie Canal, on which it was situated. Lockbourne is located at 39°48′32″N 82°58′14″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.80 square miles, of which,0.75 square miles is land and 0.05 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 237 people,95 households, the population density was 316.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 108 housing units at a density of 144.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 97. 9% White,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 5% of the population. 21. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age in the village was 38.9 years. 24. 5% of residents were under the age of 18, 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 6% were from 25 to 44,20. 2% were from 45 to 64, and 20. 7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47. 7% male and 52. 3% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 280 people,107 households, and 78 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,950.5 people per square mile, there were 114 housing units at an average density of 1,201.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 99. 64% White, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 36% of the population. 23. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.05. In the village, the population was out with 25. 4% under the age of 18,5. 7% from 18 to 24,27. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 105.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males, the median income for a household in the village was $33,929, and the median income for a family was $38,125. Males had an income of $26,875 versus $25,500 for females
15.
Flying ace
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A flying ace or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down several enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The actual number of aerial victories required to qualify as an ace has varied. The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of victories in military history. Aerial combat became a prominent feature with the Fokker Scourge, in the last half of 1915 and this was also the beginning of a long-standing trend in warfare, showing statistically that approximately five percent of combat pilots account for the majority of air-to-air victories. Use of the ace to describe these pilots began in World War I. The British initially used the term star-turns, while the Germans described their elite fighter pilots as Überkanonen, in the Luftstreitkräfte the Pour le Mérite was nicknamed Der blaue Max/The Blue Max, after Max Immelmann, who was the first fighter pilot to receive this award. Initially, German aviators had to destroy eight Allied aircraft to receive this medal, as the war progressed, the qualifications for Pour le Mérite were raised, but successful German fighter pilots continued to be hailed as national heroes for the remainder of the war. Victories were also counted for aircraft forced down within German lines and these victories were usually included in a pilots totals and in citations for decorations. Nonetheless some pilots did become famous through press coverage, making the British system for the recognition of successful fighter pilots much more informal and somewhat inconsistent. One pilot, Arthur Gould Lee, described his own score in a letter to his wife as Eleven, five by me solo — the rest shared, adding that he was miles from being an ace. This shows that his No.46 Squadron RAF counted shared kills, also evident is that Lee considered a higher figure than five kills to be necessary for ace status. Aviation historians credit him as an ace with two aircraft destroyed and five driven down out of control, for a total of seven victories. Other Allied countries, such as France and Italy, fell somewhere in between the very strict German approach and the relatively casual British one and they usually demanded independent witnessing of the destruction of an aircraft, making confirmation of victories scored in enemy territory very difficult. The Belgian crediting system sometimes included out of control to be counted as a victory, American newsmen, in their correspondence to their papers, decided that five victories were the minimum needed to become an ace. While ace status was generally won only by pilots, bomber. The most notable example of an ace in World War I is Charles George Gass with 39 accredited aerial victories. There were two theaters of war that produced flying aces between the two world wars and they were the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Spanish ace Joaquín García Morato scored 40 victories for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War, part of the outside intervention in the war was the supply of volunteer foreign pilots to both sides
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Eddie Rickenbacker
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Edward Vernon Rickenbacker was an American fighter ace in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. With 26 aerial victories, he was Americas most successful ace in the war. He was also considered to have won the most awards for valor by American during the war according to the April 2017 VFW magazine in their special World War I edition. He was also a car driver and automotive designer, a government consultant in military matters. Edward Rickenbacker was born in Columbus, Ohio, to Swiss German-speaking immigrants, from childhood, he loved machines and experimented with them, encouraged by his fathers words, A machine has to have a purpose. His first life-threatening experience occurred when he was in the Horsehead Gang and he lived near a mine, and they decided to ride a cart down the slope. It tipped over and almost crushed them, according to Rickenbackers autobiography, at age thirteen, his schooling ended in grade seven after the accidental death of his father on August 26,1904. However, according to Eddie Rickenbacker, An American Hero in the Twentieth Century and he aggressively pursued any chance of involvement with automobiles. Rickenbacker went to work at the Columbus Buggy Company, eventually becoming a salesman, Rickenbacker was also an avid golfer, often playing at the Siwanoy Country Club course near his home. He is one of a select few Club members who were granted honorary lifetime membership at Siwanoy. Rickenbacker became well known as a car driver, competing in the Indianapolis 500 four times before World War I. Rickenbacker joined the Maxwell Race Team in 1915 after leaving Peugeot, after the Maxwell team disbanded that same year, he joined the Prest-O-Lite team as manager and continued to race improved Maxwells for Prest-O-Lite. Rickenbacker wanted to join the Allied troops in World War I, but the U. S. had not yet entered the war. During World War I, with its atmosphere, he — like many other German Americans — changed his surname. As he was well known at the time, the change received wide publicity. From then on, as he wrote in his autobiography, most Rickenbachers were practically forced to spell their name in the way I had and he believed his given name looked a little plain. He signed his name 26 times, with a different middle initial each time, after settling upon V, he selected Vernon as a middle name. In 1916, Rickenbacker traveled to London, with the aim of developing an English car for American races, because of an erroneous press story and Rickenbackers known Swiss heritage, he was suspected of being a spy
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John Glenn Columbus International Airport
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John Glenn Columbus International Airport, is an international airport located 6 miles east of downtown Columbus, Ohio. Formerly known as Port Columbus International Airport, it is managed by the Columbus Regional Airport Authority, the airport code CMH stands for Columbus Municipal Hangar, the original name for the airport. John Glenn Columbus International Airport is primarily a passenger airport and it provides 140 non-stop flights to 34 airports via 6 airlines daily. In 2016, traffic reached 7.3 million, which was a 8% increase over 2015, traffic in 2017 is expected to surpass the record set in 2007. According to a 2005 market survey, Columbus attracts about 50% of its passengers from outside of its 60-mile radius primary service region. In addition, the airport also handles freight and US mail, CMH is the largest passenger airport in central Ohio and second busiest in the state after Cleveland Hopkins International Airport and offers service to most major airline hubs. Accessing John Glenn Columbus International Airport by road is possible by two highways, I-270 to the northeast and I-670 to the west. The main airport roadway, International Gateway, connects directly to I-670, the name change was unanimously approved by the airports nine-member board on May 24,2016. Ohio Governor John Kasich signed the bill into law on June 14,2016 with the change becoming official 90 days later. On June 28,2016, a celebration of the renaming was held, in 2017, after completion of the $80 million terminal renovation, the airport was named by trade organization Airports Council International as the most improved airport in North American in 2016. The airport opened July 8,1929, on a site selected by Charles Lindbergh, the original terminal building and hangars are still in use, the terminal has been restored and has rental office space and the hangars are still hangars. During World War II, most of the facility was taken over by the U. S. Navy, NAS Columbus was closed and the facility relinquished back to civilian authorities in 1946. Also, during the war, the government established an aviation factory on the grounds of the airport known as Air Force Factory 85. The plant produced the F-100 Super Saber, RF-6 Vigilante, T-2 Buckeye, T-28 Trojan, OV-10 Bronco, the diagram on the February 1951 Coast & Geodetic Survey instrument-approach chart shows runways 006/1863550 ft long, 052/2324400 ft, 096/2764500 ft, and 127/3075030 ft. A $12 million terminal building opened on September 21,1958, Jet airline flights started in April 1964. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 72 airline departures each weekday,41 TWA,16 American,6 Eastern,6 Lake Central and 3 Piedmont. The first major airline to fly into Port Columbus was TWA, TWA offered a club for exclusive passengers up until 2000 when America West took over a gate held by TWA and the club itself due to financial problems. Port Columbus International Airport was formerly a hub of America West Airlines in the 1990s, but the company closed the hub in 2003 due to financial losses, the airport was the home base of short-lived Skybus Airlines, which began operations from Port Columbus on May 22,2007
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Bolton Field
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Bolton Field is a public airport eight miles southwest of Columbus, in Franklin County, Ohio. It is a towered airport operated under the Columbus Regional Airport Authority and it is one of 12 general aviation reliever airports in Ohio recognized in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems and is a reliever airport for John Glenn Columbus International Airport. Most U. S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Bolton Field opened on October 24,1970, a day after Franklin County Common Pleas Court rejected a move by a nearby private airport to stop it. The airport is named after long-time Port Columbus International Airport Superintendent Francis A, “Jack” Bolton, honored posthumously when the city dedicated the airfield to him at its opening. The airport was built to handle personal and business aviation, freeing Port Columbus for commercial traffic, Bolton Field covers 1,500 acres and has one asphalt runway 5,500 x 100 ft. Fuel is available, planes can use tiedowns or hangars for parking. Capital City Jet provides flight instruction, Fixed Based Operations, as well as air charter services, Columbus State Community College has an Aviation Maintenance Training Program. Scioto Valley 99s and Central Ohio Balloon Club are aviation organizations located on the grounds. In the year ending June 21,2011 the airport had 74,511 aircraft operations, average 204 per day, 57% local general aviation, 43% transient general aviation <1% air taxi and <1% military. 82 aircraft are based at airport, 90% single engine, 6% multi-engine, 2% jet aircraft. On June 18,1993, upon approach for landing on Grass Runway 22, a Glasflügel H-101 glider registered N101AZ, encountered a powered airplane, the pilot extended his base leg to the approach to accommodate the aircraft. He then decided that it would be difficult to complete the landing on the planned runway, during this landing, the glider impacted a ditch. The ultra-light aircraft suffered damage to its tail section
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United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
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Ohio Air National Guard
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The Ohio Air National Guard is the air force militia of the State of Ohio, United States of America. It is, along with the Ohio Army National Guard, an element of the Ohio National Guard, as state militia units, the units in the Ohio Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Governor of Ohio through the office of the Ohio Adjutant General unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. The Ohio Air National Guard is headquartered at Beightler Armory, Columbus, under the Total Force concept, Ohio Air National Guard units are considered to be Air Reserve Components of the United States Air Force. Ohio ANG units are trained and equipped by the Air Force and are gained by a Major Command of the USAF if federalized. State missions include disaster relief in times of earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and forest fires, search and rescue, protection of public services. Air Force and the Air National Guard and it also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, and allied nation aircraft. The state of Ohio received its first aerial unit after World War I, when the 112th Observation Squadron was constituted in 1921 and assigned to the 37th Division, the 112th O. S. was organized and federally recognized on June 20,1927, at Cleveland Airport. In 1933 the unit was assigned to the 45th Observation Group, the unit was inducted into federal service on November 25,1940, and assigned to Pope Field, North Carolina, in support of the I Corps. The 112th Observation Squadron continues today as the 112th Fighter Squadron, the official site of the Ohio Air National Guard notes that it is descended from the 357th Fighter Group. The 357th Fighter Group was re-designated the 121st Fighter Group on August 21,1946, in 1947, with the passage of the National Security Act of 1947 creating a separate Air Force, the Ohio Air National Guard came into being as a federally recognized reserve component. The 121st FG received its federal recognition on June 26,1948, the three fighter squadrons of the 357th were also re-designated as squadrons of the Ohio Air National Guard. Initially fighter squadrons flying F-84 and later F-100 and A-7 jets, federally recognized on November 2,1947. 164th Airlift Squadron, now a C-130 squadron, federally recognized on June 20,1948. 166th Air Refueling Squadron, now a KC-135 tanker squadron, federally recognized on March 2,1948. In November 1950 it was redesignated as the 121st Fighter Wing, the 121st FW was called to federal service during the Korean War, although neither it nor its squadrons saw combat. Other units saw service during the Berlin Airlift, the Vietnam War, the 160th Air Refueling Wing was assigned to the Strategic Air Command on July 1,1976. It was initially equipped with Boeing KC-97L Stratofreighters, the 160th ARG was inactivated but its 145th ARS continues as a unit of the 121st ARW today
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121st Air Refueling Wing
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The 121st Air Refueling Wing is a unit of the Ohio Air National Guard, stationed at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, Ohio. If activated to service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command. The 121st Air Refueling Wings KC-135 Stratotanker mission is to provide the core aerial refueling capability for the U. S. Air Force and this unique aircraft enhances the Air Forces capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy, Marine Corps, the KC-135 is capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations. Moved to England in November 1943 and became part of VIII Fighter Command, trained with P-51 Mustangs and began combat operations on 11 February 1944 by making a fighter sweep over Rouen. Served primarily as an escort organization, providing penetration and withdrawal support for bombers that attacked strategic objectives on the Continent. Participated in the assault against the German Air Force and aircraft industry during Big Week, 20–25 February 1944. Participated in the invasion of Normandy in Jun 1944, the breakthrough at St Lo in July, the Battle of the Bulge, Dec 1944 – Jan 1945, flew its last mission, an escort operation, on 25 April 1945. Moved to Germany in Jul and assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe for duty with the army of occupation, inactivated in Germany on 20 August 1946. The wartime 357th Fighter Group was re-designated as the 121st Fighter Group and it was organized at Lockbourne Army Airfield, Columbus, Ohio, and was extended federal recognition on 20 June 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 121st Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, on 31 October 1950 the 121st Fighter Wing was established, and the 55th Fighter Wing was disbanded, its personnel and mission assumed by the new 121st Fighter Wing. The 121st Fighter Groups and its squadrons were assigned to the new 121st FW. The 112th flew the RB-26C Invader, with the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular militarys complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The 112th Bombardment Squadron was federalized on 10 October 1950 and it was re-designated as the 112th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and assigned to the federalized Alabama ANG 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group. It deployed to West Germany and later France to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe and it was released from active duty on 9 July 1952 and returned to Ohio without aircraft or equipment, which was transferred to USAFE. The 162d Fighter Squadron was not federalized and remained at Cox-Dayton Municipal Airport, the 164th Fighter Squadron was federalized on 10 February 1951. The 164th however was selected to remain at Mansfield Lahm Regional Airport and continue the air defense mission, being gained by the Eastern Air Defense Force. The squadron was released from service and returned to Ohio State control
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Ohio Military Reserve
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The Ohio Military Reserve serves under the Governor as Commander in Chief through the office of the Adjutant General of Ohio and is headquartered at the Haubuch Armory in Columbus, Ohio. The Ohio Military Reserve had its roots in the Ohio Militia, at that time, every state within the United States had its own militia. The militia existed to protect a states residents from attack, whether it was from Native Americans, other countries, most states required able-bodied white men to participate in the militia. Age limits existed in all states, with most states requiring men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five to participate in the militia, the Ohio Militia played an important role in the states early history. Militiamen helped United States soldiers subdue Ohios Indian people, during the War of 1812, the Ohio Militia helped defend the American Northwest from British invasion. Following this conflict, the Ohio Militia still existed, but it declined in importance, with the death of the Shawnee leader Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames in 1813, most Ohioans no longer faced major threats from the Native Americans. The United States also remained at peace with other nations until the Mexican War began in 1846, during this prolonged era of peace, Ohios state government reduced funding to the militia to set aside money for other programs. The two men discovered a few crates of rusted smoothbore muskets, mildewed harnesses for horses, despite the lack of equipment, Dennison encouraged Ohio communities to revive the militia system and form units that they would send to Columbus, the state capital. Dennison entrusted McClellan with command of units, asking him to create a cohesive. Most of these formed the basis of Ohio Volunteer Infantry units. Following the Civil War, the Ohio Militia remained in existence, in 1903, the United States government implemented the Dick Act, which formally created the National Guard. One of the reasons for this new law was the poor condition of state militia organizations. Most state militia units now became National Guard units, before creation of the National Guard, state militia units, in theory, only existed to protect their states. States still oversaw the new National Guard units, which were primarily to serve in their own states, however, the federal government could now nationalize National Guard units and send them into other states or even other countries without the approval of the units home states. Today, both Army National Guard and Air National Guard units exist in Ohio, and many Ohioans belong to these organizations, members of the National Guard receive pay and other benefits, including financial assistance to attend college. A desire to serve and the financial benefits cause many Americans to enlist in National Guard units. Despite the existence of the National Guard, Ohio still maintained its own militia force, the Dick Act prohibited states from retaining their own militia systems. Ohio was one of the states chose not to follow the federal mandate
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State defense force
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State defense forces are authorized by state and federal law and are under the command of the governor of each state. State defense forces are distinct from their states National Guard in that they cannot become federal entities, all state National Guard personnel can be federalized under the National Defense Act of 1933 with the creation of the National Guard of the United States. This provides the basis for integrating units and personnel of the Army National Guard into the U. S. Army and, since 1947, units and personnel of the Air National Guard into the U. S. Air Force. However, under the law, individual members serving in the state defense force are not exempt from service in the armed forces. Under 32 USC §109, A person may not become a member of a defense force, if he is a member of a reserve component of the armed forces. Nearly every state has laws authorizing state defense forces, and 22 states, plus the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, have active SDFs with different levels of activity, support, State defense forces generally operate with emergency management and homeland security missions. Most SDFs are organized as units, but air and naval units also exist. In 1903, with passage of the Militia Act of 1903 and it required the states to divide their militias into two sections. The law recommended the title National Guard for the first section, known as the organized militia, the Secretary of War was authorized to furnish these Home Guard units with rifles, ammunition, and supplies. This law authorized the War Department to train and arm the new forces that would come to be known as State Guards. Many states took advantage of this law and maintained distinct state military forces throughout the war to defend their own territories, shorelines, Army Air Forces and would now be operationally gained by the newly established Air Force. In 1950, with the outbreak of the Korean War and at the urging of the National Guard, Congress reauthorized the separate state military forces for a time period of two years. These state military forces were authorized military training at federal expense, as well as arms, ammunition, clothing, at the end of the two years, however, they were not reauthorized under federal law. In 1956, Congress finally revised the law and authorized State defense forces permanently under Title 32, Section 109, two years later, Congress amended the law and changed the name from State defense forces to defense forces. By the late 1980s, however, a series of high-profile reports caused several states to shut down or significantly restructure their forces. Meanwhile, in 1990, the Virginia General Assembly launched an investigation, with the end of the Cold War came a general decrease of interest in state defense forces. In 2008, Alaska disarmed its state defense force after an investigation concluded the lack of training intensity or standardization was a legal liability to the state. Another former commander asserted he regularly awarded titles to members of the New York legislature in exchange for their support of budgetary allocations to the force
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Women Airforce Service Pilots
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The Women Airforce Service Pilots, called Womens Army Service Pilots in some sources, was a paramilitary aviation organization. The WASPs predecessors, the Womens Flying Training Detachment and the Womens Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron organized separately in September 1942 and they were the pioneering organizations of civilian female pilots, employed to fly military aircraft under the direction of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. The WFTD and WAFS were merged on August 5,1943, the female pilots of the WASP ended up numbering 1,074, each freeing a male pilot for combat service and duties. They flew over 60 million miles in every type of military aircraft, the WASP was granted veteran status in 1977, and given the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. Over 25,000 women applied, however, only 1,074 were accepted into the WASPs, the accepted women all had prior experience and pilots licences. Of those accepted, the majority were white, aside from white women, due to the existing climate of racial discrimination, the only African American applicant was asked to withdraw her application. Their motivation was to free male pilots for combat roles by employing qualified female pilots to aircraft from factories to military bases. But he essentially promised the command to Cochran, should such a force be needed in the future, while the U. S. was not yet fighting in World War II, Cochran had gone to England to volunteer to fly for the Air Transport Auxiliary. The ATA had been using female pilots since January 1940, and was starting to train new pilots. The American women who flew in the ATA were the first American women to fly military aircraft and they flew the Royal Air Forces frontline aircraft—Spitfires, Typhoons, Hudsons, Mitchells, Blenheims, Oxfords, Walruses, and Sea Otters—in non-combat roles, but in combat-like conditions. Most of these served in the ATA during the war. Only three members returned to the U. S. to participate in the WASP program, the U. S. was building its air power and military presence in anticipation of direct involvement in the conflict, and had belatedly begun to drastically expand its men in uniform. This period led to the increase in activity for the U. S. Army Air Forces. To those most involved within the new Ferrying Division of the Air Transport Command, Col. William H. Tunner was in charge of acquiring civilian ferry pilots. He decided to integrate a civilian force of female pilots into the AAF, after speaking with Major Robert M. Love, ATC staff officer, Cochran had committed to go to Great Britain in March 1942 for the trial program of female pilots with the ATA. She used her association with the President and Mrs. Roosevelt to lobby Arnold to reject any plan that did not commission women, ironically, Tunners proposal called for commissioning women in the WAACs, but was turned down after review by Arnold. By the mid-summer of 1942, Arnold was willing to consider the prior proposals seriously, the Womens Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron was headed by Mrs. Love, and went into operation on September 10,1942. Soon, the Air Transport Command began using women to ferry planes from factory to airfields, Cochran returned to the United States on September 10,1942, as the new organization was being publicized, and immediately confronted Arnold for an explanation
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Tuskegee Airmen
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The Tuskegee Airmen /tʌsˈkiːɡiː/ is the popular name of a group of African-American military pilots who fought in World War II. Officially, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces, the name also applies to the navigators, bombardiers, mechanics, instructors, crew chiefs, nurses, cooks and other support personnel for the pilots. There was also one pilot from Port of Spain, Trinidad, although the 477th Bombardment Group trained with North American B-25 Mitchell bombers, they never served in combat. The 99th Pursuit Squadron was the first black flying squadron, the 332nd Fighter Group, which originally included the 100th, 301st, and 302nd Fighter Squadrons, was the first black flying group. The group deployed to Italy in early 1944, the 99th Fighter Squadron was initially equipped with Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter-bomber aircraft. When the pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group painted the tails of their P-47s and later, P-51s, red, the Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces. During World War II, black Americans in many U. S. states were subject to the Jim Crow laws. The Tuskegee Airmen were subjected to discrimination, both within and outside the army, before the Tuskegee Airmen, no African American had been a U. S. military pilot. In 1917, African-American men had tried to become aerial observers, African American Eugene Bullard served in the French air service during World War I, because he was not allowed to serve in an American unit. Instead, Bullard returned to duty with the French. The racially motivated rejections of World War I African-American recruits sparked over two decades of advocacy by African Americans who wished to enlist and train as military aviators. The effort was led by such prominent civil rights leaders as Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, philip Randolph, and Judge William H. Hastie. Finally, on 3 April 1939, Appropriations Bill Public Law 18 was passed by Congress containing an amendment by Senator Harry H. Schwartz, the War Department managed to put the money into funds of civilian flight schools willing to train black Americans. When the appropriation of funds for aviation training created opportunities for pilot cadets, in 1941, the War Department and the Army Air Corps, under pressure — three months before its transformation into the USAAF — constituted the first all-black flying unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron. The exclusionary policies failed dramatically when the Air Corps received an abundance of applications from men who qualified, many of the applicants already had participated in the late-December 1938 unveiled Civilian Pilot Training Program, Tuskegee University had participated since 1939. The Air Corps determined that the programs would be used for all units. At Tuskegee, this continued with the selection and training of the Tuskegee Airmen. Anderson, who had been flying since 1929, and was responsible for training thousands of rookie pilots, after landing, she cheerfully announced, Well, you can fly all right
26.
Cold War
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The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
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Strategic Air Command
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At a lower echelon, headquarters divisions included Aircraft Engineering, Missile Concept, and Strategic Communications. In 1992, as part of an overall post-Cold War reorganization of the U. S. Planning to reorganize for a separate and independent postwar U. S. Air Force had begun by the fall of 1945, with the Simpson Board tasked to plan. the reorganization of the Army, SAC initially totaled 37,000 USAAF personnel. S. Air Force as an independent service, kenney, initial units reporting to the Strategic Air Command headquarters on 21 March 1946 included the Second Air Force, the IX Troop Carrier Command and the 73d Air Division. In addition to the bombing mission, SAC also devoted significant resources to aerial reconnaissance. An F-13 squadron, the F-13 later re-designated as the RB-29 Superfortress, was also established, SAC conducted routine aerial reconnaissance missions near the Soviet borders or near the 12-mile international waters limit, although some missions actually penetrated into Soviet airspace. The flight profiles of these missions—above 30,000 feet and in excess of 300 knots—made interception by Soviet air forces difficult until the Soviets 1948 introduction of the MiG-15 jet fighter. Project Nanook, the Cold War’s first Top Secret reconnaissance effort, used the first RB-29 missions for mapping and visual reconnaissance in the Arctic, later missions were Project LEOPARD along the Chukchi Peninsula, followed by Projects RICKRACK, STONEWORK, and COVERALLS. In 1946, the US possessed only nine atomic bombs and twenty-seven B-29s capable at any one time of delivering them, unfortunately, postwar budget and personnel cuts had had an insidious effect on SAC as its Deputy Commander, Major General Clements McMullen, implemented mandated force reductions. This continued to wear down SAC as a command and morale plummeted, as a result, by the end of 1947, only two of SACs eleven groups were combat ready. In terms of overall Air Force basing and infrastructure, SAC continued to acquire a share of USAF infrastructure. In 1947, before the USAF was established as an independent service, construction commenced on Limestone AAF, Maine, fort Dix AAF, New Jersey, Spokane AAF, Washington, and Wendover Field, Utah were also transferred to SAC between 30 April and 1 September 1947. Following establishment of the USAF as a service, SAC bases in the United States consisted of
28.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
29.
Air National Guard
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When Air National Guard units are used under the jurisdiction of the state governor they are fulfilling their militia role. However, if federalized by order of the President of the United States and they are jointly administered by the states and the National Guard Bureau, a joint bureau of the Army and Air Force that oversees the National Guard of the United States. The ANG of the territories of Guam and the Virgin Islands have no aircraft assigned, ANG units typically operate under Title 32 USC. However, when operating under Title 10 USC all ANG units are operationally-gained by an active duty USAF major command. ANG units of the Combat Air Forces based in the Continental United States, conversely, CONUS-based ANG units in the Mobility Air Forces, plus the Puerto Rico ANGs airlift wing and the Virgin Islands ANGs civil engineering squadron are gained by the Air Mobility Command. The vast majority of ANG units fall under either ACC or AMC, established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U. S. S. When not in a status, the Air National Guard operates under their respective state. The exception to rule is the District of Columbia Air National Guard. Because both state Air National Guard and the Air National Guard of the United States relatively go hand-in-hand, Air National Guard of the United States units or members may be called up for federal active duty in times of Congressionally sanctioned war or national emergency. The United States Air National Guard has about 110,000 men and women in service, even traditional part-time air guardsmen, especially pilots, navigators/combat systems officers, air battle managers and enlisted aircrew, often serve 100 or more man-days annually. As such, the concept of Air National Guard service as representing only one weekend a month, the Georgia Air National Guard and the Kansas Air National Guard previously flew the B-1B Lancer prior to converting to the E-8 Joint STARS and KC-135R Stratotanker, respectively. In addition, the 131st Fighter Wing of the Missouri Air National Guard transitioned from flying the F-15C/D Eagle at St and these proposals were eventually overruled and cancelled by the U. S. Congress. As state militia units, the units in the Air National Guard are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command and they are under the jurisdiction of the United States National Guard Bureau unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States. Air National Guard units are trained and equipped by the United States Air Force, the state ANG units, depending on their mission, are operationally gained by a major command of the USAF if federalized. Air National Guard personnel are expected to adhere to the moral and physical standards as their full-time active duty Air Force. The same ranks and insignia of the U. S. Air Force are used by the Air National Guard, the Air National Guard also bestows a number of state awards for local services rendered in a service members home state or equivalent. The creation of the regiments was caused by the perceived need to defend the Bay Colony against American Indians. This organization formed the basis of subsequent colonial and, post-independence, state and this distinction accounts for why there are no National Guard components in the U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps or U. S. Coast Guard
30.
160th Air Refueling Group
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The 160th Air Refueling Group is an inactive unit of the Ohio Air National Guard. It was last stationed at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, the 160th ARW was inactivated on 1 October 1993. The 145th ARS becoming the flying squadron. The initial support squadrons assigned to the group were the 160th Air Base Squadron, the group was equipped with Boeing KC-97 Stratotankers. Tactical Air Command was designated as the command for the group when it received federal recognition. In the fall of 1962 the groups support elements were reorganized to match the organization of other groups gained by TAC, the 160th USAF Dispensary was activated and the 160th Combat Support Squadron supplanted the air base squadron. In 1964 the 160th ARG participated in Operation Ready Go, the first all United States Air National Guard non-stop deployment of aircraft to Europe. In 1965 the groups KC-97Gs were upgraded to KC-97Ls with addition of jet engine mounted on the outboard wings. 1967 saw the beginning of Operation Creek Party, the 160th was one of the mission’s charter units and when its Creek Party participation ended it had safely flown 426 transatlantic crossings. The unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period of 5 June 1967 to 10 May 1968, the group commander during Creek Party operations, Colonel Frank Cattran, considered aircraft 52-2630 to be his bird and often flew it in preference to other assigned planes. This aircraft became involved in a Sister City ceremony with Zeppelinheim, in 1971 Clinton County Air Force Base was closed in an economy move by the Nixon Administration to divert military funding to support the Vietnam War. The 160th ARG moved from the base to Lockbourne Air Force Base near Columbus. The group earned a second Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period of 11 May 1968 to 30 June 1975, in December 1974 Strategic Air Command became the gaining command for all air refueling units, including the 160th. In 1975 the 160th ARG became the first Air National Guard unit to convert to the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, the group was the first ANG unit to perform the SAC 24-hour alert mission and pass a SAC Operational Readiness Inspection in July,1976. The 160th also participated in SAC overseas Tanker Task Forces and other priority missions worldwide, in 1984, the groups KC-135As were reengined and redesignated as KC-135Es. The upgrade to turbofan engines provided a significant increase in performance, in August 1990 the 160th was one of the first ANG units to deploy aircraft to the Middle East after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. The group was called to duty on 20 December 1990. Group personnel also augmented a regional support base at Moron AB, aircraft and volunteer aircrews were heavily involved in “Air Bridge” refueling missions supporting deployment of combat forces to Southwest Asia
31.
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
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Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base and census-designated place just east of Dayton, Ohio, in Greene and Montgomery counties. It includes both Wright and Patterson Fields, which were originally Wilbur Wright Field and Fairfield Aviation General Supply Depot, Patterson Field is approximately 10 miles northeast of Dayton, Wright Field is approximately 5 miles northeast of Dayton. The host unit at Wright-Patterson AFB is the 88th Air Base Wing, assigned to the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center and Air Force Materiel Command. The bases origins begin with the establishment of Wilbur Wright Field on 22 May and McCook Field in November 1917, McCook was used as a testing field and for aviation experiments. Wright was used as a field, Fairfield Aviation General Supply Depot, armorers’ school. McCooks functions were transferred to Wright Field when it was closed in October 1927, Wright-Patterson AFB was established in 1948 as a merger of Patterson and Wright Fields. In 1995, negotiations to end the Bosnian War were held at the resulting in the Dayton Agreement that ended the war. The 88th Air Base Wing is commanded by Col. John M. Devillier Its Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant John M. Mazza, the base had a total of 27,406 military, civilian and contract employees in 2010. The Greene County portion of the base is a census-designated place, Wright-Patterson AFB is one of the largest, most diverse, and organizationally complex bases in the Air Force with a long history of flight tests spanning from the Wright Brothers into the Space Age. It is the headquarters of the Air Force Materiel Command, one of the commands of the Air Force. It is also the base of the 445th Airlift Wing of the Air Force Reserve Command. Wright-Patterson is also the headquarters of the Aeronautical Systems Center and the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson is the host of the annual United States Air Force Marathon which occurs the weekend closest to the Air Forces anniversary. The Wing reports to the Aeronautical Systems Center, a major development and their flight exhibition company and the Wright Company School of Aviation returned 1910–1916 to use the flying field. In 1918, Wilbur Wright Field agreed to let McCook Field use hangar and shop space as well as its enlisted mechanics to assemble, after World War I,347 German aircraft were brought to the United States—some were incorporated into the Army Aeronautical Museum. The training school at Wilbur Wright Field was discontinued, Wilbur Wright Field and the depot merged after World War I to form the Fairfield Air Depot. In 1924, the Committee presented the deeds to president Calvin Coolidge for the construction of a new engineering center. The entire acreage was designated Wright Field, which had such as the Headquarters, 5th Division Air Service. New facilities were built 1925–27 on the portion of Wright Field west of Huffman Dam to house all of the McCook Field functions being relocated, on 1 July 1931, the portion of Wright Field east of Huffman Dam was redesignated Patterson Field in honor of Lieutenant Frank Stuart Patterson
32.
FedEx Express
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FedEx Express, formerly Federal Express, is a cargo airline based in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. It is the worlds largest airline in terms of freight tons flown and it is a subsidiary of FedEx Corporation, delivering packages and freight to more than 375 destinations in nearly every country each day. Its headquarters are in Memphis with its global SuperHub located at Memphis International Airport, in the United States, FedEx Express has a national hub at Indianapolis International Airport. There are a total of 12 air hubs in the worldwide network. The concept for what became Federal Express came to Fred Smith while he was studying as a student at Yale University. Smith felt that the necessary delivery speed could only be achieved by using air transport, but he believed that the U. S. air cargo system was so inflexible and bound by regulations at that time that it was completely incapable of making sufficiently fast deliveries. Plus, the U. S. air cargo industry was highly unsuited to the role, despite the professors opinion, Smith held on to the idea. Smith founded the Federal Express Corporation in 1971 and it was founded in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1971, as Smith was operating Little Rock Airmotive there. After a lack of support from the Little Rock National Airport, Smith moved the company to Memphis, Tennessee, the company started overnight operations on April 17,1973, with fourteen Dassault Falcon 20s that connected twenty-five cities in the United States. That night,186 packages were carried, Services included both overnight and two-day package and envelope delivery services, as well as Courier Pak. Federal Express began to market itself as the service company with 550-mile-per-hour delivery trucks. However, the company began to experience difficulties, losing up to a million USD a month. The winnings enabled the company to meet payroll the following Monday. The $27,000 wasn’t decisive, but it was an omen that things would get better, at the time, Federal Express was the most highly financed new company in U. S. history, in terms of venture capital. Federal Express installed its first drop box in 1975 which allowed customers to drop off packages without going to a local branch. In 1976, the company became profitable with a volume of 19,000 parcels per day. A1977 legislative change removed restrictions on the operated by all-cargo airlines. In 1978, the company went public and was listed on The New York Stock Exchange, in 1980 the company implemented DADS to coordinate on-call pickups for customers, this system allows customers to schedule pickups for the same day
33.
Mountain Air Cargo
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Mountain Air Cargo is an American cargo airline based in Denver, North Carolina. It is a contract carrier for FedEx Express, operating in the eastern United States. Previous turboprop operations in South America have been discontinued by FedEx, MAC is one of the largest feeder airlines in the United States. Its main maintenance facility is at Kinston Regional Jetport, all of the ATR and C208 aircraft operated by Mountain Air are owned by Fedex Express, and are operated by MAC on a dry lease basis. The airline was established in 1974 and is owned by Air T. The pilot, who was the occupant, was killed.6 km away from the airport. The crash was due to pilot error, the pilot, who was the only occupant, was severely injured. The crash was determined to be due to the control gust lock still being in place during the takeoff, the pilot, who was the only occupant, was killed. A tower flyby was performed, and the controller confirmed the right gear was not fully extended. The crew declared an emergency and diverted to Kinston Regional Jetport to conduct an emergency landing, on the landing roll the right main landing gear collapsed and the airplane slid off the runway. Examination of the main landing gear revealed the drag brace was fractured. The aircraft was retired from service, april 27,2004 - Fokker F27-500 registration N715FE departed Buenos Aires, Argentina for a cargo flight to São Paulo-Viracopos, Brazil via Porto Alegre. En route on the first leg, a crew member noticed the presence of smoke, efforts to extinguish the fire were unsuccessful. The crew effected a safe landing at Melo, Uruguay. The airplane suffered damage in the cargo compartment. The fire was caused by improperly packaged and labeled hazardous materials, as of September 2016 the Mountain Air Cargo fleet includes,8 ATR 42-3002 ATR 42-3203 ATR 72-2026 ATR 72-2125 Cessna 208A Cargomaster 33 Cessna 208B Super Cargomaster Mountain Air Cargo Air T
34.
UPS Airlines
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UPS Airlines is an American cargo airline owned by United Parcel Service Inc. The company is headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky and its international all-points air hub, Worldport, is based at Louisville International Airport. The pilots are represented by the Independent Pilots Association, the origin of transporting packages by air for UPS dates to 1929, much like the U. S Postal Service, UPS packages were transported as baggage on commercial airline flights. Many packages were shipped by the Ford Trimotors of United Airlines, after Black Tuesday and the beginning of the Great Depression, the air service would be discontinued by the end of 1931. After World War II, UPS revisited the idea of shipping packages by air, starting in 1953, 2-day delivery was offered on coast-to-coast packages, the service was called Blue Label Air. As before, volume was transported via commercial flights, initially unprofitable, Blue Label Air became popular as its speed created enough demand to maintain a profit. In 1975, UPS started its first international operations as it moved into Canada, the following year it started a service into Germany. As UPS had become an international company, the need for its own fleet of aircraft was becoming more clearly apparent. Additionally, competitor Federal Express, with its own jet fleet, was making inroads on UPS and had become profitable for the first time in 1976, in 1980 UPS opened its first major hub, located in Louisville, Kentucky. The location was largely because it is no more than three hours flying distance from the majority of the continental United States. In addition, Louisville has relatively mild weather and is at the westernmost point of the Eastern time zone, also in the early 1980s the company began acquiring a fleet of jet aircraft recently retired from commercial aircraft duty comprising Douglas DC-8s, Boeing 727-100s and Boeing 747-100s. In 1988, UPS Airlines was founded, at the time of its founding, UPS had a route network serving 41 countries connecting the United States to Asia, coinciding with the launch of its airline, UPS expanded and modernized its jet fleet with a major aircraft purchase. In place of converted passenger aircraft, UPS purchased dedicated freighter variants of the Boeing 757 and Boeing 767, starting in 1987,75 757-200s were added to the fleet while 32 767-300s were added to the fleet starting in 1995. With most of its aircraft flying primarily on weeknights, the airline was eager to find ways to produce income from its fleet. In the 1990s, eight 727 freighters were converted into 727-100QC freighters with the ability to be re-converted into passenger aircraft for the purpose of chartered flights, during the 2000s, the makeup of the UPS Airlines fleet saw extensive change. In 2000, the first Airbus A300 freighters entered service, marking the entry of the first non-Boeing/Douglas aircraft to the fleet, the airline ordered 90 of the freighters. In 2001, after disappointing results, UPS withdrew its 727 quick-change freighters from charter service, the same year, UPS began its first flights to China, six days a week. As part of the rebranding from United Parcel Service to UPS in early 2003
35.
Air Cargo Carriers
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Air Cargo Carriers is a cargo airline based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. It was established in 1986 and operates contract feeder cargo services for UPS, Air Cargo Carriers, Inc. is the largest civilian operator of Shorts aircraft in the world. Its main base of operations is General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, ACC also has Supplemental Type Certificates. In addition to owning the STCs for the conversion to cargo for the Shorts Aircraft, the avionics and instrument division is called Milwaukee Avionics & Instruments. Air Cargo also has one of the largest Shorts parts inventories in the world, the Air Cargo Carriers fleet includes the following aircraft, Air Cargo Carriers
36.
Atlas Air
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Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings is a cargo airline, passenger charter airline, and aircraft lessor based in Purchase, New York. The airline was named after Atlas, a Titan in Greek mythology and their symbol on the planes tail is a golden man carrying a golden world. In 2016, Atlas Air had 2646 employees and operated to 426 destinations in 123 countries, under this new program, Atlas Air Cargo planes would be available to other airlines under long-term leases. It started operations in 1993 with one Boeing 747 contracted by China Airlines, in 1995, Atlas began trading publicly on NASDAQ and in 1997, appeared on the New York Stock Exchange. Also in 1997, Atlas placed an order for 10 new, more advanced Boeing 747-400 Freighters, an initial public offering of 4 million shares was made in August 1998. In July 2004 the parent company completed its restructuring plan and emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and it commenced operation in September 2010 under a CMI contact. In 2011, Atlas Air took the first North American delivery of the Boeing 747-8 Freighter, in September 2012, Atlas Air renewed a training contract with the United States Air Force to continue to provide training for the pilots of Air Force One. The contract also provides training for the Presidential Airlift Group for a five-year period, january 2013, Atlas Air, among eleven others, were awarded part of a $694 million contract from US TRANSCOM. It is a 5-year indefinite delivery/quantity for international air cargo transporters. To transport hazardous material and life and death cargo services for domestic, July 2012, three contracts under the Theater Express II program, were awarded by US TRANSCOM. To provide air cargo pickup and delivery for U. S and they will compete for individual orders over lifetime of the contract, with one year option periods. In total they will be competing for the $2.916 billion total over the four years. On April 7,2016, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings purchased Southern Air for $110 million in an all-cash deal, the transaction included Worldwide Air Logistics Group, Inc. and its two operating subsidiaries, Southern Air, Inc. and Florida West International Airways, Inc. On May 5,2016, Amazon. com and Atlas Air announced a deal for Amazon. com to lease 20 Boeing 767s in order to fuel growth to their new Amazon Prime air freight service, branded as PrimeAir. The deal also warrants Amazon the ability to buy up to 30% stake in the company over the next 7 year, the deal agrees for Atlas Air Inc. to provide aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance that will last for 7 years. This move comes after Amazons similar deal with Air Transport International for 20 aircraft, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings is made up of Atlas Air, Inc. Florida West International Airways, and Titan Aviation Holdings, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings headquarters is in Purchase, New York. Specific destinations vary due to changing needs and seasonal trends
37.
Kalitta Air
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Kalitta Air is an American cargo airline headquartered in Ypsilanti Township, Michigan. It operates international scheduled and ad-hoc cargo charter services and its main base is Willow Run Airport near Ypsilanti. In 1967 Conrad Connie Kalitta began a business carrying car parts using a twin engine Cessna 310 that he piloted. AIA started flying in 1984 using Boeing 747, Lockheed L-1011, Douglas DC-8, Twin Beech and Learjet aircraft, for air freight, air ambulance, during the late 1980s, the Kalitta brand name continued to appear on many of the companys cargo aircraft. In 1990 and 1991, AIA flew 600 missions in support of Desert Shield/Desert Storm, in 1997, AIA merged with Kitty Hawk Inc. and Conrad Kalitta resigned to start Kalitta Leasing for buying, selling and leasing large aircraft. In April 2000 Kitty Hawk International ceased operations, Kalitta decided to rescue it and the new airline, Kalitta Air, began operations in November 2000, using the operating certificate and assets of the former airline. Kalitta Air operates a repair facility at Oscoda-Wurtsmith Airport in Iosco County, Michigan. The airline provides domestic and international scheduled or on-demand cargo service, in January 2003, Kalitta Air announced the start of scheduled cargo flights from the United States to Europe. The freighters on this service operated from JFK EWR and ORD to AMS, the airline flies scheduled cargo operations between the U. S. and Hong Kong, U. S. and Germany, U. S. and Korea, Los Angeles and Honolulu. Additionally, the airline operates ACMI charters for other airlines, liège Airport is also used as a regular refueling stop on New York City – Middle East routes, and in the Caribbean Norman Manley International Airport. Douglas DC-8-61, with three members on board struck level terrain 1,400 feet west of the approach end of the runway while landing at Guantanamo Bay. The aircraft approached from the south and was making a turn for runway 10 with an increasing angle of bank in order to align with the runway. At 200–300 feet AGL the wings started to rock towards wings level, the right wing appeared to stall, the aircraft rolled to 90-degree angle of bank and the nose pitched down. It was discovered after landing that the number 1 engine had separated from the airplane as it climbed through 16,000 feet over Lake Michigan, the engine was later recovered for inspection. Scotlands Crown Office considered, but eventually decided against, prosecuting Kalitta Air for two July 2006 flights carrying laser-guided bombs, on May 25,2008, a Boeing 747-209F/SCD from the companys fleet overran runway 20 at Brussels Airport. The aircraft broke in three and came to a stop in a field bordering the runway. There were four members and one passenger on board. The aircraft destined for Bahrain International Airport was loaded with 76 tons of goods, belgian investigators announced that the accident was caused by the decision to Reject the Take-Off 12 knots after passing V1 speed
38.
Air Force One (film)
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Air Force One is a 1997 American political action-thriller film written by Andrew W. Marlowe and directed and co-produced by Wolfgang Petersen. It is about a group of Russian terrorists that hijack Air Force One, the film stars Harrison Ford and Gary Oldman, as well as Glenn Close, Xander Berkeley, William H. Macy, Dean Stockwell and Paul Guilfoyle. A box office success with positive critical reviews, the film was one of the most popular action films of the 1990s. Marshall and his entourage, including his wife Grace and daughter Alice, in addition, a number of members of the press corps have been invited aboard, including Russian terrorists and Radek loyalists disguised as journalists led by Ivan Korshunov. Marshall is raced to a pod in the cargo hold while pursued by Korshunovs men. Meanwhile, Korshunov storms the cockpit and prevents the plane making an emergency landing at Ramstein Air Force Base in Germany. Several USAF F-15s escort Air Force One as Korshunov has it piloted towards Radek-loyal airspace, Marshall manages to kill some of Korshunovs men and then uses a satellite phone to make contact with his Vice President Kathryn Bennett, letting his staff know he is alive. Korshunov, believing only a Secret Service agent is in the cargo hold, contacts Bennett and demands Radeks release. Marshall and military advisors devise a plan to trick Korshunov to take Air Force One to an altitude for a mid-air refueling, giving time for the hostages to parachute safely off the plane. Marshall, Chief of Staff Lloyd Shepherd, Major Caldwell, with the President and his family under his control, Korshunov forces Marshall to contact Russian President Petrov and arrange for Radeks release. Marshall and Caldwell direct the plane back to friendly airspace, accompanied by the F-15s, a standby USAF special operations MC-130 is called to help, sending pararescuemen on tether lines to help rescue the survivors. Marshall insists that his family and Shepherd be transferred first, when there is time for only one more transfer, Gibbs reveals himself as the mole, killing Caldwell and the pararescueman. Marshall and Gibbs fight for control of the line, and Marshall manages to grab. Air Force One crashes into the Caspian Sea, killing Gibbs, the MC-130 airmen reel Marshall in, who is safely reunited with his family. The MC-130 is renamed Air Force One as it safely away with the First Family aboard. A large part of the crew took a tour of the real Air Force One before filming and they based some of the films scenes, where the terrorists disguised as journalists survey the planes layout and begin to take their seats, on the touring experience. The character of Deputy Press Secretary Melanie Mitchell was based largely on their real life tour guide, for the exterior scenes, the producers rented a Boeing 747-146 aircraft, N703CK from Kalitta Air and repainted it to replicate the iconic Air Force One livery. A 747–212B, rented from Kalitta Air, was the subject of the 1997 film Air Force One
39.
Harrison Ford
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Harrison Ford is an American actor and film producer. He gained worldwide fame for his roles as Han Solo in the Star Wars film series. Six of his films have been inducted into the National Film Registry, American Graffiti, The Conversation, Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, Raiders of the Lost Ark and Blade Runner. In 1997, Ford was ranked No.1 in Empires The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time list. As of 2016, the U. S. domestic box-office grosses of Fords films total over US$4.7 billion, with worldwide grosses surpassing $6 billion, Ford is married to actress Calista Flockhart. Ford was born at the Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago, Illinois to Christopher Ford, an executive and former actor, and Dorothy. A younger brother, Terence, was born in 1945, Fords paternal grandparents, John Fitzgerald Ford and Florence Veronica Niehaus, were of Irish Catholic and German descent, respectively. Fords maternal grandparents, Harry Nidelman and Anna Lifschutz, were Jewish immigrants from Minsk, when asked in which religion he and his brother were raised, Ford jokingly responded, Democrat, to be liberals of every stripe. Ford was active in the Boy Scouts of America, and achieved its second-highest rank and he worked at Napowan Adventure Base Scout camp as a counselor for the Reptile Study merit badge. Because of this, he and director Steven Spielberg later decided to depict the young Indiana Jones as a Life Scout in the film Indiana Jones, in 1960, Ford graduated from Maine East High School in Park Ridge, Illinois. His was the first student voice broadcast on his high schools new radio station, WMTH and he attended Ripon College in Wisconsin, where he was a philosophy major and a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity. He took a class in the final quarter of his senior year to get over his shyness. Ford, a late bloomer, became fascinated with acting. In 1964, after a season of stock with the Belfry Players in Wisconsin. He did not get it, but stayed in California and eventually signed a contract with Columbia Pictures New Talent program. His first known role was a role as a bellhop in Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round. There is little record of his roles in film. Ford was at the bottom of the hiring list, having offended producer Jerry Tokovsky after he played a bellboy in the feature
40.
General aviation
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General aviation is the term for all civil aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire. General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to corporate business jet flights, the majority of the worlds air traffic falls into this category, and most of the worlds airports serve general aviation exclusively. General aviation covers a range of activities, both commercial and non-commercial, including flying clubs, flight training, agricultural aviation, light aircraft manufacturing. Of the 21,000 civil aircraft registered in the UK,96 per cent are engaged in GA operations, there are 28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders, and 10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities, GA operates from more than 1,800 airports and landing sites or aerodromes, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips. GA is regulated by the Civil Aviation Authority, although regulatory powers are being transferred to the European Aviation Safety Agency. The main focus is on standards of airworthiness and pilot licensing, general aviation is particularly popular in North America, with over 6,300 airports available for public use by pilots of general aviation aircraft. In comparison, scheduled flights operate from around 560 airports in the U. S, aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, general aviation provides more than one percent of the United States GDP, accounting for 1.3 million jobs in professional services and manufacturing. Most countries have authorities that oversee all civil aviation, including general aviation, Aviation accident rate statistics are necessarily estimates. In Canada, recreational flying accounted for 0.7 fatal accidents for every 1000 aircraft, while air taxi accounted for 1.1 fatal accidents for every 100,000 hours
41.
Helicopter
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A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and these attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms of VTOL aircraft cannot perform. English language nicknames for helicopter include chopper, copter, helo, heli, Helicopters were developed and built during the first half-century of flight, with the Focke-Wulf Fw 61 being the first operational helicopter in 1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not until 1942 that a helicopter designed by Igor Sikorsky reached full-scale production, with 131 aircraft built. Though most earlier designs used more than one rotor, it is the single main rotor with anti-torque tail rotor configuration that has become the most common helicopter configuration. Tandem rotor helicopters are also in use due to their greater payload capacity. Coaxial helicopters, tiltrotor aircraft, and compound helicopters are all flying today, quadcopter helicopters pioneered as early as 1907 in France, and other types of multicopter have been developed for specialized applications such as unmanned drones. The earliest references for vertical flight came from China, since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with bamboo flying toys. This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor, the spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD Daoist book Baopuzi by Ge Hong reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft, designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in Renaissance paintings and other works. In the 18th and early 19th centuries Western scientists developed flying machines based on the Chinese toy. It was not until the early 1480s, when Leonardo da Vinci created a design for a machine that could be described as an aerial screw, that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became accepted, people continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. In July 1754, Russian Mikhail Lomonosov had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a spring device. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift meteorological instruments. Sir George Cayley, influenced by a fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and his writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.
