Rigs-to-Reefs
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Rigs-to-Reefs is the practice of converting decommissioned offshore oil and petroleum rigs into artificial reefs. Such biotic reefs have been created from oil rigs in the United States, Brunei and Mal
A diver inspects coral growing on an oil platform leg, Gulf of Mexico (US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)
Fish at an oil platform, Gulf of Mexico (US Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)
Midden
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A midden is an old dump for domestic waste. It may consist of animal bones, human excrement, botanical material, mollusc shells, potsherds, lithics, and other artifacts and biofacts associated with pa
Rigs-to-Reefs
…environmental issues, risk, experience, and historical relationship between operator and state. As part of decommissioning, the operator must deal with the shell mound that collects on the bottom surrounding the rig. The mound forms on the pile of cuttings discharged from the original drilling operations, shells that…
A closeup of a shell midden in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
The Whaleback Shell Midden in Maine resulted from oyster harvesting from 200 BCE to 1000 CE.
The Turtle Mound shell midden, in Florida, is the largest on the US East Coast.
Shell midden in Kasori Shell Mound, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture Japan