1.
Stockholm City Hall
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Stockholm City Hall is the building of the Municipal Council for the City of Stockholm in Sweden. It stands on the tip of Kungsholmen island, next to Riddarfjärdens northern shore and facing the islands of Riddarholmen. It houses offices and conference rooms as well as halls. It is the venue of the Nobel Prize banquet and is one of Stockholms major tourist attractions, in 1907 the city council decided to build a new city hall at the former site of Eldkvarn. An architectural contest was held which in the first stage resulted in the selection of drafts by Ragnar Östberg, Carl Westman, Ivar Tengbom jointly with Ernst Torulf, and Carl Bergsten. After a further competition between Westman and Östberg the latter was assigned to the construction of the City Hall, while the former was asked to construct Stockholm Court House, Östberg modified his original draft using elements of Westmans project, including the tower. During the construction period, Östberg constantly reworked his plans, resulting in the addition of the lantern on top of the tower, oskar Asker was employed as construction leader and Paul Toll, of the construction company Kreuger & Toll, designed the foundations. Georg Greve also assisted in preparing the plans, the construction took twelve years, from 1911 to 1923. Nearly eight million red bricks were used, the dark red bricks, called munktegel because of their traditional use in the construction of monasteries and churches, were provided by Lina brick factory near Södertälje. Construction was carried out by using traditional techniques. The building was inaugurated on 23 June 1923, exactly 400 years after Gustav Vasas arrival in Stockholm, verner von Heidenstam and Hjalmar Branting delivered the inaugurational speeches. The building follows a rectangular ground plan. It is built two open spaces, a piazza called Borgargården on the eastern side, and the Blue Hall to the west. The Blue Hall, with its walls and arcades, incorporates elements of a representative courtyard. Its walls are in fact without blue decorations, but it has kept its name after Östbergs original design and it is known as the dining hall used for the banquet held after the annual Nobel Prize award ceremony. The organ in the Blue Hall is with its 10,270 pipes the largest in Scandinavia, above the Blue Hall lies the Golden Hall, named after the decorative mosaics made of more than 18 million tiles. The mosaics make use of motifs from Swedish history and they were executed by the Berlin, Germany, firm of Puhl & Wagner, after nine years of negotiations by Gottfried Heinersdorff for the commission. The southeast corner of the building, immediately adjacent to the shore, is marked by a tower crowned by the Three Crowns
2.
Islet
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An islet is a very small island. As suggested by its origin as islette, an Old French diminutive of isle, use of the term implies small size, but little attention is given to drawing an upper limit on its applicability. Cay or Key – an islet formed by the accumulation of sand deposits atop a reef Motu – A reef islet formed by broken coral and sand. River island – A small islet within the current of a river, rock – A rock, in the sense of a type of islet, is an uninhabited landform composed of rock, lying offshore, and having at most minimal vegetation. Sandbar – An exposed sandbar is another type of islet, Sea stack – A thin, vertical landform jutting out of a body of water. Skerry – A small rocky island, usually defined to be too small for habitation, subsidiary islets – A more technical application is to small land features, isolated by water, lying off the shore of a larger island. Likewise, any emergent land in an atoll is called an islet. Tidal island – Often small islands lie off the mainland of an area, being connected to it in low tide. In the Caribbean and West Atlantic, islets are often called cays or keys, rum Cay in the Bahamas and the Florida Keys off Florida are examples of islets. In the Channel Islands, they are identified by the suffix -hou from the Norse -holm. In Scotland and Ireland, they are often called inches, from the Gaelic innis, which originally meant island, in Ireland they are often termed skerries. In and around Polynesia, islets are widely known by the term motu, in and around the River Thames in England, small islands are known as aits or eyots. One long-term dispute over the status of such an islet was that of Snake Island, there are thousands of islets on Earth, approximately 24,000 islands and islets in the Stockholm archipelago alone. The following is a list of example islets from around the world, Islands or Rocks, Is that the Real Question. The Treatment of Islands in the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, in Myron H. Nordquist, John Norton Moore, Alfred H. A. The Law of the Sea Convention, US Accession and Globalization
3.
Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
4.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
5.
Gamla stan
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Gamla stan, until 1980 officially Staden mellan broarna, is the old town of Stockholm, Sweden. Gamla stan consists primarily of the island Stadsholmen, officially, but not colloquially, Gamla stan includes the surrounding islets Riddarholmen, Helgeandsholmen, and Strömsborg. The town dates back to the 13th century, and consists of medieval alleyways, cobbled streets, north German architecture has had a strong influence in the Old Towns construction. Stortorget is the name of the large square in the centre of Gamla Stan. The square was the site of the Stockholm Bloodbath, where Swedish noblemen were massacred by the Danish King Christian II in November,1520, the following revolt and civil war led to the dissolution of the Kalmar Union and the subsequent election of King Gustav I. The House of Nobility is on the corner of Gamla stan. The restaurant Den gyldene freden is located on Österlånggatan and it has been in business since 1722 and according to the Guinness Book of Records is the oldest existing restaurant with an unaltered interior. A statue of St. George and the Dragon can be found in the Stockholm Cathedral, the plaque just below the statue says its name Järnpojken. It was created by Liss Eriksson in 1967, from the 1970s and 80s, however, it has become a tourist attraction as the charm of its medieval, Renaissance architecture and later additions have been valued by later generations. The name Stockholm originally referred to Gamla Stan only, but as the city expanded, the now also refers several suburban areas. The name Stockholm means log island in Swedish, the previous capital of Sweden was located in Sigtuna. A thousand years ago Sigtuna had problems with armed gangs attacking the city, the situation became untenable and there was a need to find a new location for the capital city of Sweden. According to legend the leaders in Sigtuna then took a log of wood, cut out all the wood inside, filled it with gold, the log was floating on the water for several days and eventually hit land on the island where Gamla Stan today is located. The island was named Stockholm or log island, meaning the place where the log had hit ground and this is where they decided to found the new capital of Sweden. The island of Stockholm had the advantage that it was an island and it also had the advantage from a trade point of view, that it was situated just at the inlet of Lake Mälaren, a big lake very important to contemporary trade, from the Baltic. A sculpture symbolizing the old log is found at Stadshuset. The name Gamla stan probably dates back to the early 20th century, the word stan is simply a contraction of the word staden, meaning the town. In 1957 a station of the Stockholm metro was opened here with the name Gamla stan, even though the official name was changed to Gamla stan in 1980, modern Stockholm is occasionally called The city between the bridges
6.
Riddarholm Church
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The Riddarholm Church is the burial church of the Swedish monarchs. It is located on the island of Riddarholmen, close to the Royal Palace in Stockholm, the congregation was dissolved in 1807 and today the church is used only for burial and commemorative purposes. Swedish monarchs from Gustavus Adolphus to Gustaf V are entombed here, as well as the earlier monarchs Magnus III and it has been discontinued as a royal burial site in favor of the Royal Cemetery and today is run by departments of the Swedish Government and Royal Court. It is one of the oldest buildings in Stockholm, parts of it dating to the late 13th century, after the Protestant Reformation, the monastery was closed and the building transformed into a Protestant church. A spire designed by Willem Boy was added during the reign of John III, coats of arms of knights of the Order of the Seraphim are on the walls of the church. When a knight of the Order dies, his coat of arms is hung in the church, gamla stan Storkyrkan The Riddarholm Church at the Royal Courts website
7.
Monarchy of Sweden
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The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchical head of state of Sweden, which is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system. The Kingdom of Sweden has been a monarchy since time immemorial, Sweden in the present day is a representative democracy in a parliamentary system based on popular sovereignty, as defined in the current Instrument of Government. The monarch and the members of the Royal Family undertake a variety of official, unofficial and other duties within Sweden. Carl XVI Gustaf became King on 15 September 1973 on the death of his grandfather, Sweden has been a kingdom since prehistoric times. Originally, the Swedish king had combined powers limited to that of a war chief, a judge, the Royal Court of Sweden, however, does count Olofs father as Swedens first king. The king was elected from a favored dynasty at the Stones of Mora. The ceremonial stones were destroyed around 1515 and that dynasty formed a pre-Kalmar Union Sweden into a strong state, and finally king Magnus IV even ruled Norway and Scania. Following the Black Death, the union was weakened, and Scania was reunited with Denmark. In 1397, after the Black Death and domestic power struggles, Queen Margaret I of Denmark united Sweden, Denmark, continual tension within each country and the union led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The unions final disintegration in the early 16th century led to prolonged rivalry between Denmark-Norway and Sweden for centuries to come. Catholic bishops had supported the King of Denmark, Christian II, Gustav Vasa was elected King of Sweden by the Estates of the Realm, assembled in Strängnäs on 6 June 1523. Inspired by the teachings of Martin Luther, Gustav I used the Protestant Reformation to curb the power of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1527 he persuaded the Estates of the Realm, assembled in the city of Västerås, to church lands. At the same time, he broke with the papacy and established a state church. Legally Sweden has only been a monarchy since 1544 when the Riksdag of the Estates, through Västerås arvförening. Crown tax revenues increased, but more importantly the new system was perceived as fairer, a war with Lübeck in 1535 resulted in the expulsion of the Hanseatic traders, who previously had had a monopoly on foreign trade. With its own burghers in charge, Swedens economic strength grew rapidly, Sweden now built the first modern army in Europe, supported by a sophisticated tax system and an efficient bureaucracy. At the death of King Gustav I in 1560, he was succeeded by his oldest son Eric XIV and his reign was marked by Swedens entrance into the Livonian War and the Northern Seven Years War
8.
Birger Jarl
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Birger Jarl, or Birger Magnusson, was a Swedish statesman, Jarl of Sweden and a member of the House of Bjelbo, who played a pivotal role in the consolidation of Sweden. Birger also led the Second Swedish Crusade, which established Swedish rule in Finland, additionally, he is traditionally attributed to have founded the Swedish capital, Stockholm around 1250. Birger used the Latin title of Dux Sweorum which in English equals Duke of Sweden, and it is known that Birger grew up and spent his adolescence in Bjälbo, Östergötland but the exact date of his birth remains uncertain and available historical sources are contradictory. Examinations of his mortal remains indicate that he was probably about 50 upon his death in 1266 which would indicate a birth around 1216. However, his father Magnus Minnesköld is assumed to have died no later than 1210 and his brothers or half-brothers — Eskil, Karl, and Bengt — were all born long before 1200, and it can therefore be assumed that they had another mother. He was also a nephew of the jarl Birger Brosa from the House of Bjelbo, the combination of this background proved to be of vital importance. During the 15 years to follow, Birger then consolidated his position and was one of the most influential men years before being formally given the title jarl in 1248 by King Eric XI. Although Birger Jarl saw many battles, some have speculated that traces of a blow in Birgers cranium might have originated from this battle. However, the original 14th-century Russian version of the battle had no information on this at all, in 1247, royal troops led by Birger at the Battle of Sparrsätra fought with Folkung forces led by pretender Holmger Knutsson, son of King Canute II. The Folkungs lost the battle and were unable to resist the central government, Holmger Knutsson fled to Gästrikland and was captured there by Birger in the following year. Quickly brought to trial, he was beheaded, in 1249, Birger succeeded in ending a decades-long period of hostilities with Norway. As a part of the Treaty of Lödöse, he managed to marry off his daughter Rikissa, then only 11 years old, to Haakon Haakonsson the Young. Presumably later that year, Birger led an expedition to Finland, later dubbed as the Second Swedish Crusade, on King Erics death in 1250, Birgers son Valdemar was elected as the new king while Birger acted as regent, holding the true power in Sweden until his death. Birger thus combined financial support from Germany with papal political support to consolidate his own position, ingeborg died in 1254 and in 1261 Birger married the widow of King Abel of Denmark, the Danish queen dowager, Matilda of Holstein. Birger died on 21 October 1266, at Jälbolung in Västergötland and his grave in Varnhem Abbey was opened in May 2002. There is a cenotaph for him at the base of the tower of Stockholm City Hall and it was originally intended that his remains be removed there, but this was never done. Several other historical structures there are named for him including the street Birger Jarlsgatan on Norrmalm. The Hotel Birger Jarl is located in Stockholms Norrmalm neighborhood and he is also the central figure of Bröllopet på Ulvåsa by Frans Hedberg
9.
Bonde Palace
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The Bonde Palace is a palace in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden. On the south side of the building is the street Myntgatan, the original elaborated roof was destroyed in a fire in 1710, the original cupolas, however, are still preserved on the northern wings. In 1730, the palace was bought by the city in order to relocate the Town Hall from the central square Stortorget. The plans were, however, never carried through, and one of the roadways is forced to make a detour around the still intact palace. The building was restored in 1925, using the original white colour of the façades. In 1948, the building was transferred from the city to the state, the building is today classified as a historical monument of national interest administered and maintained by the Swedish National Property Board. History of Stockholm Supreme Court of Sweden National Property Board
10.
Gamla Riksarkivet
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Gamla Riksarkivet is a building at Arkivgatan 3 on Riddarholmen in Stockholm, Sweden. Riksarkivet, the Swedish National Archives, were located in the building until 1968, the 19th century Brick Romanesque architecture of the building is alluding to the medieval history of Riddarholmen. The plan of the building is, however, typical for buildings of its era. The building is connected to the Stenbock Palace where the archive was started in 1863. It is also similar in style to the Norstedt Building located just north of it, list of streets and squares in Gamla stan Gamla Riksarkivet, Riddarholmen i Stockholm. Archived from the original on 2008-04-15
11.
Norstedt Building
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The Norstedt Building is the main office of P. A. Norstedt & Söner AB on Riddarholmen in Stockholm, Sweden, the building, designed by Magnus Isæus and built in 1882-91, features a spire-like roof, which is a well-known silhouette on the skyline of central Stockholm. Bridge Vasabron is passing in front of the building and Gamla Riksarkivet lies south of it, geography of Stockholm List of streets and squares in Gamla stan Mårtelius, Johan. Stockholm, Arkitektur Förlag AB. p.136
12.
Birger Jarls torg
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Birger Jarls torg is a public square on Riddarholmen in Gamla stan, the old town in Stockholm, Sweden. The square used to be called Riddarholmstorget, but was in the mid-19th century renamed Birger Jarls Torg after Birger Jarl, a statue of him was erected on the square in 1854. The square is surrounded by six palaces, today occupied by various governmental authorities. The area is isolated from the rest of the city by the traffic route Centralbron. Just south of the square is the church Riddarholmskyrkan, list of streets and squares in Gamla stan
13.
Wrangel Palace
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Wrangel Palace is a townhouse mansion on Riddarholmen islet in Gamla Stan, the old town of Stockholm, in Sweden. Since 1756 the palace has housed Svea Court of Appeal, the court of appeal. Wrangel Palace has a long history, the southern tower used to be part of Gustav Vasas defence fortifications from the 1530s. Around 1630, the mansion was turned into a palace for Lars Sparre, from 1652 to 1670, the palace was rebuilt and expanded by architect Nicodemus Tessin the Elder for Count Carl Gustaf Wrangel. After a fire in 1693, the palace was rebuilt and expanded once again, Wrangel Palace was the official Stockholm residence of the royal family and court from 1697 until 1754, when the Royal Palace of Stockholm was completed. During this time, the Palace was called Kungshuset, from 1756 to 1928, it housed the Statskontoret. In 1802, the palace had to be once again after a fire. This time the architect was C. G, history of Stockholm Ohlsson, Martin A. ”Wrangelska palatset”. Stormaktstidens privatpalats i Stockholm, med en utblick över följande sekler
14.
Nicodemus Tessin the Elder
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Nicodemus Tessin the Elder was an important Swedish architect. Nicodemus Tessin was born in Stralsund in Pomerania and came to Sweden as a young man, there he met and worked with the architect Simon de la Vallée. Back in Sweden he rebuilt Borgholm Castle, then built Skokloster Castle and his most important work was Drottningholm Palace, now a world heritage site. Upon his death his son Nicodemus Tessin the Younger continued his projects, Borgholm Castle Drottningholm Palace Bonde Palace Skokloster Castle Strömsholm Palace Näsby castle Stenbock Palace Wrangel Palace Bååt Palace Kalmar Cathedral K. Neville, Nicodemus Tessin the Elder. Architecture in Sweden in the Age of Greatness, Turnhout, Brepols Publishers,2009, ISBN 978-2-503-52826-7 Halltorps
15.
Svealand
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Svealand, Swealand or Sweden proper is the historical core region of Sweden. It is located in south central Sweden and is one of three lands of Sweden, bounded to the north by Norrland and to the south by Götaland, deep forests, Tiveden, Tylöskog, and Kolmården, separated Svealand from Götaland. Historically, its inhabitants were called Svear, from which is derived the English Swedes, Svealand consists of the capital region Mälardalen in the east, Roslagen in the north-east, the former mining district Bergslagen in the center, and Dalarna and Värmland in the west. The older name of Sweden in Swedish, Svea rike or the Realm of the Swedes, Swea Region, other forms are Sweoðeod, and Sweorice. As the domains of the Swedish kings grew, the name Svealand began to be used to separate the territory from the new. Since 1634, Sweden has been divided into counties instead of provinces, Svealand was the original Sweden, to which it gave its name. This is supported by linguistics and is based on medieval sources. In Old Norse and in Old English, Svealand and Sweden are synonymous, in Sögubrot af Nokkrum for instance, Kolmården between Svealand and Östergötland is described as the border between Sweden and Östergötland. In Hervarar saga, king Ingold I rides to Sweden through Östergötland, hann reið austr um Smáland ok í eystra Gautland ok svá í Svíþjóð. Sweoland is mentioned in the travels of Ohthere of Hålogaland around 890, the lord Bo Jonsson Grip was probably the one who was best acquainted with the geography of the Swedish kingdom since he owned more than half of it. In 1384, he stated in his will that the kingdom consisted of Swerige, the 15th-century Swedish version of the Þiðrekssaga says that Vilkinaland was formerly a name for Sweden and Götaland, wilcina land som nw är kalladh swerige oc götaland. A campaign to the east started by the kings of Svealand during the 12th century eventually conquered the provinces of Österland, an older name for Finland. In the early Middle Ages the modern province of Gästrikland was part of Tiundaland, for a time in the early 19th century, the province of Värmland belonged to the Court of Appeal for Svealand. Even though Värmland historically belonged to Götaland, it has by custom long been considered part of Svealand, Norrland Götaland Österland Rike Media related to Svealand at Wikimedia Commons
16.
Supreme Court of Sweden
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The Supreme Court of Sweden is the supreme court and the third and final instance in all civil and criminal cases in Sweden. Before a case can be decided by the Supreme Court, leave to appeal must be obtained, historically, all judicial power was vested in the Monarch, but in 1614 Gustavus Adolphus instituted Svea Hovrätt and authorized it to issue sentences in his name. Those not satisfied with sentencing were able to directly to the monarch, and appeals were handled by the Justice Department of the Privy Council. Under the authoritarian rule of King Gustav III, the Privy Council was suspended in 1789 on the basis of the Union, instead, on May 19, Kings Supreme Court was instituted to handle legal matters. There were twelve judges of the court, half of which was to be nobles, while in session, no more than eight judges could serve at the same time, and with equal numbers of nobles and commoners. In the court the king held two votes, as well as the vote in case of a tie. However, this right was never exercised, except on the centennial of the court. Under the 1809 Instrument of Government, the judges of the Supreme Court became salaried civil servants, in 1844 the requirement on equal numbers of noblemen and commoners in service as judges of the court was dropped. In 1909 the Supreme Administrative Court and the Council on Legislation were created to assume certain tasks that had been handled by the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court assumed responsibility for ruling on administrative cases and the Legal Council received the responsibility for judicial review. At the same time the monarch lost voting power in the court, the right to appeal cases to the Supreme Court was limited for the first time in 1915. A special dispensation was required before trying a minor civil or criminal case, dispensation was to be given when there was a ruling that could become a precedent, and in 1945 this requirement was extended to all cases. Johansson Dag Mattsson Lars Edlund Anders Eka Sten Andersson Official website
17.
Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden
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The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden is the supreme court and the third and final tier for administrative court cases in Sweden, and is located in Stockholm. It has a status to that of the Supreme Court of Sweden. It hears cases which have decided by one of the four Administrative courts of appeal. Before a case can be decided, a leave to appeal must be obtained, the bulk of its caseload consist of taxation and social security cases. By law, there shall be fourteen Justices of the Supreme Administrative Court or such a higher a number as may be required, as of 2009, there were eighteen Justices in the court. One of the Justices serves as president and head of the court, since 3rd of January,2011, Justice Mats Melin serves as the courts president. In total the court has approximately 100 employees, the court was founded in 1909. Before that, the Supreme Court of Sweden handed administrative court matters as well, from 1972 until 2009, the Supreme Administrative Court resided in the Stenbock Palace on the Riddarholmen islet in central Stockholm. Since 2011 the court sits in Kammarrättens hus and the Sparre Palace on Riddarholmen, courts of Sweden, The Supreme Administrative Court
18.
Government Agencies of Sweden
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The government agencies in Sweden are state-controlled organizations who act independently to carry out the policies of the Government of Sweden. A Cabinet Minister is explicitly prohibited from interfering with the operation in an agency or the outcome in individual cases. Other than the branch, the Riksdag also has a number of independent agencies. Swedish National Audit Office, or Riksrevisionen, the supreme audit institution of Sweden. Field of operations, works with issues in such fields as advertising, contract terms, consumer information, household finances. Swedish Crime Victim Compensation and Support Authority, or Brottsoffermyndigheten, field of operations, examines crime victim compensation issues and allocates funds from the Fund for Victims of Crime. Swedish Data Protection Authority, or Datainspektionen, field of operations, supervises the protection of individual privacy. Swedish Economic Crime Authority, or Ekobrottsmyndigheten, Swedish National Board for Consumer Complaints, or Allmänna reklamationsnämnden. Field of operations, acts as a court, the task of which is the impartial examination of disuptes between consumers and companies. Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine, or Rättsmedicinalverket, field of operations, the central administrative agency for forensic mental care, forensic chemistry, forensic medicine and forensic gene-related operations. Swedish Board of Supervision of Estate Agents, or Fastighetsmäklarnämnden, field of operations, registration and supervision of estate agents. Swedish National Courts Administration, or Domstolsverket, Swedish Legal Aid Authority, or Rättshjälpsmyndigheten Located in Sundsvall. Field of operations, administrates issues concerning legal aid in accordance with the Legal Aid Act, responsible for counter-espionage, counter-terrorism and counter-subversion. Swedish Prison and Probation Service, or Kriminalvården, field of operations, special court, whose responsibilities include processing of cases and other legal issues under the Marketing Practices Act and the Competition Act. Swedish National Supervisory Board of Public Accountants, or Revisorsnämnden, field of operations, The Supervisory Board of Public Accountants deals with issues concerning the approval and authorisation of auditors, as well as the registration of auditing companies. Swedish National Gene Technology Advisory Board, or Gentekniknämnden, field of operations, The Swedish Gene Technology Advisory Board shall promote an ethically justified and safe usage of gene technology through its advisory operations. Swedish Travel Guarantees Board, or Resegarantinämnden, field of operations, responsible for decisions on the size of compensation to which travellers are entitled when package tours have been cancelled or broken off. The Legations and Embassies in foreign countries, are under the direct authority, Swedish National Export Credits Guarantee Board, or Exportkreditnämnden
19.
Centralbron
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Centralbron is one of the major traffic routes in central Stockholm, Sweden, connecting the northern district Norrmalm to the southern Södermalm. Centralbron has a capacity for 130,000 cars per day and it is paralleled by the bridges and the tunnel of a two-track railway used by the commuter and freight trains. Centralbron does partly go on top of the Metro which opened on this stretch 1957, over the years, Centralbron together with a suggested additional railway track have been much criticized and debated because of their unwieldy and rumbling presence in a delicate historical setting. Lately, the construction of a tunnel to replace them has been suggested, the cost of such a tunnel, several billion kronor, has put this on hold without any time set. A new railway tunnel costing 15 billion kronor is being built, but it is needed for capacity, nearby bridges include Riddarholmsbron, Vasabron, Strömsborgsbron, and Hebbes Bro. Since the first decade of the 20th century, numerous proposals labelled Centralbron had been produced and its 7 metres wide roadway had a maximum capacity of 20,000 cars per day and remained in use until the completion of the northern bridge in 1967. WW2 further delayed any attempts to elaborate a permanent solution, but in 1947 a decision to build a bridge crossing Söderström was taken. The 189 metres long and 21,3 metres wide bridge stretches over six spans with a span of 33,7 metres. The continuous steel girders of the roadway are resting on concrete pillars firmly anchored to the soil by numerous poles, to the south, another two spans are stretching some 46 metres over Söder Mälarstrand before three smaller spans hands the roadway over to Söderledstunneln. To the north, the bridge is continuous with a 173 metres long viaduct passing over the Gamla stan metro station, the viaduct is made of a concrete roadway resting on steel girders. There is however a Western Bridge, the realization of the northern bridge stretching over Norrström had to be postponed until the enlargement of the traffic junction at Tegelbacken was resolved in 1961. The bridge, finally inaugurated September 3,1967, is a 246 metres long and 22,3 metres wide reinforced concrete structure with a span of 19 meters. To the north, it makes a turn to the west where it extends over the railway. The bridge over the railway replaced a level crossing nicknamed Tegelbackseländet, list of bridges in Stockholm History of Stockholm
20.
Magnus III of Sweden
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Magnus III was King of Sweden from 1275 until his death in 1290. He was the first Magnus to rule Sweden for any length of time, referring to Magnus Ladulås as Magnus I is an invention not recognized by any Swedish historians today. His father designated Magnus as his successor in powers of the Jarl, the elder brother, Valdemar, had become king succeeding their maternal uncle in 1250. In 1275, Duke Magnus started a rebellion against his brother with Danish help, Magnus was elected king at the Stones of Mora. In 1276, Magnus Barnlock allegedly married a second wife Helwig, through her mother, Elizabeth of Mecklenburg, Helwig was a descendant of Christina, the putative daughter of King Sverker II). A papal annulment of Magnus alleged first marriage and a dispensation for the second were issued ten years later, haelwig later acted as regent, probably 1290–1302 and 1320–1327. The deposed King Valdemar managed, with Danish help in turn, to provinces in Gothenland, the southern part of the kingdom. However, Magnus regained them about 1278 and assumed the title rex Gothorum, King of the Goths, starting the tradition of King of the Swedes. King Magnus youngest brother, Benedict, then archdeacon, acted as his Lord High Chancellor of Sweden and he died when his sons were yet underage. Magnus ordered his kinsman Thurchetel, the Lord High Constable of Sweden as the guardian of his heir, the future King Birger, SVT broadcast a presentation of the preliminary studies, where a number of results were presented, amongst others his sickly disposition. Carbon-14 tests dated the bones to the 15th century, indicating the remains could not be those of the king and his family. In December 2011, the applied for permission to open the neighbouring sarcophagus. From his alleged first marriage to a woman, Eric Magnusson From his second marriage to Helwig of Holstein, Ingiburga Magnusdotter of Sweden. Birger, King of Sweden Eric Magnuson, Duke of Sudermannia in 1302, died of starvation in 1318 at Nyköpingshus Castle while imprisoned by his brother King Birger. Waldemar Magnuson, Duke of Finland in 1302 and Öland 1310, died of starvation 1318 at Nyköpingshus Castle while imprisoned by his brother, King Birger. Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden, Abbess of the convent of St. Clares Priory, Stockholm
21.
Grey Friar's Abbey, Stockholm
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The Grey Friars Abbey on the island of Riddarholmen in Stockholm, was a monastery for males of the Franciscan Order, in operation from 1270 until the Swedish Reformation of 1527. The monastery was founded upon donation by King Magnus Ladulås in 1270 and it was because of the abbey that Riddarholmen has been called Gråbrödraholm, Munckholmen, and Gråmunkeholm or Gråmunkeholmen. During the 15th-century, the island of Kungsholmen was also called Munklägret because of the activities of the abbey in the area, after the Siege of Tre Kronor on 9 May 1502, the defeated Queen, Christina of Saxony, was kept prisoner here by Sten Sture the Elder. In 1527, the abbey was dissolved because of the reformation, the monks were forced to leave the buildings, which were used as a hospital and as a residence for the former nuns of St. Clares Priory, Stockholm. The hospital was moved to Danviken Hospital in 1551, and the building housed the theological school Collegium Regium Stockholmense in 1576-1593, the Riddarholm Church is what remains of the abbey in our time. Part of the south of the Riddarholm Church was excavated in 2010. This revealed a skeleton from a monk who had been buried
22.
Reformation
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The period is usually considered to have begun with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Luther in 1517 to the Thirty Years War and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Protestant position, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as sola scriptura, the initial movement within Germany diversified, and other reform impulses arose independently of Luther. The spread of Gutenbergs printing press provided the means for the dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. The largest groups were the Lutherans and Calvinists, Lutheran churches were founded mostly in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, while the Reformed ones were founded in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The new movement influenced the Church of England decisively after 1547 under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, there were also reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation, which gave rise to the Anabaptist, Moravian and other Pietistic movements. The Roman Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent, much work in battling Protestantism was done by the well-organised new order of the Jesuits. In general, Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, southern Europe remained Roman Catholic, while Central Europe was a site of a fierce conflict, culminating in the Thirty Years War, which left it devastated. The oldest Protestant churches, such as the Unitas Fratrum and Moravian Church, the later Protestant Churches generally date their doctrinal separation from the Roman Catholic Church to the 16th century. The Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, by priests who opposed what they perceived as false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice. They especially objected to the teaching and the sale of indulgences, and the abuses thereof, and to simony, the reformers saw these practices as evidence of the systemic corruption of the Churchs hierarchy, which included the pope. Unrest due to the Great Schism of Western Christianity excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church, New perspectives came from John Wycliffe at Oxford University and from Jan Hus at the Charles University in Prague. Hus rejected indulgences and adopted a doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone, the Roman Catholic Church officially concluded this debate at the Council of Constance by condemning Hus, who was executed by burning despite a promise of safe-conduct. Wycliffe was posthumously condemned as a heretic and his corpse exhumed and burned in 1428, the Council of Constance confirmed and strengthened the traditional medieval conception of church and empire. The council did not address the national tensions or the theological tensions stirred up during the century and could not prevent schism. Pope Sixtus IV established the practice of selling indulgences to be applied to the dead, Pope Alexander VI was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. He was the father of seven children, including Lucrezia and Cesare Borgia, in response to papal corruption, particularly the sale of indulgences, Luther wrote The Ninety-Five Theses. The Reformation was born of Luthers dual declaration – first, the discovering of Jesus and salvation by faith alone, the Protestant reformers were unanimous in agreement and this understanding of prophecy furnished importance to their deeds. It was the point and the battle cry that made the Reformation nearly unassailable
23.
Charles XI of Sweden
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Charles XI, also Carl, was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire. Charles was the son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden. His father died when he was five years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen, soon after, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, Charles XI was succeeded by his only son Charles XII, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe. The fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XI does not mean that he was the 11th king of Sweden who had the name Charles. His fathers name was due to his great-grandfather, King Charles IX of Sweden and this descendant was actually the 5th King Charles. The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being Carl XVI Gustaf, Charles was born in the Stockholm Palace Tre Kronor in November 1655. His father, Charles X of Sweden, left Sweden in July to fight in the war against Poland, after several years of warfare, the king returned in the winter of 1659 and gathered his family and the Riksdag of the Estates in Gothenburg. In mid-January 1660 he fell ill and one month later he wrote his last will, per Brahe was one member of the council. In addition, Charles X Gustav left command of the army and these provisions among others led to the remainder of the council immediately challenging the will. February 14, the day after King Charles Xs death, Hedwig Eleonora sent a message to the council stating that she knew that they contested the will and that she demanded that it should be respected. The council answered that the will must first be discussed with the parliament, and at the council in Stockholm on May 13. The parliament questioned whether it would be good for her health or suitable for a widow to attend council, and her reply that the council would be allowed to meet without her and only inform her when they considered it necessary was met with satisfaction from the council. Hedwig Eleonoras ostensible indifference to politics came as a relief to the lords of the guardian government. His mother, Queen Hedvig Eleonora, remained the regent until Charles XI attained his majority on 18 December 1672. During his first appearances in parliament, Charles spoke to the government through her and he would whisper the questions he had in her ear, and she would ask them aloud and clearly for him. As an adolescent, Charles devoted himself to sports, exercise and he appeared ignorant of the very rudiments of statecraft and almost illiterate. His main difficulties are now seen as evident signs of dyslexia, according to many contemporary sources, the king was considered poorly educated and therefore not qualified to conduct himself effectively in foreign affairs
24.
Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden
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Ulrika Eleonora or Ulrica Eleanor, also known as Ulrika Eleonora the Younger, was Queen regnant of Sweden from 5 December 1718 to 29 February 1720, and then Queen consort until her death. She was the youngest child of King Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, after the death of her brother King Charles XII in 1718, she claimed the throne. Her deceased older sister, Hedvig Sophia, had left a son, Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Ulrika Eleonora asserted that she was the closest surviving relative of the late king and cited the precedent of Queen Christina. She was recognized as successor by the Riksdag after she had agreed to renounce the powers of absolute monarchy established by her father and she abdicated in 1720 in favor of her husband, Landgrave Frederick I of Hesse-Kassel. After their mothers death in 1693, Ulrika Eleonora and her siblings were placed in the care of their grandmother, however, her grandmother was known to favor her elder sister. During her childhood, Eleonora was somewhat overlooked in favor of this elder, more extroverted and talented sister, princess Hedvig Sophia. Her elder siblings enjoyed riding and dancing and reportedly somewhat looked down upon her as she did not have the courage to participate in their games and was brought to tears. She was described as friendly, modest and dignified, with posture and beautiful hands. Her grandmother, Hedwig Eleonora, described her as stubborn, and she was a talented musician, and when performing with her sister at court concerts, she would play the clavier while her sister sang. Ulrika Eleonora lived most of her life in the shadow of others, outshone by her brother the king, from 1700, she took care of her dominating grandmother, Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, during her brothers absence in the Great Northern War. Her older sister, Hedvig Sophia, was then the heir presumptive to the throne, as their brother Charles XII was unmarried and childless, Hedwig Sophia was regarded as a likely future heir to the throne, and was thereby attractive on the marriage market. In 1698, an alliance was suggested by marrying her to Prince Charles of Denmark and her brother to Princess Sophia Hedwig of Denmark. In 1700, there were negotiations of a marriage to Frederick William I of Prussia and these plans were about to be put into effect when they were disrupted, without motivation, by her brother. She was later made the god-mother of Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, in 1702, a marriage to the future King George II of Great Britain was suggested, but was postponed, and in the end nothing came of it. In 1710, she received a proposal from Prince Frederick of Hesse, the negotiations were handled by her favorite and confidante Emerentia von Düben. The engagement was announced on 23 January 1714, and the took place 24 March 1715. During the wedding, her brother Charles XII remarked, Tonight my sister is dancing away the crown, after her grandmothers death in 1715, she became the center of the court, and this was one of the happiest periods of her life. In 1715, she married Landgrave Frederick I of Hesse-Kassel, the marriage, which on her side was a love-match, became another attempt to use her as a political puppet
25.
C.K.G. Billings
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Cornelius Kingsley Garrison Billings was a wealthy industrialist, a noted horseman and tycoon. When he retired in 1901 at age 40 he was president of the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company in Chicago, Illinois. A notable eccentric, Billings invested much of his time and money promoting the sport of matinee driving, Billings grew up in Chicago, where his entrepreneurial father was a principal in the Peoples Gas Light and Coke Company during the time when Chicago was largely lit by gaslight. After college he joined his father’s firm, eventually inheriting controlling interest in the company and, at the age of 40, in 1901 he moved his family and his horses to New York City, and acquired acreage on the largely undeveloped north end of Manhattan. It was near the newly opened and very fashionable Harlem Speedway, word leaked out however, and crowds of reporters gathered by his gates, hoping to see the fabulous stable and glamorous visitors. Billings decided to move the party, and instead rented the grand ballroom of Sherrys, at Fifth Avenue. He had the floor covered with turf so that he and his 36 guests could sit on their horses, the diners ate from trays attached to their saddles and sipped champagne through rubber tubes from iced bottles in their saddlebags. The $50,000 bill included a photographer from the celebrated Byron Company to document the event, the cost was $2,000,000, and it was generally considered among the most lavish private houses in Manhattan. It had towers and turrets, conical steeples, oriel windows and it stood on Manhattans highest point,250 feet above sea level, with 20-mile views of the Hudson Valley. His 25-acre estate encompassed formal gardens, a 126-foot-long bathhouse with a 75-foot indoor pool, there he kept his 232-foot yacht, Vanadis. Billings then hired the architects Buchman & Fox to design an extravagant entry to his estate and they laid out the inclined roadway and a great arched stone loggia to carry a terrace above. Most of the stone was quarried right on the site and the surface of the roadway was paved with chamfered bricks, the total cost of Billings’ new driveway was $250,000. The arched gallery, supporting a planted terrace overlooking the Hudson in Fort Tryon Park, still remains, though the driveway entrance, now from the Henry Hudson Parkway is long disused. By 1916 Billings had tired of this location, and by early 1917 sold the operation to John D. Rockefeller. Rockefeller intended to tear down Tryon Hall initially and give the land to the city for a new park, inwood and Washington Heights was in need of a park in the neighborhood, Architects protested destruction of the house and the city turned down the offer of a new park. Tryon Hall burned in a fire in 1925, and the city finally accepted Rockefeller’s gift of the new 67-acre Fort Tryon Park. All that remains today of the estate is the old gatehouse near the park entrance, after leaving Tryon Hall, Billings moved to another grand estate he had built, this one called Farnsworth and located in Locust Valley, New York, on Long Island. It was again designed by Guy Lowell, this time in the Georgian Revival style, the buildings alone on the estate cost $1,550,000 in 1915
26.
Lady Hutton
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Lady Hutton is a former luxury yacht built in 1924 at Krupp Germaniawerft in Kiel, Germany. She has now converted to a hotel and restaurant ship. In addition to its size and proximity to the old city, much of her fame is tied to Barbara Hutton, with a 240-foot steel-and-nickel hull, this 1924 motor yacht was the largest of its day. It was originally named Vanadis, was ordered by C. K. G. Billings, the diesel-driven vessel was his second yacht. In 1926 she was owned by Harrison Williams, who took his new bride on a year-long around-the-world honeymoon cruise on the Warrior, Barbara Hutton, Woolworth heiress, reputedly received the vessel in 1930 as a present from her father on her 18th birthday. The yacht was twice named in Huttons honor, and she is Vanadiss most celebrated owner. Indeed, such an ostentatious lifestyle hurt the business, and was particularly unpalatable admidst the Great Depression, in any event, though Hutton is popularized as though she is the current owner, she only kept it for one year. In 1940 the yacht was sold to the British Royal Navy, after the Second World War, it was stationed in Panama and also used as a schoolship in Norway from 1948. At the start of the 1950s it was renamed Cort Adeles at Stadsgårdskajen, Sweden, the vessel was also used as a regular passenger ship to and from Åbo, Finland. The yacht was later slated for scrap, but was purchased by a group of Swedish businessmen who spent more than $2.5 million to renovate her, begun in 1980, the renovation and rebuilding as a hotel for business travelers and a restaurant ship was completed in 1982. Most of the rooms or cabins are comparatively small, the vessel includes meeting facilities for up to 20 people and a Finnish sauna. The yacht is registered as the Lady Hutton, and this appears on the stern. And Barbara Huttons name is used again, as the ship is renamed Lady Hutton. Since September 1982, the yacht has been docked at Riddarholmen in Stockholm and it is owned by the family company Mälardrottningen Holding AB, Mälardrottningen has been a nickname for the city of Stockholm since the end of the 1800s. The lounge is glass-floored, so that the guests can view the room below. The Captains Lounge has the best view, overlooking city hall, the 59 eccentric rooms are generally described as tiny. On the other hand, one notes that parents traveling with their children will probably opt for separate rooms for their offspring. And sleeping in a palace is proferred as a unique way to calm them down
27.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
28.
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
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The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel is a daily morning broadsheet printed in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is the newspaper in Milwaukee, the largest newspaper in Wisconsin and is distributed widely throughout the state. It is owned by the Gannett Company, the new Journal Sentinel then became a seven-day morning paper. In early 2003, the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel began printing operations at its new printing facility in West Milwaukee, the merged papers volume and edition numbers follow those of the Journal. The founder of Milwaukee, Solomon Juneau, provided the funds for editor John ORourke. It was first published as a weekly on June 27,1837. A deathly ill ORourke struggled to help the paper to find its feet before he died six months later of tuberculosis at the age of 24, on Juneaus request, ORourkes associate, Harrison Reed, remained to take over the Sentinels operations. He continued the struggle to keep the paper ahead of its debts, meanwhile, the establishment of the Whig party in the territory thrust the Sentinel into the hurly-burly of partisan politics. In 1840 Reed was assaulted by individuals whom the Sentinel charged were hirelings of Democratic Governor Henry Dodge, later that year the paper abandoned its independence and proclaimed itself a Whig paper with its endorsement of William Henry Harrison for president in 1840. In financial straits, Reed lost control of the paper in 1841 when Democrats foreclosed on the Sentinels mortgaged debt, only after the Democrats successful election of Dodge for Congress was Reed able to regain control of the paper. The next year he sold the Sentinel to Elisha Starr, an editor who had founded a new Whig paper in response to the Sentinels Democratic lapse, Reed later became a carpetbag governor of Florida during Reconstruction. Starr guarded the Sentinels position as the sole Whig organ in Milwaukee, heavily in debt, he secured the partnership of David M. Keeler, who paid off the papers creditors. Keeler took on partner John S. Fillmore and succeeded in ousting Starr, Keeler and Fillmore trumped his efforts by turning their Sentinel into a daily on December 9,1844, while still publishing a weekly edition. The paper finally began to prosper and establish itself as a political force in the nascent state of Wisconsin. Weed recommended his associate editor and protégé, Rufus King, King was a native of New York City, a graduate of West Point, a brevet lieutenant, the son of the president of Columbia College and the grandson of U. S. In June 1845 King came to Milwaukee and became the Sentinels editor three months later, King was lionized by the community. It was his suggestion that made the Sentinel the first paper in the Midwest to employ newsboys to boost street sales, due largely to Kings connections to the East, the quality of the Sentinel greatly improved. He declared the Sentinel an antislavery paper and also supported temperance legislation, King invested his own money in the paper, purchasing the first power press in the Midwest
29.
Sun-Sentinel
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The Sun-Sentinel is the main daily newspaper of Broward County, Florida. Owned by Tronc, it all throughout the three counties that comprise South Florida. It is the newspaper in the area. Howard Saltz of Delray Beach, Florida has held the position of editor since 2011, Saltz was named publisher and editor-in-chief in 2016. Saltz has been in media since 1983 and held positions including reporter and editor in other cities before moving to South Florida. For many years, the Sun-Sentinel exclusively targeted Broward County, however, it expanded its coverage to all of South Florida, including the Miami-Dade and Palm Beach areas, in the late 1990s. In the former area, The Miami Herald is its primary competition, the Sun-Sentinel emphasizes local news, through its Community News and Local sections. It has a circulation of 163,728 and a Sunday circulation of 228,906. It also produced a significant contribution to information graphics in the form of News Illustrated, the photography department has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize twice in the Spot News category. It was a finalist in 1982 for its coverage of a Haitian refugee boat disaster, the Sun-Sentinel publishes several websites, including SunSentinel. com, SouthFlorida. com, SouthFloridaParenting. com, CityLinkMix. com, and TeenlinkSouthFlorida. com. It also publishes a Spanish-language weekly, El Sentinel, and an alternative weekly distributed for free throughout the region, in 1925, the Everglades Breeze was renamed the Sentinel. That same year, two Ohio publishers bought both the Sentinel and the Herald, consolidating the newspapers into a publication called the Daily News. In 1926, Horace and Tom Stillwell purchased the paper, however, the devastation wrought by the 1926 Miami hurricane caused circulation to drop and, in 1929, Tom Stillwell sold the paper to the Gore Publishing Company, headed by R. H. Gore, Sr. By 1945, circulation of the Daily News and Evening Sentinel had climbed to 10,000, in 1953, Gore Publishing changed the name of the paper to the Fort Lauderdale News and added a Sunday morning edition. In 1963, the Tribune Company acquired Gore Publishing, in the 1970s, the morning paper changed its name to the Fort Lauderdale Sun-Sentinel. In 1982, the two merged their editorial staffs. The two papers merged into a single morning paper under the Sun-Sentinel name. In 2000, after expanding its coverage, the changed its name to the South Florida Sun-Sentinel
30.
History of Stockholm
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The history of Stockholm, capital of Sweden, for many centuries coincided with the development of what is today known as Gamla stan, the Stockholm Old Town. Stockholms raison dêtre always was to be the Swedish capital and by far the largest city in the country. According to a 17th-century myth the population at the viking settlement Birka decided to found a new settlement and it landed on present day Riddarholmen where today the Tower of Birger Jarl stands, a building, as a consequence, still often erroneously mentioned as the oldest building in Stockholm. The most established explanation for the name are logs driven into the strait passing north of old town which dendrochronological examinations in the late 1970s dated to around 1000. 1000–1240 — a capital which has simply been relocated at a number of occasions, the name Stockholm first appears in historical records in letters written by Birger Jarl and King Valdemar dated 1252. However, the two letters give no information about the appearance of the city and events during the following decades remain diffuse. Under any circumstance, during the end of the 13th century, Stockholm quickly grew to not only the largest city in Sweden. So, from its foundation, Stockholm has been the largest and most important Swedish city, inseparable from, during the Kalmar Union, controlling Stockholm was crucial to anyone aspiring to control the kingdom, and the city was consequently repeatedly besieged by various Swedish-Danish factions. In 1471, Sten Sture the Elder defeated Christian I of Denmark at the Battle of Brunkeberg only to lose the city to Hans of Denmark in 1497, Sten Sture managed to seize power again in 1501 which resulted in a Danish blockade lasting 1502–1509 and eventually a short peace. Hans son Christian II of Denmark finally conquered it in 1520 and had many leading nobles and burghers of Stockholm beheaded in the so-called Stockholm Bloodbath. By the end of the 15th century, the population in Stockholm can be estimated to 5, 000–7,000 people, on the other hand, it was far larger than any other city in Sweden. Many of its inhabitants were Germans and Finns, with the forming a political. During the Middle Ages, export was administered mostly by German merchants living by the squares Kornhamnstorg, other groups lived by the eastern or western thoroughfares, Västerlånggatan and Österlånggatan. After Gustav Vasas siege of Stockholm, he restored the privileges of the city which was beneficiary to the burghers of the city, the king maintained his control over the city by controlling the elections of aldermen and magistrates. By the mid-century, the numbers of officials increased in order to make the management of the city more professional, Stockholm thus lost much of the independence it had had during the Middle Ages and became politically and financially bound to the state. During the reign of his sons, the city council remained escorted by a royal representative, Gustav Vasa invited the clergyman Olaus Petri to become the city secretary of Stockholm. With the two side-by-side, the new ideas of the Protestant Reformation could be implemented, and sermons in the church where held in Swedish starting in 1525. Because Stockholm had a city wall, it was exempted from the tax paid by other Swedish cities, during the reign of Gustav Vasa the citys fortifications were reinforced and in the Stockholm Archipelago, Vaxholm was created to guard the inlet from the Baltic
31.
Geography of Stockholm
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The City of Stockholm is situated on fourteen islands and on the banks to the archipelago where Lake Mälaren meets the Baltic Sea. The city centre is situated on the water. Levels of several pollutants in lakes in the parts of the city, especially on the western side, are far above average, including substances such as cadmium, copper, mercury. Decreasing usage of several of these substances has reduced these levels in the sediments of the lakes. The Stockholm area used to contain a lot more lakes and watercourses than it does today, much due to post-glacial rebound, but also because of lake reclaims for settlements and health. Historical lakes, such as Fatburssjön on Södermalm and Träsket on Norrmalm, were filthy, stinking, other historical lakes, like Packartorgsviken and its interior part Katthavet, were filled with mud and equally stinky. Other lakes still present today were once much larger – such as Magelungen, Drevviken, Judarn, like in many other urban areas, the lakes of Stockholm are directly affected by the citys sewer system and pollution from settlements, traffic, and industry. Sewers often reduce the catchment areas of lakes by redirecting surface water to Lake Mälaren or Lake Saltsjön. While nutritious substances such as phosphorus and nitrogen are mostly derived from agriculture, urban areas produce high amounts of metals and organic compounds. The historical name for Stockholm Old Town was The city between the bridges, a name which is used for the entire city which spans over numerous islands, islets. During the course of centuries, the city has many bridges relieve each other. Apparently, in the view of the king, the city, the width probably corresponded to the directions for public roads, eight ell or 4,8 metres, which was probably more than enough for many centuries. The long and narrow bridges were demolished in case of siege. As the accounts of the city tells, spring floods and ice break-ups resulted in the frequent destruction of the bridges. In a map dated 1640, three bridges connects Stadsholmen to Norrmalm passing over Helgeandsholmen, at the time still a group of islets, by the end of the 17th century, population growth resulted in an additional bridge north of Stadsholmen. One of the oldest bridges was located where today Stallbron is found, the first stone bridge, Norrbro, was built in front of the Royal Palace under Gustav III. Not until the 20th century, Stockholm was able to surpass the straits, half of the about 30 bridges in central Stockholm were built 1920–50, most of them during the 1930s. This development was due to increasing traffic loads caused by an increase of vehicles in the 1920s
32.
Riddarholmsbron
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Riddarholmsbron is a bridge in Gamla stan, the old town in central Stockholm, Sweden, leading from the square Riddarhustorget on Stadsholmen to the smaller neighbouring island Riddarholmen. Once the name of islet had been changed, Munkbron was instead referring to the quay then facing Riddarholmen, following the fire of the Royal Palace in 1697, the members of the Royal Family were accommodated in the Wrangel Palace on Riddarholmen, which therefore needed some face-lifting. Both bridges leading to the island were subsequently widened, the southernmost in 1738 and these wooden bridges were both replaced by a more impressive stone arch bridge designed by the architect Erik Palmstedt in 1784 and given his name upon its inauguration in 1789. The architect Ragnar Östberg found use for the vault for what is today called Palmstedts grotta in the gardens of the Stockholm City Hall. Due to the clear height demanded by the locomotives, the four spans of the new cast iron bridge built in 1867 had to be made both steeper and longer than those of its predecessors. In 1958 the present 13,4 metres wide closed frame concrete bridge crossing Centralbron, one of the motorways in Stockholm. Centralbron Vasabron List of bridges in Stockholm Dufwa, Arne, Stockholms tekniska historia, Trafik, broar, tunnelbanor, gator. Uppsala, Stockholms gatukontor and Kommittén för Stockholmsforskning, stockholmskällan - historical images of Riddarholmsbron
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Birger Jarls torn
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Birger Jarls torn is a defensive tower on the north-western corner of Riddarholmen, an islet in Gamla Stan, the old town of Stockholm. The building is named after Birger Jarl, traditionally attributed founder of Stockholm, however, it was built several hundreds years after the foundation of the city, and the name is mostly the product of a 17th-century myth. Stockholm literally translates to Log-Islet, and, according to the myth, often mentioned as the oldest building in town, the tower was in fact built by King Gustav Vasa as part of his efforts to reinforce and modernize the fortifications of the capital. It replaced timbered redoubts destroyed by fire in 1525 and is, together with the tower of the Wrangel Palace. Originally, a wall connected the two towers, for the construction bricks were taken from a monastery, St. Clares Priory near todays Sergels torg destroyed in 1527 and churches from the ridges surrounding the city was used. The building was two stories tall with a crenellated top. In 1589-1590, the original crenellation was rebuilt into a third floor topped by a cone-shaped roof, in the 1620s the king begun to donate lots on Riddarholmen to prominent members of the Swedish nobility, and the islet was gradually transformed into the palace-laden location it still is. From the mid 17th century the tower, at the time called Rundelen, was fused with surrounding buildings. It was thoroughly rebuilt in the mid 18th century, the original apertures transformed into windows while a fourth floor topped by a new roof furnished with a sphere was added. Together with the two flanking buildings, the 18th century restoration was mostly likely the design of Carl Hårleman. During the 19th century both the tower and the two flanking buildings were rebuilt many times in order to various institutions and authorities such as a pawnshop. In the 1950s, the complex was completely rebuilt again with new concrete joints replacing the old wooden ones while new barred windows. Before housing the chancellor of justice in 2007, the building was documented and restored in 2006. Some of the recent addition were subsequently removed while some older. All new addition were carefully adopted to the existent structure in order to emphasise the historical values of the building while giving space for modern installations, the entire top floor have been transformed into a round conference room with an oval desk surrounded by the round windows. History of Stockholm Statens Fastighetsverk - Birger Jarls torn, Riddarholmen Bach Arkitekter -2006 restoration John Wändesjö, Birger Jarls torn AB86,3 och Överkommissariens hus AB86,2
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Media related to Riddarholmen at Wikimedia Commons