1.
Holycross
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Holycross is a village and civil parish in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is one of 21 civil parishes in the barony of Eliogarty, unusually, the civil parish straddles two counties and the baronies of Eliogarty and of Middle Third. It is also a parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel. The village developed around the Cistercian Holy Cross Abbey on the River Suir and its population was 700 at the 2006 census. The Thurles to Clonmel via Cashel bus route serves Holycross, the nearest railway station is Thurles railway station at approximately 6 kilometres distance. Holy Cross Abbey was founded in 1180 by King Domnall Mór Ua Briain and was renovated and added to during the 15th century and it became a place of pilgrimage when a relic of the True Cross was presented to the Cistercian monks. The monastery was suppressed by King Henry VIII during the 16th century, the Abbey was abandoned circa 1650, fell into ruin. The late Dr. Thomas Morris, Archbishop of Cashel and Emly, the church of this Cistercian Abbey was re-roofed and restored to its former glory as one of the finest Irish 15th-century churches. The foundation in 1169 was originally by the Benedictine order, in 1975, on the restoration and reconsecration of the Abbey, an artifact, purportedly a relic of the true cross, was reinstated after several centuries. The relic was stolen, along with a number of items in October,2011. It was recovered and returned by Gardaí in January,2012, Holycross-Ballycahill GAA is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club. Holycross Football Club is a club for juvenile and adult players located on the Cashel Road. List of civil parishes of County Tipperary List of towns in the Republic of Ireland Putting the barony in its historico-geographical context, barony - an old administrative division. Eliogarty - one of 14 baronies in the old county, between Ikerrin to the north, Kilnamanagh Upper to the west and Middle Third to the south, Holycross Abbey website Holycross-Ballycahill GAA Club Holycross F. C. website
2.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
3.
County Tipperary
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County Tipperary is a county in Ireland. Tipperary County Council is the government authority for the county. It is located in the province of Munster, the county is named after the town of Tipperary, and was established in the early thirteenth century, shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland. The population of the county was 160,441 at the 2016 census. The largest towns are Clonmel, Nenagh and Thurles, Tipperary is the sixth largest of the 32 counties by area and the 12th largest by population. It is the third largest of Munsters 6 counties by size and it is also the largest landlocked county in Ireland. The region is part of the plain of Ireland, but the diverse terrain contains several mountain ranges, the Knockmealdown, the Galtee, the Arra Hills. Most of the county is drained by the River Suir, the part by tributaries of the River Shannon, the eastern part by the River Nore. No part of the county touches the coast, the centre is known as the Golden Vale, a rich pastoral stretch of land in the Suir basin which extends into counties Limerick and Cork. Parishes were delineated after the Down Survey as a subdivision, with multiple townlands per parish. The civil parishes had some use in local taxation and were included on the nineteenth century maps of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland, for poor law purposes, District Electoral Divisions replaced the civil parishes in the mid-nineteenth century. There are 199 civil parishes in the county, townlands are the smallest officially defined geographical divisions in Ireland, there are 3,159 townlands in the county. Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the Kingdom of Munster was claimed as a lordship, by 1210, the sheriffdom of Munster shired into the shires of Tipperary and Limerick. In 1328, Tipperary was granted to the Earls of Ormond as a county palatine or liberty, the grant excluded church lands such as the archiepiscopal see of Cashel, which formed the separate county of Cross Tipperary. The county was divided again in 1838. When the Local Government Act 1898 established county councils to replace the grand jury for civil functions and their names were changed from Tipperary North/South Riding to North/South Tipperary by the Local Government Act 2001, which redesignated all administrative counties as simply counties. The Local Government Reform Act 2014 has amalgamated the two counties and restored a single county of Tipperary, following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Tipperary County Council is the local government authority for the county. The authority is a merger of two separate authorities North Tipperary County Council and South Tipperary County Council which operated up until June 2014
4.
County Waterford
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County Waterford is a county in Ireland. It is part of the South-East Region and is located in the province of Munster. It is named after the city of Waterford, which is derived from the Old Norse name Veðrafjǫrðr or Vedrarfjord, there is an Irish-speaking area, Gaeltacht na nDéise in the south-west of the county. Waterford City and County Council is the authority for the county. The population of the county at large, including the city, is 113,795 according to the 2011 census, County Waterford has two mountain ranges, the Knockmealdown Mountains and the Comeragh Mountains. The highest point in the county is Knockmealdown, at 794m and it also has many rivers, including Irelands third longest river, the River Suir, and Irelands fourth longest river, the Munster Blackwater. There are over 30 beaches along Waterfords volcanic coast line, a large stretch of this coastline, known as the Copper Coast has been designated as a UNESCO Geopark, a place of great geological importance. The area around Ring is a Gaeltacht, an Irish-speaking area, Waterford City is the county seat, prior to the merger of the 2 Waterford authorities in June 2014 Dungarvan was the county seat for Waterford County Council. There are eight historic baronies in the county, Coshmore and Coshbride, Decies-within-Drum, Decies-without-Drum, Gaultiere, Glenahiry, some time between the 4th and 8th centuries, a tribe of native Gaelic people called the Déisi were driven from southern county Meath/north Kildare, conquering and settled there. The ancient principality of the Déise is today roughly coterminous with the current Roman Catholic Diocese of Waterford, the westernmost of the baronies are Decies within Drum and Decies without Drum, separated by the Drum-Fineen hills. There are many tombs and ogham stones in the county. The Viking influence can still be seen with Reginalds Tower, one of the first buildings to use a brick, woodstown, a settlement dating to the 9th Century was discovered 5.5 kilometres west of Waterford city. It was the largest settlement outside of Scandinavia and the only large-scale 9th Century Viking settlement discovered to date in Western Europe, other architectural features are products of the Anglo-Norman Invasion of Ireland and its effects. As of 1 June 2014, Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for Waterford. The authority was formed following the merger of Waterford City Council, the merger occurred following the Local Government Reform Act 2014. Each local authority ranks equally as first level administrative units of the NUTS3 South-East Region for Eurostat purposes. There are 31 LAU1 entities in the Republic of Ireland, the local authority is responsible for certain local services such as sanitation, planning and development, libraries, the collection of motor taxation, local roads and social housing. The county is part of the South constituency for the purposes of European elections, for elections to Dáil Éireann, the county is part of two constituencies, Waterford and Tipperary South
5.
Devil's Bit
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The Devils Bit is a mountain in County Tipperary, Ireland which is 478m above sea level at its highest elevation. It lies to the north-west of the town of Templemore, the mountain is usually ascended via the village of Barnane. There is a car park at the base near the village, according to local legend, the mountain got its name because the devil took a bite out of it. There is a gap in the mountain between one outcrop of rock and another small plateau. The bite the devil allegedly took made this gap, the legend suggests that the devil broke his teeth taking this bite and spat the Rock of Cashel from his mouth to where it now stands. The Book of Dimma was supposedly discovered in a cave on the mountain in 1789 and it is an illuminated manuscript copy of the four Gospels and was written in the monastery of St. Cronan in Roscrea some time during the 8th century. According to legend, Cronan ordered his scribe Dimma to produce the manuscript before sunset on that day. He then used miraculous powers to ensure that the sun did not set for forty days, the manuscript disappeared following the dissolution of the monasteries in the 16th century. The Book of Dimma is currently housed in the library of Trinity College Dublin, the mountain was the scene of a mass anti-tithe meeting on 25 July 1832. The meeting was part of a campaign of resistance to the payment of tithes to the Church of Ireland by the majority Catholic population. According to press reports of the time, over 50,000 people attended, Galway, although the attendance would have been larger had there not been confusion about whether or not the meeting was cancelled. Although local folklore states that Daniel O Connell attended the meeting, a semi-fictional account of the meeting was given by Samuel Lover in Legends and Stories of Ireland, where he refers to a mock burial of the tithes by local peasantry. The tower on the approach to the summit is known as Cardens Folly, the Cardens were an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family who arrived in Ireland during the seventeenth century. They purchased estates in Templemore and Barnane and became the landlords in the area in subsequent centuries. The most notable Carden was undoubtedly John Rutter Carden, better known as Woodcock, as well as constructing the folly, he built a magnificent family home on the lower slopes of the mountain. Although the house was demolished in the early 20th century, the ruins of the garden can still be seen. In 1854, Woodcock made an attempt to kidnap a lady, Eleanor Arbuthnot. A detailed history of the Carden family has been published by a descendant, a cross was erected on the Rock in 1953–1954 in celebration of the Marian Year dedicated by the Roman Catholic Church
6.
Templemore
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Templemore is a town in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is a parish in the historical barony of Eliogarty. It is part of the parish of Templemore, Clonmore and Killea in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel, the 2011 Census results show that the towns population decreased by 13. 8% from 2,255 in 2006 to 1,943 in 2011. Templemore is the eighth largest town in County Tipperary, the N62 national route connects the town to the main Dublin-Limerick motorway and Roscrea north of the parish. Travelling south, the connects to Thurles and then the main Dublin-Cork motorway. To the east, the R433 connects the town to the M8/N8 at a more northerly point via the villages of Clonmore, Errill, alternatively, the motorway may be accessed via the village of Templetuohy. To the west, the R501, tracking the Devils Bit mountain range, Templemore railway station is on the Dublin-Cork railway line operated by Iarnród Éireann. The extent of Éile varied throughout the centuries with the rise, before the 5th century AD the details of its history which can be gleaned from surviving records and literature are exceedingly meagre, obscure and confusing. During this century however Éile appears to have reached its greatest extent, the ancient name of the district on which the town now stands was Tuatha Corca Teine. Teine was supposed to have been the son of the King of Connacht, monastic settlements were located at the site of Teines fort, Land of the Monks. A holy man named Silean is reputed to have accompanied St Patrick, there is no townland called Templemore. The townland on which the town is built is Kiltillane, meaning Saint Sheelans Church, with the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, a powerful Norman family – the Butlers – became the new overlords. Early in the 14th century, they were raised to the Earldom of Ormond, as the holders of the County Palatine of Tipperary, they were entitled to appoint sheriffs and judges, and to gather certain classes of revenue that would normally have been due to the Crown. This privilege was withdrawn in 1715, the Blackcastle, as it is locally known, was built in the Town Park in 1450 by James Butler, 4th Earl of Ormond. This building and its lands were occupied by the Butlers and were later leased to the families of Purcell of Loughmore. The O′Fogarty clan held what is now the barony of Eliogarty, while to the north of them, the River Nore, at its position between Roscrea and Templemore, although just a small stream at this point, is usually taken as the southern limit of Ely OCarroll territory. Around 1695 the Butlers sold extensive lands to an English family called Carden from Cheshire, who settled in the area and also located at Barnane and Fishmoyne. Over the next 200 years, this family was to play a significant part in the development of the town and district which has the nickname of Cardens Wild Demesne, Templemore owes its improved state to the liberality and exertions of the John C
7.
Waterford
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Waterford is a city in Ireland. It is in the South-East Region, Ireland and is part of the province of Munster, the city is situated at the head of Waterford Harbour. It is the oldest and the fifth most populous city in the Republic of Ireland and it is the eighth most populous city on the island of Ireland. Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for the city. Waterford is known for Waterford Crystal, a legacy of the citys former glass-making industry, according to the 2011 Census,65,928 people live in the Waterford Metropolitan District, however this figure does not include its suburbs in County Kilkenny and County Wexford. There are over 80,000 people within a 15 km radius of the city centre, with a population of 51,519, Waterford is the fifth most populous city in the State and the 32nd most populous area of local government. Following the Local Government Reform Act 2014, Waterford City and County Council is the government authority for the city. The authority came into operation on 1 June 2014, prior to this the city had its own local council, Waterford City Council. The new Council is the result of a merger of Waterford City Council, the Council has 32 representatives who are elected from five electoral areas. The city itself forms three of the electoral areas – which when combined form the Metropolitan District of Waterford –, residents in these areas are restricted to voting for candidates located in their ward for local elections. The office of the Mayor of Waterford was established in 1377, a mayor is then elected by the councillors from the two electoral areas of the Metropolitan District of Waterford every year, and there is no limit to the number of terms an individual may serve. Mary OHalloran who was mayor during 2007–2008 was the first woman to hold the post, the current mayor is Adam Wyse. The constituency elects four deputies to Dáil Éireann, there are no such ward restrictions for these elections and voters are entitled to vote for any candidate throughout the city and county. The name Waterford comes from Old Norse Veðrafjǫrðr, meaning ram fjord, the Irish name is Port Láirge, meaning Lárags port. Viking raiders first established a settlement near Waterford in 853 and it and all the other longphorts were vacated in 902, the Vikings having been driven out by the native Irish. Among the most prominent rulers of Waterford was Ivar of Waterford, in 1167, Diarmait Mac Murchada, the deposed King of Leinster, failed in an attempt to take Waterford. He returned in 1170 with Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, together they besieged, in furtherance of the Norman invasion of Ireland, King Henry II of England landed at Waterford in 1171. Waterford and then Dublin were declared cities, with Dublin also declared capital of Ireland
8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
9.
River Barrow
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The Barrow is a river in Ireland. It is one of The Three Sisters, the two being the River Suir and the River Nore. The Barrow is the longest of the three rivers, at 192 km, it is the second-longest river in Ireland, behind the River Shannon. The catchment area of the River Barrow is 3,067 km2, the rivers long term average flow rate is 37.4 cubic metres per second. The source of the River Barrow is at Glenbarrow in the Slieve Bloom Mountains in County Laois, among the towns that the River Barrow passes through on its way to the sea in Waterford are Portarlington, Monasterevin, Athy, Carlow/Graiguecullen, Muine Bheag Graiguenamanagh, and New Ross. The river also forms a border between, on its right bank, counties Kilkenny and Waterford and, on its left bank, counties Carlow. The rivers name is attributed to the action of Dian Cecht when he slew three serpents found in the heart of The Morrígans infant son and threw them into the Barrow, thus causing it to boil. The earliest recorded name for the river is Berbha, from an AD996 entry in the Annals of the Four Masters. Sloighedh la Domhnall ua Néill co Laighnibh co ros-indir o Bherbha siar go fairrge, & do-bert bóromha mhór lais, & do-rad forbhais for Ghallaibh, & for Laighnibh co cenn da mhíos. As don chur-sin torchair Fionn, mac Goirmghiolla, Dunghal mac Dúnghaile I Riagáin, & Ronán, mac Bruadair, mic Duibhgiolla, & aroile saor-chlanna do Laighnibh amaille friu. On this occasion were slain Fionn, son of Goirmghilla, Dunghal, son of Dunghal Ua Riagain, Ronan, son of Bruadar, son of Duibhghilla, and other nobles of the Leinstermen along with them. The name Berbha is believed to derive from the Proto-Celtic *boru-, and is associated with Borvo, later spellings include Berba, Birga, Baruwe and Berrowe. The Barrow historically provided a natural boundary between the kingdoms of Laigin on the shore and Osraige on the western shore. There was a proverb quoted by Sir John Davies that “whoso lives by west of the Barrow, lives west of the law. There are three sections to the navigation, The tidal River Barrow, which together with the reaches of its tributaries the River Suir. The non-tidal river navigation featuring 23 locks, continuing 66 km inland from the limit of the Barrow at St Mullins to Athy. The Barrow Line of the Grand Canal connects to the river at Athy and continues northwards a further 45 km with 9 locks, rivers of Ireland List of rivers in Ireland The Three Sisters Barrow Valley Guide website RIver Barrow Website IWAI - The Barrow Navigation Barrow River Guide
