1.
National heritage site
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A national heritage site is a heritage site having a value that has been registered by a governmental agency as being of national importance to the cultural heritage or history of that country. Usually such sites are listed in a register that is open to the public. Usually such a heritage register list is split by type of feature, in many cases a country may maintain more than one register, there are also registers for entities that span more than one country. Each country has its own national heritage list and naming conventions, sites can be added to a list, and are occasionally removed and even destroyed for economic or other reasons. Many countries acknowledge under UNESCO their designation of objects considered to be worthy of having importance to the world or world heritage. These listings also acknowledge the need for a separate list of objects judged part of their own cultural heritage. The concept of a heritage site can be split into many types. Two major types of heritage are immoveable and moveable objects. Immoveable objects are buildings, locations such as gardens or areas such as city districts. Small moveable objects may include old books or artworks, large moveable objects may include automobiles, aircraft, most countries have passed laws to protect national heritage sites, with various classifications for owners. In Europe, many countries uphold the Venice Charter of 1964 though each countrys name and criteria for protection, the UNESCO keeps a list of heritage sites per country that are considered internationally important. These sites are almost always also on the heritage register of the sites country. Cultural heritage List of heritage registers
2.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
3.
Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed
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Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed often abbreviated as Cultureel Erfgoed, is a Dutch heritage organisation working for the protection and conservation of National Heritage Sites. It is located in Amersfoort, province of Utrecht, Cultureel Erfgoed is a department of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. They also subsidize grants in the fields of both movable and immovable cultural heritage, registered city or village views considered to be important to the countrys heritage are also protected by the Rijksdienst voor Cultureel Erfgoed. In 1875 the Dutch Ministry of Internal Affairs founded the department Kunsten en Wetenschap, in 1947 this organisation was renamed to the Rijksdienst voor de Monumentenzorg. The archeological and cultural property departments merged in 2006 and became the Rijksdienst voor Archeologie, in 2009 this organisation was renamed to the Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed it moved into a new building in Amersfoort. In April/May 2011 the RCE released its image collection of 550,000 images on beeldbank. cultureelerfgoed. nl, in September 2012 the first uploads to Wikimedia Commons were made. In December 2012 a bot was started to upload images
4.
De Schoolmeester, Westzaan
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De Schoolmeester is a smock mill in Westzaan, North Holland, the Netherlands which is maintained in full working order. It is the wind powered paper mill in the world. The mill is listed as Rijksmonument number 40013, the first paper mill in the Zaan region was built in 1605. De Schoolmeester was built in 1692 and it is also known by the nickname De Gauwdief. The name De Schoolmeester probably denotes the occupation of one of the founders, the mill originally made grey paper. In 1778, the mill was powering two Hollander beaters, in 1852, the mill was bought by Gerbrand de Jong, who owned another wind-powered paper mill, De Kaarsenmaker at Zaandijk. He bought another nearby paper mill, De Vergulde Bijenkorf in 1854, in 1871, the mills were owned by Gebroeders de Jong, who demolished De Kaarsenmaker in the autumn of 1873. In 1877, the mill was modernised and a steam engine installed as auxiliary power and this meant that the mill was uninsureable against fire. In 1902, the nearby De Vergulde Bijenkorf burnt down, a steam driven paper factory was erected to replace it. This factory was able to make white paper, a fire started at De Schoolmeester in 1915 but was extinguished. In 1948, the engine was replaced by a Ford gas engine. On 1 March 1949, the sheds were damaged in a storm. They were rebuilt shorter than they had been previously, on 28 August 1957, De Schoolmeester was sold to Vereniging van Nederlandsche Papierfabrikanten by the de Jongs. In 1964, the gas engine was replaced by a Bernard diesel engine, in 1977, the mill was bought by Vereniging Zaansche Molens. The diesel engine was replaced by a motor in 1979. A four-year restoration of the mill at a cost of €450,000 was completed in June 2002, the work included complete renewal of the drying sheds. The number of times the sails revolved in recent years is recorded as, - De Schoolmeester is a smock mill with a stage. The stage is 3.80 metres above ground level, the mill itself is at the centre of a long range of drying sheds of green painted weatherboard under a pantile roof
5.
Witte Huis
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The Witte Huis or White House is a building and National Heritage Site in Rotterdam, Netherlands, built in 1898 in the Art Nouveau style. The building is 43 m tall, with 10 floors and it was also the first hoogbouw in Europe. The building is listed as a Rijksmonument, the architect Willem Molenbroek designed the 10-storey building, at the time an unprecedented height in Europe. The building is constructed from iron and steel and concrete, unlike many other contemporary buildings of the time, wood was not a significant construction material due to the fear of fire. The building cost 127,900 Dutch guilders and it was also one of the few buildings in central Rotterdam to survive the German bombing campaigns of World War II. Media related to Witte Huis at Wikimedia Commons De bouw van het Witte Huis in 1897 The construction of the White House in 1897
6.
Smock mill
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The smock mill is a type of windmill that consists of a sloping, horizontally weatherboarded or thatched tower, usually with six or eight sides. It is topped with a roof or cap that rotates to bring the sails into the wind and this type of windmill got its name from its resemblance to smocks worn by farmers in an earlier period. Smock mills differ from tower mills, which are cylindrical rather than hexagonal or octagonal. The majority of mills are octagonal in plan, with a lesser number hexagonal in plan, such as Killicks Mill. A very small number of mills were decagonal or dodecagonal in plan. They reached their heyday in the part of the 19th century. Designed by the civil engineer John Smeaton, Chimney Mill in Spital Tongues and it was built in 1782 and is the only surviving smock mill in the North East region. However, the sails and original cap are no longer in place, the oldest surviving smock mill in England is located in Lacey Green, Buckinghamshire. The hexagonal mill has been restored by the Chiltern Society, there is an operating smock mill on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts. Built in 1746 by Nathan Wilbur, a Nantucket sailor who had spent time in Holland and it is the only surviving mill of the four smock mills that once stood on Popsquachet overlooking Nantucket town. Until late in the 19th century, there was a fifth Nantucket mill called Round-Top Mill on the site of the present New North Cemetery, the Old Mill was in deplorable condition when it was sold for twenty dollars in 1828 to Jared Gardner for use as firewood. Instead of dismantling it, Gardner, a carpenter by trade, the mill was sold again in 1866 to John Francis Sylvia, a Portuguese miller of Azorean descent, who operated it for many years with his assistant Peter Hoy until it fell into disuse in 1892. In 1897, Miss Caroline French purchased the mill at an auction for $850, the NHA restored it in 1937 and continues to maintain it, grind corn and guide tours of the mill during the summer and early autumn
7.
North Holland
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North Holland is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated on the North Sea, north of South Holland and Utrecht, in 2015, it had a population of 2,762,163 and a total area of 2,670 km2. From the 9th to the 16th century, the area was a part of the County of Holland. During this period West Friesland was incorporated, in the 17th and 18th century, the area was part of the province of Holland. At that time, the distinction between the Noorderkwartier and the Zuiderkwartier became common, in 1840, the province of Holland was split into the two provinces of North Holland and South Holland. In 1855, the Haarlemmermeer was drained and turned into land, the capital and seat of the provincial government is Haarlem, and Amsterdam, the Netherlands capital city, is the provinces largest city. The Kings Commissioner of North Holland is Johan Remkes, there are 51 municipalities and three water boards in the province. For most of its history, the province of North Holland was an integral part of Holland. From the 9th century to the 16th century, Holland was a county ruled by the counts of Holland, during this period an area known as West Friesland was conquered and integrated into Holland. For centuries afterwards Holland would be officially called Holland and West Friesland, the people of West Friesland had a strong sense of identity as a region within Holland. From the 16th century to 1795, Holland was the wealthiest and most important province in the United Provinces in the Dutch Republic, as the richest and most powerful province, Holland dominated the union. During this period a distinction was made between the North Quarter and the South Quarter, areas that roughly correspond to the two modern provinces. The province of North Holland as it is today has its origins in the period of French rule from 1795 to 1813 and this was a time of bewildering changes to the Dutch system of provinces. In 1795 the old order was swept away and the Batavian Republic was established, in the Constitution enacted on 23 April 1798, the old borders were radically changed. The republic was reorganised into eight departments with roughly equal populations, Holland was split up into five departments named Texel, Amstel, Delf, Schelde en Maas, and Rijn. The first three of these lay within the borders of the old Holland, the two were made up of parts of different provinces. In 1801 the old borders were restored when the department of Holland was created and this reorganisation had been short-lived, but it gave birth to the concept of breaking up Holland and making it a less powerful province. This time the two departments were called Amstelland and Maasland and this also did not last long
8.
Paper mill
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A paper mill is a factory devoted to making paper from vegetable fibres such as wood pulp, old rags and other ingredients. While the use of human and animal powered mills was known to Chinese and Muslim papermakers, the general absence of the use of water-power in Muslim papermaking is suggested by the habit of Muslim authors to call a production center not a mill, but a paper manufactory. Although scholars have identified paper mills in Abbasid-era Baghdad in 794–795, in the Moroccan city of Fez, Ibn Battuta speaks of 400 mill stones for paper. Since Ibn Battuta does not mention the use of water-power and such a number of water-mills would be grotesquely high, the passage is generally taken to refer to human or animal force. An exhaustive survey of milling in Al-Andalus did not uncover a single water-powered paper mill, Burns remains altogether sceptical given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in Islamic papermaking elsewhere. Likewise, the identification of early hydraulic stamping mills in medieval documents from Fabriano, the earliest certain evidence to a water-powered paper mill dates to 1282 in the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon. A decree by the Christian king Peter III addresses the establishment of a royal molendinum, the first permanent paper mill north of the Alps was established in Nuremberg by Ulman Stromer in 1390, it is later depicted in the lavishly illustrated Nuremberg Chronicle. From the mid-14th century onwards, European paper milling underwent an improvement of many work processes. The size of a paper mill prior to the use of machines was described by counting the number of vats it had. Thus, a one vat paper mill had only one vatman, one coucher, by the early 20th century, paper mills sprang up around New England and the rest of the world, due to the high demand for paper. At this time, there were many leaders of the production of paper, one of such was the Brown Company in Berlin. During the year 1907, the Brown Company cut between 30 and 40 million acres of woodlands on their property, which extended from La Tuque, Quebec, Canada to West Palm, “Log drives” were conducted on local rivers to send the logs to the mills. By the late 20th and early 21st-century, paper began to close. Due to the addition of new machinery, many millworkers were laid off, Paper mills can be fully integrated mills or nonintegrated mills. Integrated mills consist of a mill and a paper mill on the same site. Such mills receive logs or wood chips and produce paper, modern paper machines can be 500 feet in length, produce a sheet 400 inches wide, and operate at speeds of more than 60 miles per hour. The two main suppliers of paper machines are Metso and Voith, Paper pollution Cutting stock problem List of paper mills Burns, Robert I. Paper comes to the West, 800−1400, in Lindgren, Uta, mann Verlag, pp. biz - Paper world directory and search engine for the pulp and paper world List of paper mills on paper and print monthly
