1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Ringo Starr
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Richard Starkey, MBE, known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English musician, singer, songwriter and actor who gained worldwide fame as the drummer for the Beatles. He occasionally sang lead vocals, usually for one song on an album, including With a Little Help from My Friends, Yellow Submarine and their cover of Act Naturally. He also wrote the Beatles songs Dont Pass Me By and Octopuss Garden, Starr was twice afflicted by life-threatening illnesses during childhood, and as a result of prolonged hospitalisations fell behind in school. In 1955, he entered the workforce and briefly held a position with British Rail before securing an apprenticeship at a Liverpool equipment manufacturer, soon afterwards, he became interested in the UK skiffle craze, developing a fervent admiration for the genre. In 1957, he cofounded his first band, the Eddie Clayton Skiffle Group, when the Beatles formed in 1960, Starr was a member of another Liverpool group, Rory Storm and the Hurricanes. After achieving moderate success with that band in the UK and Hamburg, he quit the Hurricanes and joined the Beatles in August 1962, Starr played key roles in the Beatles films and appeared in numerous others. After the bands break-up in 1970, he released several singles including the US number four hit It Dont Come Easy. In 1972, he released his most successful UK single, Back Off Boogaloo and he achieved commercial and critical success with his 1973 album Ringo, which was a top ten release in both the UK and the US. He has been featured in a number of documentaries and hosted television shows, since 1989, he has toured with twelve variations of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band. Ringos popularity brought forth a new paradigm and we started to see the drummer as an equal participant in the compositional aspect. His parts are so signature to the songs that you can listen to a Ringo drum part without the rest of the music and he was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2011, Rolling Stone readers named Starr the fifth-greatest drummer of all time. Starr, who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a Beatle in 1988, was inducted for his solo career in 2015. Richard Starkey was born on 7 July 1940, at 9 Madryn Street, in Dingle and he is the only child of confectioners Elsie and Richard Starkey. Elsie enjoyed singing and dancing, a hobby that she shared with her husband, an avid fan of swing. Prior to the birth of their son, whom they nicknamed Ritchie, the couple had spent much of their time on the local ballroom circuit. Elsie adopted an approach to raising her son that bordered on fixation. Subsequently, Big Ritchie, as Starkeys father became known, lost interest in his family, choosing instead to spend hours drinking and dancing in pubs
3.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
4.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
5.
Polydor Records
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Polydor is a British record label and company, that operates as part of Universal Music Group. It has a relationship with Universals Interscope Geffen A&M label. In turn, Polydor distributes Interscope releases in the United Kingdom, Polydor Records Ltd. was established in London in 1954 as a British subsidiary of German company Deutsche Grammophon GmbH. The Polydor label was founded on 2 April 1913 by German Polyphon-Musikwerke AG in Leipzig, during World War I on 24 April 1917, Polyphon-Musikwerke AG acquired the German Deutsche Grammophon-Aktiengesellschaft record plant and company from the German government. The German state was taken over Grammophon and the British holdings as enemies property during World War I, Polydor was originally an independent branch of the Polyphon-Grammophon-Konzern group. It was used as a label since 1924. The British and German branches of the Gramophone Company were so departed during World War I, in turn, Deutsche Grammophon records exported from Germany were released on the Polyphon Musik and Polydor labels. The new foreign branches were founded for example into Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Polydor became a popular music label in 1946, while the new Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft label was to become a classical music label in 1949. The previously used label, Grammophon, was disbanded, DGG gave, with an agreement dated 5 July 1949, an exclusive license from 1 July 1951 to use the Nipper-dog with gramophone to the original owners company Electrola, the German branch of EMI. In 1970, Polydor acquired the Hong Kong-based Diamond Records, which had owned and founded by the local Portuguese merchant Ren da Silva in the late 1950s. In 1972, The Grammophon-Philips Group reorganized to create PolyGram, the Polydor label continued to run as a subsidiary label under the new company. The name PolyGram is a portmanteau of Polydor and PhonoGram, into the 1980s, Polydor continued to do respectable business, in spite of becoming increasingly overshadowed by its PolyGram sister label Mercury Records. Polydor took over management of British Deccas pop catalog, A&R manager Frank Neilson was able to score a major top ten hit in March 1981 for the label with Do The Hucklebuck by Coast to Coast as well as signing Ian Dury and Billy Fury to the company. In 1984, the name was parodied in the rockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap. By the early 1990s, Polydor had begun to underperform, in 1994, as Island Records recovered from its sales slump, PolyGram dissolved most of PLG into it. Meanwhile, Polydor Records and Atlas Records merged, briefly called Polydor/Atlas, in 1995, Polydor/Atlas became simply Polydor Records again. Over the next few years, Polydor tried to keep itself afloat with new artist signings, new releases, in 1998, PolyGram was purchased by Seagram and absorbed into its Universal Music Group. Today, in America, the Polydor Records name and logo is used on reissues of older material from its 1960s and 1970s heyday
6.
Atlantic Records
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Atlantic Recording Corporation is an American major record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. In 2004, Atlantic Records and its sister label Elektra Records merged into Atlantic Records Group, craig Kallman is currently the chairman of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14,2006, the brothers had become ardent fans of jazz and rhythm & blues music, amassing a collection of over 15,00078 RPM records. He convinced the family dentist, Dr Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and recruited Herb Abramson, Abramson had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946, but had no interest in its most successful artists, so, in September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2500 in the new Atlantic label. When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the companys chronic cash-flow shortage, most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us. We were undercapitalized for a long time, the labels original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In its early years Atlantic focused principally on modern jazz although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last through the ban, Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias A, in early 1949 a New Orleans distributor phoned Ertegun trying to obtain Stick McGhees Drinking Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee, which was unavailable due to the closure of McGhees previous label. Ertegun knew Sticks younger brother Brownie McGhee, with whom Stick happened to be staying, so he contacted the McGhee brothers, Ertegun asked about artists royalties, which he paid, which surprised Columbia executives, who did not, which scuttled the deal. On the recommendation of broadcaster Willis Conover, Ertegun and Abramson went to see Ruth Brown at the Crystal Caverns club in Washington and she was badly injured in a car accident en route to New York but Atlantic supported her for nine months and then signed her. Her first release for the label So Long, cut at her second Atlantic session on May 25,1949 with the Eddie Condon band, was a major hit, reaching #6 on the R&B chart. Brown went on to more than eighty songs for the label, becoming the most prolific. So significant was Browns success to Atlantics fortunes that the label became known colloquially as The House That Ruth Built. The Clovers Dont You Know I Love You became the labels first R&B #1 in September 1951 and she hit #1 again in March–April 1952 with 5-10-15 Hours. After she left the label in 1961 Browns fortunes declined rapidly - within a few years was reduced to working as a cleaner and bus-driver to support her children. Brown eventually received a payment of $20,000 and founded a charity
7.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
8.
Arif Mardin
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Arif Mardin was a Turkish-American music producer, who worked with hundreds of artists across many different styles of music, including jazz, rock, soul, disco and country. His collaborations include working with Queen, the Bee Gees, Anita Baker, Aretha Franklin, Roberta Flack, Bette Midler, Chaka Khan, Laura Nyro, Phil Collins, Daniel Rodriguez, Mardin was awarded eleven Grammy Awards. Arif Mardin was born in Istanbul into a family that included statesmen, diplomats and leaders in the civic, military and business sectors of the Ottoman Empire. His father was co-owner in a gas station chain. Mardin grew up listening to the likes of Bing Crosby and Glenn Miller, through his sister he met jazz critic Cuneyt Sermet, who turned him onto this music and eventually became his mentor. After graduating from Istanbul University in Economics and Commerce, Mardin studied at the London School of Economics, influenced by his sisters music records and jazz, he was also an accomplished orchestrator and arranger, but he never intended to pursue a career in music. However, his fate changed in 1956 after meeting the American jazz musicians Dizzy Gillespie and he sent three demo compositions to his friend Tahir Sur who worked at a radio station in America. Sur took these compositions to Quincy Jones and Mardin became the first recipient of the Quincy Jones Scholarship at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, in 1958 he and his fiancé Latife moved from Istanbul to Boston. After graduating in 1961, he taught at Berklee for one year, Arif Mardin was later made a trustee of Berklee and was awarded an honorary doctorate. Mardin began his career at Atlantic Records in 1963 as an assistant to Nesuhi Ertegün, a fellow Turkish émigré, Nesuhi was the brother of Ahmet Ertegün, Atlantics co-founder and a jazz enthusiast when they met at the Newport Jazz Festival. Mardin rose through the ranks quickly, becoming manager, label house producer and arranger. In 1969, he became the Vice President and later served as Senior Vice President until 2001 and he worked closely on many projects with co-founders Ertegün and Jerry Wexler, as well as noted recording engineer Tom Dowd, the three legends were responsible for establishing the Atlantic Sound. Arif Mardin retired from Atlantic Records in May 2001 and re-activated his label Manhattan Records and he maintained ties to the Turkish music industry. Mardin made two albums, Glass Onion, in 1970, and Journey, in 1975. In Journey, he was the composer and arranger, but he played electric piano and percussion. Mardin composed, arranged, conducted and produced The Prophet, an interpretation of The Prophet by Kahlil Gibran, in 1974, in his career of more than 40 years, he collected over 40 gold and platinum albums, over 15 Grammy nominations and 12 Grammy Awards. In 1990, Arif Mardin was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts, Mardin died at his home in New York on June 25,2006 following a lengthy battle with pancreatic cancer. His remains were brought to Turkey and were interred at Karacaahmet Cemetery in Üsküdar district of Istanbul on July 5,2006, Bee Gees soloist Robin Gibb and his wife Dwina attended the funeral service, among other prominent people
9.
Blast from Your Past
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Blast from Your Past is a compilation album by English rock musician Ringo Starr, released on Apple Records in 1975. It is both Starrs first compilation LP and his release under his contract with EMI. It was also the last album to be released on the Beatles Apple label until it was revived in the 1990s, the album provides an overview of Starrs most successful period as a solo artist. The songs include his RIAA gold-certified singles It Dont Come Easy, Photograph and Youre Sixteen, the album peaked at number 30 on the US Billboard pop LPs chart but failed to chart in the UK. Blast from Your Past provides an overview of Starrs musical achievements as a solo artist during the first half of the 1970s, the album compiles eight singles, one B-side, and one album track, all released between 1970 and 1975. All eight of the singles charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US, Photograph and Youre Sixteen each hit number 1, while all of them but Beaucoups of Blues made the top ten. Five of the songs charted in the United Kingdom, where the non-album single Back Off Boogaloo was the highest placed, early 1970 was the B-side to It Dont Come Easy, another non-album single, and Im the Greatest was taken from the album Ringo. Oh My My, Photograph and Youre Sixteen were taken from Ringo also, the album was released in the US on 20 November 1975, and 12 December in the UK. The latter was issued with a red Apple label, the sleeve for the album was designed by Roy Kohara. In the UK, Apple issued Oh My My, backed with No No Song, as a single on 9 January 1976, to promote the compilation, as with John Lennons recently released Apple compilation, Shaved Fish, the sales of Blast from Your Past were disappointing. The album failed to chart in the UK and peaked at number 30 in the US, writing in their book The Beatles, An Illustrated Record, Roy Carr and Tony Tyler also commented on its short weight nature, saying, the tracks total no more than half-an-hour. Blast from Your Past was reissued in the US by Capitol Records in September 1981, the album was issued on compact disc in the UK on 26 May 1987 and in the US on 18 January 1988. Shaved Fish The Best of George Harrison Wings Greatest Footnotes Citations JPGRs Blast from Your Past site
10.
Ringo the 4th
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Ringo the 4th is the sixth studio album by English musician Ringo Starr, released in 1977. Its title refers to the fact that it is his fourth rock album, Ringo the 4th has a more dance-oriented context. After the commercial disappointment of Ringos Rotogravure, Starr decided to shift his formula of using his well-known musician friends to write songs and appear on his albums. Instead, he intensified his partnership with Vini Poncia, with whom he wrote several of the songs featured here, sessions began on 5 February 1977, at Cherokee Studios in Los Angeles, produced by Arif Mardin. The first songs recorded were two unreleased tracks, Lover Please and Wild Shining Stars, near the end of the month, Starr recorded Out on the Streets, Its No Secret and Gypsies in Flight. In June, recording sessions were held at Atlantic Studios in New York, where the tracks that ended up on the album were recorded. In addition, the B-side Just a Dream, as well as an unreleased track, david Foster played keyboards on a couple of songs, while Melissa Manchester and Bette Midler occasionally appeared on backing vocals. Wings, backed with Just a Dream, was released as a single in the US on 25 August 1977, on 5 September Starr promoted the single by having an interview with Los Angeles DJ Dave Herman. On 16 September, Drowning in the Sea of Love, backed with Just a Dream was released in the UK, Ringo the 4th was released on 20 September in the UK, and 10 days later in the US. The album was a failure upon its release, both commercially and critically, never touching the UK charts, the album managed to make it to number 162 in the US. The Drowning in the Sea of Love single, originally planned as the first US single, was released in the US on 18 October, shortly thereafter, Atlantic dropped Starr from their roster. Neither of the two singles pulled from Ringo the 4th, Wings and Drowning in the Sea of Love charted in the US. In foreign countries, other songs were released as singles, Sneaking Sally Through the Alley, backed with Tango All Night and Tango All Night, the cover photos were by Starrs fiancee, Nancy Lee Andrews. Ringo the 4th was reissued on CD, on the day as Ringos Rotogravure, in the US on 16 August 1992. The song Wings was re-recorded years later, and released on Ringos Ringo 2012 album, palmiere went on to claim that Ringo the 4th destroyed Starrs career and that he never commercially recovered from it. All tracks composed by Richard Starkey and Vini Poncia, except where indicated, on the UK cassette version of the album, distributed by Polydor, the track listing is altered slightly. Simple Love Song is the 4th track on Side One and Gave It All Up is the 5th track on Side Two
11.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
12.
A Dose of Rock 'n' Roll
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A Dose of Rock n Roll is a popular rock and roll song written by Carl Groszman, who at the time was signed to Ring O Records. Starr decided to do a cover of it for his 1976 album Ringos Rotogravure, released on 20 September 1976 in advance of the album in the US, the single spent nine weeks on the Billboard charts, peaking at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was released in the UK on 15 October, the song samples the 1962 hit, Hey. Starr also covered the song and released it as a single, reaching number 74 on the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 in February 1977
13.
Hey! Baby
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Baby is a song written by Margaret Cobb and Bruce Channel, and recorded by Channel in 1961, first released on LeCam Records, a local Fort Worth, Texas label. After it hit, it was released on Smash Records for national distribution and he co-produced the song with Major Bill Smith and released it on Mercury Records Smash label. The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, starting the week ending March 10,1962, the song features a prominent riff from well-known harmonica player Delbert McClinton, and drums played by Ray Torres. According to a CNN article from 2002, while touring the UK in 1962 with The Beatles, McClinton met John Lennon, Lennon put the lessons to use right away on Love Me Do and later Please Please Me. Lennon included the song in his jukebox, and it is featured on the related compilation album. Other musicians on the record included Bob Jones and Billy Sanders on Guitar, the song was used in the 1987 hit film Dirty Dancing in the scene where Johnny and Baby dance on top of a trees log. Canadian country pop singer Anne Murray covered the song in 1982, reaching number 7 on the US Country Singles chart, Murray also reached number-one on the RPM country and adult contemporary charts in Canada. Austrian artist DJ Ötzi recorded a version titled Hey Baby. It was released in July 2000 as the single from his debut solo album, Love. In 2002, it was re-released when it became the theme song for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. It reached number-one in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, darts player Tony OShea uses the song as his walk-on song. The official music video features large groups of people singing along to the song in a taxi at different times, CD Maxi-single Hey Baby -3,36 Hey Baby -4,15 Uh. -3,38 Alabama covered the song on their 1997 album Dancin on the Boulevard w/guest vocals by Bruce Channel Arthur Alexander covered the song on his 1962 album You Better Move On, Johnny Hallyday covered the song arranged in French on his 196210 record Madison Twist. Jerry Lee Lewis recorded the song in 1967 for his album Soul My Way, NRBQ covered the song on their 1969 self-titled debut album for Columbia Records. Paul and Paula covered the song on their 1964 album Paul, Don Partridge covered the song on his 1973 album Don Partridge and Friends. Ringo Starr released the song as a single, backed with Lady Gaye, from his Ringos Rotogravure album, on 22 November 1976 in the US and he had also sampled it in his previous chart hit, A Dose of Rock n Roll. Juice Newton covered the song on her 1978 album Well Kept Secret, bobby G. Rice released a cover version in 1970, which reached number 35 on the country music charts. Conway Twitty covered the song on his 1970 album Fifteen Years Ago, cooldown Café, a Dutch band, covered it in 2000, it was top-5 hit in the Netherlands
14.
John Lennon
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John Winston Ono Lennon, MBE was an English singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beatles, the most commercially successful and musically influential band in the history of popular music. He and fellow member Paul McCartney formed a songwriting partnership. Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon became involved in the craze as a teenager, his first band, the Quarrymen, first became the Silver Beatles. After his marriage to Yoko Ono in 1969, he added Ono as one of his middle names, Lennon disengaged himself from the music business in 1975 to raise his infant son Sean, but re-emerged with Ono in 1980 with the new album Double Fantasy. He was murdered three weeks after its release, Lennon revealed a rebellious nature and acerbic wit in his music, writing, drawings, on film and in interviews. By 2012, Lennons solo album sales in the United States exceeded 14 million and, as writer, co-writer, or performer, he is responsible for 25 number-one singles on the US Hot 100 chart. In 2002, a BBC poll on the 100 Greatest Britons voted him eighth and, in 2008, Rolling Stone ranked him the fifth-greatest singer of all time. He was posthumously inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1987, and into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice, in 1988 as a member of the Beatles and in 1994 as a solo artist. Lennon was born in war-time England, on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Maternity Hospital, to Julia and Alfred Lennon, a merchant seaman of Irish descent and his parents named him John Winston Lennon after his paternal grandfather, John Jack Lennon, and then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill. When he eventually came home six months later, he offered to look after the family, after her sister, Mimi Smith, twice complained to Liverpools Social Services, Julia handed the care of Lennon over to her. In July 1946 Lennons father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, Julia followed them—with her partner at the time, Bobby Dykins—and after a heated argument his father forced the five-year-old to choose between them. Lennon twice chose his father, but as his mother walked away, he began to cry and followed her, according to author Mark Lewisohn, Lennons parents agreed that Julia should take him and give him a home as Alf left again. A witness who was there that day, Billy Hall, has said the scene often portrayed with a young John Lennon having to make a decision between his parents never happened. It would be 20 years before he had contact with his father again, Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence he lived at Mendips,251 Menlove Avenue, Woolton with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith, who had no children of their own. His aunt purchased volumes of stories for him, and his uncle. In September 1980, Lennon commented about his family and his rebellious nature, Part of me would like to be accepted by all facets of society, but I cannot be what I am not. I was the one who all the other boys parents—including Pauls father—would say, the parents instinctively recognised I was a troublemaker, meaning I did not conform and I would influence their children, which I did. I did my best to disrupt every friends home, partly out of envy that I didnt have this so-called home
15.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
16.
ABC Records
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ABC Records was an American record label founded in New York City in 1955. It originated as the popular music label operated by the Am-Par Record Corporation. It acquired many labels before ABC was sold to MCA Records in 1979, ABC produced music in a variety of genres, pop, rock, jazz, country, rhythm and blues, soundtrack, gospel, and polka. American Broadcasting-Paramount Theaters is an antecedent of the American Broadcasting Company and it evolved from federal antitrust actions taken against the movie studios and broadcasting companies in the 1940s and early 1950s. Blue was purchased by the businessman Edward J. Noble, in 1953 ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, the divested former exhibition/cinema division of Paramount Pictures. American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres formed a division in 1955 with Samuel H. Clark as its first president. The division was incorporated on June 14,1955 as Am-Par Record Corporation, in addition to producing records, ABC licensed masters from independent record producers, and purchased regionally released records for national distribution. Am-Par Record Corporation was changed to ABC-Paramount Records, Inc. on December 7,1961, in 1965, Clark was promoted to vice-president in charge of AB-PTs non-broadcast operations. National sales manager Larry Newton was named ABC-Paramount president. In April 1966, the label was renamed ABC Records in June 1966. In 1970, ABC and Dunhill moved its headquarters to Los Angeles, Newton was promoted to vice-president in charge of ABC Pictures. Dunhill co-owner Jay Lasker was named president and referred to the operations as ABC/Dunhill. At that time ABC had another five labels, Westminster, Command, Probe, Impulse, by May 1972, ABC formed the ABC Leisure Group, which included ABC Records, Anchor Records, and ABC Records and Tape Sales, plus a new retail record-store division. Lasker left ABC to join Ariola America Records in 1975 and he was succeeded by Jerry Rubinstein, who served as company head until 1977. In November 1972, ABC bought country music company Cartwheel Records, as a cost-cutting measure, ABC Records discarded many master tapes in the 1970s to save storage space. When these recordings were reissued on disc in the 1980s. The companys last president, Steve Diener, was named president in 1977 after serving as head of ABC Records international division, because of financial problems, ABC Records was sold on January 31,1979 to MCA Records, which discontinued the ABC label on March 5,1979. The bestselling albums in the ABC catalog were reissued on MCA, ABC Records sub-labeled Apt Records to release singles. In the early 1960s, it bought Westminster Records, a music label
17.
The Beatles
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The Beatles were an English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, the Beatles built their reputation playing clubs in Liverpool and Hamburg over a three-year period from 1960, with Stuart Sutcliffe initially serving as bass player. The core of Lennon, McCartney and Harrison went through a succession of drummers, including Pete Best, before asking Starr to join them. They acquired the nickname the Fab Four as Beatlemania grew in Britain the next year, from 1965 onwards, the Beatles produced increasingly innovative recordings, including the albums Rubber Soul, Revolver, Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles and Abbey Road, after their break-up in 1970, they each enjoyed successful musical careers of varying lengths. McCartney and Starr, the members, remain musically active. Lennon was shot and killed in December 1980, and Harrison died of cancer in November 2001. The Beatles are the band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. They have had more number-one albums on the British charts and sold more singles in the UK than any other act, according to the RIAA, the Beatles are also the best-selling music artists in the United States, with 178 million certified units. In 2008, the group topped Billboard magazines list of the all-time most successful Hot 100 artists, as of 2016 and they have received ten Grammy Awards, an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and fifteen Ivor Novello Awards. The group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1988 and they were also collectively included in Time magazines compilation of the twentieth centurys 100 most influential people. In March 1957, John Lennon, then aged sixteen, formed a group with several friends from Quarry Bank school. They briefly called themselves the Blackjacks, before changing their name to the Quarrymen after discovering that a local group was already using the other name. Fifteen-year-old Paul McCartney joined as a rhythm guitarist shortly after he, in February 1958, McCartney invited his friend George Harrison to watch the band. The fourteen-year-old auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, after a month of Harrisons persistence, they enlisted him as their lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennons Quarry Bank friends had left the group, the three guitarists, billing themselves at least three times as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They used the name until May, when they became the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer. By early July, they had changed their name to the Silver Beatles, allan Williams, the Beatles unofficial manager, arranged a residency for them in Hamburg, but lacking a full-time drummer they auditioned and hired Pete Best in mid-August 1960
18.
Eric Clapton
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Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important, Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time and fourth in Gibsons Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. He was also named number five in Time magazines list of The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players in 2009, in the mid-1960s Clapton left the Yardbirds to play with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Furthermore, he formed rock band Blind Faith with Baker, Steve Winwood. For most of the 1970s Claptons output bore the influence of the style of J. J. Cale. His version of Marleys I Shot the Sheriff helped reggae reach a mass market, two of his most popular recordings were Layla, recorded with Derek and the Dominos, and Robert Johnsons Crossroads, recorded with Cream. Following the death of his son Conor in 1991, Claptons grief was expressed in the song Tears in Heaven, Clapton has been the recipient of 18 Grammy Awards, and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In 2004 he was awarded a CBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music, in 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers. Clapton was born on 30 March 1945 in Ripley, Surrey, England, to 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton and Edward Walter Fryer, Fryer shipped off to war prior to Claptons birth and then returned to Canada. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the belief that Claptons real surname is Clapp. Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany, Clapton received an acoustic Hoyer guitar, made in Germany, for his thirteenth birthday, but the inexpensive steel-stringed instrument was difficult to play and he briefly lost interest. Two years later Clapton picked it up again and started playing consistently, Clapton was influenced by the blues from an early age, and practised long hours to learn the chords of blues music by playing along to the records. He preserved his practice sessions using his portable Grundig reel-to-reel tape recorder and his guitar playing was so advanced that, by the age of 16, he was getting noticed. Around this time, Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, in 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey. When he was seventeen years old, Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group and he stayed with this band from January until August 1963. In October of that year, Clapton did a stint with Casey Jones & the Engineers. In October 1963, Clapton joined the Yardbirds, a rock and roll band
19.
Harry Nilsson
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Harry Edward Nilsson III, usually credited as Nilsson, was an American singer-songwriter who achieved the peak of his commercial success in the early 1970s. His work is characterized by pioneering overdub experiments, returns to the Great American Songbook, born in Brooklyn, Nilsson fled to Los Angeles as a teenager and landed a job as a computer programmer at a local bank. In 1966, he debuted with Spotlight on Nilsson followed by Pandemonium Shadow Show, after a brief period of widely publicized, alcohol-fueled antics with his fellow Hollywood Vampire members in the mid 1970s, Nilsson left RCA, and his record output subsequently diminished. In response to John Lennons 1980 death by shooting, he took a hiatus from the industry to campaign for gun control. For the rest of his life, he recorded only on sporadic occasions, in 1994, Nilsson died of a heart attack while in the midst of recording new material for a since-unreleased comeback album. In 2015, Nilsson was voted No, the RIAA have certified Nilssons albums Nilsson Schmilsson and Son of Schmilsson as gold records, indicating over 500,000 units sold each. His singles to reach the US top 10 were Everybodys Talkin, Without You, Nilsson was born in Bedford Stuyvesant, Brooklyn in 1941. His paternal grandparents were Swedish circus performers and dancers, especially known for their aerial ballet and his maternal grandparents were the cornerstone of his young life. While his grandmother played piano, his grandfather Charlie supported the family in the tiny apartment on Jefferson St in Brooklyn. His father, Harry Edward Nilsson Jr. abandoned the family when Harry was three years old and he grew up with his mother Bette and his younger half-sister. His younger half-brother Drake was left with family or friends during their moves between California and New York, sometimes living with a succession of relatives and stepfathers and his uncle, a mechanic in San Bernardino, California, helped Nilsson improve his vocal and musical abilities. In addition to his half-brother and a half-sister through his mother, because of the poor financial situation of his family, Nilsson worked from an early age, including a job at the Paramount Theatre in Los Angeles. When the theatre closed in 1960, he applied for a job at a bank and he had an aptitude for computers, which were beginning to be employed by banks at the time. He performed so well the bank retained him even after uncovering his deception regarding being a school graduate. He worked on computers at night, and in the daytime pursued his songwriting and singing career. By 1958, Nilsson was intrigued by emerging forms of music, especially rhythm. He had made attempts at performing while he was working at the Paramount, forming a vocal duo with his friend Jerry Smith. The manager at a favorite hangout gave Nilsson a plastic ukulele, which he learned to play, in the 2006 documentary Who Is Harry Nilsson
20.
Peter Frampton
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Peter Kenneth Frampton is an English-American rock musician, singer, songwriter, producer, and guitarist. He was previously associated with the bands Humble Pie and The Herd, 1972-1976 Framptons Camel which at the end of his group career was Framptons international breakthrough album his live release, Frampton Comes Alive. The album sold more than eight million copies in the United States alone, since then he has released several major albums. He has also worked with David Bowie and both Matt Cameron and Mike McCready from Pearl Jam, among others. Frampton is best known for hits as Breaking All the Rules, Show Me the Way, Baby, I Love Your Way, Do You Feel Like We Do, and Im in You. He has also appeared as himself in shows such as The Simpsons. Frampton is known for his work as a player and particularly with a Talkbox. Peter Kenneth Frampton was born in Bromley, UK and he attended Bromley Technical High School, at which his father, Owen Frampton, was a teacher and the head of the Art department. He first became interested in music when he was seven years old, upon discovering his grandmothers banjolele in the attic, he taught himself to play, and later taught himself to play guitar and piano as well. At age eight he started taking music lessons. Early influences were Cliff Richard & the Shadows and American rockers Buddy Holly and Eddie Cochran, and then The Ventures, Jimi Hendrix and his father introduced him to the recordings of Belgian gypsy jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt. By the age of 12, Frampton played in a band called The Little Ravens, both he and David Bowie, who was three years older, were pupils at Bromley Technical School. The Little Ravens played on the bill at school as Bowies band, George. Peter and David would spend time together at lunch breaks, playing Buddy Holly songs, at the age of 14, Peter was playing with a band called The Trubeats followed by a band called The Preachers, produced and managed by Bill Wyman of The Rolling Stones. He became a child singer, and in 1966 he became a member of The Herd. He was the lead guitarist and singer, scoring several British pop hits, Frampton was named The Face of 1968 by teen magazine Rave. In 1968, when Frampton was 18 years old, he joined with Steve Marriott of Small Faces to form Humble Pie, during the Harrison session, pedal steel player Pete Drake introduced him to the talk box that was to become one of his trademark guitar effects. After four studio albums and one album with Humble Pie, Frampton left the band and went solo in 1971
21.
Melissa Manchester
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Melissa Manchester is an American singer-songwriter and actress. Beginning in the 1970s, her songs have carried by adult contemporary radio stations and she has also appeared as an actress on television, in films, and on stage. Manchester was born in The Bronx, a borough of New York City and her father was a bassoonist for the New York Metropolitan Opera. Her mother was one of the first women to design and found her own clothing firm, Manchester hails from a Jewish background. Manchester started a career at an early age. She studied songwriting at New York University with Paul Simon, Manchester played the Manhattan club scene where she was discovered by Barry Manilow who introduced her to Bette Midler. In 1971 she became a member of the Harlettes, the singers for Midler. Manchester made a speaking appearance as Yoko Ono on the 1972 album National Lampoon Radio Dinner, on the track entitled Magical Misery Tour. Her debut album, Home to Myself, was released in 1973, two years later, Manchesters album Melissa produced her first top ten hit, Midnight Blue, which enjoyed 17 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. The songs peak-position was #6 for the week of August 9,1975 and she also performed the song live on Burt Sugarmans television series Midnight Special in 1974. Manchester collaborated with Kenny Loggins to co-write Loggins 1978 hit duet with Stevie Nicks and she would later record this for her 1979 Melissa Manchester album. She guest-starred on the CBS-TV daytime soap opera Search for Tomorrow to teach a main character, who played a singer-songwriter, the essentials of the craft. In 1979, Manchester reached #10 with her version of Peter Allens Dont Cry Out Loud, in 1979, she performed two nominated songs on the Academy Awards show, Ill Never Say Goodbye and Through the Eyes of Love. The winning song that year was It Goes Like It Goes, the song itself reached #4 in Cash Box and #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as well as #10 Adult Contemporary. Manchester continued to place singles on the Adult Contemporary charts throughout the 1980s, another top 10 entry on the AC chart was a 1989 updating of Dionne Warwicks Walk on By. The single was pulled from album Tribute, which honored some of the singers that influenced her style, in 1992 she sang the title song for the animated musical, Little Nemo, Adventures In Slumberland written by the Sherman Brothers and accompanied by the London Symphony Orchestra. In 2004, Manchester returned with her first album in 10 years, while touring to support the album, she was praised for her still powerful voice and for reinventing while staying true to what made popular. She appeared as herself during a two-day guest appearance on the ABC-TV daytime soap General Hospital to sing the song for Robin Scorpio and her AIDS-afflicted boyfriend Stone Cates
22.
Dr. John
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He performed a wildly theatrical stage show inspired by medicine shows, Mardi Gras costumes, and voodoo ceremonies. Rebennack has recorded more than 20 albums and in 1973 scored a hit with Right Place Wrong Time. The winner of six Grammy Awards, Rebennack was inducted into the Rock, in May 2013, Rebennack was the recipient of an honorary doctorate of fine arts from Tulane University. He was jokingly referred to by Tulanes president, Scott Cowen, born in New Orleans in 1940, Dr. John has said that his French lineage took root there some time in the early 1800s. Growing up in the Third Ward, he found musical inspiration in the minstrel tunes sung by his grandfather. He did not take lessons before his teens, and only endured a short stint in choir before getting kicked out. Throughout his adolescence his fathers connections enabled him access to the rooms of burgeoning rock artists such as Little Richard. From these exposures he advanced into clubs and onto the stage with varying local artists, most notably, and I thought, Wow, I never seen nobody dressed like this guy. Just everything about the man was totally hip, and he had gloves on him, too, beautiful silk gloves. At age 16 he was hired by Johnny Vincent as a producer at Ace Records, There, he worked with artists like James Booker and Earl King, his musical experience expanding notably. He struggled through intermittent years of high school, while a student at Jesuit High School, he was already playing in night clubs, something the Jesuit fathers disapproved of. They told him to stop playing in clubs or leave the school. According to lore, this was the seed of his classic, Right Place, eventually he focused entirely on music. Thereafter an entry into heavy narcotics use would fuel his desire to get out of New Orleans and move to California where his character and he had a regional hit with a Bo Diddley-influenced instrumental called Storm Warning on Rex Records in 1959. During these days he was an A&R man producing, with Charlie Miller, monophonic singles on 45s for Johnny Vincent and Joe Corona for such labels as Ace, Ron, Ric. For these sessions he oversaw A&R and the section while Miller wrote the horn arrangements. It was a team until Miller decided to move to New York. After the injury, Rebennack concentrated on guitar before making piano his main instrument
23.
Paul McCartney
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Sir James Paul McCartney, MBE is an English singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and composer. With John Lennon, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, he gained fame with the rock band the Beatles, largely considered the most popular. His songwriting partnership with Lennon is the most celebrated of the post-war era, after the bands break-up, he pursued a solo career and formed the band Wings with his first wife, Linda, and Denny Laine. McCartney has been recognised as one of the most successful composers and performers of all time, More than 2,200 artists have covered his Beatles song Yesterday, more than any other copyrighted song in history. Wings 1977 release Mull of Kintyre is one of the all-time best-selling singles in the UK.5 million RIAA-certified units in the United States. McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr all received The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 1965, McCartney has released an extensive catalogue of songs as a solo artist and has composed classical and electronic music. He has taken part in projects to promote international charities related to subjects as animal rights, seal hunting, land mines, vegetarianism, poverty. He has married three times and is the father of five children, James Paul McCartney was born on 18 June 1942 in Walton Hospital, Liverpool, England, where his mother, Mary Patricia, had qualified to practise as a nurse. His father, James McCartney, was absent from his sons birth due to his work as a firefighter during World War II. Paul has one brother, Michael. Though the children were baptised in their mothers Catholic faith, their father was a former Protestant turned agnostic, McCartney attended Stockton Wood Road Primary School in Speke from 1947 until 1949, when he transferred to Joseph Williams Junior School in Belle Vale because of overcrowding at Stockton. In 1953, with three others out of ninety examinees, he passed the 11-Plus exam, meaning he could attend the Liverpool Institute. In 1954, he met schoolmate George Harrison on the bus from his home in Speke. The two quickly became friends, McCartney later admitted, I tended to talk down to him because he was a year younger. McCartneys mother Mary was a midwife and the primary wage earner, her earnings enabled them to move into 20 Forthlin Road in Allerton. She rode a bicycle to her patients, McCartney described an early memory of her leaving at about three in the morning streets, on 31 October 1956, when McCartney was fourteen, his mother died of an embolism. McCartneys loss later became a point of connection with John Lennon, whose mother, McCartneys father was a trumpet player and pianist, who had led Jim Macs Jazz Band in the 1920s. He kept a piano in the front room, encouraged his sons to be musical and advised Paul to take piano lessons
24.
George Harrison
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George Harrison, MBE was an English guitarist, singer, songwriter, and music and film producer who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. Although most of the Beatles songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and his songs for the group included Taxman, Within You Without You, While My Guitar Gently Weeps, Here Comes the Sun and Something, the last of which became the Beatles second-most covered song. Harrisons earliest musical influences included George Formby and Django Reinhardt, Carl Perkins, Chet Atkins and Chuck Berry were subsequent influences. By 1965 he had begun to lead the Beatles into folk rock through his interest in the Byrds and Bob Dylan, having initiated the bands embracing of Transcendental Meditation in 1967, he subsequently developed an association with the Hare Krishna movement. He also organised the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh with Indian musician Ravi Shankar, in his role as a music and film producer, Harrison produced acts signed to the Beatles Apple record label before founding Dark Horse Records in 1974 and co-founding HandMade Films in 1978. Harrison released several best-selling singles and albums as a solo performer, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 11 in their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. He is a two-time Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee – as a member of the Beatles in 1988, Harrisons first marriage, to model Pattie Boyd in 1966, ended in divorce in 1977. The following year he married Olivia Harrison, with whom he had one son, Harrison died in 2001, aged 58, from lung cancer. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India and he left an estate of almost £100 million. Born in Liverpool, United Kingdom, on 25 February 1943, Harrison was the youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves Harrison and he had one sister, Louise, and two brothers, Harry and Peter. His mother was an assistant from a Catholic family with Irish roots. His future wife, the model Pattie Boyd, described Harrisons parents as quite short, an enthusiastic music fan, she was known among friends for her loud singing voice, which at times startled visitors by rattling the Harrisons windows. While pregnant with George, she listened to the weekly broadcast Radio India. Harrisons biographer Joshua Greene wrote, Every Sunday she tuned in to mystical sounds evoked by sitars and tablas, hoping that the music would bring peace. Harrison was born and lived the first six years of his life at 12 Arnold Grove, Wavertree, Liverpool, the home had an outdoor toilet and its only heat came from a single coal fire. In 1949 the family were offered a house and moved to 25 Upton Green. In 1948, at the age of five, Harrison enrolled at Dovedale Primary School and he passed the eleven-plus exam and attended Liverpool Institute High School for Boys from 1954 to 1959. Though the institute did offer a course, Harrison was disappointed with the absence of guitars
25.
Sunset Sound Recorders
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Sunset Sound Recorders is a recording studio in Hollywood, California, United States located at 6650 Sunset Boulevard. The Sunset Sound Recorders complex was created by Walt Disneys Director of Recording, Tutti Camarata, soon, the audio for many of Disneys early films was being recorded at the studio, including Bedknobs and Broomsticks, Mary Poppins, and 101 Dalmatians. Over 200 Gold records have recorded at Sunset Sound, including albums by Prince with Purple Rain. The Doors recorded their first two albums, The Doors and Strange Days, at the studio, Recording sessions for Janis Joplins posthumously-released album Pearl also took place here. Prior to the opening of 5150 Studios, Van Halen used Sunset Sound to record its first five albums, in 1981, Sunset Sound Recorders owner Camarata purchased The Sound Factory, another Los Angeles recording studio founded by Moonglow Records and later purchased and developed by David Hassinger. The two studios now operate as Sunset Sound and The Sound Factory, respectively, Sunset Sound and Sound Factory website
26.
Yoko Ono
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Yoko Ono is a Japanese multimedia artist, singer, songwriter, and peace activist who is also known for her work in performance art and filmmaking. She is the wife and widow of singer-songwriter John Lennon of the Beatles. Ono grew up in Tokyo, and studied at Gakushuin and she withdrew from her course after two years and rejoined her family in New York in 1953. She spent some time at Sarah Lawrence College, and then involved in New York Citys downtown artists scene. She first met Lennon in 1966 at her own art exhibition in London and she brought feminism to the forefront in her music, influencing artists as diverse as the B-52s and Meredith Monk. Ono achieved commercial and critical acclaim in 1980 with the chart-topping album Double Fantasy, public appreciation of Onos work has shifted over time, helped by a retrospective at a Whitney Museum branch in 1989 and the 1992 release of the six-disc box set Onobox. She received a Golden Lion Award for lifetime achievement from the Venice Biennale in 2009, as Lennons widow, Ono works to preserve his legacy. She funded Strawberry Fields in New York City, the Imagine Peace Tower in Iceland, and she has made significant philanthropic contributions to the arts, peace, Philippine and Japan disaster relief, and other causes. In 2012 Yoko Ono received the Dr. Rainer Hildebrandt Human Rights Award endowed by Alexandra Hildebrandt, the award is given annually in recognition of extraordinary, non-violent commitment to human rights. Ono continues her activism, inaugurating a biennial $50,000 LennonOno Grant for Peace in 2002. She has a daughter, Kyoko Chan Cox, from her marriage to Anthony Cox, Ono was born on February 18,1933, in Tokyo, to Isoko Ono and Eisuke Ono, a banker and former classical pianist. Isokos father was ennobled in 1915, isokos maternal grandfather Zenjiro Yasuda was an affiliate of the Yasuda clan and zaibatsu. Eisuke came from a line of samurai warrior-scholars. The kanji translation of Yokos first name Yoko means ocean child, Two weeks before Yokos birth, Eisuke was transferred to San Francisco by his employer, the Yokohama Specie Bank. The rest of the family followed soon after, with Yoko meeting Eisuke when she was two and her younger brother Keisuke was born in December 1936. Yoko was enrolled in piano lessons from the age of 4, in 1937, the family was transferred back to Japan and Ono enrolled at Tokyos Gakushuin, one of the most exclusive schools in Japan. In 1940, the moved to New York City. The next year, Eisuke was transferred from New York City to Hanoi, Ono was enrolled in Keimei Gakuen, an exclusive Christian primary school run by the Mitsui family
27.
Paul McCartney and Wings
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Wings were noted for frequent personnel changes as well as commercial success, going through three lead guitarists and four drummers. Created following the McCartneys 1971 album Ram, the bands first two albums, Wild Life and Red Rose Speedway, were viewed as artistic disappointments beside Paul McCartneys work with the Beatles. After the release of the track of the James Bond movie Live and Let Die, McCullough. The McCartneys and Laine then released 1973s Band on the Run, following that album, the band recruited guitarist Jimmy McCulloch and drummer Geoff Britton, only for Britton to quit shortly afterwards and be replaced by Joe English. With the new line-up, Wings released Venus and Mars, which included the US number one single Listen to What the Man Said, and undertook a highly successful world tour over 1975–76. Intended as more of an effort, Wings at the Speed of Sound was issued midway through the tour and featured the hit singles Silly Love Songs. In 1977, the band earned their only UK number one single, with Mull of Kintyre, Wings experienced another line-up shuffle, however, with both McCulloch and English departing before the release of the groups 1978 album London Town. The McCartneys and Laine again added new members, recruiting guitarist Laurence Juber and drummer Steve Holley, the resulting album, Back to the Egg, was a relative flop, with its singles under-performing and the critical reception negative. During the supporting tour, Paul McCartney was arrested in Japan for cannabis possession, despite a final US number one, the live version of McCartneys solo single Coming Up, Wings broke up permanently in 1981. After the Beatles break-up in 1970, McCartney recorded two albums, McCartney, credited to himself, and Ram, with wife Linda, Ram was recorded in New York City, where McCartney auditioned a number of drummers and guitarists, selecting Seiwell and guitarist David Spinozza. When Spinozza became unavailable due to other commitments, Hugh McCracken was enlisted to take his place. After the release of Ram, McCartney decided to form a new group and asked Seiwell, Seiwell accepted, but McCracken declined, so McCartney invited Denny Laine, whom he had known since the early 1960s, to join. He said, Nothing, so I said, Right, Laine then dropped plans for his album there and then. In August 1971, Seiwell and Laine joined Paul and Linda McCartney to record Pauls third post-Beatles album for Apple Records, the result was Wild Life, released 7 December. It was the first project to credit Wings as the artist, the band name is said to have come to McCartney as he was praying in the hospital while Linda was giving birth to their second child together, Stella, on 13 September 1971. Paul McCartney recalled in the film Wingspan that the birth of Stella was a bit of a drama, there were complications at the birth and he was praying fervently and the image of wings came to his mind. He decided to name his new band Wings, in an attempt to capture the spontaneity of live performances, five of Wild Lifes eight songs were first takes by the band. The album included a cover of Mickey & Sylvias Love Is Strange, like Ram, Wild Life left music critics cold, a response that typified the anti-McCartney sentiments that prevailed among the music press following the Beatles break-up
28.
Linda McCartney
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Linda Louise, Lady McCartney was an American musician, photographer, animal rights activist, entrepreneur and publisher who was married to Paul McCartney of the Beatles. Prior to marrying Paul, she was a photographer of celebrities and contemporary musicians. Her photos were published in the book Linda McCartneys Sixties, Portrait of an Era. Linda married McCartney in 1969 at St Johns Wood Church in London and her daughter, Heather Louise, from her first marriage to Melville See, was adopted by her new husband. Together, the McCartneys had three other children, in 1971, after they married and following the break-up of the Beatles the previous year, Paul and Linda McCartney recorded the album Ram. Shortly afterwards, they formed the band Wings and she continued to be part of her husbands touring band following Wings break-up in 1981 up until The New World Tour in 1993. She was a rights activist and wrote and published several vegetarian cookbooks. In 1995 she was diagnosed with breast cancer and died from the disease in 1998 at the age of 56, McCartney was born Linda Louise Eastman, the second-eldest of four children, in New York City. She had one brother, John, born in 1939. Her father, Leopold Vail Epstein, was born in 1910 to Jewish Russian immigrants and he later changed his name to Lee Eastman. At her fathers request, Lawrence wrote the song Linda when McCartney was four, the song was recorded by Buddy Clark in 1947 and went to number 1 on the charts. It was again recorded in 1963 by Jan and Dean, McCartneys mother, Louise Sara Eastman, was from a German Jewish family and was the daughter of Max J. Lindner—founder of the Lindner Company clothing store in Cleveland, Ohio. McCartney grew up in the affluent Scarsdale town of Westchester County, New York, following high school, McCartney attended Vermont College, receiving an Associate of Arts degree in 1961. While her brother John followed in his fathers footsteps, also going to Harvard to study law, Linda was less ambitious and avoided such intellectual pursuits. She was considered the sheep of the family, who lacked serious academic desires. Nature and animals were her primary interests, John later became Paul McCartneys attorney and manager. After graduating from Vermont College, she attended the University of Arizona, while there, McCartneys mother died in the 1962 crash of American Airlines Flight 1 in Queens, New York. McCartney later said that because of her mothers death, she hated travelling by air, in Arizona she took up nature photography as a hobby
29.
Thirty Three & 1/3
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Thirty Three & ⅓ is the seventh studio album by English musician George Harrison, released in November 1976. The album contains the hit singles This Song – Harrisons satire on that court case, Harrison recorded Thirty Three & ⅓ at his Friar Park home studio, with production assistance from Tom Scott. Other musicians on the recording include Billy Preston, Gary Wright, Willie Weeks, David Foster, among the latter was a live performance with singer-songwriter Paul Simon on NBC-TVs Saturday Night Live. The album was remastered in 2004 as part of the Dark Horse Years 1976–1992 reissues following Harrisons death in 2001, in May 1974, George Harrison signed a five-year distribution agreement for Dark Horse Records with A&M Records. Harrison spent the part of 1976 involved in activities other than music-making. While in Los Angeles in February and March, Harrison worked on a documentary film of his 1974 North American tour with Ravi Shankar. After beginning sessions for the album in late May, Harrison was struck down with hepatitis, Harrison later said, I needed the hepatitis to quit drinking. The title for the new album reflected his age at the time of recording, Harrison started recording Thirty Three & ⅓ on 24 May 1976, at his Friar Park home studio, FPSHOT. He had taped the basic tracks for twelve songs before the onset of his bout of hepatitis, Harrisons regular associates Gary Wright and Billy Preston also contributed, on keyboards, the latter in between his commitments to the Rolling Stones concurrent European tour. Harrison selected ten of the twelve tracks for overdubbing. He later said that See Yourself, which he had started writing in 1967, was a song that he came to more and more as further instruments were added onto the initial recording. Like See Yourself, Dear One was inspired by Paramhansa Yogananda, author of Autobiography of a Yogi, among other new compositions, This Song was Harrisons sardonic send-up of the My Sweet Lord/Hes So Fine court case. Crackerbox Palace was a song he wrote after meeting the manager of comedian Lord Buckley in January 1976, while Pure Smokey was Harrisons musical tribute to soul singer Smokey Robinson. As a rare version, Harrison recorded a pop arrangement of the Cole Porter standard True Love. After the enforced lay-off until late in the summer, Harrison completed work on the album on 13 September 1976. A&M decided to offload the label and, in an attempt to recoup its costs, having settled with A&M by returning his personal advance, Harrison moved Dark Horse over to Mo Ostin-run Warner Bros. Records, where his friend Derek Taylor held an executive position, Thirty Three & ⅓ and its lead single, This Song, were both released that November. Thirty Three & ⅓ outsold Dark Horse and Extra Texture in America, in Britain, the album made it to number 35
30.
I'll Still Love You
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Ill Still Love You is a song written by English musician George Harrison and first released in 1976 by his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr. Produced by Arif Mardin, the track appeared on Starrs debut album for Atlantic Records and Polydor, the composition had a long recording history before then, having been written in 1970 as Whenever, after which it was copyrighted with the title When Every Song Is Sung. Harrison originally intended the song for Welsh singer Shirley Bassey, who had a hit in the summer of 1970 with a version of his Beatles composition Something. Although Harrison recorded When Every Song Is Sung himself during the sessions for All Things Must Pass that year, it was not included on his album. He went on to produce recordings of the track by former Ronette Ronnie Spector in February 1971, and Cilla Black in August 1972, Mary Hopkin and Leon and Mary Russell also attempted the song during the first half of the 1970s, with Harrison participating in the Russells recording. A later version by Black – produced by David Mackay and titled Ill Still Love You – appeared on her 2003 compilation Cilla, The Best of 1963–78. While Starrs rendition is often held in low regard, some commentators consider When Every Song Is Sung to be one of Harrisons finest love songs, author Ian Inglis describes the song as an unfinished masterpiece. Maybe even other people would like to sing them, although he would later be dismissive of Basseys version of Something, Harrison wrote a new song for her to record after reading these comments. Originally titled Whenever, it became When Every Song Is Sung, as he had with Something, Harrison composed the melody on a piano, part-way through a recording session – in this case, while working on his first post-Beatles solo album, All Things Must Pass. As reproduced in his 1980 autobiography, I, Me, Mine and he recalls in the book, I got the chord sequence, and When every song is sung were the first words to come out of my mouth, and it developed from there. Harrisons musical biographer, Simon Leng, considers it to be an emotionally complex lyric that ponders how love will even survive, christian theologian Dale Allison interprets the subject matter of the song as moksha, or liberation from rebirth, in the Hindu faith. He writes, Ill Still Love You looks forward to the time when all souls are free, when all eyes will see, All Things Must Pass, but no one really ever passes away. Author Robert Rodriguez describes the tone as that of a moody torch song. Still using the title Whenever, Harrison recorded When Every Song Is Sung for All Things Must Pass in 1970, the sessions took place between late May and August that year, at Londons Abbey Road and Trident studios. According to bootlegs subsequently compiled from the sessions,44 takes of the song were taped, the recordings reveal a musical arrangement featuring acoustic guitars, piano, bass, drums and horns. AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger describes this version of the song as haunting. When Every Song Is Sung was one of up to six Harrison compositions recorded in February 1971 for what was intended to be a solo album by Ronnie Spector. The latter was the lead singer of the Ronettes and the wife of Harrisons All Things Must Pass co-producer
31.
Ronnie Spector
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Veronica Yvette Bennett, better known by her stage name Ronnie Spector, is an American singer and the ex-wife of producer Phil Spector. Spector was the singer of the R&B-pop vocal girl group the Ronettes, which had a string of hits during the early to mid–1960s. Spector has been called the original bad girl of rock and roll, Spector was born Veronica Yvette Bennett in New York City, the daughter of an African-American/Cherokee mother and Irish father. She and her sister, Estelle Bennett, were encouraged to sing by their family, as was their cousin. All three women became members of the Darling Sisters, later known as the Ronettes. The Ronettes were a live attraction around the greater New York area in the early 1960s. Looking for a contract, they initially were signed to Colpix Records. After releasing a few singles on Colpix without success, they were signed by Phil Spector to Philles Records. Their relationship with Spector brought chart success with Be My Baby, Baby, I Love You, The Best Part of Breakin Up, Do I Love You. and Walking in the Rain. The group had two top 100 hits in 1965, Born to Be Together and Is This What I Get for Loving You. The group broke up in early 1967, following a European concert tour included their appearance at the Moonlight Lounge, in Gelnhausen, Germany. The Ronettes were never to reunite until their 2007 induction into the Rock, the groups last single, I Can Hear Music, on the Philles Records label, was released in the fall of 1966. Instead, I Can Hear Music was produced by songwriter/producer Jeff Barry, Phil stopped producing new Ronettes records and kept many of the groups numerous unreleased songs in the vault for years. 1966 was also the year when Phil Spector went into a brief seclusion, only Ronnies voice was used for the lead and background vocals on You Came, You Saw, You Conquered. Ronnies recording and performing career had begun its long hiatus, the A-side was written by George Harrison, and produced by both him and Spector. Although the single was not a big hit, its track was used two years later for Harrisons own version of the song, on his chart-topping Living in the Material World album. Lennon liked the rockabilly B-side too, he sang it at his party in New York in October 1971. In the early to mid-1970s, Spector briefly reformed the Ronettes with two new members, in her book, Spector recounted several abortive attempts to recapture mainstream success throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, during which time she was widely perceived as an oldies act
32.
Try Some, Buy Some
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Try Some, Buy Some is a song written by English musician George Harrison, first released in 1971 as a single by former Ronettes lead singer Ronnie Spector. The latter recorded this and other Harrison compositions, such as You and When Every Song Is Sung, the project was co-produced by her husband at the time, Phil Spector, whose temporary withdrawal from music-making in 1966 had forced Ronnie to reluctantly abandon her own career. After the single became only a hit, and following recording sessions that had been hampered by the producers erratic behaviour. In 1973, Harrison added his own vocal onto a new mix of the instrumental track, Harrison wrote Try Some, Buy Some during sessions for All Things Must Pass, his successful 1970 triple album, also co-produced by Spector. The songs austere melody was influenced by Harrison composing on an instrument rather than guitar. The lyrics reflect his perception of God amid temptations associated with the material world, Ronnie Spector later admitted to being unable to understand the concept and disliking the song, and commentators have duly noted its unsuitability as a vehicle for her comeback. The recording features a choir and long, lavishly orchestrated instrumental passages, besides Harrison, the backing musicians include Leon Russell, Pete Ham, Klaus Voormann and Jim Gordon. The singles B-side was Tandoori Chicken, a song in the rockabilly style. A longtime admirer of the song, David Bowie covered Try Some, Buy Some on his 2003 album Reality and performed it on his tours in support of the album. George Harrisons song Try Some, Buy Some dates back to the sessions for his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass. In his autobiography, I, Me, Mine, Harrison recalls writing the tune on an organ and, not being a keyboard player. It was only when his friend Klaus Voormann took over the part, to play the bass line. Harrison musical biographer Simon Leng describes the tune as the most extreme example of its composers circular melodic style, the songs time signature is a waltz-like 3/4, similar to the verses of his composition I Me Mine, the last track recorded by the Beatles, in January 1970. Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley writes of Try Some, Buy Some delivering Harrisons Hindu-aligned devotional message in television evangelist terms, the song begins with the lines Way back in time / Someone said try some, I tried some / Now buy some, I bought some. Before Harrison states that he opened his eyes and I saw you, according to Christian theologian Dale Allison, the lyrics are a reflection on some sort of conversion experience, in which Harrison provides before and after comparisons. Before his spiritual awakening, Harrison sings of variously possessing, seeing, feeling and knowing ot a thing until, Allison writes, he called upon Gods love, which then came into him. Since the break-up of the Ronettes in 1967, Ronnie Spectors only musical release had been You Came, You Saw, You Conquered, a 1969 single on A&M Records. Her signing to the Beatles Apple record label was a condition of Phil Spectors deal with the company, one that Harrison and Lennon, the plan was to produce a comeback album, with Harrison providing many of the songs, and issue it on Apple Records
33.
Cilla Black
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Priscilla Maria Veronica White OBE, known by her stage name Cilla Black, was an English singer, television presenter, actress, and author. Championed by her friends the Beatles, she began her career as a singer in 1963, Black had eleven Top Ten hits on the British charts between then and 1971. In May 2010, new research published by BBC Radio 2 showed that her version of Anyone Who Had a Heart was the UKs biggest selling single by a female artist in the 1960s. Youre My World was also a modest hit in the US, along with a successful recording career in the 1960s and early 1970s, Black hosted her own variety show, Cilla, for the BBC between 1968 and 1976. In 2013, Black celebrated her 50 years in show business, British television network ITV honoured this milestone with a one-off entertainment special which aired on 16 October 2013. The show, called The One & Only Cilla Black, featured Black herself and was hosted by Paul OGrady, Black died on 1 August 2015 after a fall in her villa in Estepona, Spain. The day after her funeral, the compilation album The Very Best of Cilla Black went to one on the UK Albums Chart. Priscilla White was born in Liverpool, England, on 27 May 1943 and her parents were John Patrick White and Priscilla Blythen. She had a Welsh grandfather, Joseph Henry Blythen, who was born in Wrexham, and Irish great-grandparents on both her fathers and mothers sides of the family. She was raised in a Roman Catholic household, and attended St. Anthonys School, situated behind St. Anthonys Church in Scotland Road, and Anfield Commercial College, where she learned office skills. Determined to become an entertainer, Cilla White gained a job as a cloakroom attendant at Liverpools Cavern Club. Her impromptu performances impressed the Beatles and others and she was encouraged to begin singing by a Liverpool promoter, Sam Leach, who booked her first gig at the Casanova Club, on London Road, where she appeared as Swinging Cilla. She became a guest singer with the Merseybeat bands Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, Kingsize Taylor, meanwhile, she worked as a waitress at the Zodiac coffee lounge, where she later met her future husband Bobby Willis. She then took the name Black as part of her stage name and she was introduced to Epstein by John Lennon, who persuaded him to audition her. John was encouraged by his Aunt Mimi to introduce Cilla to Epstein, Epstein had a portfolio of local artists but initially showed little interest in her. Her first audition was a failure, partly because of nerves, in her autobiography Whats It All About. She wrote, Id chosen to do Summertime, but at the very last moment I wished I hadnt. I adored this song, and had sung it when I came to Birkenhead with the Big Three and it was too late for second thoughts, though
34.
Leon Russell
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Leon Russell was an American musician and songwriter who was involved with numerous bestselling pop music records over the course of his 60-year career. His genres included pop, rock, blues, country, bluegrass, standards, gospel and he was awarded six gold records. His collaborations rank as some of the most successful in music history and he recorded 33 albums and at least 430 songs. He wrote Delta Lady, recorded by Joe Cocker, and organized and performed with Cockers Mad Dogs and his A Song for You has been recorded by more than 200 artists, and his This Masquerade by more than 75. As a pianist, he played in his years on albums by the Beach Boys. On his first album, Leon Russell, in 1970, the musicians included Eric Clapton, Ringo Starr, One of his biggest early fans, Elton John said Russell was a mentor and inspiration. They recorded their album The Union in 2010, which earned them a Grammy nomination, Russell produced and played in recording sessions for Bob Dylan, Frank Sinatra, Ike & Tina Turner, the Rolling Stones, and others. He wrote and recorded the hits Tight Rope and Lady Blue and he performed at the Concert for Bangladesh in 1971 along with Dylan and Eric Clapton. In 2011, he was inducted into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Songwriters Hall of Fame, Russell was born in Lawton, Oklahoma. He began playing the piano at the age of four and he attended Will Rogers High School in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Also at Will Rogers High School were Anita Bryant, who was two years older, and in the same 1959 class, David Gates, Russell and Gates played and recorded together as the Fencemen. Another student at Will Rogers at the time was Elvin Bishop, during this time Russell was already performing at Tulsa nightclubs. He took the name Leon from a friend who lent him a fake ID to get into clubs he was too young to perform in. After moving to Los Angeles in 1958, Russell became a session musician, by the late 1960s, he had diversified, becoming successful as an arranger and songwriter. By 1970, he had become a recording artist. After performing country music under the name Hank Wilson in the 1970s and 1980s, Russell re-emerged in 2010 when Elton John called on him to record the album that became The Union. The album, which included contributions from Brian Wilson and Neil Young, brought renewed popularity to Russell, Russell was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on March 14,2011. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in June 2011, according to his wife, Jan Bridges, Russell died quietly in his sleep at his suburban Nashville home on the morning of November 13,2016, at the age of 74
35.
Mariachi
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Mariachi is a musical expression that dates back to at least 18th century Western Mexico. Modifications of the music include influences from music such as polkas and waltzes, the addition of trumpets. The musical style began to take on national prominence in the first half of the 20th century, with its promotion at presidential inaugurations, in 2011 UNESCO recognized mariachi as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, joining six others of this list from Mexico. The origin of the word is disputed, but prominent theories attribute it to indigenous roots, one states that it comes from the name of the wood used to make the dance platform. Another states that mariachi comes from the name of a tree called pilla or cirimo. In many Mexican cultures they are also called Marietti, Mariachi can refer to the music, the group, or just one musician. The word mariachi was thought to have derived from the French word marriage, dating from the French intervention in Mexico in the 1860s and this was a common explanation on record jackets and travel brochures. This theory was disproven with the appearance of documents that showed that the word existed before this invasion, prior to the arrival of the Spanish, indigenous music was played with rattles, drums, flutes, and conch-shell horns as part of religious celebrations. The Spanish introduced violins, guitars, harps, brass instruments, and woodwinds, the Europeans introduced their instruments to use during Mass, but they were quickly adapted to secular events. Indigenous and mestizo peoples learned to play and make these instruments, often giving them modified shapes, in addition to instruments, the Spanish introduced the concept of musical groups—which, in the colonial period, generally consisted of two violins, a harp, and various guitars. This grouping gave rise to a number of musical styles in Mexico. One of these musical styles was the son. Modern mariachi music developed from this son style, with “mariachi” as a name for son jaliscense. Those who could play the son jaliscense/mariachi music could find work at haciendas at a higher rate than those who could not, the distinction of mariachi from the older son jaliscense occurred slowly sometime during the 19th century. The music originated in the center-west of Mexico, most claims for its origin lie in the state of Jalisco but neighboring states of Colima, Nayarit, and Michoacán have also claimed it. However, by the late 19th century, the music was firmly centered in Jalisco, most legends put the origin of the modern mariachi in the town of Cocula, Jalisco. The distinction from son to modern mariachi comes from the modification of the music, one variety was the salon orchestras called orquestas típicas that performed in more rural settings, notably in charro outfits. This use of the outfit was repeated with urban mariachi in the 1920s
36.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
37.
Robert Christgau
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Robert Thomas Christgau is an American essayist, music journalist, and self-proclaimed Dean of American Rock Critics. One of the earliest professional rock critics, he spent 37 years as the music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice. He has also covered popular music for Esquire, Creem, Newsday, Playboy, Rolling Stone, Billboard, NPR, Blender, and MSN Music, and is a visiting arts teacher at New York University. Christgau is known for his terse capsule reviews, first published in his Consumer Guide columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006 and he has written three books based on those columns, along with two collections of essays. He continued writing capsule reviews in MSN Music, Cuepoint, Christgau was born in Greenwich Village and grew up in Queens, the son of a fireman. He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954. After attending a school in New York City, he left New York for four years to attend Dartmouth College. While at college his musical interests turned to jazz, but he returned to rock after moving back to New York. Christgau has said that Miles Davis 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated in him one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and he was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers such as Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe. My ambitions when I went into journalism were always, to an extent, literary, Christgau initially wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter, and later, a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger. He became a writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine. He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire, after Esquire discontinued the column, Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor. In early 1972, he accepted a job as music critic for Newsday. Christgau returned to the Village Voice in 1974 as music editor and he remained there until August 2006, when he was fired shortly after the papers acquisition by New Times Media. Two months later, Christgau became an editor at Rolling Stone. Late in 2007, Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone, although he continued to work for the magazine for three months. Starting with the March 2008 issue, he joined Blender, where he was listed as senior critic for three issues and then contributing editor, Christgau had been a regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone. He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009, in 1987, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Folklore and Popular Culture to study the history of popular music
38.
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
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The Rolling Stone Album Guide, previously known as The Rolling Stone Record Guide, is a book that contains professional music reviews written and edited by staff members from Rolling Stone magazine. Its first edition was published in 1979 and its last in 2004, the guide can be seen at Rate Your Music, while a list of albums given a five star rating by the guide can be seen at Rocklist. net. The Rolling Stone Record Guide was the first edition of what would later become The Rolling Stone Album Guide and it was edited by Dave Marsh and John Swenson, and included contributions from 34 other music critics. It is divided into sections by musical genre and then lists artists alphabetically within their respective genres, Albums are also listed alphabetically by artist although some of the artists have their careers divided into chronological periods. Dave Marsh, in his Introduction, cites as precedents Leonard Maltins book TV Movies and he gives Phonolog and Schwanns Records & Tape Guide as raw sources of information. The first edition included black and white photographs of many of the covers of albums which received five star reviews and these titles are listed together in the Five-Star Records section, which is coincidentally five pages in length. The edition also included reviews for many artists including Lenny Bruce, Lord Buckley, Bill Cosby, The Firesign Theatre, Spike Jones. Comedy artists were listed in the catch-all section Rock, Soul, Country and Pop, which included the genres of folk, bluegrass, funk, traditional pop performers were not included, with the notable exceptions of Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole. Included too were some artists who might now be considered as world music. Big band jazz was handled selectively, with certain band leaders omitted, many other styles of jazz did appear in the Jazz section. The book was notable for the time in the provocative, in your style of many of its reviews. For example, writing about Neil Youngs song, Down by the River and his colleague, Dave Marsh, in reviewing the three albums of the jazz fusion group Chase, gave a one-word review, Flee. Good, a record of average worth, but one that might possess considerable appeal for fans of a particular style, mediocre, a record that is artistically insubstantial, though not truly wretched. Poor, a record where even technical competence is at question or it was remarkably ill-conceived, worthless, a record that need never have been created. Reserved for the most bathetic bathwater, Dave Marsh John Swenson Billy Altman Bob Blumenthal Georgia Christgau Jean-Charles Costa Chet Flippo Russell Gersten Mikal Gilmore Alan E. Like the first edition, it was edited by Dave Marsh and it included contributions from 52 music critics and featured chronological album listings under the name of each artist. In many cases, updates from the first edition consist of short, the only difference is that in addition to a rating, the second edition employs the pilcrow mark to indicate a title that was out of print at the time the guide was published. Many records had their ratings lowered as the book now offered a revisionist slant to rocks history and it included contributions from 16 music critics and featured alphabetical album listings under the name of each artist
39.
Easter Parade (film)
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It was the most financially successful picture for both Garland and Astaire as well as the highest-grossing musical of the year. In 1912, Broadway star Don Hewes is buying Easter presents for his sweetheart and he goes into a toy shop and buys a cuddly Easter rabbit, after persuading a young boy to part with it and buy a set of drums instead. Hewes takes the gifts to his partner, Nadine Hale. Don tries to change her mind and it looks as if he has succeeded, until Dons best friend, Johnny, Nadine reveals that she and Don are no longer a team and it becomes obvious that Nadine is attracted to Johnny. She continue to pursue Johnny, but he refuses her out of respect for Don. Angry, Don leaves to drown his sorrows at a bar, Johnny tries to persuade him to talk to Nadine, but Don brags that he can make a star of the next dancer he meets. After Johnny leaves, he picks out one of the dancing on the stage, Hannah Brown. The next morning, Don tries to turn Hannah into a copy of Nadine, teaching her to dance the way, buying her dresses in a similar style and giving her an exotic stage name. However, Hannah makes several mistakes at their first performance, Hannah meets Johnny, who is instantly attracted to her and sings A Fella With An Umbrella while walking her to her rehearsal with Don. Don realizes his mistake and decides to create routines more suited to Hannahs personality, Hannah sings I Love A Piano and works out a dance routine with Don that proves much more successful. The duo, now known as Hannah & Hewes, are shown performing Snookie-Ookums, The Ragtime Violin, at an audition for Ziegfeld Follies, they meet Nadine, who is starring in the show. Hannah realizes that Nadine was Dons former dancing partner and demands to know if they were in love, Don hesitates and Hannah runs out of the rehearsal where she encounters Johnny. Later, Don meets Hannah back at the hotel and reveals that he turned down the Ziegfeld offer, believing that Hannah, Johnny arrives and takes Hannah out for dinner, at which Johnny reveals that he has fallen in love with Hannah. While Hannah does like Johnny, she admits she is actually in love with Don and she and Johnny continue to have a close friendship. Nadines show opens and Don goes to see it and he is the only member of the audience who seems unimpressed. Don goes to see Hannah and tell her they will be starring in another show, Hannah goes to dinner at Dons, only to have him suggest a dance rehearsal. She is immediately upset and tells him that he doesnt see her as a woman, Hannah is particularly annoyed that Don doesnt notice her new clothes and all the effort she has made for him. She tries to leave, but Don stops her and kisses her, Hannah then plays the piano and sings It Only Happens When I Dance With You, after which Don realizes he is in love with Hannah and they embrace
40.
Tax exile
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A tax exile is a person who leaves a country to avoid the payment of income or other taxes. In general, there is no agreement between countries which covers extradition for outstanding tax liabilities. Going into tax exile is a form of tax mitigation or avoidance, a tax exile normally cannot return to their home country without being subject to outstanding tax liabilities, which may prevent them from leaving the country until they have been paid. Most countries tax individuals who are resident in their jurisdiction, a very simplified rule of thumb is that under UK law a person is tax resident if that person meets any of the residency tests set out under the Statutory Residency Test introduced on 6 April 2014. The reality of the matter is far more complex and unclear, under the Internal Revenue Code, a United States citizen is taxed on his or her worldwide income, regardless to their place of residence. However, United States citizens living abroad are entitled to substantial tax savings through the foreign earned income exclusion, a permanent resident in the United States is generally treated as a citizen for tax purposes unless his or her residency lapses. An immigrant not legally admitted for permanent residence becomes liable for United States taxes if he or she spends more than 122 days in the tax year in the United States. Bad Company moved to Malibu, California, in 1975 to avoid what Mick Ralphs described as high tax in England. David and Frederick Barclay live on Brecqhou, one of the Channel Islands, located just west of Sark, John Barry, the composer of 11 James Bond films, moved to the United States in 1975 where he resided until his death in 2011. Shirley Bassey started living as a tax exile from the United Kingdom in 1968 and she currently lives in Monte Carlo. Marc Bolan relocated from the United Kingdom to Los Angeles in 1973 due to the UKs income tax, David Bowie moved from the United Kingdom to Switzerland in 1976, first settling in Blonay and then Lausanne in 1982. Michael Caine moved to the United States in the late 1970s to avoid the 83% tax on top earners that existed in Britain at the time and he spent several years in the United States before returning to Britain. Ronnie Corbett and Ronnie Barker spent 1979 in Australia to avoid taxation on their previous years income, noël Coward left the UK for tax reasons in the 1950s, receiving harsh criticism in the press. He first settled in Bermuda but later houses in Jamaica and Switzerland. Marvin Gaye first relocated to Hawaii from Los Angeles to avoid problems with the IRS in 1980, later that year, Gaye relocated to London following the end of a European tour, then moved to Ostend, Belgium in February 1981. He recorded his final album Midnight Love while living in Belgium, stelios Haji-Ioannou who was quoted as saying, I have no UK income to be taxed in the UK. Source, David Leigh, Monday, July 10,2006, Guy Hamilton, the director of four James Bond films, became a tax exile in the mid-1970s when he was originally hired to direct Superman. Because of the U. K. tax laws, he could remain in the United Kingdom for 30 days a year, as a result, fellow Bond director John Glen has directed five films in the franchise
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Atlantic Studios
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Atlantic Studios was the recording studio of Atlantic Records. Although this recording studio was located at 1841 Broadway, in New York City, Atlantic Recording Studios was initially located at 234 West 56th Street from November 1947 until mid-1956. When the Shorty Rogers and His Giants disc of 33.33 rpm called Martians Come Back. was issued in August 1956, the studio was the first to record in stereo due to the efforts of Tom Dowd. Tom Dowd in the days of Atlantic Records would do recording at the offices. In 1958 Tom Dowd convinced Ampex to sell the second Ampex eight track tape recorder ever manufactured to Atlantic Studios putting Atlantic ahead of other studios for many years, in 1959 Atlantic Records and Atlantic Studios moved to 1841 Broadway. The studios were in the building at 11 West 60th Street. When Atlantic Records moved to 75 Rockefeller Center in the mid 1970s, in the early 1980s the studios expanded to the 3rd floor. Studio A - approximately 50 x 30 x 15, control room 20 x 15, the control room had two generations of MCI consoles, later the Hidley control room had a custom NEVE. Monitors were Altecs, UREIs and Hidleys, tommy Dowd early on installed variable acoustic sound traps that affected both the low frequency absorption and the reverberation time in the studio. Studio B - approximately 30 x 15 x 15, control room 15 x 15, consoles were MCI528 and then NEVE and monitoring was Altecs and then UREIs. Mix Room - approximately 15 x 12, later a new repositioned mix room, consoles were a built-in-house 16 channel passive summing mixer, then original Studio A MCI black console, then a third MCI528 purchased from Criteria Studios and in the new mix room an SSL. Monitoring was Altecs and later in the SSL room, mastering Rooms - Neumann and Scully Disk Cutting systems, and Altec monitoring. Tape Recorders - Ampex, Scully, MCI, Studer, microphones - Neumann, AKG, Sennheiser, Electro-Voice, Sony, Shure, and RCA. Outboard Equipment - Dolby, UREI, Pultec, Lang, Spectra-Sonic, Eventide, Allison Research, Audio & Design, Ltd and Fairchild. Reverberation - An echo chamber was built in the basement of 1841 Broadway but it was used in later years, primarily it was EMT analog. The studios closed in 1991 and Atlantic Records in-house digital and analog production rooms, ahmet Ertegün Nesuhi Ertegün Herb Abramson Chronological list, with album, artist, and recording dates, Splish Splash - Bobby Darin Mr
