A river pirate is a pirate who operates along a river. The term has been used to describe many different kinds of pirate groups who carry out riverine attacks in Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and South America. They are usually prosecuted under national, not international law.
The Yangtze River of China, a hotbed of river pirate activity from the nineteenth century until the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, which was combated by patrols of American and European gunboat flotillas.
The Mekong River, where modern-day Asian river piracy exists.
A Mekong River sampan boat, typically used by modern-day Asian river pirates
The Balkan Narentines, of the ninth and tenth centuries, were known for piracy on the River Neretva. The Ushkuiniks were Russian Novgorodian Volga river pirates from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries. Both medieval river pirate groups were Slavic versions of Viking river raiders.
Philip Alston was an 18th-century Spanish-American counterfeiter, both before and after the American Revolution. He operated in Virginia and the Carolinas before the war, and in Kentucky and Illinois afterward. He was associated with Cave-in-Rock and his son, outlaw Peter Alston, and counterfeiter John Duff. He was an early American settler in Natchez, as well as in the Cumberland and Red River valleys in Kentucky and Tennessee.
The Natchez District in British West Florida along the Mississippi River where Philip Alston and his brother, John lived from 1772 or 1773 to 1783. Fort Panmure is on the bluff of the city where the pro-American Spanish Army troops were garrisoned.
In the 1790s, Philip Alston and his criminal associate, John Duff, carried out their counterfeiting operation at Cave-in-Rock, a relatively secluded site.
Part of a counterfeit coin mold similar to the type used by Philip Alston and his associate John Duff. The coin mold had two halves that would be lined with clay to make an impression of a genuine coin. Molten mixture would be poured into the funnel feeder cut into the side of the mold, and the fake coin later plated with a thin layer of silver. Legitimate coins were made by government mints and stamped from silver or gold coin discs; most counterfeit coins were molded.
The Spanish silver peso was the most common currency found on the American frontier.[citation needed] Alston and Duff were illegally "coining" this type of money at Cave-In-Rock. The "Spanish milled dollar", minted in México, was considered legal tender in the United States until the Coinage Act of 1857.