1.
Soviet Navy
–
The Soviet Navy was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces. The influence of the Soviet Navy played a role in the Cold War. The Soviet Navy was divided into four major fleets, the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, the Caspian Flotilla was a smaller force operating in the land-locked Caspian Sea. Main components of the Soviet Navy included Soviet Naval Aviation, Naval Infantry, most of the Soviet Navy was reformed into the Russian Navy after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, while some elements became the basis of the Ukrainian, Azerbaijani and Georgian navies. During the revolution, sailors deserted their ships at will and generally neglected their duties, the officers were dispersed and most of the sailors left their ships. Work stopped in the shipyards, where uncompleted ships deteriorated rapidly, the Black Sea Fleet fared no better than the Baltic. The Bolshevik revolution entirely disrupted its personnel, with murders of officers. At the end of April 1918, German troops entered Crimea, the more effective ships were moved from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk where, after an ultimatum from Germany, they were scuttled by Vladimir Lenins order. The ships remaining in Sevastopol were captured by the Germans and then, after November 1918, on 1 April 1919, when Red Army forces captured Crimea, the British squadron had to withdraw, but before leaving they damaged all the remaining battleships and sank thirteen new submarines. When the White Army captured Crimea in 1919, it rescued and reconditioned a few units, at the end of the civil war, Wrangels fleet, a White fleet, moved to Bizerta in French Tunisia, where it was interned. The first ship of the navy could be considered the rebellious Imperial Russian cruiser Aurora. Sailors of the Baltic fleet supplied the fighting force of the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution, some imperial vessels continued to serve after the revolution, albeit with different names. The Soviet Navy, established as the Workers and Peasants Red Fleet by a 1918 decree of the Soviet government, was less than service-ready during the interwar years, as the countrys attentions were largely directed internally, the Navy did not have much funding or training. The greater part of the old fleet was sold by the Soviet government to Germany for scrap, in the Baltic Sea there remained only three much-neglected battleships, two cruisers, some ten destroyers, and a few submarines. Despite this state of affairs, the Baltic Fleet remained a significant naval formation, there also existed some thirty minor-waterways combat flotillas. During the 1930s, as the industrialization of the Soviet Union proceeded, approved by the Labour and Defence Council in 1926, the Naval Shipbuilding Program included plans to construct twelve submarines, the first six were to become known as the Dekabrist class. Beginning 4 November 1926, Technical Bureau Nº4, under the leadership of B. M, malinin, managed the submarine construction works at the Baltic Shipyard. In subsequent years,133 submarines were built to designs developed during Malinins management, additional developments included the formation of the Pacific Fleet in 1932 and the Northern Fleet in 1933
2.
Bulgarian Navy
–
The Bulgarian Navy is the navy of the Republic of Bulgaria and forms part of the Bulgarian Armed Forces. That is why three of the four Romeo-class submarines are now docked and have been out of operation for some time, the last one was decommissioned in November 2011. Only the more modern frigates, corvettes and missile crafts are on active duty, in order to meet some of the NATO requirements, the Bulgarian government purchased a Wielingen-class frigate from Belgium in 2005. BNS Wandelaar, built in 1977, was renamed BG Drazki and that same year the Bulgarian ship Smeli took part as a full NATO member for the first time in NATO OAE. This was the first time the Bulgarian Navy took part in a peacekeeping operation. The Bulgarian government purchased two Wielingen-class frigates and one Tripartite-class minehunter in 2007, the Bulgarian Navy is centred in two main bases. One is near the city of Varna, the other is Atiya Naval Base, near the city of Burgas. The Bulgarian Navys first combat action was the 1912 Battle of Kaliakra during the First Balkan War, the Bulgarian Navy scuttled its four Danube gunboats during the Second Balkan War, probably to avoid capture by the invading Romanian Army. When Bulgaria entered World War I in 1915, its navy consisted mainly of a French-built torpedo gunboat called Nadezhda, russian mines sank one Bulgarian torpedo boat and damaged one more during the war. Bulgaria saw little fighting during the war, its main action taking place in October 1941. On 6 December 1941, Belomorets and Chernomorets depth-charged and sank the Soviet submarine Shch-204, Soviet submarines also laid mines near the Bulgarian coast, the 2304-ton Bulgarian steamer Chipka being sunk off Varna by mines laid by the submarine L-4. On 19 May 1943, the Bulgarian torpedo boat Smeli foundered between Varna and Burgas during a storm, the campaign ended when Bulgaria changed sides and joined the Soviet Union in September 1944. According to the reform plans envisioned in the White Paper on Defence 2010, the manpower of the Navy would account to about 3,400 seamen. The ordered Eurocopter AS565 MB Panther helicopters were reduced from 6 to 3 units, between 2011 and 2020 the naval Longterm Investment Plan should come into action, providing the sea arm of the Bulgarian military with modernised ships and new equipment. The Bulgarian Navy will modernise three of its Wielingen-class frigates in the future, the frigates will be equipped with landing pads, allowing helicopters to land and take off from the ships decks. The list does not include vessels assigned to the border police,3 Eurocopter AS565 Panther 3 Mil Mi-14
3.
Volksmarine
–
The Volksmarine - VM, was the official designation of the naval forces of the German Democratic Republic. It was part of the National Peoples Army, established on 1 March 1956, soon after the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War the Soviet Union initiated the rearming of its satellite state in East Germany. This included the formation of maritime forces. Beginning in 1950, Soviet naval officers helped to establish the Hauptverwaltung Seepolizei, by 1952 the VP–See is estimated to have numbered some 8,000 personnel. On 1 March 1956, the GDR formally created its Nationale Volksarmee, in November 1960, these maritime forces of the National Peoples Army were officially designated Volksmarine. Over the next years the navy received a number of new ships. Only the coastal ships and some of the fast torpedo boats were provided by the Soviet Union, as were all helicopters. Following the building of the Berlin Wall on 13 August 1961 the Grenzbrigade Küste der Grenzpolizei was incorporated into the Peoples Navy. With the reorganization of 1965 all attack forces, i. e. the fast torpedo boats, were combined into a single flotilla, in the 1970s the Peoples Navy had grown to about 18,000 men. In the 1980s some of the ships were replaced and the Peoples Navy acquired Soviet-built fighter-bombers, the Peoples Navy was dissolved, like all other branches of the former National Peoples Army, on 2 October 1990 – the day before the official reunification of Germany. Some of its staff was assumed into the Bundesmarine, some by the German Border Police, most of the ships and other equipment were scrapped or sold, and few if any former Peoples Navy vessels remain in service with the modern-day German Navy. The Peoples Navy was operationally incorporated into the United Baltic Sea Fleets of the Warsaw Pact states and its designated area of operations was the Baltic Sea and the entrances to the Baltic Sea. Its task was to keep the sea lanes open for Soviet reinforcements, for these purposes, it was equipped with light forces such as anti-submarine ships, fast torpedo boats, minesweepers as well as landing craft. Routine duty was heavily focused on extensive activities, carried out mainly by the minesweepers. The 6th Border Brigade had a responsibility for the prevention of ″republikflucht″. With effect from 1 November 1961 it was subordinated to the Peoples Navy and it had a substantial number of small patrol boats and surveillance posts along the coast. It was structured as follows, 1st Flotilla in Peenemünde, 4th Flotilla in Rostock-Warnemünde, 6th Flotilla at Bug on Rügen Island, most notable is Präsentiermarsch der Volksmarine, which was composed by Ludwig Schmidt for use at ceremonial events. Unsere Volksmarine was also written for use at parades, the instrumental pieces written for the Peoples Navy fell out of use after the reunification of Germany, and are not used by the modern German Navy
4.
Finnish Navy
–
The Finnish Navy is one of the branches of the Finnish Defence Forces. The navy employs 2,300 people and about 4,300 conscripts are trained each year, Finnish Navy vessels are given the ship prefix FNS, short for Finnish Navy ship and it is not used in Finnish language contexts. The Finnish Navy also includes coastal forces and coastal artillery, the current Commander-in-Chief of the navy is Rear Admiral Kari Takanen. The navy is organized into the Navy Command and four Brigade-level units, the navy includes, since 1998 also the Nyland Brigade, where Finnish Marines or Coastal Jaegers are trained. Nyland Brigade is also the only Swedish language unit in the country and it carries on the traditions, many of the Swedish naval bases were located in present-day Finland and many sailors came from Finland. During the Russian rule an entirely Finnish Navy unit, named Suomen Meriekipaasi was defending the Finnish coast, the Meriekipaasi participated in the Crimean War, albeit mostly with on-shore duties. The Meriekipaasi also manned the coastal batteries at the Santahamina Island during the siege of fortress Viapori in Helsinki, the ships the Meriekipaasi operated included the steam frigates Rurik and Kalevala, named after the Finnish national epic. These ships later served in the Russian Pacific Fleet), in addition to the warships, the Russians also left behind numerous other types of vessels. Additionally, the Germans handed over two netlayers to the Finnish Navy, and these two formed the core of the Finnish Navy until the coastal defense ships were commissioned. With the Treaty of Tartu, Finland had to some of the equipment they had operated earlier. This equipment included three S-class torpedo boats, the minesweepers Altair, Mikula, MP7, MP11, Ahvola, T12, fifteen tugs, Finland lost three more ships in supporting the British operations against the Soviets in the Baltic Sea. The three vessels were ordered to stay until the sea froze over, and were damaged beyond repair by the ice, the last remaining C-class torpedo boats was placed in reserve after this incident. Motor torpedo boats were acquired both from Britain, as well as from domestic sources. The training ship Suomen Joutsen was also acquired, the strength of the Finnish Navy at the beginning of World War II was limited. Some of the ships had not yet been constructed and wartime constraints on the economy prolonged ship building times. When the Winter War broke out the Finnish Navy moved to occupy the de-militarized Åland Islands, in the first month of the war, battles between Soviet ships and Finnish coastal batteries were fought at Hanko, Finland, Utö and Koivisto. At Koivisto and Hanko, the batteries forced Soviet battleships to retire with damage, Finnish efforts to use submarines to sink Soviet capital ships failed. In December 1939 the ice became so thick that only the ice-breakers could still move, the two coastal defence ships were moved to the harbour in Turku where they were used to strengthen the air-defences of the city
5.
Indonesian Navy
–
The Indonesian Navy was founded on 10 September 1945. The Indonesian Navy is the largest navy in South East Asia based on the number of active personnel, as of 2009, the Indonesian Navy had about 75,000 active personnel and more than 150 vessels in active service. The Indonesian Navy is one of a few navies in the region backed by a domestic defence industry, marine corps. All commissioned ships of the TNI-AL have the prefix KRI, standing for Kapal Republik Indonesia, the Indonesian Navys history began on 10 September 1945, at the outset of the Indonesian National Revolution. The administration of the early Indonesian government established the Peoples Marine Security Agency, as the revolution grew and the Navy began its work, naval bases were established throughout the archipelago. Former ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy handed down to the new republic were acqurired, besides, they also attempted to breach the Dutch naval blockade in order to obtain aid from abroad. The newly-formed navy confronted the more superior Royal Netherlands Navy in Bali, Sibolga, cross-sea operations are also able to prepare the armed forces in South Kalimantan, Bali and Sulawesi. Limitations in strength and ability to lead the Navy had to divert the struggle in the countryside, after most boats were sunk and nearly all bases battered by the Dutch, but the determination to participate again in the sea never subsided. In the hard times during the National Revolution the Navy succeeded in forming the Fleet Forces, Marine Corps, the formation of these elements mark the presence of aspects for the formation of a modern national navy. The end of the War of Independence marked the development of the Navy as a modern Navy and this step in the consolidation of the body along with the Navy, revamping the organization and recruitment of personnel through educational institutions before manning naval equipment. During 1949-1959 the Navy managed to enhance the strength and improve its capabilities, Navy combat equipment grew, both from the Dutch and from other various countries. At the time of the country started to recover from the threat of disintegration, in 1959, the Navy experienced a significant progress until 1965. This is motivated by the politics of confrontation in order to seize West Irian, with such power in the era of the 1960s the Navy was called the largest Navy in Southeast Asia. The Indonesian government claimed West Irian as part of Indonesia. The Dutch government however, the Indonesian Navy started preparing a couple of naval operations for the liberation of West Irian known as Operation Trikora. At the beginning of Trikora, fast-ship torpedo Navy ships have to deal with ships destroyers, frigates, on January 15,1962 Commodore Yos Sudarso along with RI Macan Tutul sank in the sea battle in the Arafura Sea. This battle is known as the Vlakke Hoek incident, at that time the Navy is preparing to organize Operation Jayawijaya which would be the largest amphibious operation in the history of Indonesian military operations if commenced. No less than 100 warships and 16,000 sailors and Marines prepared in the operation, the deployment of forces forced the Dutch to return to negotiations and reached an agreement to hand over West Irian to Indonesia. After seizing West Irian, Soekarno by 1963 moved his sights on Malaysia, Indonesia political confrontation against Neocolonialism and Imperialism continued in Operation Dwikora to oppose the formation of Malaysia
6.
People's Liberation Army Navy
–
The PLAN can trace its lineage to naval units fighting during the Chinese Civil War and was established in September 1950. Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s the Soviet Union provided assistance to the PLAN in the form of advisers and export of equipment. Until the late 1980s, the PLAN was largely a riverine and this led to the development of the Peoples Liberation Army Navy into a green-water navy by 2009. Before the 1990s the PLAN had traditionally played a role to the Peoples Liberation Army Ground Force. In 2008, General Qian Lihua confirmed that China plans to operate a fleet of aircraft carriers in the near future. As of 2013 PLA officials have also outlined plans to operate in the first, Chinese strategists term the development of the PLAN from a green-water navy into a regional blue-water defensive and offensive navy. The PLAN traces its lineage to units of the Republic of China Navy who defected to the Peoples Liberation Army towards the end of the Chinese Civil War, in 1949, Mao Zedong asserted that to oppose imperialist aggression, we must build a powerful navy. During the Landing Operation on Hainan Island, the used wooden junks fitted with mountain guns as both transport and warships against the Republic of China Navy. The Naval Academy was set up at Dalian on 22 November 1949, the navy was established in September 1950 by consolidating regional naval forces under Joint Staff Department command in Jiangyan, now in Taizhou, Jiangsu province. It then consisted of a collection of ships and boats acquired from the Kuomintang forces. The Naval Air Force was added two years later, by 1954 an estimated 2,500 Soviet naval advisers were in China—possibly one adviser to every thirty Chinese naval personnel—and the Soviet Union began providing modern ships. In shipbuilding the Soviets first assisted the Chinese, then the Chinese copied Soviet designs without assistance, eventually Soviet assistance progressed to the point that a joint Sino-Soviet Pacific Ocean fleet was under discussion. Through the upheavals of the late 1950s and 1960s the Navy remained relatively undisturbed, under the leadership of Minister of National Defense Lin Biao, large investments were made in naval construction during the frugal years immediately after the Great Leap Forward. In the 1970s, when approximately 20 percent of the budget was allocated to naval forces. The Navy also began development of attack submarines and nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines. In the 1980s, under the leadership of Chief Naval Commander Liu Huaqing, Liu Huaqing was an Army Officer who spent most of his career in administrative positions involving science and technology. It was not until 1988 that the Peoples Liberation Army Navy was led by a Naval Officer, Liu was also very close to Deng Xiaoping as his modernization efforts were very much in keeping with Dengs national policies. While under his leadership Naval construction yards produced fewer ships than the 1970s, greater emphasis was placed on technology, in 1982 the navy conducted a successful test of an underwater-launched ballistic missile
7.
Petya-class frigate
–
The Petya class was the NATO reporting name for a class of light frigates designed in the 1950s and built for the Soviet Navy in the 1960s. The Soviet designation was Storozhevoi Korabl Project 159 and they were the first gas turbine powered ships in the Soviet navy. The role of ships was anti-submarine warfare in shallow waters. The specification was issued in 1955 and design approved in 1956, a three shaft machinery layout was chosen with the central shaft powered by diesel engines for economical cruising and the two wing shafts powered by gas turbines for speed. Gun armament was two twin 76 mm gun turrets in A and Y positions which were controlled by a single radar director, anti-submarine armament consisted of four RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers and a launcher for 406 mm anti-submarine torpedoes. Some of the designed for export replaced the 406 mm torpedo tubes with anti-shipping 533 mm torpedo tubes. A comprehensive sonar suite including VDS was fitted, a total of 54 ships were built in two shipyards, the Kaliningrad Yantar shipyard built 22 ships including exports and Khabarovsk yard built 32 ships including exports. All Soviet ships were decommissioned in 1989-1992 but some are still in service with export customers, classified as corvette due to smaller size and role of the ships
8.
Frigate
–
A frigate /ˈfrɪɡᵻt/ is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries. In the 17th century, this term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability and these could be warships carrying their principal batteries of carriage-mounted guns on a single deck or on two decks. The term was used for ships too small to stand in the line of battle. In the late 19th century, the frigate was a type of ironclad warship that for a time was the most powerful type of vessel afloat. The term frigate was used because such ships still mounted their principal armaments on a continuous upper deck. Ship classes dubbed frigates have more closely resembled corvettes, destroyers, cruisers. The rank frigate captain derives from the name of type of ship. The term frigate originated in the Mediterranean in the late 15th century, referring to a lighter galleass type ship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability. The etymology of the word is unknown, although it may have originated as a corruption of aphractus, aphractus was, in turn, derived from the Ancient Greek phrase ἄφρακτος ναῦς, or undefended ship. In 1583, during the Eighty Years War, Habsburg Spain recovered the Southern Netherlands from the rebellious Dutch and this soon led to the occupied ports being used as bases for privateers, the Dunkirkers, to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies. To achieve this they developed small, maneuverable, sailing vessels that came to be referred to as frigates, in French, the term frigate became a verb, meaning to build long and low, and an adjective, adding further confusion. Even the huge English Sovereign of the Seas could be described as a frigate by a contemporary after her upper decks were reduced in 1651. The navy of the Dutch Republic was the first navy to build the larger ocean-going frigates, the first two tasks required speed, shallowness of draft for the shallow waters around the Netherlands, and the ability to carry sufficient supplies to maintain a blockade. The third task required heavy armament, sufficient to fight against the Spanish fleet, the first of these larger battle-capable frigates were built around 1600 at Hoorn in Holland. The effectiveness of the Dutch frigates became most visible in the Battle of the Downs in 1639, encouraging most other navies, especially the English, to adopt similar designs. The fleets built by the Commonwealth of England in the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as frigates, the largest of which were two-decker great frigates of the third rate. Carrying 60 guns, these vessels were as big and capable as great ships of the time, however, most other frigates at the time were used as cruisers, independent fast ships. The term frigate implied a long hull design, which relates directly to speed and also, in turn, in Danish, the word fregat is often applied to warships carrying as few as 16 guns, such as HMS Falcon which the British classified as a sloop
9.
Destroyer escort
–
Destroyer escort was the United States Navy mid-20th century classification for a 20-knot warship designed with endurance to escort mid-ocean convoys of merchant marine ships. Kaibōkan were designed for a role in the Imperial Japanese Navy. The Royal Navy and Commonwealth forces identified such warships as frigates, Destroyer escorts, frigates and kaibōkan were mass-produced for World War II as a less expensive anti-submarine warfare alternative to fleet destroyers. Post-war destroyer escorts and frigates were larger than those produced during wartime, with increased anti-aircraft capability, as Cold War destroyer escorts became as large as wartime destroyers, the United States Navy converted some of their World War II destroyers to escort destroyers. Full-size destroyers must be able to steam as fast or faster than the fast capital ships such as carriers and cruisers. This typically requires a speed of 25–35 knots and they must carry torpedoes and a smaller caliber of cannon to use against enemy ships, as well as anti-submarine detection equipment and weapons. A destroyer escort needed only to be able to maneuver relative to a slow convoy and these lower requirements greatly reduce the size, cost, and crew required for the destroyer escort. Destroyer escorts were optimized for anti-submarine warfare, having a turning radius. Their much slower speed was not a liability in this context, Destroyer escorts were also considerably more sea-kindly than corvettes. Electric drive was selected because it does not need gearboxes to adjust engine speed to the much lower optimum speed for the propellers, Destroyer escorts were also useful for coastal anti-submarine and radar picket ship duty. During World War II, seven destroyer escorts were converted to radar picket destroyer escorts, although these were relegated to secondary roles after the war, in the mid-1950s twelve more DEs were converted to DERs, serving as such until 1960-1965. Their mission was to extend the Distant Early Warning line on coasts, in conjunction with sixteen Guardian-class radar picket ships, which were converted Liberty ships. In World War II, some 95 destroyer escorts were converted by the US to high-speed transports and this involved adding an extra deck which allowed space for about 10 officers and 150 men. Two large davits were installed, one on either side of the ship. This enabled the UK to commission the US to design, build and supply an escort vessel that was suitable for anti-submarine warfare in deep open ocean situations, cochrane of the American Bureau of Shipping came up with a design which was known as the British Destroyer Escort. S. Navy and one to the Royal Navy, after World War II United States Navy destroyer escorts were referred to as ocean escorts, but retained the hull classification symbol DE. However other navies, most notably those of NATO countries and the USSR, in order to remedy this problem the 1975 ship reclassification reclassified ocean escorts as frigates. This brought the USNs nomenclature more in line with NATO, as of 2006 there are no plans for future frigates for the US Navy
10.
Joseph Stalin
–
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Holding the post of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, he was effectively the dictator of the state. Stalin was one of the seven members of the first Politburo, founded in 1917 in order to manage the Bolshevik Revolution, alongside Lenin, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotsky, Sokolnikov, and Bubnov. Among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who took part in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and he managed to consolidate power following the 1924 death of Vladimir Lenin by suppressing Lenins criticisms and expanding the functions of his role, all the while eliminating any opposition. He remained General Secretary until the post was abolished in 1952, the economic changes coincided with the imprisonment of millions of people in Gulag labour camps. The initial upheaval in agriculture disrupted food production and contributed to the catastrophic Soviet famine of 1932–33, major figures in the Communist Party and government, and many Red Army high commanders, were arrested and shot after being convicted of treason in show trials. Stalins invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, as it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence agreed with the Axis, Germany ended the pact when Hitler launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. Despite heavy human and territorial losses, Soviet forces managed to halt the Nazi incursion after the decisive Battles of Moscow, after defeating the Axis powers on the Eastern Front, the Red Army captured Berlin in May 1945, effectively ending the war in Europe for the Allies. The Soviet Union subsequently emerged as one of two recognized world superpowers, the other being the United States, Communist governments loyal to the Soviet Union were established in most countries freed from German occupation by the Red Army, which later constituted the Eastern Bloc. Stalin also had relations with Mao Zedong in China and Kim Il-sung in North Korea. On February 9,1946, Stalin delivered a public speech in which he explained the fundamental incompatibility of communism and capitalism. He stressed that the system needed war for raw materials. The Second World War was but the latest in a chain of conflicts which could be broken only when the economy made the transformation into communism. Stalin led the Soviet Union through its post-war reconstruction phase, which saw a significant rise in tension with the Western world that would later be known as the Cold War, Stalin remains a controversial figure today, with many regarding him as a tyrant. However, popular opinion within the Russian Federation is mixed, the exact number of deaths caused by Stalins regime is still a subject of debate, but it is widely agreed to be in the order of millions. Joseph Stalin was born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili, the Russian-language version of his birth name is Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. Ioseb was born on 18 December 1878 in the town of Gori, Georgia and his father was Besarion Jughashvili, a cobbler, while his mother was Ekaterine Keke Geladze, a housemaid. As a child, Ioseb was plagued with health issues
11.
Nikita Khrushchev
–
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev was a politician who led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, Khrushchevs party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier. Khrushchev was born in the village of Kalinovka in 1894, close to the border between Russia and Ukraine. He was employed as a metalworker in his youth, and during the Russian Civil War was a political commissar, with the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Joseph Stalins purges, and approved thousands of arrests, in 1938, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War, Khrushchev was again a commissar, Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalins close advisers, in the power struggle triggered by Stalins death in 1953, Khrushchev, after several years, emerged victorious. On 25 February 1956, at the 20th Party Congress, he delivered the Secret Speech, denouncing Stalins purges and his domestic policies, aimed at bettering the lives of ordinary citizens, were often ineffective, especially in agriculture. Hoping eventually to rely on missiles for defense, Khrushchev ordered major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchevs rule saw the most tense years of the Cold War, flaws in Khrushchevs policies eroded his popularity and emboldened potential opponents, who quietly rose in strength and deposed the premier in October 1964. However, he did not suffer the fate of previous losers of Soviet power struggles, and was pensioned off with an apartment in Moscow. His lengthy memoirs were smuggled to the West and published in part in 1970, Khrushchev died in 1971 of heart disease. Khrushchev was born on 15 April 1894, in Kalinovka, a village in what is now Russias Kursk Oblast and his parents, Sergei Khrushchev and Ksenia Khrushcheva, were poor peasants of Russian origin, and had a daughter two years Nikitas junior, Irina. Sergei Khrushchev was employed in a number of positions in the Donbas area of far eastern Ukraine, working as a railwayman, as a miner, and laboring in a brick factory. Wages were much higher in the Donbas than in the Kursk region, Kalinovka was a peasant village, Khrushchevs teacher, Lydia Shevchenko, later stated that she had never seen a village as poor as Kalinovka had been. Nikita worked as a herdsboy from an early age and he was schooled for a total of four years, part in the village parochial school and part under Shevchenkos tutelage in Kalinovkas state school. She urged Nikita to seek education, but family finances did not permit this. In 1908, Sergei Khrushchev moved to the Donbas city of Yuzovka, fourteen-year-old Nikita followed later that year, while Ksenia Khrushcheva and her daughter came after
12.
Bulgaria
–
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, with a territory of 110,994 square kilometres, Bulgaria is Europes 16th-largest country. Organised prehistoric cultures began developing on current Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period and its ancient history saw the presence of the Thracians, Greeks, Persians, Celts, Romans, Goths, Alans and Huns. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for five centuries. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 led to the formation of the Third Bulgarian State, the following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 it became a one-party socialist state as part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc, in December 1989 the ruling Communist Party allowed multi-party elections, which subsequently led to Bulgarias transition into a democracy and a market-based economy. Bulgarias population of 7.2 million people is predominantly urbanised, most commercial and cultural activities are centred on the capital and largest city, Sofia. The strongest sectors of the economy are industry, power engineering. The countrys current political structure dates to the adoption of a constitution in 1991. Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative. Human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria can be traced back to the Paleolithic, animal bones incised with man-made markings from Kozarnika cave are assumed to be the earliest examples of symbolic behaviour in humans. Organised prehistoric societies in Bulgarian lands include the Neolithic Hamangia culture, Vinča culture, the latter is credited with inventing gold working and exploitation. Some of these first gold smelters produced the coins, weapons and jewellery of the Varna Necropolis treasure and this site also offers insights for understanding the social hierarchy of the earliest European societies. Thracians, one of the three primary groups of modern Bulgarians, began appearing in the region during the Iron Age. In the late 6th century BC, the Persians conquered most of present-day Bulgaria, and kept it until 479 BC. After the division of the Roman Empire in the 5th century the area fell under Byzantine control, by this time, Christianity had already spread in the region. A small Gothic community in Nicopolis ad Istrum produced the first Germanic language book in the 4th century, the first Christian monastery in Europe was established around the same time by Saint Athanasius in central Bulgaria. From the 6th century the easternmost South Slavs gradually settled in the region, in 680 Bulgar tribes under the leadership of Asparukh moved south across the Danube and settled in the area between the lower Danube and the Balkan, establishing their capital at Pliska
13.
China
–
China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
14.
Type 053 frigate
–
The Type 053 frigates were a family of Chinese ships that served with the Peoples Liberation Army Navy Surface Force, and a small number of foreign navies. The Type 053 was developed from the Soviet Riga-class frigates after the Sino–Soviet split, the designation of ships and subclasses is somewhat confusing. Chinese nomenclature temporarily changed during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, and this article covers the entire Type 053 family except for the final two subclasses, the Type 053H2G and Type 053H3 frigates. In the 1950s, the Soviets provided China with four kits for Riga-class frigates and these entered PLAN service as the Type 01 Chengdu-class and the Type 07 Anshan-class respectively. The Riga kits were assembled by the Huangpu Shipyard in Guangzhou, and these ships formed the PLANs backbone in the 1950s and 1960s. Following the Sino-Soviet split and the withdrawal of Soviet aid, the Wuhan-based No.701 Institute began reverse-engineering the Type 01 in 1962, the result was the Type 065. It was based on the Riga hull with the flush deck replaced by a long forecastle, the first Type 065,529 Haikou, was laid down at Huangpu in August 1964 and commissioned by August 1966. From 1965 to 1967, the No.701 Institute designed the Type 053K and this met a PLAN requirement for air-defence ships to accompany the surface-warfare Type 051 destroyers. The Type 053K was originally intended to have three powered by a combined gas-turbine and diesel engine, with a speed of 38 knots. However, technical constraints forced the Chinese to settle for a diesel engine, the Type 053Ks were armed with HQ-61 surface-to-air missiles, launched from two twin-armed launchers, these did not enter service until the mid-1980s. The 100 mm. gun armament was also delayed and this class received NATO reporting name as Jiangdong class. Only two Type 053Ks were completed, possibly due to performance and the long development time for their intended armament. 531 Yingtan was laid down in 1970 and commissioned in 1977, both ships were withdrawn from service in 1992, with one scrapped in 1994 and the other preserved as a museum ship. The PLAN retired many older frigates in the 1970s, and the No.701 Institute developed the Type 053H as a replacement. The initial design was armed with four SY-1 anti-ship missiles in two twin-missile box launchers, two single 100 mm. guns, six twin 37mm guns, depth charges and short-range ASW rockets, the Type 053H received the NATO codename Jianghu-I. The first was constructed by the Hudong Shipyard and entered service in the mid-1970s, at least a dozen were built and entered service with the PLAN East Sea Fleet. The Type 053H was improved in four subclasses, receiving NATO codenames Jianghu-II through Jianghu-V. The Type 053Hs were succeeded by the PLANs first multirole frigates, the Chinese sold the Type 053H, and derivatives, to foreign navies
15.
Finland
–
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
16.
East Germany
–
East Germany, formally the German Democratic Republic, was an Eastern Bloc state during the Cold War period. The Soviet zone surrounded West Berlin, but did not include it, as a result, the German Democratic Republic was established in the Soviet Zone, while the Federal Republic was established in the three western zones. East Germany, which lies culturally in Central Germany, was a state of the Soviet Union. Soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility to German communist leaders in 1948, Soviet forces, however, remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Until 1989, the GDR was governed by the Socialist Unity Party, though other parties participated in its alliance organisation. The economy was centrally planned, and increasingly state-owned, prices of basic goods and services were set by central government planners, rather than rising and falling through supply and demand. Although the GDR had to pay war reparations to the USSR. Nonetheless it did not match the growth of West Germany. Emigration to the West was a significant problem—as many of the emigrants were well-educated young people, the government fortified its western borders and, in 1961, built the Berlin Wall. Many people attempting to flee were killed by guards or booby traps. In 1989, numerous social and political forces in the GDR and abroad led to the fall of the Berlin Wall, the following year open elections were held, and international negotiations led to the signing of the Final Settlement treaty on the status and borders of Germany. The GDR was dissolved and Germany was unified on 3 October 1990, internally, the GDR also bordered the Soviet sector of Allied-occupied Berlin known as East Berlin which was also administered as the states de facto capital. It also bordered the three sectors occupied by the United States, United Kingdom and France known collectively as West Berlin. The three sectors occupied by the Western nations were sealed off from the rest of the GDR by the Berlin Wall from its construction in 1961 until it was brought down in 1989, the official name was Deutsche Demokratische Republik, usually abbreviated to DDR. West Germans, the media and statesmen purposely avoided the official name and its abbreviation, instead using terms like Ostzone, Sowjetische Besatzungszone. The centre of power in East Berlin was referred to as Pankow. Over time, however, the abbreviation DDR was also used colloquially by West Germans. However, this use was not always consistent, for example, before World War II, Ostdeutschland was used to describe all the territories east of the Elbe, as reflected in the works of sociologist Max Weber and political theorist Carl Schmitt
17.
Indonesia
–
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
18.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
19.
Russian Navy
–
The Russian Navy is the naval arm of the Russian Armed Forces. The regular Russian Navy was established by Peter the Great in October 1696, ascribed to Peter I is the oft quoted statement, A ruler that has but an army has one hand, but he who has a navy has both. The symbols of the Russian Navy, the St. Andrews ensign, neither Janes Fighting Ships nor the International Institute for Strategic Studies list any standard ship prefixes for the vessels of the Russian Navy. For official U. S. Navy photographs, they are referred to as RFS—Russian Federation Ship. However, the Russian Navy itself does not use this convention, a rearmament program approved in 2007 placed the development of the navy on an equal footing with the strategic nuclear forces for the first time in Soviet and Russian history. This program, covering the period until 2015, expected to see the replacement of 45 percent of the inventory of the Russian Navy, out of 4.9 trillion rubles allocated for military rearmament,25 percent will go into building new ships. Another setback is attributed to Russias domestic shipbuilding industry which is reported to have been in decline as to their capabilities of constructing contemporary hardware efficiently, some analysts even say that because of this Russias naval capabilities have been facing a slow but certain irreversible collapse. The origins of the Russian navy may be traced to the period between the 4th and the 6th century, the first Slavic flotillas consisted of small sailing ships and rowboats, which had been seaworthy and able to navigate in riverbeds. During the 9th through 12th centuries, there were flotillas in the Kievan Rus consisting of hundreds of vessels with one, riverine vessels in 9th century Kievan Rus guarded trade routes to Constantinople. The citizens of Novgorod are known to have conducted military campaigns in the Baltic Sea —although contemporary Scandinavian sources state that the fleet was from Karelia or Estonia, ladya was a typical boat used by the army of Novgorod. There were also smaller sailboats and rowboats, such as ushkuys for sailing in rivers, lakes and skerries, kochis, during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Cossacks conducted military campaigns against the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire, using sailboats and rowboats. The Don Cossacks called them strugs and these boats were capable of transporting up to 80 men. The Cossack flotillas numbered 80 to 100 boats, the centralized Russian state had been fighting for its own access to the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Sea of Azov since the 17th Century. By the end of century, the Russians had accumulated some valuable experience in using riverboats together with land forces. Under Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich, the construction of the first three-masted ship to be entirely within Russia was finished in 1636. She was built in Balakhna by Danish shipbuilders from Holstein with a European design, in 1668, they built a 26-gun ship, the Oryol, a yacht, a boat with a mast and bowsprit, and a few rowboats. Unquestionably the most celebrated Russian explorer was Semyon Dezhnev, who, in 1648, rounding the Chukotsk Peninsula, Dezhnev passed through the Bering Sea and sailed into the Pacific Ocean. The regular Russian Navy was created at the initiative of Peter the Great, during the Second Azov campaign of 1696 against the Ottoman Empire, the Russians employed for the first time 2 warships,4 fireships,23 galleys and 1300 strugs, built on the Voronezh River
20.
Aircraft carrier
–
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets, there is no single definition of an aircraft carrier, and modern navies use several variants of the type. These variants are sometimes categorized as sub-types of aircraft carriers, Aircraft carriers may be classified according to the type of aircraft they carry and their operational assignments. Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope, former head of the Royal Navy, has said, To put it simply, as of April 2017, there are 37 active aircraft carriers in the world within twelve navies. The United States Navy has 10 large nuclear-powered fleet carriers, the largest carriers in the world, the Royal Navy of Great Britain is building two 280-m / 920-ft carriers, the Queen Elizabeth, and the Prince of Wales scheduled to go into service in 2020-2023. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds, by comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried, most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were fast enough to operate with the main fleet, three nations currently operate carriers of this type, ten by the United States, and one each by France and Brazil for a total of twelve in service. Short take-off but arrested-recovery, these carriers are generally limited to carrying lighter fixed-wing aircraft with more limited payloads, currently, Russia, China, and India possess commissioned carriers of this type. Short take-off vertical-landing, limited to carrying STOVL aircraft and this type of aircraft carrier is currently in service with Italy. Some also count the nine US amphibious assault ships in their secondary light carrier role boosting the total to thirteen. Helicopter carrier, Helicopter carriers have an appearance to other aircraft carriers. Some are designed for addition of, or may include, a ski jump ramp allowing for STOVL operations or may have a ski jump installed before retirement of STOVL aircraft. In the past, some conventional carriers were converted and called commando carriers by the Royal Navy, some helicopter carriers with a resistant flight surface can operate STOVL jets. Currently the majority of carriers, but not all, are classified as amphibious assault ships. The US has nine of this type, France and Japan three, Australia two, the UK one, the Republic of Korea one and Spain one, the US and Spains amphibious assault ships operate STOVL jets in normal deployment. Supercarrier Fleet carrier Light aircraft carrier Escort carrier Several systems of identification symbol for aircraft carriers, two months later, on 18 January 1911, Ely landed his Curtiss pusher airplane on a platform on the armored cruiser USS Pennsylvania anchored in San Francisco Bay
21.
Moskva-class helicopter carrier
–
The Moskva-class helicopter carriers were the first operational Soviet Navy aircraft carriers, called helicopter carriers by the Soviet Navy. The Soviet designation was Project 1123 Kondor and these ships were laid down at Nikolayev South. The lead vessel was launched in 1965 and named Moskva, she entered two years later. Moskva was followed by Leningrad, which was commissioned in late 1968, there were no further vessels built, the Moskvas were not true aircraft carriers in that they did not carry any fixed-wing aircraft, the air wing was composed entirely of helicopters. They were designed primarily as anti-submarine warfare vessels, and her weapons and their strategic role was to defend the Soviet ballistic missile submarine bastions against incursions by Western attack submarines, forming the flagships of an ASW task force. The operational requirement was issued by Admiral Sergey Gorshkov in 1959, the aim of the ships was to counter NATO Polaris submarines and act as a flagship for anti-submarine warfare. Initially it was hoped to operate 10 helicopters from an 8000 ton ship, the design evolved into a larger vessel capable of operating up to 14 helicopters with self defence armament. Shipboard ASW armament included a twin SUW-N-1 launcher capable of delivering a FRAS-1 projectile carrying a 450-millimetre torpedo, a pair of RBU-6000 ASW mortars, and a set of torpedo tubes. For self-defence, the Moskvas had two twin SA-N-3 surface-to-air missile launchers with reloads for a total of 48 surface-to-air missiles, along with two twin 57 mm /80 guns. Radar Top Sail Head Net 2 x Head Light 2 x Muff Comb 2 x Don 2 Sonar Moose Jaw Mare Tail VDS Gas turbines were considered but were as yet untried in such a large vessel. Instead a high pressure steam plant similar to that used by the Kynda-class cruisers was used, the machinery of Moskva had severe problems and had to be rebuilt in 1973 following a fire. Operational performance was disappointing with a maximum speed of 30 knots. Both vessels were part of the Black Sea Fleet, and were retired in 1991, both ships were scrapped in the late 1990s. A third ship to be named Kiev was cancelled in 1969, the Moskva class was succeeded by the Kiev class. List of ships of the Soviet Navy List of ships of Russia by project number Gardiner, conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships, 1947–1995. Also published as Gardiner, Robert, Chumbley, Stephen, Budzbon, conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships, 1947–1995. Project 1123 Kondor - Moskva class, GlobalSecurity. org Moskva class
22.
Kiev-class aircraft carrier
–
The Kiev-class aircraft carriers were the first class of fixed-wing aircraft carriers built in the Soviet Union. First laid down in 1970, the Kiev class was based on a design for a full-deck carrier proposed in Project Orel. Originally the Soviet Navy wanted a similar to the American Kitty Hawk-class. However, the smaller Kiev-class design was chosen because it was considered to be more cost effective, unlike most NATO aircraft carriers, such as U. S. or British ones, the Kiev class is a combination of both a cruiser and an aircraft carrier. In the Soviet Navy, this class of ships was designated as a heavy aviation cruiser rather than solely an aircraft carrier. This designation allowed the ships to transit the Turkish Straits, while the Montreux Convention prohibited aircraft carriers heavier than 15,000 tons from passing through the Straits, a total of four Kiev-class carriers were built and commissioned, serving in the Soviet and then Russian Navy. The first two ships were sold to China as museums, and the ship was scrapped. The fourth ship, Admiral Gorshkov, was sold to the Indian Navy in 2004, and after years of extensive modifications and refurbishment, is currently in active service as INS Vikramaditya
23.
Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier
–
The Kuznetsov-class aircraft carriers were the last class of aircraft carriers commissioned into the Soviet Navy. They are also the first class of aircraft carriers commissioned into the Chinese Navy, the design represented a major advance in Soviet fleet aviation over the Kiev-class carriers, which could only launch VSTOL aircraft. As the first Soviet carriers to be built with aircraft ski-jumps, the design was to have been followed by the catapult-equipped Ulyanovsk-class supercarriers. Due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Kuznetsov-class ships were built over a period of four decades. Kuznetsov was commissioned into the Soviet Navy in 1990 and serves today in the Russian Navy, Liaoning was sold to China, which finally commissioned the ship in 2012. Shandong is under construction as of 2017 and is expected to be ready for sea trials in 2019, in its fleet defense role, the Admiral Kuznetsovs P-700 Granit anti-ship cruise missiles, 3K95 Kinzhal surface-to-air missiles, and Su-33 aircraft are its main weapons. The fixed-wing aircraft on Kuznetsov are intended for air superiority operations to protect a deployed task force, the carrier also carries numerous helicopters for anti-submarine warfare and search and rescue operations. Kuznetsovs classification as an aircraft-carrying cruiser is very important for the purposes of international law, under the Montreux Convention, aircraft carriers heavier than 15,000 tons may not pass through the Turkish Straits. Since Kuznetsov exceeds the displacement limit, it would have stuck in the Black Sea if Turkey had treated it as an aircraft carrier. However, there is no restriction on capital ships operated by Black Sea Powers. Turkey allowed the Kuznetsov to pass through the Straits, and no other signatory to the Montreux Convention has objected to its designation as an aircraft cruiser, the Chinese Navy considers its Type 001 ships to be aircraft carriers. The Chinese Tupe 001 aircraft carrier Liaoning is armed with air defense weapons. It is because China is not located on the Black Sea, so it does not need, the hull design is derived from the 1982 Kiev class, but is larger. The ships are the first Soviet carriers to be designed with a flight deck. The foredeck is dedicated to aviation instead of surface weaponry, as on the Kiev-class ships, the aircraft carriers are of a STOBAR configuration, Short Take-Off But Arrested Recovery. Short take-off is achieved by using a 12-degree ski-jump on the bow, there is also an angled deck with arrester wires, which allows aircraft to land without interfering with launching aircraft. The flight deck has an area of 14,700 square metres. Two aircraft elevators, on the starboard side forward and aft of the island, in the original project specifications, the ship should be able to carry up to 33 fixed-wing aircraft and 12 helicopters
24.
Soviet aircraft carrier Ulyanovsk
–
Ulyanovsk was based upon the 1975 Project 1153 OREL, which did not get beyond blueprints. It would have been 85,000 tonnes in displacement, Ulyanovsk would have been able to launch the full range of fixed-wing carrier aircraft, as it was equipped with two catapults as well as a ski jump. The configuration would have very similar to U. S. Navy carriers though with the typical Soviet practice of adding anti-ship missile. Its hull was laid down in 1988, but construction was cancelled at 20% complete in January 1991, scrapping began on 4 February 1992 and was completed by the end of October 1992. The Peoples Republic of China is expected to build two aircraft carriers based on the Project 1143.7 Ulyanovsk-class design for some of PLANs future carriers. For storage of aircraft, it had a 175×32×7. 9-m hangar deck with aircraft elevated to the deck by 3 elevators with carrying capacities of 50 tons. The stern housed the Luna optical landing guidance system, List of ships of the Soviet Navy List of ships of Russia by project number Citations Bibliography Saunders, Stephen. Project 1143.7 Orel Ulyanovsk class, GlobalSecurity. org, a Brief Look at Russian Aircraft Carrier Development, Robin J. Lee
25.
Project 23000E
–
Project 23000E or Shtorm is a multi-purpose, supercarrier project being designed by the Krylov State Research Center for the Russian Navy. The cost of the supercarrier is estimated as being between $1.8 billion and $5.63 billion, with development expected to take ten years, the carrier is being considered for service with the Russian Navys Northern Fleet. Nevskoye Design Bureau is also reported to be taking part in the development project, in July 2016, a Russian official confirmed that a delegation visiting India in early July had offered the design for India to purchase
26.
Battlecruiser
–
The battlecruiser, or battle cruiser, was a type of capital ship of the first half of the 20th century. They were similar in size, cost, and armament to battleships, however, as more and more battlecruisers were built, they were increasingly used alongside the better-protected battleships. British battlecruisers in particular suffered heavy losses at Jutland, where their armour made them very vulnerable to large-caliber shells. Battlecruisers were put into action again during World War II, in the post–Cold War era, the Soviet Kirov class of large guided missile cruisers have also been termed battlecruisers. The battlecruiser was developed by the Royal Navy in the first years of the 20th century as an evolution of the armoured cruiser. The first armoured cruisers had been built in the 1870s, as an attempt to give protection to ships fulfilling the typical cruiser roles of patrol, trade protection. However, the results were satisfactory, as the weight of armour required for any meaningful protection usually meant that the ship became almost as slow as a battleship. As a result, navies preferred to build protected cruisers with an armoured deck protecting their engines, in the 1890s, technology began to change this balance. New Krupp steel armour meant that it was now possible to give a side armour which would protect it against the quick-firing guns of enemy battleships. In 1896–97 France and Russia, who were regarded as allies in the event of war, started to build large. In the event of a war between Britain and France or Russia, or both, these cruisers threatened to cause difficulties for the British Empires worldwide trade. Between 1899 and 1905, it completed or laid down seven classes of this type and this building program, in turn, prompted the French and Russians to increase their own construction. The Imperial German Navy began to build large armoured cruisers for use on their overseas stations, the cost of this cruiser arms race was significant. In the period 1889–96, the Royal Navy spent £7.3 million on new large cruisers, from 1897–1904, it spent £26.9 million. Many armoured cruisers of the new kind were just as large, the increasing size and power of the armoured cruiser led to suggestions in British naval circles that cruisers should displace battleships entirely. The battleships main advantage was its 12-inch heavy guns, and heavier armour designed to protect from shells of similar size, however, for a few years after 1900 it seemed that those advantages were of little practical value. The torpedo now had a range of 2,000 yards, however, at ranges of more than 2,000 yards it became increasingly unlikely that the heavy guns of a battleship would score any hits, as the heavy guns relied on primitive aiming techniques. The secondary batteries of 6-inch quick-firing guns, firing more plentiful shells, were likely to hit the enemy
27.
Kronshtadt-class battlecruiser
–
The Kronshtadt-class battlecruisers, with the Soviet designation as Project 69 heavy cruisers, were ordered for the Soviet Navy in the late 1930s. Two ships were started but none were completed due to World War II and these ships had a complex and prolonged design process which was hampered by constantly changing requirements and the Great Purge in 1937. They were laid down in 1939, with a completion date in 1944. Prototypes of the armament and machinery had not even completed by 22 June 1941. This is why the Soviets bought twelve surplus 38-centimeter SK C/34 guns, the ships were partially redesigned to accommodate them, after construction had already begun, but no turrets were actually delivered before Operation Barbarossa. Only Kronshtadts hull survived the war intact and was about 10% complete in 1945. She was judged obsolete and the Soviets considered converting her into an aircraft carrier, several designs were submitted by the end of 1935, but the Navy was not satisfied and rejected all of them. Battleship B was redesignated as Project 25 and given the task of destroying Treaty cruisers, the Project 25 design was accepted in mid-1937 after major revisions in the armor scheme and the machinery layout and four were ordered with construction to begin in late 1937 and early 1938. However, this decision occurred right before the Great Purge began to hit the Navy in August 1937, however the Soviet Navy still felt a need for a fast ship that could deal with enemy cruisers and the original concept was revived as Project 69. By this time, however, details were becoming available for the Scharnhorst-class battleships and the ship was deemed inferior to the German ships. The State Defense Committee revised the requirements and specified a size about 31,000 metric tons, an armament of nine 305-millimeter guns, an armor belt 250 mm thick and a speed about 31–32 knots. A revised design was finished by October which was wargamed against the Japanese Kongō-class battlecruisers, a revised,35, 000-ton design with 152-millimeter guns and extra armor was submitted to the State Defense Council in January 1939. This was approved and the design work began with the basic concept that the ship should be superior to the Scharnhorst-class ships. So the middle deck was thickened to 90-millimeter with the lower deck intended to catch any splinters penetrating the armor deck and this mean that the main belt had to be extended upwards to meet the main armor deck at a significant penalty in weight. The Defense Committee approved the design on 13 July 1939. They replied that the turrets were out of production, but new ones could be built and he then asked if twin 380-millimeter turrets could be used instead. The Germans said that they would have to back for the technical details. A preliminary purchase agreement was made to buy guns and six turrets later that month
28.
Stalingrad-class battlecruiser
–
The Stalingrad-class battlecruiser, also known as Project 82, was a Soviet battlecruiser design from 1941. It was a smaller and less-expensive counterpart to the Kronshtadt-class battlecruisers of 1939, the original role was for a light, fast ship intended to break up attacks by British fast-cruiser forces that might attempt bombardment of Russias northern ports. The design would have been able to outgun any ship with similar speed, design work had just started when the German invasion of the Soviet Union opened and the design was put on hold. The design was reimagined in 1944, intended to operate along with the Sverdlov-class cruisers, in this role it would need to be a more powerful ship than the original design, taking over for the now-cancelled Kronstadts. They were intended to fend off attacks and protect the carriers when bad weather prevented flying. A series of at least four were planned, and Stalingrad finally began construction in 1951, supported primarily by Joseph Stalin and opposed by a considerable part of the naval staff, the project came to an abrupt end with his death in 1953. By this time an example was under construction and abandoned on the slipway. The partially completed Stalingrad ended as a ship for testing anti-ship missiles. It was to be armored to withstand 203 mm shells with a speed not less than 36 knots, three preliminary designs were proposed in response, but only one, which displaced 25,000 tonnes, was able to meet all of the requirements. However, the designers recommended an increase in the main armament caliber to 220 millimeters, a strengthened anti-aircraft battery and reductions in the protection, speed. The opening of Operation Barbarossa a month later rendered these plans moot as both the Project 82 and the Kronshtadt classes were put on hold, the project was revived in 1943 with a new requirement issued on 15 September. This was basically identical to the original, but added one new requirement, Protect the operations of aircraft carriers, the speed, range and aircraft requirements remained the same, although the torpedo tubes were dropped. Over a dozen preliminary designs had been proposed by May 1944, a new tactical requirement was issued in November 1944 that envisioned a more realistic displacement of 25, 000–26,000 tonnes while the speed was dropped to 33 knots and the range to 8,000 nmi. Armament was also revised to nine 220 mm guns, sixteen 130 mm guns, thirty-two 45-millimeter and these last weapons were changed to 25 mm in 1945. It refused to begin detailed design work pleading the uncertainty of the post-war building situation, undeterred, the Navy continued studying cruiser designs and planned a ten-year construction program for the period 1946–1955. This was based on operations along the periphery of the Soviet Union against Anglo-American carrier groups while submarines would attack their lines of communication. Ten of these cruisers were envisioned as part of this construction program. The Navy saw no reason why new ships, reflecting wartime experience, four of the large cruisers were to begin construction, two each at Shipyard 402 in Molotovsk and Shipyard 444 at Nikolayev with another three planned to be laid down in 1953 and 1955
29.
Kirov-class battlecruiser
–
The Kirov-class battlecruiser is a class of nuclear-powered warship of the Russian Navy, the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships in operation in the world. Among modern warships, they are second in only to large aircraft carriers. The official designation of the ship-type is heavy nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser, the ships are often referred to as battlecruisers by western defense commentators due to their size and general appearance. Originally built for the Soviet Navy, the class is named for the first of a series of four ships to be constructed, Kirov, original plans called for the construction of five ships, however the last was cancelled. In Russia this class of ship is referred to by the designation Project 1144 Orlan. Only Pyotr Velikiy is currently operational, Admiral Nakhimov is projected to re-enter the Russian Navy in 2018. The appearance of the Kirov class played a key role in the recommissioning of the Iowa-class battleships by the United States Navy in the 1980s, the Kirov hull design also was used for the nuclear-powered SSV-33 command ship Ural. The Kirov classs main weapons are 20 P-700 Granit missiles mounted in deck, air defense is provided by twelve octuple S-300F launchers with 96 missiles and a pair of Osa-MA batteries with 20 missiles each. Pyotr Velikiy carries some S-300FM missiles and is the ship in the Russian Navy capable of ballistic missile defence. The Tor installation is in fact mounted further forward of the old SS-N-14 mounting, Kirov and Frunze had eight 30 mm AK-630 close-in weapon systems, which were supplanted with the Kashtan air-defence system on later ships. Other weapons are the automatic 130 mm AK-130 gun system,10 21-inch torpedo/missile tubes and Udav-1 with 40 anti-submarine rockets and two sextuple RBU-1000 launchers. Russia is developing a new missile to equip Kirov-class ships called the 3M22 Zircon. If the missile passes developmental tests, it could service in 2020, being deployed first aboard the Admiral Nakhimov. When she appeared for the first time in 1981, NATO observers called her BALCOM I, Kirov suffered a reactor accident in 1990 while serving in the Mediterranean Sea. Repairs were never carried out, due to lack of funds, in 1983, a command and control ship, the SSV-33 Ural was launched, although the ship would not be officially commissioned until 1989. She utilized the basic design of the Kirov-class vessels, but with a modified superstructure, different armament. Ural was decommissioned and laid up in 2001, due to operating costs. Frunze, the vessel in the class, was commissioned in 1984
30.
Cruiser
–
A cruiser is a type of warship. The term has been in use for several hundred years, and has had different meanings throughout this period. In the middle of the 19th century, cruiser came to be a classification for the intended for cruising distant waters, commerce raiding. Cruisers came in a variety of sizes, from the medium-sized protected cruiser to large armored cruisers that were nearly as big as a pre-dreadnought battleship. With the advent of the battleship before World War I. The very large battlecruisers of the World War I era that succeeded armored cruisers were now classified, along with dreadnought battleships, in the later 20th century, the obsolescence of the battleship left the cruiser as the largest and most powerful surface combatant after the aircraft carrier. The role of the cruiser varied according to ship and navy, often including air defense, during the Cold War, the Soviet Navys cruisers had heavy anti-ship missile armament designed to sink NATO carrier task forces via saturation attack. The U. S. Adams guided-missile destroyers tasked with the air defense role. Indeed, the newest U. S. Navy destroyers are more heavily-armed than some of the cruisers that they succeeded, currently only three nations operate cruisers, the United States, Russia, and Peru. The term cruiser or cruizer was first commonly used in the 17th century to refer to an independent warship, Cruiser meant the purpose or mission of a ship, rather than a category of vessel. However, the term was used to mean a smaller, faster warship suitable for such a role. The Dutch navy was noted for its cruisers in the 17th century, while the Royal Navy—and later French and Spanish navies—subsequently caught up in terms of their numbers, during the 18th century the frigate became the preeminent type of cruiser. A frigate was a small, fast, long range, lightly armed ship used for scouting, carrying dispatches, the other principal type of cruiser was the sloop, but many other miscellaneous types of ship were used as well. During the 19th century, navies began to use steam power for their fleets, the 1840s saw the construction of experimental steam-powered frigates and sloops. By the middle of the 1850s, the British and U. S. Navies were both building steam frigates with very long hulls and a gun armament, for instance USS Merrimack or Mersey. The 1860s saw the introduction of the ironclad, the first ironclads were frigates, in the sense of having one gun deck, however, they were also clearly the most powerful ships in the navy, and were principally to serve in the line of battle. In spite of their speed, they would have been wasted in a cruising role. The French constructed a number of smaller ironclads for overseas cruising duties, starting with the Belliqueuse and these station ironclads were the beginning of the development of the armored cruisers, a type of ironclad specifically for the traditional cruiser missions of fast, independent raiding and patrol
31.
Sverdlov-class cruiser
–
The Sverdlov-class cruisers, Soviet designation Project 68bis, were the last conventional gun cruisers built for the Soviet Navy, in the 1950s. A secondary commerce raiding and political presence mission in the world was also envisioned for this class of ship. The Soviets originally planned to build 40 ships in the class and this represented a significant risk to the Royal Navy, especially in the North Atlantic. In 1954 Sverdlov class construction was cancelled by Nikita Khrushchev after 14 hulls had been completed, two additional hulls were scrapped on the slip and four partially complete Sverdlovs launched in 1954 were scrapped in 1959. The remaining ships in the Soviet Fleet remained in service through the 1970s when the underwent a modernization program before finally leaving service in the late 1980s. Only Mikhail Kutuzov is preserved, in Novorossiysk and these ships were improved and slightly enlarged versions of the Chapayev class. The project was approved on 27 May 1947 and the first three sh8ips of the class were named after cancelled ships of the Chapayev class. Thirty ships were ordered, however, upon Joseph Stalins death in 1953. Once the first fifteen hulls were laid down, orders for a group of 6 ships was modified to include provisions for protection against nuclear fallout. Had more Sverdlovs been available at the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 they would certainly have been deployed, the Soviet Navy intended to base several, older Chapayev class cruisers at Cuban ports had the operation succeeded. The Sverdlov class displaced 13,600 tons standard and 16,640 tons at full load and they were 210 metres long overall and 205 metres long at the waterline. They had a beam of 22 metres and draught of 6.9 metres, the hull was a completely welded new design and the ships had a double bottom for over 75% of their length. The ship also had twenty-three watertight bulkheads, the Sverdlovs were had 6 boilers providing steam to two shaft geared steam turbines generating 118,100 shaft horsepower. This gave the ships a speed of 32.5 knots. The cruisers had a range of 9,000 nautical miles at 18 knots, Sverdlov-class cruisers main armament included twelve 152 mm /57 cal B-38 guns mounted in four triple Mk5-bis turrets. They also had twelve 100 mm /56 cal Model 1934 guns in six twin SM-5-1 mounts, for anti-aircraft weaponry, the cruisers had thirty-two 37 mm anti-aircraft guns in sixteen twin mounts and were also equipped with ten 533 mm torpedo tubes in two mountings of five each. The Sverdlovs had 100 mm belt armor and had a 50 mm armored deck, the turrets were shield by 175 mm armor and the conning tower,150 mm armor. The cruisers ultimate radar suite included one Big Net or Top Trough air search radar, one High Sieve or Low Sieve air search radar, one Knife Rest air search radar, for navigational radar they had one Don-2 or Neptune model
32.
Kynda-class cruiser
–
Their main role was anti-surface warfare using the SS-N-3b Shaddock missile. The design proved top-heavy and was succeeded by the larger Kresta I class. The specifications for this class were issued in 1956, the main armament comprised two trainable quadruple SS-N-3 anti shipping missile mountings, one forward one aft. One set of missiles was carried. Defensive armament comprised a twin SA-N-1 missile launcher forward and two twin 76mm guns aft, two RBU-6000 anti submarine rocket launchers and two triple 533mm torpedo tubes were also fitted. The ships were refitted in the early 1980s with four 30mm CIWS guns, machinery comprised high pressure steam turbines in a unit system with alternating boiler rooms and turbine rooms. All four ships were built by the Zhdanov yard in Leningrad, initially classed as destroyers and given traditional destroyer names, they were redesignated as Rocket Cruisers and renamed in September 1962. A total of 10 ships were planned but only four were built, from 1995 to 1997 she served as flagship of the Black Sea fleet, before being deactivated and removed from service in 2002. Varyag - Laid down as Soobrazitelny on 13 October 1961 Launched 7 April 1963 Completed 1965 Served in the Pacific Fleet Decommissioned 1990 and this ship was featured in a Soviet TV documentary in the late 1970s. There were plans to preserve her as a museum
33.
Kresta I-class cruiser
–
The Kresta I-class cruiser is a Soviet cruiser class. The Soviet designation was Project 1134 Berkut and these ships were designed for a surface warfare role. Soviet priorities were changed to a role and only 4 ships were built with this configuration. These ships were followed by the Kresta II class, an anti-submarine derivative, initially it was planned to fit the SS-N-12 Sandbox missile but the protracted development of this missile led to the older SS-N-3 being shipped. The self-defence armament was increased as were command and communications facilities. The Kresta Is could launch four SS-N-3b SLCMs and 44 SA-N-1 surface-to-air missiles with two twin launchers fore and aft, and had ten 533 mm torpedo tubes, a single Ka-25 Hormone B helicopter was carried for targeting the cruise missile, and mid-course corrections. This design evolved into the Kresta 2 class Project 934 K - This was a larger variant with enlarged command facilities. This variant was cancelled The initial plan was for a squadron of seven ships armed with long range missiles. Conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995, also published as Gardiner, Robert, Chumbley, Stephen, Budzbon, Przemysław. Conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995, - Article in Russian - page from FAS in English All Russian Kresta I Class Cruisers - Complete Ship List
34.
Kresta II-class cruiser
–
The Kresta II class, Soviet Designation Project 1134A, Berkut A, were Soviet guided missile cruisers of the Cold War. The ships entered service in the late 1960s and were decommissioned after the end of the Cold War These ships were an anti-submarine derivative of the Kresta I-class cruiser. These ships had a new missile, new surface-to-air missiles. All ships were built by Zhdanov yard, Leningrad, conways states that the first three ships were to have been armed with the SS-N-9 anti-ship missile but Soviet naval doctrine changed with greater emphasis on anti-submarine warfare. The surface-to-air missiles comprised more advanced SA-N-3 missiles with two twin launchers, new 3D search radar and new fire control radars were also fitted. 4 30mm CIWS guns were fitted for improved anti-missile defence. A more advanced sonar led to the bow being more sharply raked, the machinery suite comprised two TV-12 steam turbines with high-pressure boilers, identical to the Kresta I class. The Kresta II-class cruisers were 158.5 metres long with a beam of 16.9 m and they displaced 6000 tons standard and 7800 full load. They had a complement of 380-400 and were equipped with a hangar aft to stow away a Kamov Ka-25 Hormone-A helicopter, Kresta II-class vessels were propelled by two TV-12 steam geared turbines powered by four high pressure boilers which created 75,000 kilowatts. This gave the cruisers a maximum speed of 34 knots and they had a range of 10,500 nautical miles at 14 knots and 5,200 nmi at 18 kn. For their primary role as cruisers, the Kresta II class mounted two quadruple launchers for eight SS-N-14 anti-submarine missiles. They were also equipped with two RBU6000 12-barrel and two RBU1000 6-barrel rocket launchers, the Ka-25 helicopter embarked on the cruiser was also capable of aiding in the search and destruction of submarines. Against aerial threats the cruisers were armed with four 57mm L/80 DP guns situated in two twin mountings and they also had four 30mm AK-630 CIWS mountings. They were armed with two twin launchers for the 48 SA-N-3 surface-to-air missiles they carried, the ships also mounted two quintuple mountings for 533 mm dual-role torpedoes. The Kresta II class were equipped with MR600 air search radar MR-310 Angara Don navigational, for anti-submarine warfare they had MG-322 hull mounted sonar. For fire control purposes they had Grom SA-N-1 fire control, MR103 AK725 fire control and they also had a MG-26 communications outfit and a MG-35 Shtil. List of ships of the Soviet Navy List of ships of Russia by project number Gardiner, conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Also published as Gardiner, Robert, Chumbley, Stephen, Budzbon, conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995
35.
Kara-class cruiser
–
The Kara class were Cold War era Soviet warships designated guided missile cruisers by NATO. The Soviet designation is Project 1134B Berkut B - Беркут Б and these ships were enlarged versions of the Kresta II class, with gas turbine engines replacing the steam turbines. These ships were fitted as flagships with improved command, control and these are dedicated ASW ships with significant anti-aircraft capability including both SA-N-3 and SA-N-4 surface-to-air missiles. The specifications for the class were issued in 1964 with the design being finalised in the late 1960s, the gas turbine engine was chosen instead of steam for greater efficiency and quietness, and because the main Soviet gas turbine plant had a long association with the Nikolayev shipyards. The cruiser Azov was constructed as a ship for the SA-N-6 missile system and was also fitted with the associated Top Dome Radar. During the Cold War she was confined to the Black Sea and these ships were built by the 61 Kommunar Shipyard at Mykolaiv on the Black Sea. List of ships of the Soviet Navy List of ships of Russia by project number Gardiner, conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Also published as Gardiner, Robert, Chumbley, Stephen, Budzbon, conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Article FAS. org Kara Class Kerch Photoalbum warfare. ru page Global Security. org All Russian Kara Class Cruisers - Complete Ship List
36.
Slava-class cruiser
–
The Slava-class cruiser is a type of large, conventionally powered warship, designed and constructed for the Soviet Navy and currently operated by the Russian Navy. Moskva is armed with P-1000 Vulkan AShM missiles, developed in the late 1970s to late 1980s and it is not known which Slava-class cruisers carry P-1000s other than Moskva. There was a delay in this programme, while the problems with the Bazalt were resolved. These ships acted as flagships for numerous task forces, all ships were built at the 61 Kommunar yard, in Mykolaiv, Ukrainian SSR. The Slava class was initially designated BLACKCOM1 and then designated the Krasina class for a period until Slava was observed at sea. The SS-N-12 launchers are fixed facing forward at around 8° elevation with no reloads available, as there was nothing revolutionary about the design of the class western observers felt they were created as a hedge against the failure of the more radical Kirov class. The helicopter hangar deck is located 1/2 deck below the pad with a ramp connecting the two. Originally 10 ships were planned, but with the collapse of the Soviet Union only three were completed, a fourth vessel was launched, but final construction remains incomplete and the ship has not been commissioned into service. Following the collapse and the re-emergence of the nation of Russia, efforts have been made to complete and update the unfinished ship, in 2010, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych stated that Russia and Ukraine would work together on the project. Russia has also expressed interest in purchasing the vessel, which Ukraine had previously offered for sale, however, as of early 2011 no final agreement has been concluded between the two countries, on this matter. The Russian navy has plans for upgrades of all their Slava-class vessels during the 2010s. As of mid-2016 the fourth hull remains afloat in the shipyard uncompleted, Slava a pre-dreadnought battleship of the Imperial Russian Navy, the last of the five Borodino-class battleships. Slava, the name of the Kirov-class cruiser Molotov after 1957, List of ships of the Soviet Navy List of ships of Russia by project number Slava class data. 75 Photos Guided Missile Cruiser Moskva
37.
Destroyer
–
Before World War II, destroyers were light vessels with little endurance for unattended ocean operations, typically a number of destroyers and a single destroyer tender operated together. After the war, the advent of the missile allowed destroyers to take on the surface combatant roles previously filled by battleships. This resulted in larger and more powerful guided missile destroyers more capable of independent operation, the emergence and development of the destroyer was related to the invention of the self-propelled torpedo in the 1860s. A navy now had the potential to destroy an enemy battle fleet using steam launches to launch torpedoes. Fast boats armed with torpedoes were built and called torpedo boats, the first seagoing vessel designed to fire the self-propelled Whitehead torpedo was the 33-ton HMS Lightning in 1876. She was armed with two drop collars to launch these weapons, these were replaced in 1879 by a torpedo tube in the bow. By the 1880s, the type had evolved into small ships of 50–100 tons, in response to this new threat, more heavily gunned picket boats called catchers were built which were used to escort the battle fleet at sea. The anti-torpedo boat origin of this type of ship is retained in its name in other languages, including French, Italian, Portuguese, Czech, Greek, Dutch and, up until the Second World War, Polish. At that time, and even into World War I, the function of destroyers was to protect their own battle fleet from enemy torpedo attacks. The task of escorting merchant convoys was still in the future, an important development came with the construction of HMS Swift in 1884, later redesignated TB81. This was a torpedo boat with four 47 mm quick-firing guns. At 23.75 knots, while still not fast enough to engage torpedo boats reliably. Another forerunner of the torpedo boat destroyer was the Japanese torpedo boat Kotaka, designed to Japanese specifications and ordered from the London Yarrow shipyards in 1885, she was transported in parts to Japan, where she was assembled and launched in 1887. The 165-foot long vessel was armed with four 1-pounder quick-firing guns and six torpedo tubes, reached 19 knots, in her trials in 1889, Kotaka demonstrated that she could exceed the role of coastal defense, and was capable of accompanying larger warships on the high seas. The Yarrow shipyards, builder of the parts for the Kotaka, the first vessel designed for the explicit purpose of hunting and destroying torpedo boats was the torpedo gunboat. Essentially very small cruisers, torpedo gunboats were equipped with torpedo tubes, by the end of the 1890s torpedo gunboats were made obsolete by their more successful contemporaries, the torpedo boat destroyers, which were much faster. The first example of this was HMS Rattlesnake, designed by Nathaniel Barnaby in 1885, the gunboat was armed with torpedoes and designed for hunting and destroying smaller torpedo boats. Exactly 200 feet long and 23 feet in beam, she displaced 550 tons, built of steel, Rattlesnake was un-armoured with the exception of a 3⁄4-inch protective deck
38.
Skoryy-class destroyer
–
The Skoryy class were the first destroyers built for the Soviet Navy after the end of World War II. Seventy ships were built between 1949 and 1953, the Soviet designation was Project 30bis. The ships were derived from the Project 30 Ognevoy class destroyer and these ships were longitudinally framed and completely welded. The ships were built in 101 modular pre-fabricated sections which led to rapid building times, the machinery and main armament was essentially identical to those of the Ognevoy class destroyers but the boilers employed forced draught for increased power. The ships were modernised in the 1950s with new guns and anti-submarine mortars. One bank of tubes were removed and extra accommodation added. 70 ships were built for both the Soviet navy and for export, this is the largest production run for any large Soviet surface warship, conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Also published as Gardiner, Robert, Chumbley, Stephen, Budzbon, conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995. Page in Russian Language All Russian Skoryy Class Destroyers - Complete Ship List
39.
Kotlin-class destroyer
–
Kotlin-class destroyers were Cold War era ships built for the Soviet Navy. The Russian name for this class was Project 56 Spokoinyy,27 ships were built between 1955 and 1958, they were all decommissioned in the late 1980s. The Kildin class is based on the design of the Kotlins, the Chinese Luda class which is based on the Soviet Neustrashimy class, also borrows some design concepts from the Kotlin class. This design was a version of the Neustrashimy-class destroyer which was seen as being too large and expensive for economic series production. Detailed design changes eliminated some of the problems seen during trials of Neustrashimy, a production run of 100 ships was planned but this was curtailed because of the advent of the guided missile. 32 were ordered, but four ships were completed as the Kildin class,11 ships were modified for enhanced ASW capabilities by adding rocket depth charge launchers. In 1962, the Soviet Navy installed the version of the S-125 Neva. The system used the 4K90 missile that could engage targets at distances from 4–15 km, fire control and guidance was provided by 4R90 Yatagan radar. The system could only one target at a time. The missiles were loaded on the dual-arm ZIF-101 launcher, with under-deck magazine storage for 16 more, the Soviet navy would eventually retrofit seven Kotlin-class ships to carry SAMs, these ships were known to NATO as the Kotlin SAM class. One more was modified and sold to Poland, later versions of the SAM system, such as the Volna-M, the Volna-P, and Volna-N provided greater missile range and capability. Bravyy - was the Kotlin SAM prototype The ships were scrapped between 1987 and 1990, List of ships of the Soviet Navy List of ships of Russia by project number Gardiner, Robert. Conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995, also published as Gardiner, Robert, Chumbley, Stephen, Budzbon, Przemysław. Conways all the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995, federation of American Scientists, Project 56 Kotlin class, Project 56-A Kotlin SAM class, Project 56-PLO Kotlin Mod class Destroyer All Russian Kotlin Class Destroyers - Complete Ship List
40.
Kildin-class destroyer
–
The Kildin-class destroyer was a series of destroyers built for the Soviet Navy in the late 1950s. They were an armed version of the Kotlin-class destroyer. Four ships were built around the KSShch anti-ship missile, when this missile became obsolete in the 1960s, three ships were modernised in 1972-1977. All ships were decommissioned in the late 1980s early 1990s, the Soviet designation was Project 56EM for the prototype, Project 56M for three series ships, and Project 56U for the modernised ships. The Kotlin-class hull and machinery were retained, A rail SSM launcher was fitted at the stern, the torpedo tubes were replaced by twin 533mm tubes located on the beam. After the SSN-1 missile was declared to be obsolete the Soviets replaced these missiles with two 76mm gun turrets aft and four SSN-2 missile launchers, all Russian Kildin Class Destroyers - Complete Ship List
41.
Kanin-class destroyer
–
The Kanin class were a class of destroyers of the Soviet Navy during the Cold War. The Soviet designation was Project 57A Gnevny and these ships were the first Soviet guided missile destroyers and were initially designated Project 57bis and known to NATO as the Krupny class. Their primary mission was anti-surface warfare using the SS-N-1 anti-ship missile Designed from the outset as guided missile destroyers, however in February 1957, the incoming chief of staff, Admiral Sergey Gorshkov ordered changes. Their initial purpose was surface engagement with opposing naval vessels and shore targets, the SS-N-1 missile installed in this class for that specific mission. The destroyers carried two launchers for the SS-N-1, one located at end of the ship, each magazine holding six additional missiles. The hull was scaled up from the Kotlin classs, and the machinery was the same as those ships, except that remote control stations were installed, the superstructure was made of steel rather than the aluminium/ magnesium alloy of the Kotlin class ships and accommodation was significantly improved. Criticisms of the class include that they had limited self-defence weaponry and their main weapon, the limitations of the SS-N-1 missile were clear by 1965 and the Soviet Navy decided to convert the ships to a more general purpose / ASW role. These ships were called the Kanin class by NATO and this involved providing the destroyers with a new bow sonar, MG-332 Titan-2 that controlled two quintuple torpedo tubes and three RBU-6000s. To clear the bow sonar also required that the bow be extended 5.3 feet, a helicopter pad was installed aft that allowed the ships to operate a Kamov Ka-25 helicopter. To improve the destroyers self-defence, launchers firing SA-N-1 anti-air missiles were installed along with two quadruple-mounted 57mm guns, All of these installations required more power and hence, the diesel generator was upgraded to 500 kW and a second generator of that capability was installed. All of this increased the displacement of the ships by 200 tons standard and 308 tons fully loaded and decreased its speed to 32 knots, according to Conways the modernisation proved very expensive and appeared to have deterred the Soviets from any further comprehensive rebuilding of older ships. In May 1975 Boykiy made a visit to Boston, Massachusetts. This was the first post-war visit by a Soviet naval ship to the U. S, the visit was in honor of the celebration of V-E Day. List of ships of the Soviet Navy List of ships of Russia by project number Gardiner, Robert, Chumbley, Stephen, Budzbon, Conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Project 57 Krupnyy Project 57A Kanin, Federation of American Scientists,7 September 2000, retrieved 26 December 2014 Kanin Class Destroyers – Complete Ship List
42.
Kashin-class destroyer
–
The Kashin-class destroyers were a group of guided missile destroyers built for the Soviet Navy in the 1960s and early 1970s. Their Soviet designation was Project 61, as of 2016, one ship is in service with the Russian Navy, and five modified ships are in service with the Indian Navy as Rajput-class destroyers. They were the first Soviet purpose-built anti-air warfare ships and the first to carry an ASW helicopter, the design specification was approved in 1957, the first ship was laid down in 1959 and commissioned in 1962. Much new equipment was developed for ships, including surface-to-air missiles, radars. The gas turbines were arranged in two spaces and could be removed via the funnels for servicing. These were also the first Soviet ships designed to be closed down for nuclear fallout and had a room deep inside the ship rather than a large bridge. The two RBU-1000 ASW rocket launchers were mounted aft, but later removed, smetlivy was modernised at Sevastopol in the early 1990s and fitted with new Kh-35 anti-ship missiles and MNK-300 sonar. She is the only Kashin-class vessel currently active in the Russian Navy, the Rajput-class modification built for Indian Navy has the after gun turret replaced by a hangar for a helicopter, as well as SS-N-2C anti-ship missiles on the sides of the bridge. In all, twenty ships were built for the Soviet Navy, one ship was transferred to Poland. ORP Warszawa – – ex-Smely commissioned 9 January 1988, decommissioned 5 December 2003 to the reserve, conways All the Worlds Fighting Ships 1947–1995
43.
Sovremennyy-class destroyer
–
The Sovremennyy-class destroyer is the principal anti-surface warship of the Russian Navy. The Soviet designation for the class was Project 956 Sarych, the primary role of this guided missile destroyer is to attack enemy warships while also providing sea and air defense for warships and transports under escort. It complements the Udaloy-class destroyers in anti-submarine operations, a new design was started, employing a new 130 mm automatic gun turret. Single and twin mounts were developed, and the mount chosen for its superior rate of fire. In 1971 a go-ahead was given for the Severnaya design bureau to design a ship capable of supporting amphibious landings, at the same time, the United States Navy was constructing new large Spruance-class multi-role destroyers. To respond to this new threat, Project 956 was updated with new air defence suite and new, lead ship of the class, Sovremenny was laid down in 1976 and commissioned in 1980. A total of 18 have been built for the Russian Navy, additional 3 ships are ongoing modernization and overhaul and 2 are laid-up in reserve. All the ships were built by Severnaya Verf 190 St. Petersburg and these ships have a maximum displacement of 7,940 tons. The ships are 156 metres in length, with a beam of 17.3 metres and they are armed with an anti-submarine helicopter,48 air defence missiles, eight anti-ship missiles, torpedoes, mines, long-range guns and a sophisticated electronic warfare system. A third version, Project 956EM, later developed for the Peoples Liberation Army Navy Surface Force was the latest development of this class, Chinese media called the ship carrier killer. The multi-channel defence suite is capable of striking several targets simultaneously, the ship is outfitted with the Raduga Moskit anti-ship missile system with two four-cell launchers installed port and starboard of the forward island and set at an angle about 15°. The ship carries a total of eight Moskit 3M80E missiles, NATO designation SS-N-22 Sunburn, the missile is sea-skimming with a velocity of Mach 2.5, armed with a 300-kilogram high-explosive or a nuclear 200 kt warhead. The range is from 10 to 120 kilometres, the launch weight is 4,000 kg. Two Shtil surface-to-air missile systems are installed, each on the deck behind the twin-barrelled 130 mm guns. Shtil is the name of the SA-N-7, NATO reporting name Gadfly. The system uses the ships three-dimensional circular scan radar for target tracking, up to three missiles can be aimed simultaneously. The range is up to 30 km against targets with speeds up to 830 metres per second, the ship carries 48 Shtil missiles. The ships 130-millimetre guns are the AK-130-MR-184, the system includes a computer control system with electronic and television sighting
44.
Udaloy-class destroyer
–
The Udaloy I class are a series of anti-submarine destroyers built for the Soviet Navy, eight of which are currently in service with the Russian Navy. The Russian designation is Project 1155 Fregat, twelve ships were built between 1980 and 1991, while a thirteenth ship built to a modified design as the Udaloy II class followed in 1999. They complement the Sovremennyy-class destroyer in anti-aircraft warfare and anti-surface warfare operations, the Project 1155 dates to the 1970s when it was concluded that it was too costly to build large-displacement, multi-role combatants. The concept of a surface ship was developed by Soviet designers. Two different types of warships were laid down which were designed by the Severnoye Design Bureau, Project 956 destroyer, the Udaloy class are generally considered the Soviet equivalent of the American Spruance-class destroyers. There are variations in SAM and air search radar units of the class. Based on the Krivak class, the emphasis on anti-submarine warfare left these ships with limited anti-surface, following Udaloys commissioning, designers began developing an upgrade package in 1982 to provide more balanced capabilities with a greater emphasis on anti-shipping. Similar to Udaloy externally, it was a new configuration replacing the SS-N-14 with SS-N-22 Sunburn anti-ship missiles, a twin 130 mm gun, UDAV-1 anti-torpedo rockets, a standoff ASW capability is retained by firing SS-N-15 missiles from the torpedo tubes. The torpedo approaching warning function of the Polinom sonar system is retained, in 2008 Admiral Chabanenko became the first Russian warship to transit the Panama Canal since World War II. Vice-Admiral Kulakov deployed to the Mediterranean Sea from its base in Russias Northern Fleet in June 2014. All Russian Udaloy Class Destroyers - Complete Ship List Media related to Udaloy class destroyers at Wikimedia Commons
_in_1982.jpg)
Bulgaria
People's Republic of China
Finland
East Germany
Indonesia