1.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
2.
New York Stock Exchange
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The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
3.
Retail
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Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
4.
Scranton, Pennsylvania
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Scranton is the sixth-largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania behind Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie and Reading. It is the county seat of Lackawanna County in Northeastern Pennsylvanias Wyoming Valley, with a population of 77,118, it is the largest city in the Scranton–Wilkes-Barre–Hazleton, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of about 570,000. Scranton was incorporated on February 14,1856, as a borough in Luzerne County and it became a major industrial city, a center of mining and railroads, and attracted thousands of new immigrants. It was the site of the Scranton General Strike in 1877, people in northern Luzerne County began to seek a new county in 1839 but the Wilkes-Barre area resisted losing its assets. Lackawanna County did not gain independent status until 1878, under legislation allowing the issue to be voted by residents of the proposed territory, voters favored the new county by a proportion of 6 to 1, with Scranton residents providing the major support. The city was designated as the county seat when Lackawanna County was established in 1878, the city took its first step toward earning its reputation as the Electric City when electric lights were introduced in 1880 at Dickson Locomotive Works. Six years later, the nations first streetcars powered exclusively by electricity began operating in the city, rev. David Spencer, a local Baptist minister, later proclaimed Scranton as the Electric City. Present-day Scranton and its area had been long inhabited by the native Lenape tribe. In 1778, Isaac Tripp, the areas first known European-American settler, built his home here, it stands in North Scranton. More settlers from Connecticut came to the area in the late 18th and early 19th centuries after the American Revolutionary War and they gradually established mills and other small businesses in a village that became known as Slocum Hollow. People in the village during this time carried the traits and the accent of their New England settlers, though anthracite coal was being mined in Carbondale to the north and Wilkes-Barre to the south, the industries that precipitated the citys early rapid growth were iron and steel. It initially started producing nails, but that venture failed due to low-quality iron. The Erie Railroads construction in New York State was delayed by its having to iron rails as imports from England. The Scrantons firm decided to focus to producing T-rails for the Erie. In 1851, the Scrantons built the Lackawanna and Western Railroad northward, with recent Irish immigrants supplying most of the labor, to meet the Erie Railroad in Great Bend, thus they could transport manufactured rails from the Lackawanna Valley to New York and the Midwest. They also invested in mining operations in the city to fuel their steel operations. In 1856, they expanded the railroad eastward as the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and this railroad, with its hub in Scranton, would be Scrantons largest employer for almost one hundred years. The Pennsylvania Coal Company built a gravity railroad in the 1850s through the city for the purpose of transporting coal, the gravity railroad was replaced by a steam railroad built in 1886 by the Erie and Wyoming Valley Railroad
5.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Camp Hill, Pennsylvania
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Camp Hill is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, USA,3 miles southwest of Harrisburg. It is part of the Harrisburg–Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 7,888 at the 2010 census. Camp Hill is located in eastern Cumberland County at 40°14′28″N 76°55′34″W, routes 11 and 15 run through the western and northern sides of the borough, while Pennsylvania Route 581, the Capital Beltway, passes through the southern side, intersecting US 11/15 at Exits 5A/5B. Downtown Harrisburg, the capital, is 3 miles northeast of the center of Camp Hill. According to the United States Census Bureau, Camp Hill has an area of 2.1 square miles. At the 2000 census, there were 7,636 people,3,387 households and 2,157 families residing in the borough, the population density was 3,552.0 per square mile. There were 3,529 housing units at a density of 1,641.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 96. 08% White,0. 35% African American,0. 16% Native American,2. 25% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 25% from other races, and 0. 89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 09% of the population,32. 2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the family size was 2.80. 21. 3% of the population were under the age of 18,4. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 4% from 25 to 44,25. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 88.5 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males. The median household income was $50,774 and the family income was $61,578. Males had an income of $48,625 vand females $32,357 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,256, about 3. 6% of families and 3. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 5% of those under age 18 and 4. 4% of those age 65 or over. The name Camp Hill is believed to stem from a split in the congregation of a Peace Church, one faction of the church began meeting outdoors, on a hill. Prior to the Civil War, the area was known locally as White Hill, during the Civil War, the Battle of Sporting Hill became the northernmost engagement of the Gettysburg Campaign, which took place at Camp Hill in late June 1863. Camp Hill was incorporated as a borough on November 10,1885, the Peace Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972
7.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
8.
Pharmacy
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Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs. It is a profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe. Pharmacists, therefore, are the experts on drug therapy and are the health professionals who optimize use of medication for the benefit of the patients. An establishment in which pharmacy is practiced is called a pharmacy or a chemists, often, collaborative teams from various disciplines work together toward the introduction of new therapeutics and methods for patient care. However, pharmacy is not a basic or biomedical science in its typical form, medicinal chemistry is also a distinct branch of synthetic chemistry combining pharmacology, organic chemistry, and chemical biology. Pharmacology is sometimes considered as the 4th discipline of pharmacy, although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Both disciplines are distinct. Those who wish to practice both pharmacy and pharmacology receive separate training and degrees unique to either discipline, pharmacoinformatics is considered another new discipline, for systematic drug discovery and development with efficiency and safety. The World Health Organization estimates that there are at least 2.6 million pharmacists, pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines. Pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors, owning the pharmacy in which they practice, pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation. In some cases, the body is also the registering body. The Commission for Certification in Geriatric Pharmacy certifies pharmacists in geriatric pharmacy practice, the American Board of Applied Toxicology certifies pharmacists and other medical professionals in applied toxicology. A Pharmacy Technician in the UK has recently referred to by some as a professional. Legislation requires the supervision of certain pharmacy technicians activities by a pharmacist, the majority of pharmacy technicians work in community pharmacies. In hospital pharmacies, pharmacy technicians may be managed by other senior pharmacy technicians, Pharmacy technicians are registered with the General Pharmaceutical Council. The GPhC is the regulator of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and pharmacy premises, in the US, pharmacy technicians perform their duties under supervision of pharmacists. The earliest known compilation of medicinal substances was the Sushruta Samhita, however, the earliest text as preserved dates to the 3rd or 4th century AD. Many Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets record prescriptions for medicine, Ancient Egyptian pharmacological knowledge was recorded in various papyri such as the Ebers Papyrus of 1550 BC, and the Edwin Smith Papyrus of the 16th century BC. In Ancient Greece, Diocles of Carystus was one of several men studying the properties of plants
9.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
10.
Earnings before interest and taxes
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In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
11.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
12.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
13.
Equity (finance)
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In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
14.
Fortune 500
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The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest U. S. corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years. The list includes public companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available, the concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955. The Fortune 500 is more used than its subset Fortune 100 or wider list Fortune 1000. The original Fortune 500 was limited to companies whose revenues were derived from manufacturing, mining, at the same time, Fortune published companion Fortune 50 lists of the 50 largest commercial banks, utilities, life insurance companies, retailers and transportation companies. Fortune magazine changed its methodology in 1994 to include service companies, with the change came 291 new entrants to the famous list including three in the Top 10. The Fortune 500 was first published in 1955, created by Edgar P. Smith, the original top ten companies were General Motors, Exxon Mobil, U. S. Steel, General Electric, Esmark, Chrysler, Armour, Gulf Oil, Mobil and DuPont
15.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
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Harrisburg is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and the county seat of Dauphin County. With a population of 49,673, it is the tenth-largest city in the Commonwealth and it lies on the east bank of the Susquehanna River,107 miles west of Philadelphia. The Harrisburg-York-Lebanon, PA Combined Statistical Area is made up of six counties in south central Pennsylvania, Harrisburg played a notable role in American history during the Westward Migration, the American Civil War, and the Industrial Revolution. The U. S. Navy ship USS Harrisburg, which served from 1918 to 1919 at the end of World War I, was named in honor of the city. The Pennsylvania Farm Show, the largest free indoor agriculture exposition in the United States, was first held in Harrisburg in 1917 and has held there every early-to-mid January since then. Harrisburg is also known for the Three Mile Island accident, which occurred on March 28,1979 near Middletown, in 2010 Forbes rated Harrisburg as the second best place in the U. S. to raise a family. Despite the citys recent financial troubles, in 2010 The Daily Beast website ranked 20 metropolitan areas across the country as being recession-proof, the financial stability of the region is in part due to the high concentration of state and federal government agencies. The finances of the city however, were poorly managed. Harrisburgs site along the Susquehanna River is thought to have been inhabited by Native Americans as early as 3000 BC, in 1719, John Harris, Sr. an English trader, settled here and 14 years later secured grants of 800 acres in this vicinity. In 1785, John Harris, Jr. made plans to lay out a town on his fathers land, in the spring of 1785, the town was formally surveyed by William Maclay, who was a son-in-law of John Harris, Sr. In 1791, Harrisburg became incorporated, and in October 1812 it was named the Pennsylvania state capital, the assembling here of the highly sectional Harrisburg Convention in 1827 led to the passage of the high protective-tariff bill of 1828. In 1839, Harrison and Tyler were nominated for President of the United States at the first national convention of the Whig Party of the United States, which was held in Harrisburg. Before Harrisburg gained its first industries, it was a scenic, pastoral town, typical of most of the day, compact, in 1822, the impressive brick capitol was completed for $200,000. It was Harrisburg’s strategic location which gave it an advantage over other towns. It was settled as a trading post in 1719 at an important to Westward expansion. The importance of the location was that it was at a pass in a mountain ridge, the Susquehanna River flowed generally west to east at this location, providing a route for boat traffic from the east. The head of navigation was a distance northwest of the town. Persons arriving from the east by boat had to exit at Harrisburg, Harrisburg assumed importance as a provisioning stop at this point where westward bound pioneers transitioned from river travel to overland travel
16.
CVS Pharmacy
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CVS Pharmacy is a subsidiary of the American retail and health care company CVS Health, headquartered in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. It was originally named the Consumer Value Store and was founded in Lowell, the chain was owned by its original holding company Melville Corporation since its inception until its current parent company CVS Health was spun off into its own company in 1996. CVS Pharmacy is currently the largest pharmacy chain in the United States by number of locations, as the retail pharmacy division of CVS Health, it ranks as the 7th largest U. S. corporation according to Fortune 500 in 2016. CVS Pharmacys leading competitor Walgreens Boots Alliance ranked 37th. com and it also provides healthcare services through its more than 1,100 MinuteClinic medical clinics as well as their Diabetes Care Centers. Most of these clinics are located within CVS stores, CVS Pharmacy used to be a subsidiary of Melville Corporation, where its full name was initially Consumer Value Stores. Melville later changed its name to CVS Corporation in 1996 after Melville sold off many of its non-pharmacy stores, the last of its non-drugstore operations were sold in 1997. CEO Tom Ryan has said he now considers CVS to stand for Convenience, Value, during the companys days as a regional chain in the Northeast, many CVS stores did not include pharmacies. Today, the company seldom builds new stores without pharmacies and outside of New England is gradually phasing out any such shops, any new non-pharmacy store is usually built in a more urban setting where another CVS with a pharmacy exists within walking distance such as downtown Boston or Providence. These stores usually lack a pharmacy and a photo center but carry most of the general items that a normal CVS Pharmacy carries such as health and beauty items, sundries. CVS Pharmacy announced the closure of 70 stores in early 2017, the CVS name was used for the first time in 1964. That year, they had 17 retail locations, and 40 stores only five years later, in 1967, CVS began operation of its first stores with pharmacy departments, opening locations in Warwick and Cumberland, Rhode Island. CVS was acquired by the now-defunct Melville Corporation in 1969, boosting its growth, in 1972, CVS acquired 84 Clinton Drug and Discount Stores, which introduced CVS to Indiana and the Midwest. By 1974, CVS had 232 stores and sales of $100 million, in 1977, CVS acquired the 36-store New Jersey-based Mack Drug chain. By 1970, CVS operated 100 stores in New England and the Northeast, the chain had more than 400 stores by 1981. Sales reached $1 billion in 1985, partly due to the pharmacies being added to many of CVSs older stores, in 1980, CVS became the 15th largest pharmacy chain in the U. S. with 408 stores and $414 million in sales. In 1988, CVS celebrated its 25th anniversary, finishing the year with nearly 750 stores and sales of about $1.6 billion. In 1990, CVS acquired the 490-store Peoples Drug chain from Imsco, in 1994, CVS started PharmaCare Management Services. The parent company decided to focus on CVS in 1995, selling off Marshalls, the following year, they let go of Footaction/Footstar, Meldisco, Linens n Things, and Kay-Bee Toys, and the company changed its name from Melville Corporation to CVS Corporation
17.
Walgreens
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The Walgreen Company is an American company which operates as the second-largest pharmacy store chain in the United States behind CVS Health. It specializes in filling prescriptions, health and wellness products, health information, as of August 31,2016, the company operated 8,175 stores in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U. S. Virgin Islands. It was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1901, the Walgreens headquarters office is in the Chicago suburb of Deerfield, Illinois. In 2014, the agreed to purchase the remaining 55% of Switzerland-based Alliance Boots that it did not already own to form a global business. Under the terms of the purchase, the two merged to form a new holding company, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. on December 31,2014. Walgreens became a subsidiary of the new company, which retains its Deerfield headquarters, Walgreens began in 1901, with a drug store on the corner of Bowen Ave and Cottage Grove in Chicago, owned by Galesburg native Charles R. Walgreen, Sr. By 1913, Walgreens had grown to four stores on Chicagos South Side and it opened its fifth in 1915, and four more in 1916. By 1919, there were 20 stores in the chain, as a result of alcohol prohibition, the 1920s was a successful time for Walgreens. Although alcohol was illegal, prescription whiskey was available and sold by Walgreens, in 1922, the company introduced a malted milkshake, which led to its establishing ice cream manufacturing plants. The next year, Walgreen began opening stores away from residential areas, in the mid-1920s, there were 44 stores with annual sales of $1,200,000. Walgreens had expanded into Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin, by 1930, it had 397 stores with annual sales of US$4,000,000. This expansion partly was attributed to selling alcohol, mainly whiskey, the stock market crash in October 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression did not greatly affect the company. In 1934, Walgreens was operating in 30 states with 601 stores, after Charles Walgreen, Sr. died in 1939, his son Charles R. Walgreen took over the chain until his retirement. The Charles R. Walgreen years were prosperous, but lacked the massive expansion seen in the early part of the century. Charles Cork R. Walgreen III took over after Walgreen Jr. s retirement in the early 1950s, the Walgreen family was not involved in senior management of the company for a short time following Walgreen IIIs retirement. In 1986, it acquired the MediMart chain from Stop & Shop, in 1995, Kevin P. Walgreen was made a vice-president and promoted to Senior Vice President - Store Operations in 2006. On July 12,2006, David Bernauer stepped down as CEO of Walgreens, greg Wasson, former President of Walgreens Health Services, was named President and Chief Operations Officer. On October 10,2008, Rein abruptly quit as CEO, replaced by Alan G. McNally as Chairman, on January 26,2009, Gregory Wasson was named CEO, effective February 1,2009
18.
Walgreens Boots Alliance
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The company was formed on December 31,2014 after Walgreens purchased the 55% stake in Switzerland-based Alliance Boots that it did not already own. Walgreens had previously purchased 45% of the company in 2012 with an option to purchase the shares within three years. Under the terms of the merger, the new company was organized into three divisions, Retail Pharmacy USA, Retail Pharmacy International, and Pharmaceutical Wholesale, incorporating Alliance Healthcare, the new holding company began trading on the NASDAQ on December 31,2014. The combined business has operations in over 25 countries, Walgreens had formerly operated solely within the United States and its territories, while Alliance Boots operated a more international business. In October 2015, Walgreens Boots Alliance published its fourth quarter earnings report, net sales in fiscal year 2015 increased by 35. 4% to $103.4 billion, and net earnings rose to $4.2 billion. Walgreens and Duane Reade operate within the Retail Pharmacy USA division of Walgreens Boots Alliance, both businesses sell prescription and non-prescription drugs, and a range of household items, including personal care and beauty products. Walgreens provides access to goods and services, plus pharmacy, photo studio, health. Walgreens had 8,230 drugstores as of December 2015, Walgreens runs several online stores, such as, Beauty. com, Drugstore. com and VisionDirect. com. Walgreens has stores in all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, on October 27,2015, Walgreens announced the purchase of competitor Rite Aid for $17.2 billion. Boots forms the part of the Retail Pharmacy International division of the company. The Boots brand has a history stretching back over 160 years and is a sight on Britains high streets. Stores are located in prominent high street and city locations as well as in local communities. Most branches include a pharmacy and focus on healthcare, personal care and cosmetic products, larger stores typically offer a variety of healthcare services in addition to dispensing prescriptions, and chlamydia testing & treatment. Optician services are offered in many larger stores, with Boots Opticians providing eye tests along with the sale of spectacles. Many stores also feature traditional photo processing and/or a Kodak picture kiosk where users of digital cameras and camera phones can create prints. Larger stores usually offer a range of equipment such as hairdryers, curlers and foot massagers, whilst selected stores offer a range of sandwiches, baguettes, wraps, salads. Since 1936, there have been Boots stores outside the UK, stores in countries as widely spread as New Zealand, Canada and France were all closed in the 1980s. Today, there are Boots branded stores outside the UK and Ireland in countries including United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Norway, Lithuania, The Netherlands, the remainder of the division is made up of the pharmacies Benavides in Mexico and Farmacias Ahumada in Chile
19.
Federal Trade Commission
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The Federal Trade Commission is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices, the Federal Trade Commission Act was one of President Woodrow Wilsons major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. Since its inception, the FTC has enforced the provisions of the Clayton Act, over time, the FTC has been delegated with the enforcement of additional business regulation statutes and has promulgated a number of regulations. He would make the first speech on the House floor advocating its creation on February 21,1912, though the initial bill did not pass, the questions of trusts and antitrust dominated the 1912 election. With the 1912 presidential election decided in favor of the Democrats and Woodrow Wilson, the national debate culminated in Wilsons signing of the FTC Act on September 26, with additional tightening of regulations in the Clayton Antitrust Act three weeks later. The new Federal Trade Commission would absorb the staff and duties of Bureau of Corporations, previously established under the Department of Commerce, the following table lists commissioners as of March 2017. Recent former commissioners were, The Bureau of Consumer Protections mandate is to protect consumers against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce, with the written consent of the Commission, Bureau attorneys enforce federal laws related to consumer affairs and rules promulgated by the FTC. Its functions include investigations, enforcement actions, and consumer and business education, areas of principal concern for this bureau are, advertising and marketing, financial products and practices, telemarketing fraud, privacy and identity protection, etc. The bureau also is responsible for the United States National Do Not Call Registry, under the FTC Act, the Commission has the authority, in most cases, to bring its actions in federal court through its own attorneys. In some consumer protection matters, the FTC appears with, or supports, the Bureau of Competition is the division of the FTC charged with elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices. It accomplishes this through the enforcement of antitrust laws, review of proposed mergers, the FTC shares enforcement of antitrust laws with the Department of Justice. The FTC investigates issues raised by reports from consumers and businesses, pre-merger notification filings, congressional inquiries and these issues include, for instance, false advertising and other forms of fraud. FTC investigations may pertain to a company or an entire industry. Traditionally an administrative complaint is heard in front of an independent administrative law judge with FTC staff acting as prosecutors. The case is reviewed de novo by the full FTC commission which then may be appealed to the U. S. Court of Appeals, in numerous cases, the FTC employs this authority to combat serious consumer deception or fraud. Additionally, the FTC has rulemaking power to address concerns regarding industry-wide practices, Rules promulgated under this authority are known as Trade Rules. In the mid-1990s, the FTC launched the fraud sweeps concept where the agency and its federal, state, the first sweeps operation was Project Telesweep in July 1995 which cracked down on 100 business opportunity scams
20.
Tawas City, Michigan
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Tawas City is a city along Lake Huron in the Lower Peninsula of the U. S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,827 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Iosco County. The city is adjacent to Tawas Township but is administratively autonomous, Tawas City was founded in 1854 as the first city to be located on the shores of Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron north of Bay City. Tawas City was established as the county seat of Iosco County,6,1856, with James O. Whittemore appointed postmaster. Since Tawas City’s founding, the economy has been a major factor influencing land use. The rich natural resource base of the area combined with the protection offered by Tawas Bay provided the basis for the founding of the city. Tawas Bay continues to serve as a harbor of refuge that large freighters use to escape the effects of storms on Lake Huron. The shoreline, as the zone between land and water, became the focus of the community, with the city developing in a linear fashion along the bayshore. Statements made that “Tawas” is derived from the word “Ottawas” and that the Ottawa Indians once inhabited this region are false. The Indians, who in early days camped along the shore of Tawas Bay, what we know as Tawas Bay was in reality O-ta-was’ Bay, for on its shore the old chief had his camp. The Whittemores gave the name Tawas City to the town founded in 1854. For many years, residents of towns and the farming community surrounding them often referred to Tawas City as “old town” and to East Tawas as “east town. ”According to the United States Census Bureau. It is considered to be part of Northern Michigan, as of the census of 2010, there were 1,827 people,723 households, and 441 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,062.2 inhabitants per square mile, there were 977 housing units at an average density of 568.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 9% White,0. 7% African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 4% of the population. 34. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age in the city was 47.4 years. 17. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24,20. 3% were from 25 to 44,28. 6% were from 45 to 64, and 24. 6% were 65 years of age or older
21.
Baltimore
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Baltimore is the largest city in the U. S. state of Maryland, and the 29th-most populous city in the country. It was established by the Constitution of Maryland and is not part of any county, thus, it is the largest independent city in the United States, with a population of 621,849 as of 2015. As of 2010, the population of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area was 2.7 million, founded in 1729, Baltimore is the second largest seaport in the Mid-Atlantic. Baltimores Inner Harbor was once the leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States. With hundreds of identified districts, Baltimore has been dubbed a city of neighborhoods, in the War of 1812, Francis Scott Key wrote The Star-Spangled Banner, later the American national anthem, in Baltimore. More than 65,000 properties, or roughly one in three buildings in the city, are listed on the National Register, more than any city in the nation. The city has 289 properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the historical records of the government of Baltimore are located at the Baltimore City Archives. The city is named after Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, of the Irish House of Lords, Baltimore Manor was the name of the estate in County Longford on which the Calvert family lived in Ireland. Baltimore is an anglicization of the Irish name Baile an Tí Mhóir, in 1608, Captain John Smith traveled 210 miles from Jamestown to the uppermost Chesapeake Bay, leading the first European expedition to the Patapsco River. The name Patapsco is derived from pota-psk-ut, which translates to backwater or tide covered with froth in Algonquian dialect, a quarter century after John Smiths voyage, English colonists began to settle in Maryland. The area constituting the modern City of Baltimore and its area was first settled by David Jones in 1661. He claimed the area today as Harbor East on the east bank of the Jones Falls stream. In the early 1600s, the immediate Baltimore vicinity was populated, if at all. The Baltimore area had been inhabited by Native Americans since at least the 10th millennium BC, one Paleo-Indian site and several Archaic period and Woodland period archaeological sites have been identified in Baltimore, including four from the Late Woodland period. During the Late Woodland period, the culture that is called the Potomac Creek complex resided in the area from Baltimore to the Rappahannock River in Virginia. It was located on the Bush River on land that in 1773 became part of Harford County, in 1674, the General Assembly passed An Act for erecting a Court-house and Prison in each County within this Province. The site of the house and jail for Baltimore County was evidently Old Baltimore near the Bush River. In 1683, the General Assembly passed An Act for Advancement of Trade to establish towns, ports, one of the towns established by the act in Baltimore County was on Bush River, on Town Land, near the Court-House
22.
Peoples Drug
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Peoples Drug was a chain of drugstores based in Alexandria, Virginia, a suburb of Washington, D. C. Peoples Drug was founded by Malcolm Gibbs in 1905 at 824 7th Street, by 1930, it had 110 stores operating under the Peoples Drugs, Days Drug, and Shearer Drug names. There were variations of the name, with Peoples Service Drug, in 1970, Peoples had 252 stores operating in the District of Columbia, Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, New York, and New Jersey. That year there were 5,500 employees, with sales of $220 million, by 1975, Peoples had grown to 500 stores. Later in the year, the chain was purchased by Lane Drug of Toledo, the new company retained the Peoples name, and included Lane Drug, Schuman Drug, Dynamic Drug, Health Mart, Reed Drug, and Lee Drug. Lane president Sheldon Bud Fantle took over the presidency of the chain and went to work on improving merchandising, in 1985, two 35, 000-square-foot Buds Deep Discount Drug Stores were opened in the Toledo area, with others in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area. The name Buds was derived from the nickname of Sheldon Bud Fantle, in January,1987, Mr. Fantle left Peoples and later took control of troubled Dart Drug in Washington DC, renaming those stores Fantles. Peoples took control of the Florida Shoppers Drug Mart locations, Peoples soon acquired Rea & Derick acquired in 1985, and in 1979 by Haag Drug. In 1984, Peoples was acquired by the Canadian conglomerate Imasco, the Canadian arm of British American Tobacco, Peoples and its divisions had close to 800 stores and became one of the countrys leading drug chains. Over the years, the Haag stores were converted to Peoples, a program was implemented to convert all stores to the Peoples Drug name. Many Lane and Rea & Derick stores were converted, all stores began selling Peoples Brand product, before long, Peoples decided to sell some of their stores and concentrate on the Mid Atlantic states. First to go were the Florida Shoppers Drug Mart stores, sold to Eckerd, next was the Atlanta based Reed/Lee Drug to Big B Drugs. The 85 store division gave Big B their entrance into the Atlanta market, the next sale was Lane drug to Rite Aid, effective April 11,1989. The last phase was the Indiana division of Peoples being sold to management, Reliable survived only two to three years prior to being bought by Rite Aid. After the dust settled from the sales, Imasco decided to unload the Peoples Drug chain, in late 1990, CVS Corporation purchased Peoples. CVS kept the Peoples Drug name in place, remodeled most stores to the CVS format, the Peoples name was considered to be too strong a name to change it to CVS/pharmacy immediately. The name did ultimately change in May 1994, just a few months before the Peoples Drug name would have celebrated its 90th anniversary
23.
Lane Drug
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The Lane Drug Company of Ohio, was a discount drugstore chain in the United States that was originally based in Toledo, Ohio. On 10 April 1989, the chain was acquired by Rite Aid Corporation of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the first Lane’s opened at the corner of Adams and Erie Streets in Downtown Toledo, across from the Lucas County courthouse, in 1922. Clerks would retrieve items for customers from tall shelves accessed by ladders hanging from the ceilings, Stores were added over the next several years, including a location on Summit Street across from the popular Tiedtkes Department Store. In 1938, Lane’s opened its first air conditioned superstore on Sylvania Avenue allowing customers the convenience of self-service, in 1939 The Lane Drug chain was owned by Cleveland lawyer Sidney Amster, at that time the chain consisted of five stores and a warehouse. In that year he offered William Scher to be co-president giving him 49% of the stock if he would go to Toledo, manage the chain, Scher agreed, and had opened five more stores by 1949. In the early fifties Amster bought out Scher and put his son, Harvey Amster, Lane’s built a warehouse at Detroit and Dura Avenues in Toledo in 1952, in anticipation of future expansion in the area. At that time the chain employed a total of 350 people, in 1968, a 7, 000-square-foot store was opened in Rossford, Ohio featuring “lighted glassware displays of the latest merchandising design”. In 1973, a center was opened on Waggoner Blvd. in Toledo. A Perrysburg, Ohio store opened in 1974, which reported the highest growth rate of any new store in Lane’s history, later that year, new stores opened in Sylvania, and at Upton and Bancroft in Toledo. Also operating by this time were stores in Southwyck Mall and Flint, Michigan, in 1979, a store was opened in Bryan, Ohio with great publicity and ceremony, marking the 400th store in the People’s Drug chain. Also that year, Lane’s operated 7 full-service optical centers in various stores, in the 1980s, Lanes operated several Smiles stores in the Toledo area, specializing in cards, candy, and gifts. In 1985, Lane’s opened two 35, 000-square-foot “Bud’s Deep Discount Drug Stores” in the Toledo area, the name “Bud’s” was derived from the nickname of Sheldon “Bud” Fantle. In 1938, the six existing Lane’s stores were sold to the K-W Drug Company of Cleveland, in 1956, the Amster family of Cleveland sold the company to the A. C. Israel Commodity Company of New York, although the Amster family continued to manage the stores until 1970, in 1970, Lane’s established a working relationship with Schuman Drug of Canton, OH. Sheldon Fantle of Schuman’s became president of the Lane Drug Co. at that time the company operated 106 drug stores in five states, including Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Alabama, and Georgia. In 1972, Lane’s merged with the 25-store Schuman Drug and Dynamic Discount Drug chain, in 1976, Lane’s merged with People’s Drug Stores. Sheldon Fantle referred to the merger as “the minnow swallowing the whale” since the 250 store-People’s chain was purchased by the smaller Lane Drug Co. Following the People’s Drug acquisition, Sheldon Fantle became president and chief officer of Peoples Drug Stores, Inc
24.
Hook's Drug Stores
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Hooks Drug Stores was an Indianapolis, Indiana-based drug store chain which was founded in 1900 by John A. Hook. The chain flourished throughout central Indiana for most of the 20th-century, Hooks did business under its own banner, the SupeRX Drug Stores banner outside its core market, and the Brooks Pharmacy banner after acquiring the New England pharmacy chain. The entire company was purchased by fellow Midwestern drugstore chain Revco. Most former Hooks locations that are still operate as CVS. The Brooks Pharmacy stores were divested by Revco after the purchase, in October 1900, pharmacist John A. Hook opened the first Hooks Drug Store in an Indianapolis German community at the corner of South East, a second location opened at the corner of New Jersey and East Washington Streets and Hook added Edward F. Roesch as a partner. By 1912, the chain had expanded to twelve stores, many of Hooks interwar drug stores were designed by Kurt Vonnegut Sr. of Vonnegut & Bohn. Roesch became president of the company in 1943 upon Hooks death, in 1956, following Roeschs death in a traffic accident, John Hooks son, August F. “Bud” Hook, assumed leadership of the company. The chain added 150 new stores between 1946 and 1972, in 1985, The Kroger Company outbid Rite Aid, which had attempted a hostile takeover, and acquired the Hooks chain. Kroger divested itself of Hooks a year later, however, hooks-SupeRx acquired the New England-based Brooks Pharmacy chain in 1988. Hooks-SupeRx stores traded under three different names - Hooks Drug and SupeRx in the Midwest and Brooks Pharmacy in New England, hooks-SupeRx was acquired by Revco in 1994. Revco was subsequently acquired by CVS in 1997, many former Hooks locations are now CVS Pharmacies. A restored 19th-century Hooks drug store stands at the Indiana State Fairgrounds and it was originally built in 1849 and has been restored with authentic 19th century cabinets. In 2000, the great-grandchildren of John A, Hook opened Hooks Apothecary in Evansville, Indiana. The store specializes in compounding prescriptions and it has no corporate ties to CVS. After Hooks was sold to Revco, the Oxygen and Medical Equipment stores continued under the Hooks name in many of the locations as before. It is now a subsidiary of Rotech Medical Corporation Hooks Drug Store Museum and Soda Fountain Hooks Apothecary SupeRx TV Commercial
25.
Perry Drug Stores
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Perry Drug Stores was an American retail pharmacy chain founded in 1957 in the city of Pontiac, Michigan, United States. In 1995, Perry Drug Stores was bought out by Rite Aid, the Perry chain, which at the time comprised 224 stores, was the largest acquisition ever made by Rite Aid. In addition, this brought the Rite Aid name to the Detroit area for the first time. Founder Jack A. Robinson opened his first Perry Drug Store in 1957 on Perry Street in Pontiac, over time, the chain expanded to become a prominent drugstore in the Detroit area, competing with local chains such as Arbor Drugs and Cunningham Drug. In 1978, a prototype Perry store was opened, featuring an expanded sporting goods line, a home and automotive center, Auto Works, an automotive parts retail chain, was introduced in 1982. Twenty-six Cunningham Drug locations were spun off by the owner into a new chain called Apex Drug. By 1985, the Apex Drug locations and several other Cunningham locations were acquired by Perry, in 1981, Perry Drug expanded into the Chicago, Illinois market for the first time. A year later, these stores were sold to businessmen Fred Barney and Bill Cartwright, several units in Michigan were acquired in 1990 from Revco. This acquisition made Perry the dominant drugstore chain in the Detroit area, Perry Drug Stores posted a brief period of sharp declines in sales in 1990, with locations in Indiana and Wisconsin being sold off. By 1993, the Perry Drug Chicago locations were re-acquired and liquidated, after its out-of-state operations were sold, Perry continued to expand its presence within Michigan. Rite Aid, a chain based in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, acquired twenty-five locations from Hooks Drug Stores in 1994. One year later, Rite Aid acquired all 224 of Perry Drug Stores locations, the acquisition of Perry Drug Stores in 1995 was the largest acquisition made by Rite Aid. It also brought Rite Aid to the Detroit area, where it previously had no stores, in addition to the drugstore chain, Perry owned two other specialty chains, Auto Works and A. L. Price. Auto Works was a store which comprised more than 200 locations at its peak. This chain was sold off in 1988 to Northern Automotive, a. L Price was a deep-discount health and beauty aids retailer with fourteen locations in the Detroit area
26.
West Coast of the United States
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The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
27.
Thrifty PayLess
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Thrifty PayLess Holdings, Inc. was a pharmacy holding company that owned the Thrifty Drugs and PayLess Drug Stores chains in the western United States. At the time of the merger, TCH Corporation was renamed Thrifty PayLess Holdings, Inc. and Thrifty operated 495 stores, in 1996, Rite Aid acquired 1,000 West Coast stores from Thrifty PayLess Holdings, creating a chain with over 3,500 drug stores. In 1932, L. J. Skaggs opened Payless Drug Stores in Tacoma, Washington, some stores were sold to his brother Samuel L. S. Olnie Skaggs along with some colleagues, L. J. Skaggs retained California PayLess Stores, which eventually became part of Thrifty PayLess. The remaining PayLess stores were renamed Skaggs Drug Stores in 1948, by 1984, PayLess Drug Stores was the largest independently owned and operated drug store chain in the United States. It became a wholly owned unit of Kmart in 1985, as part of the Kmart expansion program created by CEO Joseph Antonini, in 1986, there were 225 PayLess stores. By 1990, PayLess operated in nine western states, today, a new Payless Drugs, operates as a long-term healthcare pharmacy but does not operate retail stores. 1973 – Acquired Seattle-based House of Values and Portland-owned Gov-Mart Bazaar to form PayLess House of Values,1976 – PayLess bought 22 Value Giant stores, the majority of which were located in Northern California. 1980 – PayLess acquired PayLess Drug Stores of Oakland, California,1987 – PayLess purchased 25 Osco Drug stores in California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. 1990 – Acquired Pay Less of Tacoma, Washington, by 1929, the brothers opened their own Los Angeles retail outlets under the name Thrifty Cut Rate. The first store was located at 412 S. Broadway in downtown Los Angeles and this was their first store outside of downtown, and it was quickly followed by several new stores within a few miles of downtown. By 1942, Thrifty Drug Stores operated 58 stores, by the time their 100th store opened in Studio City in 1950, Thrifty ranged as far north as Santa Rosa, California, and as far south as San Diego. Thrifty soon expanded outside California, opening a Las Vegas location in 1952, in 1959, the chain expanded into the Pacific Northwest with a store in Eugene, Oregon. Store grand opening events were always a large spectacle, with politicians as well as movie, actor Errol Flynn participated in the 1941 opening of the South Pasadena store. A neon Thrifty Drug Store sign is visible in the background of a scene from the 1954 Judy Garland version of A Star Is Born. Vacuum tubes were used in a wide variety of consumer electronics such as TVs and radios. Thrifty published a brochure helping customers diagnose which tubes might be responsible for various TV malfunctions, the brochure also provided numbered stickers to aid consumers in reinstalling working tubes in their correct sockets. In the early 1970s, Thriftys parent began to diversify outside the drug store industry through the acquisition of Big 5 Sporting Goods, a sporting goods chain, in 1972
28.
Northwestern United States
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The Northwestern United States is an informal geographic region of the United States. The region consistently includes the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho—and usually Montana, some sources include southeast Alaska in the Northwest. The related but distinct term Pacific Northwest generally excludes areas from the Rockies eastward, the Northwestern United States is a subportion of the Western United States. In contrast, states included in the regions and Utah are not simultaneously considered part of both regions. Like the southwestern United States, the Northwest definition has moved westward over time, the current area includes the old Oregon Territory. The region is similar to Federal Region X, which comprises Oregon, Washington, Idaho and it is home to over 14.2 million citizens. As the US westward expansion, the western border also shifted westward. In the early years of the United States, newly colonized lands lying immediately west of the Allegheny Mountains were detached from Virginia, during the decades that followed, the Northwest Territory covered much of the Great Lakes region east of the Mississippi River. Together, these states have a population of 14,273,965. The largest cities and metropolitan areas in the Northwest are, Lavender, land of Giants, The Drive to the Pacific Northwest, 1750-1950 online Schwantes, Carlos. The Pacific Northwest, An Interpretive History online Warren, Sidney, farthest Frontier, The Pacific Northwest online Winther, Oscar Osburn
29.
Bi-Mart
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Bi-Mart is an employee-owned chain of retailers located in the U. S. states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. An average Bi-Mart is approximately 31,000 square feet, a fraction of the typical 107,000 square feet WalMart that offers similar product diversity, the company was founded in 1955 and is headquartered in Eugene, Oregon. As of early 2011, there are 75 store locations, Bi-Marts first store opened in Yakima, Washington in 1955 and did not open a second store until 1962. In 1976, Bi-Mart was bought by Pay n Save which itself was acquired by Thrifty Corporation in 1984 and it was subsequently merged into the former Kmart subsidiary PayLess Drug, and finally purchased by Rite Aid in 1996. In 1997, Bi-Marts management and Endeavour Capital bought the company, they sold it to employees March 1,2004, for $94 million, Bi-Mart is the sole surviving store name of former Pay n Save subsidiaries. In October 2003, Bi-Mart announced it was expanding eastward, eight stores were planned with the first store in Havre, Montana. The second store opened three years later in Weiser, Idaho, in 2006, Bi-Mart exited the Montana market due to poor sales. Thus, the membership for a family only costs $5. Official website Smaller and steady win the race, a December 2004 article from The Oregonian
30.
K&B
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K&B was a drug store chain headquartered in New Orleans. Founded in 1905, it expanded to have stores in the United States Gulf Coast region until it was purchased by Rite Aid in 1997. Gustave Katz partnered with Sydney J. Besthoff at 732 Canal Street, New Orleans in 1905 and it was well known for its unique purple color, with everything in the store being K&B Purple. This color became well known as a term in the local lexicon - as one might describe something as forest green. K&B had its own credit card operation too and since its credit policy was so stringent it became a badge of honor to be awarded a K&B credit card. The building built in the mid 1960s, was designed by I. M. Pei & Associates. Featured on the raised terrazzo plaza that surrounded the building is a marble column topped with a marble crescent fountain called Mississippi fountain. In the mid 70s K&B bought the building from John Hancock, the building is a showcase for some of Sydneys art collection and is open to the public. The older headquarters and warehouse at 900 Camp Street was donated by K&B to become the headquarters of New Orleans Contemporary Arts Center at the start of the 1980s. After Rite Aids rebranding of the chain, items from the stores were sold to the public with proceeds benefiting local charities, Sydney Besthoff III, the grandson of the drugstore founder, and his wife, Walda are well-known local philanthropists and collectors of Museum quality works of art. Their collection includes works by significant contemporary sculptors, the Sydney and Walda Besthoff Sculpture Garden at the New Orleans Museum of Art in City Park was created from their specifications and donations. K&B, Only the Best, by John S. Epstein,2010, ISBN 978-1-4528-8835-4 K&B Drug Stores, by John S. Epstein,2011. ISBN 978-0-7385-8227-6 Besthoff Sculpture Garden at City Park
31.
Gulf Coast of the United States
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The Gulf Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Southern United States meets the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, the economy of the Gulf Coast area is dominated by industries related to energy, petrochemicals, fishing, aerospace, agriculture, and tourism. The Gulf Coast is made of many inlets, bays, the coast is also intersected by numerous rivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was and these landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast, from eastern Texas through Louisiana, the eastern part of the Gulf Coast, predominantly Florida, is dotted with many bays and inlets. The Gulf Coast climate is humid subtropical for the most part, although the tip of Florida. Much of the year is warm to hot along the Gulf Coast, while the 3 winters months bring periods of cool, the area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms. Tornadoes are infrequent at the coast but do occur, however the frequency at which they occur in inland portions of Gulf Coast states is much greater. Earthquakes are extremely rare to the area, but a surprising 6.0 earthquake in the Gulf of Mexico on September 10,2006, the Gulf Coast is a major center of economic activity. The marshlands along the Louisiana and Texas coasts provide breeding grounds, the Port of South Louisiana and the Port of Houston are two of the ten busiest ports in the world by cargo volume. As of 2004, seven of the top ten busiest ports in the U. S. are on the Gulf Coast. The discovery of oil and gas deposits along the coast and offshore, the coast contains nearly 4,000 oil platforms. S. Before Europeans arrived in the region, the region was home to several kingdoms that had extensive trade networks with empires such as the Aztecs. Shark and alligator teeth and shells from the Gulf have been found as far north as Ohio, the first Europeans to settle the Gulf Coast were primarily the French and the Spanish. The Louisiana Purchase and the Texas Revolution made the Gulf Coast a part of the United States during the first half of the 19th century. As the U. S. population continued to expand its frontiers westward, the development of sugar and cotton production allowed the South to prosper. Two major events were turning points in the history of the Gulf Coast region. The first was the American Civil War, which caused damage to some economic sectors in the South
32.
Carl Paladino
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Carl Pasquale Paladino is an American businessman and political activist. Paladino is the founder and chairman of Ellicott Development Co. a real estate development company he founded in 1973, Paladino ran for Governor of New York in the 2010 election. He pulled off an upset by winning the Republican primary over Rick Lazio, Paladino was elected to the South Buffalo seat on the school board of Buffalo Public Schools in 2013, and reelected in 2016. Paladinos parents emigrated from Italy to the United States and his father participated in the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. Paladino was raised in the Lovejoy District of Buffalo and attended Bishop Timon – St. Jude High School in South Buffalo, Paladino attended St. Bonaventure University and the Syracuse University College of Law. He received his Juris Doctor degree in 1971 and he spent three months on active duty in the United States Army and approximately ten years in the reserve, separating in 1981 at the rank of Captain. Paladino founded Ellicott Development Co. in 1973, the company buys properties, builds stores, the company has operations in Western New York, Central New York and portions of Pennsylvania. Paladino is part of the consortium that acquired the Fort Erie Race Track in August 2014. In addition to his business developments, Paladino also is a managing partner in the law firm of Paladino, Cavan and Quinlivin. Paladino registered with the Democratic Party in 1974 and remained there until 2005, later that year, after the retirement of Buffalo mayor Anthony Masiello, Paladino changed to the Republican Party, his current affiliation. Paladino and several limited partnerships controlled by him have donated to political candidates and organizations. Paladino helped lead a campaign to remove the barriers on Interstate 190 in the mid-2000s. In 2009, Paladino involved himself on behalf of South Buffalo councilman Michael Kearns in Buffalos Democratic primary mayoral election and he again endorsed Kearns in the New York State Assembly race to replace current Buffalo city comptroller Mark J. F. Schroeder in 2012. The lawsuit was thrown out of court within a week of its filing, on April 5,2010, Paladino officially entered the race for Governor of New York. Tom Ognibene, the minority leader of the New York City Council, was his chosen running mate. Michael Caputo was Paladinos manager for the campaign, john Haggerty, who is currently under investigation for funneling money between Michael Bloomberg and the Independence Party of New York, was in charge of circulating petitions. Tom Golisano, an American businessman and philanthropist who ran three gubernatorial campaigns on third-party lines, is also advising the campaign, Paladino vied with Rick Lazio, Steve Levy, and Myers Mermel for the Republican nomination. At the state Republican convention, Paladino received 8 percent of the vote, only delegates from Erie
33.
Upstate New York
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Upstate New York is the portion of the American state of New York lying north of New York City. The region includes most of the state of New York, excluding New York City and its environs, as well as Long Island, Upstate New York includes the major cities of Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, and Syracuse. Before the American Revolutionary War, Upstate was populated by Native Americans, the region saw many battles between the Continental Army and the Iroquois, and several treaties drawn up after the war ceded much of the land to settlers of European descent. As a result, Upstate became a hotbed for manufacturing, giving birth to such firms as General Electric, IBM, Kodak, and Xerox, and it welcomed a large influx of immigrants. Since the mid 20th century, American de-industrialization has contributed to economic and population decline Upstate, unlike the New York metropolitan area, Upstate New York contains vast areas of rural land. As a result, Upstate also supports a strong industry, and is notable for its milk and dairy products, its fruit production. New York City is dependent on the resources of Upstate for a variety of services, including the citys water supply. The region is home to popular tourist and recreational destinations, including Niagara Falls, the Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. There is no official boundary between Upstate New York and Downstate New York. The broadest usage of the term Upstate New York excludes only New York City and Long Island, which are always considered to be part of Downstate New York. Another usage locates the Upstate/Downstate boundary further north, at the point where New York Citys suburbs segue into its exurbs, yet another definition uses the prior Census definition of the New York metropolitan area, which until 2010 included Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam Counties. This was the used by the plaintiffs in the federal redistricting case of Rodriguez v. Pataki. Residents of Upstate New York sometimes prefer to identify with a more specific subregion, a number of businesses and institutions in the area have Upstate as part of their name. The other regions of New York State are culturally and economically distinct from the New York City area, the states major metropolitan areas outside of New York City are Buffalo, Rochester, Albany-Schenectady-Troy, and Syracuse, each of whose population exceeds 500,000. The different regions of New York State are influenced by and have affinities with other adjacent regions, Western New York has cultural and economic ties to the other Great Lakes states as well as Southern Ontario. The Capital District, the Hudson Valley, the Mohawk Valley, the North Country, the extreme northern portion of the state, also has strong cultural, economic, linguistic and familial ties to Quebec and Eastern Ontario. Thus, Plattsburgh has close ties to its neighbors in the Montreal area as well as Vermont, much of New York State receives television and radio broadcasts from Canada and there are often other cross-border ties, both historical and familial. A similar relationship can be seen in Northern New England, the Hudson and lower Mohawk Valley has more in common dialectologically with western New England and New York City
34.
GNC (store)
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In 1935, David Shakarian opened a small health food store, Lackzoom, in downtown Pittsburgh. He only made USD $35 on his first day, but was able to open a store within six months. A year later, Shakarian suffered from what appeared to be a blow when the Ohio River flooded on St. Patricks Day. Both of his stores were wiped out, however, he quickly rebuilt both stores, and opened five more by 1941. The company officially registered as a corporation on September 1,1936 Shakarian moved into the mail order business during WWII. He said that customers sent him a check and asked him to mail their product as they could not drive to his due to the gas rationing which happened during WWII. During the health food craze of the 1960s, Shakarian expanded his chain outside Pittsburgh for the first time and he continued to run the chain until his death in 1984. Shakarian took GNC public in the 1980s, overexpansion and his death in 1984 resulted in a highly leveraged GNC. The Shakarian family decided to sell GNC shortly after his death, the family brought in a turn around executive, Jerry Horn, with instructions to stop the bleeding and position GNC to be sold. In 1990 the company considered relocating but a public/private effort retained GNC headquarters in Downtown Pittsburgh, GNC was taken private and sold to The Thomas Lee Company, a PE investment/management fund in the late 1980s. Thomas Lee ran GNC and took it public prior to selling the company to Royal Dutch Numico and Numico acquired GNC in 1999, ontario Teachers Pension Plan and Ares Management bought GNC in 2007. The stores also sell health and fitness books and magazines, GNC has more than 6,000 stores in the U. S. including 1,100 store-within-a-store locations within Rite Aid, as well as locations in 49 other countries. In addition, GNC LiveWell currently has 41 Stores located in Brisbane, Sydney, GNC retail stores are both a combination of corporate-owned and franchised stores,950 of the 5,000 domestic US stores are franchises, commonly located within urban shopping malls and shopping zones. In addition to the GNC. com website, GNCs products are sold on drugstore. com, in 1998, GNC was accused of purposely running its franchisees out of business in order to retake the stores into corporate control. An April 30,2003 article states that the GNC corporate company was sued by numerous franchise owners, the complaint is that the parent company was allowing their corporate owned stores to sell products for less than the franchise stores are allowed to sell them for. The suit also claimed that GNC charged high fees to franchisees when there is new signage that needs to be changed in the store or an image facelift that must be done by GNC corporate. A similar lawsuit was filed again in an article written on October 20,2004, the NFL itself does not prohibit ads for health stores unless they contain references to specific prohibited products, the GNC ad only contained motivational themes and no references to its products
35.
Partnership
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A partnership is an arrangement where parties, known as partners, agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests. The partners in a partnership may be individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools, organizations may partner together to increase the likelihood of each achieving their mission and to amplify their reach. A partnership may result in issuing and holding equity or may be governed by a contract. In this case, the alliance may be structured in a process comparable to a Mergers & Acquisitions transaction, Partnerships present the involved parties with complex negotiation and special challenges that must be navigated unto agreement. Once agreement is reached, the partnership is typically enforceable by civil law, Partners who wish to make their agreement affirmatively explicit and enforceable typically draw up Articles of Partnership. It is common for information about formally partnered entities to be public, such as through a press release. While industrial partnerships stand to amplify mutual interests and accelerate success, when a politician, for example, partners with a corporation to advance the latters interest in exchange for some benefit, a conflict of interest results, consequentially, the public good may suffer. While technically lawful in some jurisdictions, such practice is viewed negatively or as corruption. Partnerships recognized by a government body may enjoy special benefits from taxation policy, in such countries, partnerships are often regulated via anti-trust laws, so as to inhibit monopolistic practices and foster free market competition. Enforcement of the laws, however, varies considerably, domestic partnerships recognized by governments typically enjoy tax benefits, as well. Under common law systems, the basic form of partnership is a general partnership. There are two types of partners, general partners have an obligation of strict liability to third parties injured by the Partnership. General partners may have joint liability or joint and several liability depending upon circumstances, the liability of limited partners is limited to their investment in the partnership. Summarising s.5 of the Partnership Act 1958, for a partnership in Australia to exist and they are, Valid Agreement between the parties, To carry on a business – this is defined in s. A partnership is defined as the relation between persons who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all, the law does not require written partnership agreement between the partners to form a partnership. A partnership does not also required to be registered, however an unregistered partnership has a number of limitation regarding enforcing its rights in any court, a partnership is considered as a separate legal identity in Bangladesh only if the partnership is registered. There must be a minimum of 2 partners and maximum of 20 partners, statutory regulation of partnerships in Canada fall under provincial jurisdiction. A partnership is not a legal entity and partnership income is taxed at the rate of the partner receiving the income
36.
Medical prescription
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A prescription is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other qualified health care practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient. The term often refers to a health care providers written authorization for a patient to purchase a prescription drug from a pharmacist, Prescriptions may be entered into an electronic medical record system and transmitted electronically to a pharmacy. Alternatively, a prescription may be handwritten on preprinted prescription forms that have been assembled into pads, in some cases, a prescription may be transmitted from the physician to the pharmacist orally by telephone, this practice may increase the risk of medical error. The content of a prescription includes the name and address of the prescribing provider, unique for each prescription is the name of the patient. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the name and address must also be recorded. Each prescription is dated and some jurisdictions may place a limit on the prescription. Prescriptions also contain directions for the patient to follow when taking the drug and these directions are printed on the label of the pharmaceutical product. ℞ is a symbol meaning prescription and it is sometimes transliterated as Rx or just Rx. This symbol originated in medieval manuscripts as an abbreviation of the Late Latin verb recipe, medieval prescriptions invariably began with the command to take certain materials and compound them in specified ways. Folk theories about the origin of the symbol ℞ note its similarity to the Eye of Horus, or to the ancient symbol for Zeus or Jupiter, gods whose protection may have been sought in medical contexts. The word prescription, from pre- and script, refers to the fact that the prescription is an order that must be written down before a drug can be prepared. Those within the industry will often call prescriptions simply scripts, jurisdictions may adopt a statutory definition of prescription that applies as a term of art only to the operation of that statute, but the general legal definition of the word is this broad one. Many brand name drugs have cheaper generic drug substitutes that are therapeutically and biochemically equivalent, Prescriptions will also contain instructions on whether the prescriber will allow the pharmacist to substitute a generic version of the drug. This instruction is communicated in a number of ways, in some jurisdictions, the preprinted prescription contains two signature lines, one line has dispense as written printed underneath, the other line has substitution permitted underneath. Some have a preprinted box dispense as written for the prescriber to check off, in other jurisdictions they may use completely different languages, never mind a different formula of words. In some jurisdictions, it may be a requirement to include the age of child on the prescription. For pediatric prescriptions some advise the inclusion of the age of the if the patient is less than twelve. Adding the weight of the child is also helpful, Prescriptions often have a label box
US$21.529 billion (2018)
US$943.47 million (2018)
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