1.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
River Derwent, North East England
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The River Derwent is a river on the border between County Durham and Northumberland in the north east of England. It broadens into the Derwent Reservoir, west of Consett, the Derwent is a tributary of the River Tyne, which it joins near the MetroCentre. The river flows for 35 miles from its origin, where two streams, Beldon Burn and Nookton Burn meet approximately a mile west of Blanchland, to Derwenthaugh where it flows into the River Tyne. On its journey, the flows through places such as Allensford, Shotley Bridge, Blackhall Mill. The Derwent Walk Country Park at Rowlands Gill is named after the river, the name Derwent comes from the Brythonic/Early Welsh word for oak derw and valley -went, Derwent Photographs Bridges On The Derwent
4.
River Tyne
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The River Tyne /ˈtaɪn/ is a river in North East England and its length is 73 miles. It is formed by the confluence of two rivers, the North Tyne and the South Tyne and these two rivers converge at Warden Rock near Hexham in Northumberland at a place dubbed The Meeting of the Waters. The North Tyne rises on the Scottish border, north of Kielder Water and it flows through Kielder Forest, and passes through the village of Bellingham before reaching Hexham. The South Tyne rises on Alston Moor, Cumbria and flows through the towns of Haltwhistle and Haydon Bridge, hadrians Wall lies to the north of the Tyne Gap. Coincidentally the source of the South Tyne is very close to the sources of the two great rivers of the industrial north east namely the Tees and the Wear. The South Tyne Valley falls within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty - the second largest of the 40 AONBs in England, to the east of Gateshead and Newcastle, the Tyne divides Hebburn and Jarrow on the south bank from Walker and Wallsend on the north bank. Jarrow and Wallsend are linked underneath the river by the Tyne Tunnel, finally it flows between South Shields and Tynemouth into the North Sea. The Tyne Rivers Trust measure the whole Tyne catchment as 2,936 square kilometres, the River Tyne is believed to be around 30 million years old. The largest coal staithes were located at Dunston in Gateshead, Hebburn and Tyne Dock, the dramatic wooden staithes at Dunston, built in 1890, have been preserved, although they were partially destroyed by fire in 2006. And to this day in 2016 Tyne Dock, South Shields is still involved with coal, the tidal river is now managed by the Port of Tyne Authority. Nothing definite is known of the origin of the designation Tyne, nor is the known by that name until the Saxon period. There is a theory that Tīn was a word that meant river in the local Celtic language or in a language spoken in England before the Celts came, there is also a river Tyne that rises in Midlothian in Scotland and flows through East Lothian into the North Sea. The River Vedra on the Roman map of Britain may be the Tyne, the late Thomas John Taylor supposed that the main course of the river anciently flowed through what is now Team Valley, its outlet into the tidal river being by a waterfall at Bill Point. His theory is not far from the truth, as there is evidence that prior to the last Ice Age, Ice diverted the course of the Wear to its current location, flowing east the course of the Tyne) and joining the North Sea at Sunderland. Sculpted by David Wynne, the bronze figure incorporates flowing water into its design. The Environment Agency is currently working with architects and cultural consultancy xsite, in collaboration with Commissions North, the Tyne Salmon Trail will serve as a celebration of the river, its heritage and its increasingly diverse ecosystem. FINS, REFLECTION and JOURNEY were the first 3 cubes to be launched in December 2007 from a family of 10, each cube is inspired by the textures, changing colours, movement and journey of the salmon. With each offering a modern day keepsake to take away, in the form of a designed Bluetooth message, for three days, between 18–20 July 2008, a temporary bamboo artwork was installed over the Tyne close to the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
5.
Cumbria
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Cumbria is a non-metropolitan county in North West England. The county and Cumbria County Council, its government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumbrias county town is Carlisle, in the north of the county, the county of Cumbria consists of six districts, and in 2008 had a population of just under half a million. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom, a large area of the south east of the county is within the Yorkshire Dales National Park while the east of the county fringes the North Pennines AONB. Much of Cumbria is mountainous, and it contains every peak in England over 3,000 feet above sea level, with Scafell Pike at 3,209 feet being the highest point of England. An upland, coastal, and rural area, Cumbrias history is characterised by invasions, migration, notable historic sites in Cumbria include Carlisle Castle, Furness Abbey, Hardknott Roman Fort, Brough Castle and Hadrians Wall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. D. Based on inscriptional evidence from the area, the Roman civitas of the Carvetii seems to have covered portions of Cumbria, the names Cumbria, Cymru, Cambria, and Cumberland are derived from the name these people gave themselves, *kombroges in Common Brittonic, which originally meant compatriots. In the Early Middle Ages, Cumberland formed the core of the Brittonic kingdom of Rheged, for the rest of the first millennium, Cumbria was contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde and the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of Scotland at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066, in 1092 Cumberland was invaded by William II and incorporated into England. There were at least three sieges of Carlisle fought between England and Scotland, and two sieges during the Jacobite risings. In particular, the west-coast towns of Workington, Millom and Barrow-in-Furness saw large iron and steel mills develop, Kendal, Keswick and Carlisle all became mill towns, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. Later, the childrens writer Beatrix Potter also wrote in the region and became a major landowner and its strategic authority is Cumbria County Council. Local papers The Westmorland Gazette and Cumberland and Westmorland Herald continue to use the name of their historic county, other publications, such as local government promotional material, describe the area as Cumbria, as do the Lake District National Park Authority and most visitors. Cumbria is the most northwesterly county of England, the northernmost and southernmost points in Cumbria are just west of Deadwater, Northumberland and South Walney respectively. Kirkby Stephen and St Bees Head are the most easterly and westerly points of the county, at 978 metres Scafell Pike is the highest point in Cumbria and in England. Windermere is the largest natural lake in England, the Lancaster Canal runs from Preston into South Cumbria and is partly in use. The Ulverston Canal which once reached to Morecambe Bay is maintained although it was closed in 1945, the Solway Coast and Arnside and Silverdale AONBs lie in the lowland areas of the county, to the north and south respectively. Cumbria is bordered by the English counties of Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, Lancashire, the boundaries are along the Irish Sea to Morecambe Bay in the west, and along the Pennines to the east
6.
Northumberland
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Northumberland is a county in North East England. The northernmost county of England, it borders Cumbria to the west, County Durham and Tyne and Wear to the south, to the east is the North Sea coastline with a 64-mile long distance path. The county town is Alnwick although the county council is in Morpeth, the northernmost point of Northumberland and England is at Marshall Meadows Bay. The county of Northumberland included Newcastle upon Tyne until 1400, when the city became a county of itself, Northumberland expanded greatly in the Tudor period, annexing Berwick-upon-Tweed in 1482, Tynedale in 1495, Tynemouth in 1536, Redesdale around 1542 and Hexhamshire in 1572. Islandshire, Bedlingtonshire and Norhamshire were incorporated into Northumberland in 1844, Tynemouth and other settlements in North Tyneside were transferred to Tyne and Wear in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. Lying on the Anglo-Scottish border, Northumberland has been the site of a number of battles, the county is noted for its undeveloped landscape of high moorland, now largely protected as the Northumberland National Park. Northumberland is the most sparsely populated county in England, with only 62 people per square kilometre, Northumberland originally meant the land of the people living north of the River Humber. The present county is the core of that land, and has long been a frontier zone between England and Scotland. During Roman occupation of Britain, most of the present county lay north of Hadrians Wall, the Roman road Dere Street crosses the county from Corbridge over high moorland west of the Cheviot Hills into present Scotland to Trimontium. Northumberland has a rich prehistory with many instances of art, hillforts such as Yeavering Bell and stone circles like the Goatstones. Most of the area was occupied by the Brythonic-Celtic Votadini people, with another large tribe, later, the region of present-day Northumberland formed the core of the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia, which united with Deira to form the kingdom of Northumbria in the 7th century. Lindisfarne saw the production of the Lindisfarne Gospels and it became the home of St Cuthbert, bamburgh is the historic capital of Northumberland, the royal castle from before the unification of the Kingdoms of England under the monarchs of the House of Wessex in the 10th century. The Earldom of Northumberland was briefly held by the Scottish royal family by marriage between 1139–1157 and 1215–1217, Scotland relinquished all claims to the region as part of the Treaty of York. The Earls of Northumberland once wielded significant power in English affairs because, as powerful and militaristic Marcher Lords, Northumberland has a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the Rising of the North against Elizabeth I of England. These revolts were led by the Earls of Northumberland, the Percy family. Shakespeare makes one of the Percys, the dashing Harry Hotspur, after the Restoration of 1660, the county was a centre for Roman Catholicism in England, as well as a focus of Jacobite support. Northumberland was long a wild county, where outlaws and Border Reivers hid from the law, however, the frequent cross-border skirmishes and accompanying local lawlessness largely subsided after the Union of the Crowns of Scotland and England under King James I and VI in 1603. Northumberland played a key role in the Industrial Revolution from the 18th century on, many coal mines operated in Northumberland until the widespread closures in the 1970s and 1980s
7.
Tynemouth
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Tynemouth is a town and a historic borough in Tyne and Wear, England at the mouth of the River Tyne. The modern town of Tynemouth includes North Shields and Cullercoats and had a 2011 population of 67,519 and it is administered as part of the borough of North Tyneside, but until 1974 was an independent county borough, including North Shields, in its own right. It had a population of 17,056 in 2001, the population of the Tynemouth ward of North Tyneside was at the 2011 Census 10,472. Its history dates back to an Iron Age settlement and its position on a headland over-looking the mouth of the Tyne continued to be important through to the Second World War. Its historic buildings, dramatic views and award-winning beaches attract visitors from around the world, the heart of the town, known by residents as The village, has popular coffee-shops, pubs and restaurants. It is an area with comparatively expensive housing stock, ranging from Georgian terraces to Victorian ship-owners houses to 1960s executive homes. It is represented at Westminster by the Labour MP Alan Campbell, the headland towering over the mouth of the Tyne has been settled since the Iron Age. The Romans may have occupied it as a station, though it is north of the Hadrians Wall frontier. In the 7th century a monastery was built there and later fortified, three kings are reputed to have been buried within the monastery, Oswin, King of Deira, Osred II, King of Northumbria, and, for a time, Malcolm III, King of Scots. Three crowns still adorn the North Tyneside coat of arms, the queens of Edward I and Edward II stayed in the Castle and Priory while their husbands were campaigning in Scotland. King Edward III considered it to be one of the strongest castles in the Northern Marches, after the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, Edward II fled from Tynemouth by ship. A village had long established in the shelter of the fortified Priory. This led to a dispute between Tynemouth and the more powerful Newcastle over shipping rights on the Tyne which continued for centuries, prince Rupert of the Rhine landed at Tynemouth in August 1642 on his way to fight in the English Civil War. Tynemouth has a very moderated oceanic climate influenced by its position adjacent to the North Sea. As a result of this, summer highs are subdued and according to the Met Office 1981–2010 data around 18 °C, as a consequence of its marine influence, winter lows especially are very mild for a Northern English location. Sunshine levels of 1515 hours per annum are in the range for the coastal North East. In the late 18th century, sea-bathing became fashionable in Tynemouth from its east-facing beaches, King Edwards Bay and Tynemouth Longsands are very popular with locals and tourists alike. Priors Haven is a beach within the mouth of the Tyne
8.
Tyne and Wear
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Tyne and Wear is a metropolitan county in the North East region of England around the mouths of the rivers Tyne and Wear. It came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972 and it consists of the five metropolitan boroughs of South Tyneside, North Tyneside, City of Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead and City of Sunderland. It is bounded on the east by the North Sea, and has borders with Northumberland to the north, Tyne and Wear County Council was abolished in 1986, and so its districts are now unitary authorities. However, the county continues to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference. The Local Government Act 1888 constituted Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, between the county boroughs, various other settlements also formed part of the administrative counties of Durham and of Northumberland. The need to reform local government on Tyneside was recognised by the government as early as 1935, the second-tier units would form by amalgamating the various existing boroughs and districts. The county boroughs in the area would lose their status, within this area, a single municipality would be formed covering the four county boroughs of Newcastle, Gateshead, Tynemouth, South Shields and other urban districts and boroughs. A minority report proposed amalgamation of Newcastle, Gateshead, Wallsend, Jarrow, Felling, Gosforth, the 1937 proposals never came into operation, local authorities could not agree on a scheme and the legislation of the time did not allow central government to compel one. Tyneside was a Special Review Area under the Local Government Act 1958, the Local Government Commission for England came back with a recommendation to create a new county of Tyneside based on the review area, divided into four separate boroughs. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed a Tyneside unitary authority, again excluding Sunderland, the Bill as presented in November 1971 pruned back the southern edge of the area, and gave it the name Tyneside. The name Tyneside proved controversial on Wearside, and a government amendment changed the name to Tyne, although the metropolitan county council was abolished in 1986, several joint bodies exist to run certain services on a county-wide basis. Most notable is the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Authority, which co-ordinates transport policy, also through Nexus, the authority subsidises socially necessary transport services and operates a concessionary fares scheme for the elderly and disabled. The Passenger Transport Authority is an authority, raising funds by imposing a levy on the Council Tax of the five constituent authorities of Tyne. In April 2014 Nexus became a body of the new North East Combined Authority. These joint bodies are administered by representatives of all five of the constituent councils, in addition the Northumbria Police force, which covers the whole of Northumberland and Tyne and Wear, is one of several joint forces in England spanning two or more counties. The force was created in 1974, and so is not a by-product of the abolition of the county council, Tyne and Wear either has or closely borders two official Met Office stations, neither located in one of the major urban centres. The locations for those are in marine Tynemouth where Tyne meets the North Sea east of Newcastle, there are some clear differences between the stations temperature and precipitation patterns even though both have a cool-summer and mild-winter oceanic climate. Tyne and Wear is divided into 13 Parliamentary constituencies, at the level of local government, three of the regions five unitary authorities were controlled by Labour in 2005, the exceptions being Newcastle City Council and North Tyneside Council
9.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
10.
Bywell
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Bywell is a village in Northumberland, in England. It is situated on the bank of the River Tyne opposite Stocksfield. Bywell means bend in the river, Bywell is situated on a bend on the River Tyne. That is how the village got its name, Bywell is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. An electoral ward of the name exists. This ward stretches east to Wylam with a population of 4,534. Bywell Hall is a house of 1766 by James Paine. Bywell Castle is a tower built in the early 15th century for Ralph Neville. There are two churches in Bywell, st Andrews Church is situated near Bywell Hall and has a fine tower of the Anglo Saxon period, considered to be the best in the county —55 feet high and about 15 square feet. Part of a cross is another reminder of the early period and it was very much enlarged in the thirteenth century in a time of local prosperity. In the nineteenth century it was restored, and a lot of medieval grave covers were built into the walls of the church very attractively. The thirteenth century font was where Robert Surtees, the sporting novelist was baptized and he was born at the Riding on August 26,1806. There are monuments to Fenwicks of Bywell and Bacons of Styford, st Andrews Church is now redundant to requirements and is preserved as part of our heritage. The vicarage was demolished in 1852, and Mr Beaumont gave land for building another at Riding Mill, st Peters Church is different in situation, among the trees and close to the river. It has a medieval tower, and the church was extended in the thirteenth century. A close examination of the stonework will reveal features of the Saxon period, there is a tide dial on the south wall. The north chantry or chapel was for years used as a school. One lancet window is a memorial to the curate Henry Parr Dwarris, there is a monumental brass to Wentworth Canning Blackett Beaumont, Viscount Allendale, born at Bywell Hall in 1860
11.
Warden, Northumberland
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Warden is a village in Northumberland, England about 2 miles west of Hexham. The North and South Tyne actually meet near the village of Warden, there is a pleasant walk from the Boat Inn along the bank of the South Tyne to the meeting of the waters. The Boat Inn was formerly the place of a ferry until the bridge was built across the river. The toll house stands, but the old bridge was replaced in 1904 by a County structure. The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway crosses the river by a strongly built iron bridge, Warden is dominated by the old motte, now tree covered, and higher still are the earthworks of a prehistoric fort. The church boasts one of the slender Anglo-Danish towers which are a feature of the Tyne valley, the churchyard appears oval in shape, which reinforces the notion of the great age of these Tyne parish centres. A carved stone stands close to the tower, but nothing more is claimed for it than being a market cross, the socket of one such cross survived near the road at Acomb. From Warden one can see eastwards among the trees which rise on the slope of the valley the spire of the Church of St John Lee on high ground at Acomb. It commemorates the hermitage of St John of Beverley, sometime bishop of Hexham, the present church is no older than 1818-85. From High Warden, on the hillside, a path leads to a large fortified British camp crowning the hill, Warden is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham. Warden is situated on a triangle of land between the two Tynes and it had a water mill on the North Tyne and a paper mill on the South Tyne, which started in 1763 and still exists. A century ago a visitor described how the rags were converted into white paper. The church at Warden is dedicated to St Michael, and has a fine upstanding Anglo Saxon tower dating back to the eleventh century, indications are that there was a church earlier than the tower, and in the post Conquest period, another church was added to the tower. The tower arch is built of Roman material, probably from Chesters, transepts were added in the thirteenth century making the church cruciform in shape. There were alterations in the century, and the chancel was rebuilt in 1889. In the chancel is a Norman grave-cover that is the best of its kind in the county and its shape and tile decoration symbolise a house of the dead. There are a number of incised grave covers in the porch, and it has been split and reversed, possibly to empty out the devils. An 18th century horsing-stool stands at the church-gate, three of the bells in the church were cast in 1878 by the Newcastle firm of Cox and Sons
12.
River
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A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water, small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the term river as applied to geographic features. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location, examples are run in parts of the United States, burn in Scotland and northeast England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always, Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Potamology is the study of rivers while limnology is the study of inland waters in general. Extraterrestrial rivers of liquid hydrocarbons have recently found on Titan. Channels may indicate past rivers on other planets, specifically outflow channels on Mars and rivers are theorised to exist on planets, a river begins at a source, follows a path called a course, and ends at a mouth or mouths. The water in a river is confined to a channel. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Floodplains may be wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred, especially in areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing. Rivers can flow down mountains, through valleys or along plains, the term upriver refers to the direction towards the source of the river, i. e. against the direction of flow. Likewise, the term describes the direction towards the mouth of the river. The term left bank refers to the bank in the direction of flow. The river channel typically contains a stream of water, but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water. Extensive braided rivers are now found in only a few regions worldwide and they also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers and are quite rare
13.
North East England
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North East England is one of the nine regions of England that are classified at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It covers Northumberland, County Durham, Tyne and Wear, the region is home to three large conurbations, Teesside, Wearside, and Tyneside, the latter of which is the largest of the three and the eighth most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom. The city of Durham is the county town of County Durham, other large settlements in the region include Darlington, Gateshead, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, South Shields, Stockton-on-Tees and Washington. The region is hilly and sparsely populated in the North and West. The highest point in the region is The Cheviot, in the Cheviot Hills, Peters Church in Monkwearmouth, Sunderland and St. Pauls in Jarrow also hold significant historical value and have a joint bid to become a World Heritage Site. The area has a strong religious past, as can be seen in such as the Lindisfarne Gospels. The work of the 7th-century Cuthbert, Bede and Hilda of Whitby being hugely influential in the church and are still venerated today. Bede is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar and his best known work is The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. This body of work is thought to have been done in honour of Cuthbert, British history changed forever that day and three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement were to persist until William the Conqueror defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066. The last independent Northumbrian king from 947–8 was Eric Bloodaxe who died in battle at the Battle of Stainmore, Westmorland, after Eric Bloodaxes death, all England was ruled by Eadred the grandson of Alfred the Great and so began the machinery of national government. Today the Viking legacy can still be found in the language and place names of Northeast England, the name Newcastle comes from the new castle built shortly after their conquest in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. North East England has a climate with narrower temperature ranges than further south in England. Met Office operates several stations in the region. The stations nearest significant urban areas are Durham, Stockton-on-Tees and Tynemouth, the warmest summers in the region are found in Stockton-on-Tees and the Middlesbrough area with a 1981-2010 July average high of 20.4 °C. The summers on the coastlines are clearly cooler than in the southern and central inland areas. Moving further inland, frosts during winter gets more common due to the higher elevation and these companies are members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster. The early chemical industry in this region was however primarily Tyneside based and associated with the manufacture of soap and glass. The most important chemical activity in the 18th and 19th centuries was the manufacture of alkali to make soap, what came out of the industrial revolution was a period when the Northeast of Englands economy was dominated by iron and steel, coal mining and shipbuilding
14.
Hexham
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Hexham is a market town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, south of the River Tyne, and was the administrative centre for the Tynedale district from 1974 to 2009. In 2011, it had a population of 11,829, Newcastle upon Tyne is about 25 miles to the east. Hexham Abbey originated as a monastery founded by Wilfrid in 674, the crypt of the original monastery survives, and incorporates many stones taken from nearby Roman ruins, probably Coria or Hadrians Wall. The current Hexham Abbey dates largely from the 11th century onward, other notable buildings in the town include the Moot Hall, the covered market, and the Old Gaol. He was buried at Hexham in the church. Her wæs Alfwald Norðhymbra cyning ofslægen fram Sigan on. viiii, kalendas Octobris,7 heofonlic leoht wæs lome gesewen þær þær he ofslægen wæs,7 he wæs bebyrged on Hagustaldesee innan þære cyrican. The name of Hexham derives from the Old English Hagustaldes ea, in 1312, Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland, demanded and received £2000 from the town and monastery in order for them to be spared a similar fate. In 1346 the monastery was sacked in an invasion led by King David II of Scotland. In 1464 during the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of Hexham was fought somewhere to the south of the town, the defeated Lancastrian commander The Duke of Somerset was executed in Hexham market place. Until 1572, Hexham was the centre of the former Liberty or Peculiar of Hexhamshire. In 1715, James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater, raised the standard for James Francis Edward Stuart in Hexham Market place, the rising, however, was unsuccessful, and Derwentwater was captured and beheaded after the Battle of Preston. In 1761, the Hexham Riot took place in the Market Place when a crowd protesting about changes in the criteria for serving in the militia was fired upon by troops from North Yorkshire Militia, fifty-one protesters were killed, earning the Militia the soubriquet of The Hexham Butchers. Hexham was used in the Borders as a euphemism for Hell, hence the term To Hexham wi’ you an’ ye’r whussel. Recorded in 1873, and the popular expression Gang to Hexham, hexham-birnie is derived from the term and means an indefinitely remote place. Hexhams architectural landscape is dominated by Hexham Abbey, the current church largely dates from c. 1170–1250, in the Early English Gothic style of architecture, the choir, north and south transepts and the cloisters, where canons studied and meditated, date from this period. The east end was rebuilt in 1860, the abbey stands at the west end of the market place, which is home to the Shambles, a Grade II* covered market built in 1766 by Sir Walter Blackett. At the east end of the market stands the Moot Hall. The Moot Hall is a Grade I listed building, and was used as a courthouse until 1838, the Moot Hall now houses the Council offices of the Museums Department, though not open to the public any relevant enquiries can be made on the first floor
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Kielder Water
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Kielder Water is a large man-made reservoir in Northumberland in North East England. It is the largest artificial lake in the United Kingdom by capacity of water and it is surrounded by Kielder Forest, the scheme was planned in the late 1960s to satisfy an expected rise in demand for water to support a booming UK industrial economy. Kielder Water is owned by Northumbrian Water, and holds 200 billion litres and it has a 27. 5-mile shoreline, and is 39.7 km from the sea. After the scheme was approved by Parliament in 1974, work to build the reservoir, the reservoir and dam was designed for Northumbrian Water by consulting engineers Babtie, Shaw and Morton. With Sir Frederick Gibberd and Partners as consulting architect, earth moving and infrastructure construction was undertaken in a joint venture with AMEC and Balfour Beatty. The design meant the loss of farms and a school. The former permanent way of the Border Counties Railway was also taken away through the development of the reservoir, Elizabeth II officially opened the project the following year. The valley took a two years to fill with water completely. Kielder Water is also the site of Englands largest hydro electric plant and it was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 26 May 1982 and is owned by Northumbrian Water. In December 2005, RWE Npower Renewables bought the rights to operate the plant and sell the electricity generated by it, following the takeover, the turbines were refurbished in 2005–2006, which increased the efficiency of the electricity generation. Controls were also updated, meaning that the plant can be operated from Dolgarrog in Wales, the plant generates electricity using dual turbines which produce 6 megawatts of electricity. This comes from a combination of a 5 and this gives the reservoir an average production of 20,000 MWh of electricity per year, a saving of 8,600 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year compared to fossil fuel based methods of generation. The reservoirs main use is to provide compensating discharges into the North Tyne to support abstractions of water further downstream and it also underpins the £167m Kielder Transfer Scheme, where water can be transferred to the Wear and the Tees rivers, to meet shortfalls in those areas. In recent years, Kielder Water has become important, with underground springs ensuring that it always remains at high levels. This means that while the south of England is often forced to implement drought strategies and hosepipe bans, there are two main visitor centres at Kielder Water—Leaplish waterside park and Tower Knowe visitor centre—and other facilities at Kielder, Falstone and Stannersburn villages. It is also one of the major tourist venues, attracting more than 250,000 visitors a year who come to enjoy the wide range of leisure opportunities on offer. The Kielder Water Scheme, the last of its kind, Kielder Water Sailing Club Kielder water birds of prey centre Fishing on Kielder Water
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Kielder Forest
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Kielder Forest is a large forestry plantation in Northumberland, England, surrounding Kielder village and the Kielder Water reservoir. It is the largest man-made woodland in England with three-quarters of its 250 square miles covered by forest, the majority of the forest lies within the Border Forest Park, with the southern tip known as Wark Forest lying within Northumberland National Park. The forest is owned and managed by the United Kingdoms Forestry Commission, during the 1930s, the Ministry of Labour supplied men from among the ranks of the unemployed. Many came from the communities and shipyards of North East England. They were housed in one of a number of instructional centres created by the Ministry, most of them on Forestry Commission property, by 1938, the hutted camp in Kielder is now under Kielder Water. Numerous purpose-built villages were constructed for workers families, including Stonehaugh. The Forestry Commission, funded from the purse, purchased land across the country with the brief of establishing a strategic reserve of timber for the nation. This single objective held sway until the 1960s, Kielder today remains state-owned and its development from a single-objective plantation to a multi-purpose forest mirrors the development of plantation forestry across the United Kingdom. Many archaeological remains can be found within the forest and are an important cultural link to the turbulent history of the area. The name Kielder Forest is often applied to the area of hills. The group of hills merges into the Cheviots to the north-east but is generally well-defined on other sides and it reaches a maximum height of 602 m at Peel Fell and also contains the Marilyns of Sighty Crag and Larriston Fells. These hills, despite not being high, are particularly remote owing to the scarcity of settlement in the region. Indeed, Sighty Crag is the furthest hill in England from a road, sitka spruce covers 75% of the planted area, this species thrives in the damp conditions afforded by northern Britain. Other species include Norway spruce and lodgepole pine, which cover 9% of the area each, the remainder is made up of Scots pine, larch, Douglas-fir, and broadleaves including birch, rowan, cherry, oak, beech, and willow. 475,000 cubic metres of timber is harvested annually to supply local sawmilling, chipboard, pulp, most of this volume comes from clearfelling areas, an increasing percentage however is sourced from stands harvested under continuous cover silviculture systems. Clear felled areas are replanted with a mix of coniferous and broadleaf species, opportunities are also taken to increase the proportion of open space. As with all Forestry Commission woodlands timber is certified under the Forest Stewardship Council scheme. The forest contains a number of sites of scientific interest
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Bellingham, Northumberland
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Bellingham is a village in Northumberland, to the north-west of Newcastle upon Tyne and is situated on the Hareshaw Burn at its confluence with the River North Tyne. Famous as a point on the Pennine Way trail it is popular with walkers. Nearby is the Hareshaw Linn, a waterfall and the site of early coke blast furnaces, the villages local newspaper is the Hexham Courant. There is also an 18 hole golf course which was established in 1893, the Heritage Centre is the local museum. It has exhibitions on the Border Counties Railway, the Border reivers, mining, farming, the photography of W P Collier, and it has a database of local family names and one of old photographs. It also holds exhibitions of historical or artistic interest, and readings and performances by poets, storytellers, musicians. The Grade-I listed St Cuthberts Church is described as almost unique in England owing to its barrel vault. Three miracles connected with the cult of St Cuthbert, are recorded in the twelfth century Libellus of Reginald of Durham. Adjacent to the church is St Cuthberts Well, known locally as Cuddys Well, from 1735 the parish rectors at Bellingham were under the patronage of the Governors of Greenwich Hospital. The Governors stipulated that the rectors were to be graduates of Oxford or Cambridge, Bellingham Rectory was one of six such rectories in the Simonburn area. The village football team competes in the Tyneside Amateur League First Division, Bellingham Bridge is a Grade II listed building built in 1834. Two miles north-east at Hole Farm is the sixteenth century Grade II* listed building, Hole Bastle, Shitlington Crags is a crag near Shitlington Hall, south of Bellingham. The crag is at an altitude of 170 metres. The Pennine Way passes by the crag, sir David Lindsay Keir born and raised here An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to the Scottish Border with a population of 4,074. The Pennine Way Site GENUKI Northumberland Communities
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Alston, Cumbria
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Alston is a small town in Cumbria, England, within the civil parish of Alston Moor on the River South Tyne. It shares the title of the highest market town in England, at about 1,000 feet above sea level, with Buxton, much of the town centre is a designated Conservation Area which includes several listed buildings. Alston lies within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, more than 15 miles from the nearest town, nearby villages include Garrigill and Nenthead. Situated at the crossroads/junction of the A686, A689 and B6277, the lies on the confluence of the River South Tyne. On 18 May 2013 very heavy rain resulted in flooding in seven areas of Alston, the Environment Agency records indicate that 51mm of rain fell that day. The landscape of the area is built up from limestone, sandstone, the area is rich in minerals, in particular lead deposits, and the landscape has been heavily influenced by the effects of varying methods of mining over the centuries. This town has a cool and relatively rainy climate, with mild summers and chilly winters. It is one of the coldest inhabited places in England, there are some ski-tows on the northwest slopes of Burnhope Seat, a hill situated 4 miles away from the urban area of Alston. This forms the Yad Moss ski facility, which has recently upgraded by Sport England. The fort lies on the Maiden Way Roman road which runs north from Kirkby Thore to Carvoran on Hadrians Wall. Whitley Castle would have guarded this central supply route to Hadrians Wall, the name of the town is recorded in 1164–71 as Aldeneby and in 1209 as Aldeneston, and seems to mean the settlement or farmstead belonging to Halfdan. In 1085, the Barons de Veteriponte became the first recorded Lords of the Manor and this was confirmed in a hearing during 1279 that concluded that the miners of the area were distinct from the local population, thus paying their dues to the English crown instead of to Scotland. As a result, the miners lived in their own self-regulated communities under English protection, despite the town being on the Tyne and being historically part of Tynedale, the area has never been part of either Hexhamshire or Northumberland but part of Cumberland and later Cumbria. This was probably because the mines in the area were at one time administered from Carlisle, historically the area has been mined for lead, silver, zinc, coal and fluorspar. The nearby Roman fort of Whitley Castle may in part have been sited to control and protect the lead mines there. In the 13th century, the area was known as the mines of Carlisle—silver was found in a high proportion and was used to create coinage in the Royal Mint established in Carlisle for the purpose. In 1745, it began construction of a school, a library, a house, a surgeons house, a market hall with clock tower, a laundry. Many of the last mines closed in the 1950s, a small drift coal mine was still active in 2013
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Haltwhistle
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Haltwhistle is a small town and civil parish in Northumberland, England,10 miles east of Brampton, near Hadrians Wall. It had a population of 3,811 at the 2011 Census, stone-built houses are a feature of Haltwhistle. It is one of two settlements in Great Britain which claim to be the geographic centre of the island. The name Haltwhistle has nothing to do with a railway stop, early forms of the name are Hautwesel, Hautwysel, Hawtewysill, Hautwysell, Haltwesell. The second part -twistle relates to two streams or rivers and it derives from two Old English words twicce or twise, twice, division into two and wella, stream, brook. The second word is reduced in the word to ull. All but one of the examples in place names represent a high tongue of land between two streams where they join. The first part is derived from Old English hēafod, here hill-top, in general, head, headland, summit. If so, it describes the hill-top on which Holy Cross Church, rowland suggests Hal from hill An suggestion is French haut-, meaning high, since the settlement already existed long before the Norman Conquest. Haltwhistle was probably in existence in Roman times, as it is one of the closest approaches of the River South Tyne in its upland reaches to Hadrians Wall, the old Roman road or Stanegate passes just two miles to the north of the town. The development of the town was based on its position on the main Newcastle to Carlisle road, the gold coins were, one of Claudius Caesar, reverse Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus, one of Nero and one of Vespasian. The find is known as the Thorngrafton Hoard and the empty arm-purse can still be seen in the museum at Chesters Fort, more recently, paint manufacture became a major commercial force in the town, but has now stopped major production. Current local employers include factories making plastic bottles and de-icing products, in the 21st century, the tourist industry dominates the economy with Hadrians Wall and walking and rambling counting among the principal interests of tourists. Haltwhistle lies within the now unitary Northumberland County Council and was up until April 2009 part of Tynedale district and it is believed that Haltwhistle may be one of the smallest towns to have made such a provision in Great Britain. An electoral ward with the name still exists. This ward stretches from Hexham south up the R, South Tyne and has a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 4,832. The town is in the constituency of Hexham. Haltwhistle was a town for the exchange of local goods
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Haydon Bridge
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Haydon Bridge is a village in Northumberland, England, with a population of about 2000, the civil parish being measured at 2,184 in the Census 2011. Its most distinctive features are the two bridges crossing the River South Tyne, the original bridge for which the village was named. A bypass was completed in 2009 and the A69 now bypasses the village to the south, the A686 road joins the A69 just to the south east of the village, linking Haydon Bridge with Alston and Penrith. Haydon Bridge is in the constituency of Hexham. It has been held by the Conservatives since the part of the twentieth century but not always with a majority of the votes cast. The village has four pubs, The Railway, The Anchor, The General Havelock, there are two schools, Shaftoe Trust First School and Haydon Bridge High School. The Reading Rooms has been converted into a Bed and breakfast, the Railway Hotel has recently been refurbished and the old Railway Inn is now part of the hotel which also provides visitor to the village with accommodation, a bistro restaurant and beauty salon. A few years ago, the old foundry as locals called it was demolished to make way for new accommodation specifically for past, the new flats are modern buildings designed to fit in with the rest of the architecture of the village. The Haydon Bridge area plays host to a variety of different species, most notably, the elusive red squirrel. However, grey squirrels are moving through the area and the group Haydon Bridge Red Squirrels was set up to combat this, the village is served by Haydon Bridge railway station on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, also known as the Tyne Valley Line. The line was opened in 1838, and links the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in Tyne, the line follows the course of the River Tyne through Northumberland. Passenger services on the Tyne Valley Line are operated by Northern Rail, the line is also heavily used for freight. Arriva and Stagecoach operate bus services jointly between Carlisle and Newcastle, with passing through the village approximately every hour in each direction. Wright Bros Coaches currently provides a service to destinations such as Hexham, Newcastle, Alston. Tyne Valley Coaches also provide services to the village usually on school days and only as far as Hexham via Newbrough. The airport also operates flights to many European destinations, along with destinations in northern Africa. The village where the new church is and on which the old church at Haydon looks down, was built in 1796. Dedicated to St. Cuthbert, it is said to have one of the many resting places of the bones of the saint
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Hadrian's Wall
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It had a stone base and a stone wall. There were milecastles with two turrets in between, there was a fort about every five Roman miles. From north to south, the wall comprised a ditch, wall, military way and vallum and it is thought the milecastles were staffed with static garrisons, whereas the forts had fighting garrisons of infantry and cavalry. In addition to the defensive military role, its gates may have been customs posts. A significant portion of the wall still stands and can be followed on foot along the adjoining Hadrians Wall Path, the largest Roman artefact anywhere, it runs a total of 73 miles in northern England. Regarded as a British cultural icon, Hadrians Wall is one of Britains major ancient tourist attractions and it was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It is a misconception that Hadrians Wall marks the boundary between England and Scotland. In fact Hadrians Wall lies entirely within England and has never formed the Anglo-Scottish border, while it is less than 1 kilometre south of the border with Scotland in the west at Bowness-on-Solway, in the east it is as much as 110 kilometres away. Hadrians Wall was 80 Roman miles or 117.5 km long, its width and height varied according to the materials available nearby.5 metres high. These dimensions do not include the walls ditches, berms and forts, the central section measured eight Roman feet wide on a 3 m base. Some parts of section of the wall survive to a height of 3 m. Immediately south of the wall, a ditch was dug, with adjoining parallel mounds. This is known today as the Vallum, even though the word Vallum in Latin is the origin of the English word wall, in many places – for example Limestone Corner – the Vallum is better preserved than the wall, which has been robbed of much of its stone. The A69 and B6318 roads follow the course of the wall from Newcastle upon Tyne to Carlisle, although the curtain wall ends near Bowness-on-Solway, this does not mark the end of the line of defensive structures. The system of milecastles and turrets is known to have continued along the Cumbria coast as far as Risehow, for classification purposes, the milecastles west of Bowness-on-Solway are referred to as Milefortlets. Hadrians Wall was probably planned before Hadrians visit to Britain in AD122, according to restored sandstone fragments found in Jarrow which date from 118 or 119, it was Hadrians wish to keep intact the empire, which had been imposed on him via divine instruction. The fragments then announce the building of the wall and it is entirely possible that, on his arrival in Britain in 122, one of the stops on his itinerary was the northern frontier to inspect the progress of the building of the wall. Theories have been presented by historians, mostly of an expression of Roman power and these troubles may have influenced Hadrians plan to construct the wall as well as his construction of limites in other areas of the Empire, but to what extent is unknown
22.
River Tees
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The River Tees is in northern England. It rises on the slope of Cross Fell in the North Pennines. The river drains 710 square miles and has a number of tributaries including the River Greta, River Lune, River Balder, River Leven, before the reorganisation of the historic English counties, the river formed the boundary between County Durham and Yorkshire. The head of the valley, whose upper portion is known as Teesdale, has a grandeur, surrounded by moorland and hills. This area is part of the North Pennine Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the source of the river at Teeshead just below Cross Fell lies at an elevation of approximately 2,401 feet. It flows east-north-east through an area of shake holes through Carboniferous Limestone, below Viewing Hill, it turns south to the Cow Green Reservoir constructed to store water to be released in dry conditions to satisfy the industrial need for water on Teesside. Emerging from the reservoir at Cauldron Snout the river traverses a series of black basalt and dolerite rocks that intrude through the softer limestone. From this point downstream the Tees forms the boundary between the counties of Durham and Yorkshire almost without a break, although since 1974 much of it lies wholly in Durham. The dale widens below Cauldron Snout, and trees appear, contrasting with the rocks where the water descends over High Force. After a short turn northwards, the continues to meander south-easterly. Close to where the B6277 road begins to run parallel to the river is the 98-foot High Force waterfall, about 1 1⁄2 miles downstream is the smaller Low Force waterfall. The scenery becomes gentler and more picturesque as the river descends past Middleton-in-Teesdale and this locality has lead and ironstone resources. Just to the east of Middleton-in-Teesdale, the River Lune joins the Tees, after passing the village of Romaldkirk to the west, the river is joined by the River Balder at Cotherstone. The ancient town of Barnard Castle, Egglestone Abbey, and Rokeby Park, at Rokeby the Tees is joined by the River Greta. From the area near Eggleston, the river is crossing over millstone grit, from here the valley begins to open out, and traverses the rich plain east and south of Darlington in large meandering curves. The course of the valley down to here has been generally east-south-east, passing Ovington and Winston it runs parallel to the A67 south-east past Gainford and Piercebridge to Darlington, passing under the A1 and A66. The section from Piercebridge to Hurworth flows over magnesian limestone and it is at Croft-on-Tees that the River Skerne joins the Tees. The river now flows south past Croft-on-Tees before swinging northwards past Hurworth-on-Tees, a series of large meanders takes the course past Neasham, Low Dinsdale and Sockburn to Middleton St George
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River Wear
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The River Wear in North East England rises in the Pennines and flows eastwards, mostly through County Durham to the North Sea in the City of Sunderland. At 60 mi long, it is one of the regions longest rivers, wends in a valley through the cathedral city of Durham and gives its name to Weardale in its upper reach. The Wear rises in the east Pennines, an upland area raised up during the Caledonian orogeny, specifically, the Weardale Granite underlies the headwaters of the Wear. Devonian Old Red Sandstone in age, this Weardale Granite does not outcrop but was surmised by early geologists and it is thought that the course of the River Wear, prior to the last Ice Age, was much as it is now as far as Chester-le-Street. This can be established as a result of boreholes, of which there have been many in the Wear valley due to coal mining, however, northwards from Chester-le-Street, the Wear may have originally followed the current route of the lower River Team. At about 14,000 years ago, retreat of the ice paused for maybe 500 years at the city of Durham and this can be established by the types of glacial deposits in the vicinity of Durham City. The confluence of the River Browney was pushed from Gilesgate, several miles south to Sunderland Bridge, the gorge cut by the river through the Permian Magnesian Limestone can be seen most clearly at Ford Quarry. In the 17th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, reference is made to a pre-Ice Age course of the River Wear outfalling at Hartlepool and this may, in part, be due to the Pennine areas of Upper Weardale and Upper Teesdale being the site of the shrinking ice cap. The glaciation left behind many indications of its presence, including lateral moraines and material from the Lake District and Northumberland, after the Ice Age, the Wear valley became thickly forested, however during the Neolithic period and increasingly in the Bronze Age, were largely deforested for agriculture. Much of the River Wear is associated with the history of the Industrial Revolution and its upper end runs through lead mining country, until this gives way to coal seams of the Durham coalfield for the rest of its length. As a result of quarrying, lead mining and coal mining. The Weardale Railway continues to run services between Stanhope and Wolsingham. Mining of lead ore has been known in the area of the headwaters of the Wear since the Roman occupation, however, abandoned mines and their spoil heaps continue to contribute to heavy metal mineral pollution of the river and its tributaries. This has significance to fishing in times of low flow and infrastructure costs as the River Wear is an important source of drinking water for many of the inhabitants along its course. Fluorspar is another mineral sporadically co-present with Weardale Granite and became important in the manufacture of steel from the late 19th century into the 20th century, in many cases the steel industries were able to take fluorspar from old excavation heaps. Fluorspar explains why iron and steel manufacture flourished in the Wear valley, Consett, overlying are three Carboniferous minerals, limestone, Coal Measures as raw materials for iron and steel manufacture, and sandstone, useful as a refractory material. The last remaining flourspar mine closed in 1999 following legislation re water quality, a mine at Rogerley Quarry, Frosterley, is operated by an American consortium who occasionally work it for specimen minerals. Minco are currently exploring the North Pennines and the upper Wear catchment for potential reserves of zinc at lower levels and these sources were in due course depleted or became uneconomic
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North Pennines
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The North Pennines is the northernmost section of the Pennine range of hills which runs north–south through northern England. It lies between Carlisle to the west and Darlington to the east and it is bounded to the north by the Tyne Valley and to the south by the Stainmore Gap. The North Pennines was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1988 for its moorland scenery, at almost 770 square miles it is the second largest of the 49 AONBs in the United Kingdom. The area has previously been mined and quarried for minerals such as barytes, coal fluorspar, iron, lead, witherite, in 2013, a Canadian mining company were allowed to test drill fro zinc around Allenheads and Nenthead. They said the region was sitting on a deposit of zinc. The area shares a boundary with the Yorkshire Dales National Park in the south and extends as far as the Tyne Valley, just south of Hadrians Wall in the north. One of the walking routes in the North Pennines is Isaacs Tea Trail. The AONB is notable for rare flora and fauna, including wild alpine plants not found elsewhere in Britain and it is also home to red squirrels and diverse birds of prey. The impressive landscape of the North Pennines – from High Force on the River Tees to the valley of High Cup Gill above Dufton – are the product of millions of years of geological processes. The worldwide significance of the found in the area was recognised in 2003 when the AONB became Britains first European Geopark. A year later the area one of the founding members of the UNESCO-assisted Global Geopark family. Geoparks are areas with outstanding geological heritage where this is being used to support sustainable development, another of the North Pennines oddities is that it is home to Englands only named wind, the Helm Wind. It has caught out many walkers traversing the plateaux around Cross Fell, the Eden Valley fellside, the great English poet W. H. Auden spent much time in this area and some forty poems and two plays are set here. Auden visited the area in 1919 and five years later was writing poems about Alston Moor and he referred to the region as his Mutterland, his great good place, and equated it with his idea of Eden. Scores of Pennine place-names are found in his work, including Cauldron Snout, there is a small visitor centre at Bowlees which aims to provide a gateway to Upper Teesdale and the wider North Pennines AONB
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Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
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An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is an area of countryside in England, Wales or Northern Ireland which has been designated for conservation due to its significant landscape value. Areas are designated in recognition of their importance, by the relevant public body, Natural England, Natural Resources Wales. In place of AONB, Scotland uses the similar national scenic area designation and they also differ from national parks in their more limited opportunities for extensive outdoor recreation. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management, as they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. National parks are known to many inhabitants of the UK, by contrast. The idea for what would become the AONB designation was first put forward by John Dower in his 1945 Report to the Government on National Parks in England. Dower suggested there was need for protection of certain naturally beautiful landscapes which were unsuitable as national parks due to their small size and lack of wildness. Dowers recommendation for the designation of these other amenity areas was eventually embodied in the National Parks, there are 46 AONBs in Britain. The first AONB was designated in 1956 in the Gower Peninsula, AONBs vary greatly in terms of size, type and use of land, and whether they are partly or wholly open to the public. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly,16 km2, the AONBs of England and Wales together cover around 18% of the countryside in the two countries. The AONBs of Northern Ireland together cover about 70% of Northern Irelands coastline, AONBs in England and Wales were originally created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have special powers to prevent unsympathetic development. Two of the AONBs, which extend into a number of local authority areas, have their own statutory bodies. All English and Welsh AONBs have a dedicated AONB officer and other staff, as required by the CRoW Act, each AONB has a management plan that sets out the characteristics and special qualities of the landscape and how they will be conserved and enhanced. The AONBs are collectively represented by the National Association for AONBs, AONBs in Northern Ireland were designated originally under the Amenity Lands Act 1965, subsequently under the Nature Conservation and Amenity Lands Order 1985. There are growing concerns among environmental and countryside groups that AONB status is increasingly under threat from development, the Campaign to Protect Rural England said in July 2006 that many AONBs were under greater threat than ever before. The subsequent development, known as Falmer Stadium, was opened in July 2011. The Weymouth Relief Road in Dorset was constructed between 2008 and 2011, after environmental groups lost a High Court challenge to prevent its construction, writing in 2006, Professor Adrian Phillips listed threats facing AONBs
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England and Wales
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The devolved National Assembly for Wales was created in 1999 by the Parliament of the United Kingdom under the Government of Wales Act 1998 and provides a degree of self-government in Wales. The powers of the Assembly were expanded by the Government of Wales Act 2006, which allows it to pass its own laws, there is no equivalent body for England, which is directly governed by the Parliament and the government of the United Kingdom. During the Roman occupation of Britain, the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit, at that time, most of the native inhabitants of Roman Britain spoke Brythonic languages, and were all regarded as Britons, divided into numerous tribes. After the conquest, the Romans administered this region as a single unit and this aimed to replace Welsh criminal law with English law. Welsh law continued to be used for civil cases until the annexation of Wales to England in the 16th century, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 then consolidated the administration of all the Welsh territories and incorporated them fully into the legal system of the Kingdom of England. Prior to 1746 it was not clear whether a reference to England in legislation included Wales and this specified that in all prior and future laws, references to England would by default include Wales. The Wales and Berwick Act was repealed in 1967, although the definition of England it created is preserved for acts passed prior to its repeal. Since the Acts repeal what was referred to as England is now England and Wales, while references to England, England and Wales are treated as a single unit, for most purposes, because the two form the constitutional successor to the former Kingdom of England. The continuance of Scots law was guaranteed under the 1706 Treaty of Union that led to the Acts of Union 1707, thus, most laws applicable to England also applied to Wales. However, Parliament now passes laws applicable to Wales and not to England, examples are the Welsh Language Acts 1967 and 1993 and the Government of Wales Act 1998. Measures and Acts of the National Assembly for Wales passed since the Government of Wales Act 2006 also apply in Wales, following the Government of Wales Act, effective since May 2007, the National Assembly for Wales can legislate on matters devolved to it. Following a referendum on 3 March 2011, the Welsh Assembly gained direct law-making powers and this was the first time in almost 500 years that Wales had its own powers to legislate. Each piece of Welsh legislation is known as an Act of the Assembly, outside of the legal system the position is mixed. Some organisations combine as England and Wales, others are separate, some religious denominations organise on the basis of England and Wales, most notably the Roman Catholic Church, but also small denominations, e. g. the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. Prior to the disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920, the Electoral Commission maintains a register of political parties, organised according to where the party operates. The order of precedence in England and Wales is distinct from those of Northern Ireland and Scotland, the national parks of England and Wales have a distinctive legislative framework and history. Courts of England and Wales Judiciary of England and Wales Cultural relationship between the Welsh and the English Geography of Wales Geography of England British Isles
27.
Corbridge
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Corbridge is a village in Northumberland, England,16 miles west of Newcastle and 4 miles east of Hexham. Villages nearby include Halton, Acomb, Aydon and Sandhoe, known to the Romans as something like Corstopitum or Coriosopitum, wooden writing tablets found at Vindolanda suggest it was probably locally called Coria. Some relationship with the Roman name Corstopitum seems clear, however, Coria was the most northerly town in the Roman Empire, lying at the junction of Stanegate and Dere Street. The first fort was established c, AD85, although there was a slightly earlier base nearby at Beaufront Red House. By the middle of the 2nd century AD, the fort was replaced by a town with two walled compounds, which were garrisoned until the end of the Roman occupation of the site. The best-known finds from the site include the stone Corbridge Lion, in Rudyard Kiplings Puck of Pooks Hill, the town of Hunno on the Wall, is probably based on Corstopitum. The Roman Town is now managed by English Heritage on behalf of HM Government, the site has been largely excavated and features a large museum and shop. The fort is the attraction in Corbridge and is open daily between 10 and 6 in the summer and at weekends between 10 and 4 in the winter. The Church of England parish church of Saint Andrew is thought to have been consecrated in 676, Saint Wilfrid is supposed to have had the church built at the same time as Hexham Abbey. It has been altered several times since, with a Norman doorway, the Church is built largely from stone taken from Hadrians Wall, and the entrance to the Church is through glass doors given by Rowan Atkinson and etched in memory of his mother. There are only three fortified vicarages in the county, and one of these is in Corbridge, built in the 14th century, the Vicars Pele is to be found in the south-east corner of the churchyard, and has walls 1.3 metres in thickness. The register for St. Andrews dates from 1657, later on in the towns history, Wesleyan, Primitive and Free Methodist chapels were all built too. Even older than the Vicars Pele is Corbridge Low Hall, dating from the late 13th or early 14th century with one end converted to a tower in the 15th century. The main block was remodelled in the 16th and 17th centuries, a number of fine Victorian mansions were developed on Prospect Hill to house successful industrialists and local businessmen in the late 19th century. Corbridge suffered, as did many other settlements in the county, raids were commonplace, and it was not unusual for the livestock to be brought into the town at night and a watch placed to guard either end of the street for marauders. A bridge over the Tyne was built in the 13th century, the present bridge, an impressive stone structure with seven arches, was erected in 1674. Corbridge is in the constituency of Hexham. An electoral ward of the name exists
28.
Clara Vale
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Clara Vale is a village situated on the south bank of the River Tyne in Tyne and Wear, England. Once an independent village in County Durham it became incorporated into the new county of Tyne and Wear in 1974. Clara Vale stands on the bank of the River Tyne in a low-lying. Crawcrook borders the hamlet to the south, to the north, across the river, is the village of Wylam in Northumberland. It is notable for being the first settlement in Tyne and Wear that the river Tyne reaches and passes after leaving Northumberland, in local government, Clara Vale is located in the Crawcrook, Greenside and Clara Vale ward of Gateshead Council. The ward is at the far west of Gateshead and borders part of Northumberland, the ward is served by three councillors. Clara Vale is located within the constituency of Blaydon. Its current MP is Labours Dave Anderson, before the colliery and village wre developed, a water-driven corn mill called Crawcrook Mill stood near the centre of the current village. Clara Vale was built as a community at the time the coal mine was opened in July 1893. Both pit and housing were built by the Stella Coal Company. The mine closed down in February 1966, around the time as many other nearby pits such as Emma, Greenside. The colliery and settlement were named after the wife of colliery owner John Bell Simpson, there are early references to Claraville and some old maps refer to the village as Claravale. There is very little in the way of housing, only the one terraced street. Of the other housing and buildings, there is only the chapel. By avoiding the suburbanisation experienced by nearby towns and villages such as Crawcrook, Greenside, Clara Vale has retained its rural character completely. Farms and countryside surrounds the village and this includes a local nature reserve which stands at the site of the old colliery. Due to its size, Clara Vale has limited amenities. However, nearby Crawcrook and Ryton offer a range of shops and services and both of these are walking distance of the village so whilst Clara Vale remains secluded
29.
Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead
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The Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, in North East England. The borough forms the south west part of the county and it is named after its largest town, Gateshead, but also spans the towns of Rowlands Gill, Whickham, Blaydon and Ryton, suburban areas include Felling, Pelaw, Dunston and Low Fell. The district has some 201,000 inhabitants and lies between the county boundaries of Northumberland and County Durham. It along with South Tyneside was the division between Northumberland and County Durham, in 1986 the County Council of Tyne and Wear was abolished, and so Gateshead Council effectively became a unitary authority. There were originally two civil parishes in Gateshead - Birtley and Lamesley, both from the Chester-le-Street RD, Birtley Town Council and parish were abolished on 1 April 2006. In national government the borough contains two parliamentary constituencies, Gateshead and Blaydon, the Gateshead constituency covers the centre and east of the borough. The MP, elected in 2010, is Ian Mearns, the Blaydon constituency covers the west of the borough and Birtley to the south. It is represented by Dave Anderson, jarrow takes in the very eastern tip of the borough, including Pelaw. In total there are twenty two wards in the borough, each ward elects three councillors. In total there are 54 Labour councillors and 12 Lib Dem councillors, Gateshead has hosted two major political conferences. The first of these was Labours spring conference, ahead of the 2005 general election, the Conservatives also held a conference at the Sage Gateshead in March 2008. The Conservatives do not have any councillors in Gateshead and at the time only had one MP in the whole of the north east region and that conference was seen as an attempt to connect to voters in the area. Gateshead has a number of schools across the borough at both primary and secondary level, results are well above average, with a number of outstanding schools. Indeed, Gateshead has amongst the best primary and secondary schools in the country overall, a range of schools are present in Gateshead, including Jewish, Roman Catholic, Church of England, Methodist and non-religious state schools. There is one independent school in the borough, Chase school in Whickham, further independent schools can be found in Newcastle, Sunderland and Tynedale. Gateshead town itself has an education college, Gateshead College. Gateshead has a variety of landscapes, urban and industrial areas include the town itself, Felling and Blaydon, with more semi-rural and rural locations in the west including Ryton and Rowlands Gill. Overall though, it is a green area with over half of the borough being green belt or countryside
30.
Newcastle upon Tyne
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Newcastle is the most populous city in the North East and forms the core of the Tyneside conurbation, the eighth most populous urban area in the United Kingdom. Newcastle is a member of the English Core Cities Group and is a member of the Eurocities network of European cities. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it became a county of itself, the regional nickname and dialect for people from Newcastle and the surrounding area is Geordie. Newcastle also houses Newcastle University, a member of the Russell Group, the city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conquerors eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the trade in the 14th century. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the worlds largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastles economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, among its icons are Newcastle United football club and the Tyne Bridge. Since 1981 the city has hosted the Great North Run, a marathon which attracts over 57,000 runners each year. The first recorded settlement in what is now Newcastle was Pons Aelius and it was given the family name of the Roman Emperor Hadrian, who founded it in the 2nd century AD. This rare honour suggests Hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of Britain, Pons Aelius population at this period was estimated at 2,000. Fragments of Hadrians Wall are visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road, the course of the Roman Wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort in Wallsend—the walls end—and to the supply fort Arbeia in South Shields. After the Roman departure from Britain, completed in 410, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, conflicts with the Danes in 876 left the river Tyne and its settlements in ruin. After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all, because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of William the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in the year 1080. The town was known as Novum Castellum or New Castle. The wooden structure was replaced by a castle in 1087. The castle was again in 1172 during the reign of Henry II. Much of the keep which can be seen in the city dates from this period. Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was Englands northern fortress, incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589
31.
Gateshead
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Gateshead is a large town in Tyne and Wear, England, and the main settlement in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead. The local authority of Gateshead is also the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, Gateshead lay in County Durham, in 1835 the town became part of Gateshead County Borough. After the Local Government Act 1972, in 1974, Gateshead became part of the Gateshead Metropolitan Borough local authority, the town lies on the southern bank of the River Tyne opposite Newcastle upon Tyne. Gateshead and Newcastle are joined by seven bridges across the Tyne, the town is known for its architecture, including the Sage Gateshead, the Angel of the North and the Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art. Residents of Gateshead, like the rest of Tyneside, are referred to as Geordies, Gatesheads population in 2011 was 120,046. Gateshead is first mentioned in Latin translation in Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People as ad caput caprae at the goats head, although other derivations have been mooted, it is this that is given by the standard authorities. There has been a settlement on the Gateshead side of the River Tyne, around the old river crossing where the Swing Bridge now stands, the first recorded mention of Gateshead is in the writings of the Venerable Bede who referred to an Abbot of Gateshead called Utta in 623. In 1068 William the Conqueror defeated the forces of Edgar the Ætheling, during medieval times Gateshead was under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Durham. At this time the area was largely forest with agricultural land. The forest was the subject of Gatesheads first charter, granted in the 12th century by Hugh du Puiset, an alternative spelling may be Gatishevede, as seen in a legal record, dated 1430. The earliest recorded coal mining in the Gateshead area is dated to 1344, as trade on the Tyne prospered there were several attempts by the burghers of Newcastle to annex Gateshead. In 1576 a small group of Newcastle merchants acquired the Grand Lease of the manors of Gateshead, in the hundred years from 1574 coal shipments from Newcastle increased elevenfold while the population of Gateshead doubled to approximately 5,500. However, the lease and the abundant coal supplies ended in 1680, the pits were shallow as problems of ventilation and flooding defeated attempts to mine coal from the deeper seams. William Hawks originally a blacksmith, started business in Gateshead in 1747, Hawks and Co. eventually became one of the biggest iron businesses in the North, producing anchors, chains and so on to meet a growing demand. There was keen rivalry between Hawks Blacks and Crowleys Crew. The famous Hawks men including Ned White, went on to be celebrated in Geordie song, throughout the Industrial Revolution the population of Gateshead expanded rapidly, between 1801 and 1901 the increase was over 100,000. This expansion resulted in the spread southwards of the town, in 1854, a catastrophic explosion on the quayside destroyed most of Gatesheads medieval heritage, and caused widespread damage on the Newcastle side of the river. Robert Stirling Newall took out a patent on the manufacture of ropes in 1840
32.
Jarrow
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Jarrow is a town in north-east England, located on the River Tyne. Historically part of County Durham, in 1974 it became part of the county of Tyne. In the 8th century, the monastery of Saint Paul in Jarrow was the home of Bede, who is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar and the father of English history. From the middle of the 19th century until 1935, Jarrow was a centre for shipbuilding, Jarrow had a population of 43,431 in 2011. Later spellings are Jaruum in 1158, and Jarwe in 1228, today Jarrow residents popular nickname for Jarrow is Jarra. Along with the abbey at Wearmouth, Jarrow became a center of learning and had the largest library north of the Alps, primarily due to the travels of Benedict Biscop. In 794 Jarrow became the target in England of the Vikings. The monastery was dissolved by Henry VIII. The ruins of the monastery are now associated with and partly built into the church of St. Paul. One wall of the church contains the oldest stained-glass window in the world, just beside the monastery is Bedes World, a working museum dedicated to the life and times of Bede. Bedes World also incorporates Jarrow Hall, a grade II listed building, originally three copies of the Bible were commissioned by Saint Ceolfrid in 692. This date has been established as the monastery of Wearmouth-Jarrow secured a grant of additional land to raise the 2000 head of cattle needed to produce the vellum for the Bibles pages. Saint Ceolfrid accompanied one copy on its journey to be presented to Gregory II, the book later appears in the 9th century in the Abbey of the Saviour, Monte Amiata in Tuscany, where it remained until 1786 when it passed to the Laurentian Library in Florence. Jarrow remained a town until the introduction of heavy industries like coal mining and shipbuilding. Charles Mark Palmer established a shipyard – Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company – in 1852, john Bowes, the first iron screw collier, revived the Tyne coal trade, and Palmers was also responsible for the first modern cargo ship, as well as a number of notable warships. Around 1,000 ships were built at the yard, they produced small fishing boats to catch eel within the River Tyne. Palmers employed as much as 80% of the working population until its closure in 1933 following purchase by National Shipbuilders Securities Ltd. This organisation had set up by Stanley Baldwins Conservative government in the 1920s
33.
Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne
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Walker is a residential suburb and electoral ward just east of the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The population of the ward at the 2011 census was 11,701, perhaps the most historic fact about Walker is contained in its name, which refers to Hadrians Wall which passed along its northern edge. The place-name Walker is first attested in 1242, where it appears as Waucre and this means wall-carr, that is to say, the marsh by the Roman wall. Large-scale coal-mining began in the area in the early 1700s, with up to ten collieries in operation in the Walker area, a wagon-way was constructed during this period to facilitate transportation of coal to the riverside staithes. From 1809 to 1883, Walker was home to a company, Losh, Wilson. Generally speaking Walker is an area between Welbeck Road and the banks of the River Tyne, although the city ward of Walker incorporates Pottery Bank. When most Geordies refer to Walker they also incorporate the areas of Daisy Hill, Walkergate, located between Welbeck Road and the Network rail line are sometimes considered parts of Walker. Other parts of Walker are Walkerdene and Walkerville, other areas included are Daisy Hill and Eastfield which help make up the city Ward of Walkergate. The area is notable for Walker Park, the Walker Riverside Park, and the Lady Stephenson Library as well as the Lightfoot Sports Centre, alderman Sir William Haswell Stephenson, built the library in 1908 in memory of his wife Eliza, who died in 1901. The library closed on 29 June 2013 and contents have been relocated into a built area within Walker Activity Dome in July 2013. Walker is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, with a station at Walkergate, most children attend a local primary school, These are St Anthonys CE, St Vincents RC, Tyneview, Welbeck, West Walker, Walkergate and Wharrier Street. The scheme has its own known as the Walker Eye. Much of the older and run-down housing stock along Walker Road is in the process of being demolished and replaced with new homes which are a mixture of council, the stated aim was to build 1,600 new and replacement homes over a 15-year period. The £7m project will merge Wharrier Street and St Anthonys primary schools in Autumn 2012, plans for the areas regeneration were approved by the then Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, Ruth Kelly. Cheryl Cole – singer, Born on 30 June 1983, lived in Walker and Heaton, attending Walker Comprehensive School, Middle Street, Walker is the birthplace of Eric Burdon, lead singer of The Animals who later recorded with War at the beginning of that bands career. The Animals recorded a song called Gonna Send You Back To Walker, another Walkerite, the author, journalist and broadcaster Keith Topping, titled one of the chapters in his novel The Hollow Men, The St. Anthonys Chinese Takeaway Massacre. The novelist is co author on Dr Who, The Hollow Men with Martin Day, lee Clark has since gone on to become a manager at both Huddersfield Town and Birmingham City. Tyne and Wear Archives Service, historical information on Walker Newcastle Council Ward Info, Walker
34.
Wallsend
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Wallsend, historically Wallsend on Tyne, is a large town in North Tyneside, Tyne and Wear, North East of England. Historically part of Northumberland, Wallsend derives its name as the location of the end of Hadrians Wall and it has a population of 42,842 and lies 3 1⁄2 miles east of Newcastle City Centre. The population of the Wallsend ward of the North Tyneside Borough was at the 2011 census 10,304, in Roman times, Wallsend hosted the fort Segedunum. This fort protected the eastern end of Hadrians Wall, which terminated at the wall of the fort. Ida the Saxon laid waste to the whole of the north in 547 and it was not until the golden age of Northumberland under Edwin, and the subsequent introduction of the Christian faith by King Oswald and Aidan that Wallsend enjoyed a time of peace and progress. This time of peace came to an end in 794 when the Danes swarmed up the Tyne in great number. The years preceding the coming of William of Normandy were a struggle between Danes and Saxons striving for mastery, several urban sanitary districts were formed in the parish in the late 19th century, Willington Quay, Howdon and Wallsend itself. Wallsend became incorporated as a borough in 1901, and in 1910 took over Willington Quay and Willington. This express liner held the Blue Riband, for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic, the story is retold in the movie The Red Tent, starring Sean Connery and Peter Finch. He features in a BBC film called The Inventor of the Twentieth Century, russian novelist Yevgeny Zamyatin worked at Swan Hunter in 1916–17, and used it as background for his great anti-utopian work We which was a major influence on George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four. WWII ships built here include HMS Sheffield and HMS Victorious which took part in the sinking of the Bismarck, other ships built there include the new HMS Ark Royal in the 1980s. The musical The Last Ship by Sting is set in the shipyard, much of Wallsends early industry was driven by coal mining. The Wallsend Colliery consisted of 7 pits which were active between 1778 and 1935, in the 1820s the pits became incorporated as Russells Colliery, which then became The Wallsend and Hebburn Coal Company Ltd. By 1924 the colliery employed 2,183 people and its most prominent manager was mining and railway engineer John Buddle who helped develop the Davy Lamp. Between 1767 and 1925 there were 11 major incidents recorded at the resulting in over 209 deaths. On 18 June 1835 a gas explosion in one of the tunnels killed 102 miners, the youngest of which was aged 8, many of the dead were found with their cloth caps in their mouth. This is believed to have been an attempt to prevent inhalation of the gas which eventually killed them, the bodies were extracted and buried in St Peters churchyard at the top of the bank overlooking the Wallsend Burn. A plaque has been erected within the churchyard to commemorate this tragedy, the town has expanded greatly in terms of housing since the end of World War II, and since the 1960s
35.
Tyne Tunnel
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The Tyne Tunnel is the name given to two 2-lane vehicular toll tunnels under the River Tyne in North East England. Completed in 1967 and 2011 respectively, they connect the town of Jarrow on the bank of the river with North Shields. The original tunnel was one of three forming the original Tyne Tunnel Project, the others are the pedestrian and cyclist tunnels opened in 1951, the tunnels are 7 miles downstream and to the east of Newcastle upon Tyne and form part of the A19 road. A scheme for the construction of a set of three tunnels under the Tyne was put forward by the Durham and Northumberland County Councils in 1937, after prolonged negotiations with the Ministry of Transport, the scheme was approved in 1943. The Tyne Tunnel Act, the legislative instrument necessary to enable the construction of the tunnels, postwar restrictions on capital expenditure delayed the construction of the vehicular tunnel, but work started on the smaller tunnels for pedestrians and cyclists in 1947. Tyne Cyclist and Pedestrian Tunnel was Britains first purpose-built cycling tunnel and it runs under the River Tyne between Howdon and Jarrow, and was opened in 1951, heralded as a contribution to the Festival of Britain. The original cost was £833,000 and the tunnel was used by 20,000 people a day. It actually consists of two running in parallel, one for pedestrian use with a 10 feet 6 inches diameter. Both tunnels are 900 feet in length, and lie 40 feet below the river bed, the tunnels are over 60 years old and are Grade II listed buildings. At each end, the tunnels are connected to buildings by two escalators and a lift. The Waygood-Otis escalators have 306 wooden steps each, and are the models from 1951. At the time of construction, they were the highest single-rise escalators in the UK, with a rise of 85 feet. Escalators with a vertical rise of 90 feet and 200 feet in length were constructed at Angel station on the London Underground. The Tyne Tunnel escalators remain the longest wooden escalators in the world, in a refitting phase the escalators and lift shafts were due to be upgraded by October 2010 to early 2011 at a cost of £500,000. A £6,000,000 refurbishment was due to place in 2011. 20,000 people a month use the pedestrian tunnel, in 2005, The SoundEx filmed a music video to their song Street Freak in the tunnel. The band were permitted to close the cyclist tunnel for two days and use it free of charge to bring the tunnel publicity, the two remaining escalators, which are original and of historical significance, will be opened up to public view and illuminated with feature lighting. The concrete floor sections are also to be refurbished or replaced, the vehicle tunnel is 1 mile or 5,500 feet long and has a diameter of 31 ft 3 in with a roadbed 24 ft
36.
South Shields
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South Shields is a coastal town at the mouth of the River Tyne, England, about 4.84 miles downstream from Newcastle upon Tyne. Historically in County Durham, the town has a population of 75,337 and it is part of the metropolitan borough of South Tyneside which includes the towns of Jarrow and Hebburn. South Shields is represented in Parliament by Labour MP Emma Lewell-Buck, the first evidence of a settlement within what is now the town of South Shields dates from pre-historic times. Stone Age arrow heads and an Iron Age round house have been discovered on the site of Arbeia Roman Fort, the Roman garrison built a fort here around AD160 and expanded it around AD208 to help supply their soldiers along Hadrians Wall. Divisions living at the fort included Tigris bargemen, infantry from Iberia and Gaul, the fort was abandoned as the Roman Empire declined in the 4th century AD. Many ruins still exist today and some structures have been rebuilt as part of a modern museum, there is evidence that the site was used in the early post-Roman period as a British settlement. It is said in local folklore that a Viking ship was wrecked at Herd Sands in South Shields in its attempts to disembark at a cove nearby, other Viking ships were uncovered in South Shields Denmark Centre and nearby Jarrow. The current town was founded in 1245 and developed as a fishing port, the name South Shields developed from the Schele or Shield, which was a small dwelling used by fishermen. Another industry that was introduced, was that of salt-panning, later expanded upon in the 15th century, polluting the air, at the outbreak of the war in 1642, the North, West and Ireland supported the King, the South East and Presbyterian Scotland supported Parliament. In 1644 Parliaments Scottish Covenanter allies, in a battle, seized the town and its Royalist fortification. They also seized the town of Newburn, in the 19th century, coal mining, alkaline production and glass making led to a boom in the town. The population increased from 12,000 in 1801 to 75,000 by the 1860s, bolstered by migration from Ireland, Scotland. These industries played a part in creating wealth both regionally and nationally. Shipbuilding, previously a monopoly of the Freemen of Newcastle, became another prominent industry in the town, during World War I, German Zeppelin airships bombed South Shields in 1916. Later during World War II, the German Luftwaffe repeatedly attacked the town and caused damage to industries which supported the war effort. Particularly, a shelter in the market place of South Shields. Later controversially removed and the bodies interred elsewhere, in the 21st century, the local economy primarily includes port-related, ship repair and offshore industries, manufacturing, retail, the public sector and the ever-increasing role of tourism. This is illustrated by the new multi-million haven centre, dunes centre and seaside improvements in the coastal area, South Shields is situated in a peninsula setting, where the River Tyne meets the North Sea
37.
North Sea
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The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and it is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of around 570,000 square kilometres. The North Sea has long been the site of important European shipping lanes as well as a major fishery, the North Sea was the centre of the Vikings rise. Subsequently, the Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, and the British each sought to dominate the North Sea and thus the access to the markets, as Germanys only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars. The coast of the North Sea presents a diversity of geological and geographical features, in the north, deep fjords and sheer cliffs mark the Norwegian and Scottish coastlines, whereas in the south it consists primarily of sandy beaches and wide mudflats. Due to the population, heavy industrialization, and intense use of the sea and area surrounding it. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean, in the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of 570,000 square kilometres and a volume of 54,000 cubic kilometres. Around the edges of the North Sea are sizeable islands and archipelagos, including Shetland, Orkney, the North Sea receives freshwater from a number of European continental watersheds, as well as the British Isles. A large part of the European drainage basin empties into the North Sea including water from the Baltic Sea, the largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the Elbe and the Rhine – Meuse watershed. Around 185 million people live in the catchment area of the rivers discharging into the North Sea encompassing some highly industrialized areas, for the most part, the sea lies on the European continental shelf with a mean depth of 90 metres. The only exception is the Norwegian trench, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from Oslo to a north of Bergen. It is between 20 and 30 kilometres wide and has a depth of 725 metres. The Dogger Bank, a vast moraine, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris and this feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea. The Long Forties and the Broad Fourteens are large areas with uniform depth in fathoms. These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate, the Devils Hole lies 200 miles east of Dundee, Scotland. The feature is a series of trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres long,1 and 2 kilometres wide and up to 230 metres deep. Other areas which are less deep are Cleaver Bank, Fisher Bank, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the North Sea as follows, On the Southwest
38.
Drainage basin
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A drainage basin or catchment area is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins. Other terms used to describe drainage basins are catchment, catchment basin, drainage area, river basin and water basin. In closed drainage basins the water converges to a point inside the basin, known as a sink, which may be a permanent lake. The drainage basin acts as a funnel by collecting all the water within the covered by the basin. Each drainage basin is separated topographically from adjacent basins by a perimeter, drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units, which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system. Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks, in a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. Drainage basins of the oceans and seas of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans, the following is a list of the major ocean basins, About 48. 7% of the worlds land drains to the Atlantic Ocean. The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic, The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U. S. The Mediterranean Sea basin includes much of North Africa, east-central Africa, Southern, Central, and Eastern Europe, Turkey, and the areas of Israel, Lebanon. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Oceans drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earths land. It drains the eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, the Indian subcontinent, Burma, antarctica comprises approximately eight percent of the Earths land. The five largest river basins, from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon, the Río de la Plata, the Congo, the Nile, and the Mississippi. The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all land drains to endorheic lakes or seas or sinks, the largest of these consists of much of the interior of Asia, which drains into the Caspian Sea, the Aral Sea, and numerous smaller lakes. Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, in endorheic bodies of standing water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this is the Dead Sea, drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important
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Newcastle-upon-Tyne Trinity House
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Newcastle-upon-Tyne Trinity House is a private Corporation in Newcastle upon Tyne which emerged in the 16th century as a guild formed by the Citys seafarers. For the past 500 years it has occupied premises in Broad Chare on the Newcastles Quayside, from which it continues to provide a combination of professional and it remains one of only three bodies in England authorized for the examination and licensing of deep sea pilots. Early in its history, the Corporation was given responsibility for improving the Tyne as a navigable river, Trinity House is the name of the Corporations headquarters buildings by the Quayside, a site which it has occupied since the day of its foundation in 1505. Though there have been several rebuildings, some sixteenth-century fabric remains, entry is via a gateway on Broad Chare. The warehouses to the south of the gatehouse are currently leased to Live Theatre, before long, the Corporation was responsible for the licensing of mariners and pilots and for keeping the sea lanes between Whitby and Berwick-upon-Tweed. At the same time, the Corporation was active in work, including provision of almshouses for aged mariners. All these activities were financed principally through the levying of duties on every ship entering the Tyne to trade – a practice which ceased in 1861. Newcastle Trinity House continued though to be responsible for buoys, marks, today, the Corporation remains active in the provision of professional and charitable maritime services. In addition to its work as a Deep Sea Pilot authority and it furthermore continues to provide charitable support for aged mariners and their widows, as well as varied educational programmes. It is also committed to the upkeep of its historic buildings, Trinity House has been a registered charity since 1966 and is governed by a Royal Charter of 1667. Its operation is overseen by an elected board, principal officers include the Master, Deputy Master. All are master mariners, except the Secretary to the Board, mariners who are full members of the Corporation are styled Brethren. Others wishing to support the work of the charity may join as associate members, on formal occasions the Brethren wear a naval-style uniform. The Arms of the Corporation are worn as a cap-badge, and are prominent on. Despite several similarities of nomenclature, structure and activity, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Trinity House is, Trinity House, Kingston-Upon-Hull is similarly an independent body with past and continuing maritime responsibilities in and around the Humber, and there are also similar institutions in Scotland. Newcastle Trinity House website Gallery of photos of interior
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Bill Quay
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Bill Quay is a suburb in the northeast of Gateshead in North East England, situated between Hebburn to the east and Pelaw to the southwest. It lies on the bank of the River Tyne, facing Walker-on-Tyne. During the 19th century it was an industrial area catering for chemical works, bottle works, Robsons Paint, the area saw an economic upturn at the end of the 19th century when the CWS opened its vast and extensive string of factories along its main thoroughfare, Shields Road. Boutlands, Harrisons and Wood-Skinner were shipbuilders at Bill Quay with Harrisons remaining the last shipbuilders on the Tynes south bank until its closure recently. Bill Quay Community Farm An important urban farm and one of only 16 farm parks nationally recognised by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust in the UK, Breeds include Tamworth pigs, Jacob sheep, Hebridean sheep, Scots Grey hens and Bagot goats. It used to play host to Chickenstock, a showcase festival for local Gateshead based bands. Bill Quay Albion Cricket Club Bill Quay Albion Cricket Club compete in the Durham Cricket League, Bill Quay Methodist Church The novel Schoolfrenz by Ray Crowther is set mainly on Tyneside. Bill Quay is mentioned several times and is the location for a scene in the book. The authors website contains an extract from Schoolfrenz about Bill Quay, and has photographs of Bill Quay and the surrounding area
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Coalfields
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A coalfield is an area of certain uniform characteristics where coal is mined. The criteria for determining the boundary of a coalfield are geographical and cultural. A coalfield often groups the seams of coal, railroad companies, cultural groups, at one time the coalfield designation was an important category in business and industrial discussions. The terminology declined into unimportance as the 20th century progressed, and was only referred to by a few small railroads. Renewed interest in heritage and coal mining history has brought the old names of the coalfields before a larger audience. E. State of Kentucky - Coalfields and Producing Districts, state of West Virginia and Part of Maryland - Coalfields and Producing Districts. State of Ohio - Coalfields and Producing Districts, state of Pennsylvania - Coalfields and Producing Districts. State of Virginia - Coalfields and Producing Districts, state of Tennessee - Coalfields and Producing Districts. State of Alabama and Part of Georgia - Coalfields and Producing Districts,1919 Coal Camp USA, Coalfields of the Appalachian Mountains Coal Mining in the British Isles Online mapping of Coal Mining sites in the British Isles
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Coal
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Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon, along with quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen. A fossil fuel, coal forms when plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after that bituminous coal. This involves biological and geological processes that take place over time, throughout history, coal has been used as an energy resource, primarily burned for the production of electricity and heat, and is also used for industrial purposes, such as refining metals. Coal is the largest source of energy for the generation of electricity worldwide, the extraction of coal, its use in energy production and its byproducts are all associated with environmental and health effects including climate change. Coal is extracted from the ground by coal mining, since 1983, the worlds top coal producer has been China. In 2015 China produced 3,747 million tonnes of coal –47. 7% of 7,861 million tonnes world coal production, in 2015 other large producers were United States, India, European Union and Australia. The word originally took the col in Old English, from Proto-Germanic *kula. In Old Turkic languages, kül is ash, cinders, öčür is quench, the compound charcoal in Turkic is öčür kül, literally quenched ashes, cinders, coals with elided anlaut ö- and inflection affixes -ülmüş. At various times in the geologic past, the Earth had dense forests in low-lying wetland areas, due to natural processes such as flooding, these forests were buried underneath soil. As more and more soil deposited over them, they were compressed, the temperature also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. As the process continued the plant matter was protected from biodegradation and oxidation and this trapped the carbon in immense peat bogs that were eventually covered and deeply buried by sediments. Under high pressure and high temperature, dead vegetation was slowly converted to coal, as coal contains mainly carbon, the conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called carbonization. The wide, shallow seas of the Carboniferous Period provided ideal conditions for coal formation, the exception is the coal gap in the Permian–Triassic extinction event, where coal is rare. Coal is known from Precambrian strata, which predate land plants — this coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae, in its dehydrated form, peat is a highly effective absorbent for fuel and oil spills on land and water. It is also used as a conditioner for soil to make it able to retain. Lignite, or brown coal, is the lowest rank of coal, jet, a compact form of lignite, is sometimes polished and has been used as an ornamental stone since the Upper Palaeolithic
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Wharf
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A wharf, quay, staith or staithe is a structure on the shore of a harbor or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers. Such a structure includes one or more berths, and may also include piers, warehouses, a wharf commonly comprises a fixed platform, often on pilings. Commercial ports may have warehouses that serve as storage areas. A pier, raised over the rather than within it, is commonly used for cases where the weight or volume of cargos will be low. Smaller and more modern wharves are sometimes built on devices to keep them at the same level as the ship. In some contexts wharf and quay may be used to mean pier, berth, in old ports such as London many old wharves have been converted to residential or office use. Certain early railways in England referred to goods loading points as wharves, the term was carried over from marine usage. The person who was resident in charge of the wharf was referred to as a wharfinger. The word wharf comes from the Old English hwearf, meaning bank or shore, wharfage also refers to a fee charged by ports for the cargo handled there. Originally, werf or werva in Old Dutch simply referred to inhabited ground that was not yet built on and this could explain the name Ministry Wharf located at Saunderton, just outside High Wycombe, which is nowhere near any body of water. In support of this explanation is the fact that places in England with wharf in their names are in areas with a high Dutch influence. In the northeast and east of England the term staith or staithe is also used, both originally referred to staithes in the sense of jetties or wharves. However, the term staith may also be used to only to loading chutes or ramps used for bulk commodities like coal in loading ships. Quay, on the hand, has its origin in the Proto-Celtic language. Before it changed to its current form under influence of the modern French quai, its Middle English spelling was key and this in turn also came from the Old North French cai, both roughly meaning sand bank. The Old French term came from Gaulish caium, ultimately tracing back to the Proto-Celtic *kagio- to encompass, modern cognates include Welsh cae fence, hedge and Cornish ke hedge. Canal basin Dock Port Safeguarded wharf The dictionary definition of wharf at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of quay at Wiktionary
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Dunston, Tyne and Wear
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Dunston is the most Westerly part of the town of Gateshead on the south bank of the River Tyne, in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, North East England. Dunston had a population of 18,326 at the 2011 Census, Dunston is served by Dunston railway station, on the Tyne Valley Line. Dunston is now split into two areas separated by the well known A1 dual carriageway, which runs through Dunston. Much of the south of the A1 is known as Dunston Hill. To the west of Dunston is the site of Dunston Power Station, the site is now home to Costco, with the MetroCentre, occupying the former site of the stations ash ponds. The Gateshead-based Go-Ahead Group, has constructed a new bus depot to replace its Sunderland Road, another Dunston landmark was the Derwent Tower, a tower block that was once the highest building in Gateshead. It was designed by the Owen Luder Partnership and completed in 1973, a somewhat infamous structure, that had appeared in two films, it was finally demolished in 2012. Having always proved unpopular with residents, and fallen into such a poor condition, as of 2016, the remainder of the late 1960s Tower Court development is being gradually replaced by new housing and shops. Luder also designed the similarly maligned Trinity Centre Multi-Storey Car Park, on 6 June 1993 the IRA attacked a gas holder in the nearby area of Low Team. The damage was limited, and no one was injured, Dunston is particularly known for wooden coal staiths, first opened in 1893 as a structure for loading coal from the North Durham coalfield onto ships. In the 1920s,140,000 tons of coal per week were loaded from the staiths, throughout their working life, motive power for shunting wagons on the staiths and in their extensive sidings known as the Norwood Coal Yard came in the form of locomotives from Gateshead MPD. The staiths output gradually declined with the contraction of the coal industry, for many years, the men who worked on the staiths, known as teemers and trimmers, had their own room in the nearby Dunston Excelsior Club. The staiths was restored and opened to the public as part of the Gateshead Garden Festival in 1990, following events in Liverpool, Stoke-on-Trent. The Garden Festival was divided into five zones, Norwood, Eslington, The Boulevard, Dunston and it was spread over a large area of Dunston and the lower Team Valley, formerly occupied by heavy industries. Though other parts of the Garden Festival site, such as Dunston, Eslington, today, the staiths are reputed to be the largest wooden structure in Europe, and are protected as a Listed Building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument. In 2002, work began on a development of riverside apartments, known as Staiths South Bank, this development celebrates the areas heritage as well as improving the setting for the historic structure. In the early hours of 20 November 2003, a section of the staiths was destroyed by fire. As a result, access onto the Staiths themselves is not possible, in 2005 Gateshead Council commissioned a study into possible options for the Staiths restoration
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Tyne Dock
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Tyne Dock is a neighbourhood within the town of South Shields, North East England, on the south bank of the River Tyne. It takes its name from the dock on the river which was opened in 1859 by the North Eastern Railway to handle Tynesides coal exports. At its height the trade amounted to 7 million tons of coal transported via the four staiths which had built to facilitate the process. This trade declined in the half of the twentieth century and the bridges that carried the coal trains into the dock. The dock itself has been progressively infilled since closure, allowing for the building of modern storage warehouses and this process concluded with the final 13 acres that were filled in as part of the project to build the second Tyne Tunnel. The Tyne Dock basin was filled with 400,000 cubic metres of sediment dredged from the Tyne, Tyne Dock Metro station, on the Tyne and Wear Metro, serves the Tyne Dock area, as well as neighbouring West Harton. Meredith, John H. Coals to Newcastle again
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Shipbuilding
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Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and other floating vessels. It normally takes place in a facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history, Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both commercial and military, are referred to as naval engineering. The construction of boats is an activity called boat building. The dismantling of ships is called ship breaking, the ancestors of Australian Aborigines and New Guineans also went across the Lombok Strait to Sahul by boat over 50,000 years ago. Evidence from Ancient Egypt shows that the early Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull as early as 3000 BC, the Archaeological Institute of America reports that some of the oldest ships yet unearthed are known as the Abydos boats. These are a group of 14 ships discovered in Abydos that were constructed of wooden planks which were sewn together, the ship dating to 3000 BC was about 25 m,75 feet long and is now thought to perhaps have belonged to an earlier pharaoh. According to professor OConnor, the 5, 000-year-old ship may have belonged to Pharaoh Aha. Early Egyptians also knew how to assemble planks of wood with treenails to fasten them together, early Egyptians also knew how to fasten the planks of this ship together with mortise and tenon joints. The oldest known tidal dock in the world was built around 2500 BC during the Harappan civilisation at Lothal near the present day Mangrol harbour on the Gujarat coast in India, other ports were probably at Balakot and Dwarka. However, it is probable that many small-scale ports, and not massive ports, were used for the Harappan maritime trade, ships from the harbour at these ancient port cities established trade with Mesopotamia. Shipbuilding and boatmaking may have been prosperous industries in ancient India, native labourers may have manufactured the flotilla of boats used by Alexander the Great to navigate across the Hydaspes and even the Indus, under Nearchos. The Indians also exported teak for shipbuilding to ancient Persia, other references to Indian timber used for shipbuilding is noted in the works of Ibn Jubayr. The ships of Ancient Egypts Eighteenth Dynasty were typically about 25 meters in length and they mounted a single square sail on a yard, with an additional spar along the bottom of the sail. These ships could also be oar propelled, the ocean and sea going ships of Ancient Egypt were constructed with cedar wood, most likely hailing from Lebanon. The ships of Phoenicia seem to have been of a similar design, the naval history of China stems back to the Spring and Autumn period of the ancient Chinese Zhou Dynasty. The Chinese built large rectangular barges known as ships, which were essentially floating fortresses complete with multiple decks with guarded ramparts. There is considerable knowledge regarding shipbuilding and seafaring in the ancient Mediterranean and this was dually met with the introduction of the Han Dynasty junk ship design in the same century
listen) is a river in North East England and its length (excluding tributaries) is 73 miles (118 km).[1] It is formed by the confluence of two rivers: the North Tyne and the South Tyne. These two rivers converge at Warden Rock near Hexham in Northumberland at a place dubbed 'The Meeting of the Waters'.
