1.
State university system
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A state university system in the United States is a group of public universities supported by an individual state, or a similar entity such as the District of Columbia. These systems constitute the majority of public-funded universities in the country, each state supports at least one such system. State university systems should not be confused with federally funded colleges and universities, at which attendance is limited to military personnel, members of foreign militaries and governments also attend some schools. These schools include the United States service academies, Naval Postgraduate School, a state university system normally means a single legal entity and administration, but may consist of several institutions, each with its own identity as a university. Some states—such as California and Texas—support more than one such system, State universities get subsidies from their states. As more and more Americans attend college, and private tuition rates increase well beyond the rate of inflation, admission to universities is becoming more and more competitive. State university systems were a product of the demand for education in the newly formed United States. The tradition of publicly funded state colleges began primarily in the southern states, there remains significant debate about which institution or institutions are the oldest public universities in the United States. The University of Georgia is the countrys first chartered public university, however, the University of Georgia did not hold classes until 16 years later in the fall of 1801. The first collegiate-level classes conducted by an institution were at another Georgia institution. The school eventually dropped high school instruction, but remained a community college until becoming an institution in 1963. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, while chartered four years after Georgia in 1789, was the first state university to hold classes, classes began at UNC in 1795, and UNC is the only state university to have graduated students in the 18th century. The University of South Carolina was chartered in 1801 and held classes for the first time in 1805, determining which state university was the first is further complicated by the case of New Jerseys state university system. Rutgers University, which had previously been a school affiliated with the Dutch Reformed Church, was designated as a state university by acts of the legislature in 1945 and 1956. It became a System with the absorptions of Newark University in 1946 and The College of South Jersey in 1950, becoming Rutgers Newark and Camden campuses, respectively. Rutgers was chartered in 1766, nineteen years before the University of Georgia, castleton State College in Vermont is the oldest state university in New England, chartered in 1787. This was soon followed by the charter of The University of Vermont in 1791, however, neither institution was a state university in the modern sense of the term until many decades later. Castleton State began as the Rutland County Grammar School and it did not become a postsecondary institution until the campus became home to the State Normal School in 1867
2.
Boni Avenue
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Boni Avenue is a major east-west thoroughfare in Mandaluyong, eastern Metro Manila, Philippines. It is a divided avenue that runs from Aglipay Street to Epifanio de los Santos Avenue in Barangka Ilaya. After crossing EDSA via the EDSA-Boni tunnel, the road continues under the name Pioneer Street towards Pasig, the avenue is named after the nickname of Bonifacio Javier, a decorated guerrilla leader during World War II and the mayor of Mandaluyong when the road was constructed. The avenue commences at the junction with Aglipay Street in the downtown area where San Felipe Neri Church is located. It heads southeasterly traversing the barangays of Old and New Zañiga and San José, at this roundabout which houses the Mandaluyong City Hall complex and the Archdiocesan Shrine of the Divine Mercy, Boni intersects with F. Martinez Avenue and San Francisco Street. It curves northeast past Maysilo Circle as it approaches a commercial district at Barangka Drive, east of Barangka, the avenue becomes more commercial with several retail outlets and condominium developments lining this section of Boni where the Rizal Technological University is also situated. The avenue ends at the junction with EDSA where the Boni Station of the Manila MRT-3 is also located
3.
Mandaluyong
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Mandaluyong is a city in the Philippines located directly east of Manila. It is one of the sixteen cities which, along with the Municipality of Pateros, make up Metro Manila and it is known for the Ortigas Center, a commercial and business center that is also shared with Pasig. The city is bordered by Manila to the west, San Juan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, Pasig to the east, according to the 2015 census, it has a population of 386,276. It is also the 6th-smallest city in the Philippines with an area of 11.06 km2. There are different stories on the origin of the name Mandaluyong, one tells of how the place was abundant with a kind of person called luyongwas in love with manda since they were adults, from which beautiful canes and furniture were made. Another claims that the Spaniards named the place based on the report of a navigator named Acapulco and this seems to confirm traditional pre-Hispanic stories that giant waves from the sea would meet the adjoining hills of the vast lowland, referred to as salpukan ng alon. Felix dela Huerta, a Franciscan historian, observed that the topography of this land resembled giant waves of the sea. Romantic residents, however, peddle the similarly formulaic legend of a Maharlika named Luyong who fell in love with Manda, the chieftain had no personal liking for Luyong and forbade him Mandas hand. Luyong overcame this objection by winning a series of tribal contests which was the custom at the time, the couple settled thereafter in a place which was later called “Mandaluyong by means of joining their names. Residents of Mandaluyong have always known for their industry. Men did the laundry to the amusement of non-residents until shortly after the war and these industrious people trace their roots to Emperor Soledan and Empress Sasaban of the Kingdom of Sapa whose son Prince Balagtas ruled as sovereign of the kingdom in about the year 1300. More than a later, in about the year 1470. The vast Kingdom comprised what are now Quiapo, San Miguel, Sta, Mesa, Paco, Pandacan, Malate, Malate and Sta. Ana in Manila, and Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig, Parañaque, Mandaluyong was first known as a barrio of Sta. Ana de Sapa which was part of the District of Paco, named San Felipe Neri by the Spaniards in honor of the Patron Saint of Rome, it was separated civilly from Sta. On September 15,1863 San Felipe Neri established its own parish and under the administration of the Congregation “Dulcisimo Nombre de Jesus”, it constructed its own church, convent and school. The Parish of San Felipe Neri played a significant role as a station for propagating the Katipunan during the 1896-1898 Revolution. Mandaluyong shows significance in the historic Philippine Revolution of 1896 as the baluarte of Katipunan or Makabuhay group with seventeen branches, in this site, Bonifacio read the last manifestation of the Katipunan before they transferred in Hagdan Bato, in the house of Felix Sanchez
4.
Metro Manila
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These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
5.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
6.
University of Rizal System
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The University of Rizal System is a system of colleges located in the Rizal province, Philippines. It operates multiple campuses, with the campus being in Tanay. The university has expanded from its Main campus in Tanay to offer programs to students in the campuses, Antipolo, Angono, Binangonan, Cainta, Cardona, Morong, Pililla, Rodriguez, the Rizal Polytechnic College was established as a provincial high school in 1944. It is located in the heart of the town of Morong, the College has an extension campus in Cainta which was opened in 1999. Since its establishment the University was served by the following administrations The Board of Regents is the highest decision-making body of the University of Rizal System and it is composed of 12 members
7.
Astronomy
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Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It applies mathematics, physics, and chemistry, in an effort to explain the origin of those objects and phenomena and their evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, galaxies, and comets, while the phenomena include supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, more generally, all astronomical phenomena that originate outside Earths atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy. A related but distinct subject, physical cosmology, is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole, Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history, such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Nubians, Iranians, Chinese, during the 20th century, the field of professional astronomy split into observational and theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects, theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena. The two fields complement each other, with theoretical astronomy seeking to explain the results and observations being used to confirm theoretical results. Astronomy is one of the few sciences where amateurs can play an active role, especially in the discovery. Amateur astronomers have made and contributed to many important astronomical discoveries, Astronomy means law of the stars. Astronomy should not be confused with astrology, the system which claims that human affairs are correlated with the positions of celestial objects. Although the two share a common origin, they are now entirely distinct. Generally, either the term astronomy or astrophysics may be used to refer to this subject, however, since most modern astronomical research deals with subjects related to physics, modern astronomy could actually be called astrophysics. Few fields, such as astrometry, are purely astronomy rather than also astrophysics, some titles of the leading scientific journals in this field includeThe Astronomical Journal, The Astrophysical Journal and Astronomy and Astrophysics. In early times, astronomy only comprised the observation and predictions of the motions of objects visible to the naked eye, in some locations, early cultures assembled massive artifacts that possibly had some astronomical purpose. Before tools such as the telescope were invented, early study of the stars was conducted using the naked eye, most of early astronomy actually consisted of mapping the positions of the stars and planets, a science now referred to as astrometry. From these observations, early ideas about the motions of the planets were formed, and the nature of the Sun, Moon, the Earth was believed to be the center of the Universe with the Sun, the Moon and the stars rotating around it. This is known as the model of the Universe, or the Ptolemaic system. The Babylonians discovered that lunar eclipses recurred in a cycle known as a saros
8.
Department of Education (Philippines)
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The Department of Education is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for ensuring access to, promoting equity in, and improving the quality of basic education. It is the agency tasked to manage and govern the Philippine system of basic education. It is the chief formulator of Philippine educational policy and responsible for the Philippine primary and secondary school systems and it has its headquarters at the DepEd Complex in Meralco Avenue, Pasig City. The department is led by the Secretary of Education, nominated by the President of the Philippines. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet, the current Secretary of Education is Leonor Briones. Presently, its mission is to provide quality education that is equitably accessible to all and lay the foundation for lifelong learning. It has changed its statement, removing a phrase that some groups deem to be too secretarian for a government institution. During the early Spanish period, education in the Philippines was religion-oriented and was primarily for the elite, Primary instruction was secularized and free, and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory. It was also through this decree that the Superior Commission of Primary Instruction was established, the defeat of Spain by United States forces in 1898 paved the way for Aguinaldos Republic under a Revolutionary Government. The schools maintained by Spain for more than three centuries were closed for the time being, but were reopened on August 29,1898 by the Secretary of the Interior, a system of free and compulsory elementary education was established by the Malolos Constitution, under Article 23. However, this first sovereign education system was interrupted in 1899 with the start of the Philippine–American War, a secularized and free public school system during the first decade of American rule was established upon the recommendation of the Schurman Commission in 1900. Free primary instruction that trained the people for the duties of citizenship was enforced by the Taft Commission as per instructions of US President William McKinley, chaplains and non-commissioned officers were assigned to teach using English as the medium of instruction. A highly centralized public school system was instituted in January 1901 by the Taft Commission and this act also established the Department of Public Instruction, headed by a General Superintendent. These would later be known as the Thomasites. In 1908, the Philippine Legislature approved Act No,1870, creating the University of the Philippines. The Organic Act of 1916 reorganized the Department of Public Instruction and this act also mandated the Filpinization of all department secretaries, except that of the Secretary of Public Instruction. Under the Japanese, the teaching of Tagalog, Philippine history, love for work and the dignity of labor were also emphasized. In October 1944, months after Pres, manuel L. Quezons death, the department was renamed as the Department of Public Instruction and Information, with Carlos P. Romulo at the helm
9.
Rizal
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Rizal, officially known as the Province of Rizal is a province in the Philippines located in the CALABARZON region, just 16 kilometres east of Manila. The province is named after José Rizal, one of the national heroes of the Philippines. Rizal is bordered by Metro Manila to the west, Bulacan to the north, Quezon to the east, the province also lies on the northern shores of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. Rizal is a mountainous province perched on the slopes of the southern portion of the Sierra Madre mountain range. Antipolo offers a view of Metro Manila and is the location of the Hinulugang Taktak. Tagalog settlement arrived some time in the pre-Spaniard period, the provincial territory began with the organization of the Tondo province and Laguna province during the Spanish administration. Some of the towns like Pasig, Parañaque, Taytay and Cainta were already thriving. From the reports of the Encomiendas in 1582-1583, the Encomiendas of Moron was under the jurisdiction of La Laguna and, in 1853, a new political subdivision was formed. This district was changed to Distrito Politico-Militar de Morong after four years. In 1860, by virtue of Circular No,83, dated September 2,1859, the Province of Tondo became the Province of Manila. All its towns were placed under the administration, fiscal supervision, the town of Mariquina became the capital of the Province of Manila during the tenure of the revolutionary government of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. The Province of Morong had for its capital the town of Antipolo for the period 1898-1899, the first Philippine Commission, headed by William Howard Taft and composed of Commissioners Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide, Bernard Moses and Dean C, worcester, discussed with the Assembly the issue of whether or not to write the Province of Manila with Morong Province, was not self-sufficient to operate as a separate province. Although the delegates from Morong, Hilarion Raymundo and José Tupas, objected to the proposal, after much acrimonious debate and upon the suggestion of Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera the body agreed on the creation of a new province independent of the Province of Manila. The new province was named after Jose Rizal, the countrys national hero. The new province was composed of 29 municipalities,17 from the old Province of Manila, the City of Manila from the old Province of Manila was treated as a separate entity. The seat of the government was Pasig. In year 1939, Quezon City was established, which included parts of Caloocan, during World War II, Japanese fighter and bomber planes rained explosives on the province in December 1941
10.
Pasig
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The city is also the see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pasig, making its cathedral a landmark built around the same time as the towns foundation in 1573. The citys name Pasig was believed to have come from the old Sanskrit word pasega, or sand and it was pronounced mapaksik by the Pre-Hispanic Chinese inhabitants of Binondo, Manila. Mapaksik later became Pah-sik, and was changed to what is now Pasig. It may have come from the Tagalog word dalampasigan, which means riverbank. Here lies a nearly-extinct creek that played an important role amidst the days of the Philippine Revolution, the creek was given the name Bitukang Manok, due to the serpentine shape of its waterway. Among its early dwellers were Ethnic Malays, the Chinese from Southern China, the Bitukang Manok was once a principal tributary of the Marikina River. The Spanish colonizers called the creek Rio de Pasig, however, the Bitukang Manok, also known as the Parian Creek, had once linked the Marikina River with the Antipolo River. Dela Paz, thus being the detached and long-abandoned Antipolo River, even the marian processions of the Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage passed this route back and forth eleven times. The Sepoys backstabbed their abusive British lieutenants and sided with the forces of the Spanish Conquistadors, local rice farmers, fisherfolk. After the British Invasion, the Sepoys remained and intermarried with Filipina women, in 1742, an Augustinian friar named Fray Domingo Diaz, together with a group of wealthy Mestizos de Sangley from Brgy. Sagad, ordered a construction of a marble, roof tile-covered bridge across the creek in the style of an oriental pagoda. It was named Puente del Pariancillo, and a few later, it changed to Puente de Fray Felix Trillo. Edmund Roberts visited Pasig in 1832, on the night of May 2,1896, more than 300 revolutionary Katipuneros, led by the Supremo Gat. Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Pio Valenzuela, secretly gained access in this very creek aboard a fleet of seventeen Bangkas to the old residence of a notable Valentin Cruz at Brgy, San Nicolas, and formed the Asamblea Magna. That was the first and victorious rebellion ever accomplished by the Katipunan, after World War II, the Bitukang Manok was slowly exposing its ecological downfall. It resulted in water due to rational ignorance. On June 11,1901, During the Philippine-American War, the province of Rizal was created through Act No.137 of Philippine Commission, Pasig was incorporated into the province of Rizal, and was designated as the capital of the new province. In 1975, Pasig was carved out of Rizal province and became part of Metro Manila when the Metro Manila Commission was created by Pres, ferdinand Marcos through Presidential Decree 824
11.
MFI Foundation
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MFI Foundation Inc. is a non-stock, non-profit science foundation based in Pasig, Metro Manila, Philippines. It has provided training and education in the Philippines for more than 30 years, MFI has three centers, the MFI Technological Institute-Ortigas Campus, MFI Technological Institute-Pasay Taft Campus and the MFI Farm Business Institute. Established in 1983, the MFI Technological Institute was established to meet the industry demand for middle-level technical manpower. ITP began as a scholarship program but, in recent years. As a partner institution of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority, as a Model Center of Excellence in the Philippines, the institute has conducted training programs for ASEAN teachers through the sponsorship of the Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship. Launched in 2000, Tribong MFI events are a tripartite venture with Local Government Units and its medical missions are held periodically in community sites in Metro Manila and neighboring provinces. Thirty Years of MFI, Excellence in Education and Service, ortigas Avenue, Pasig City, Philippines, Meralco Foundation, Inc. pp. 1–168
12.
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
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Metropolitan Manila or the National Capital Region is constituted into a special development and administrative region subject to direct supervision of the President of the Philippines. The MMDA office is located at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue corner Orense Street, Guadalupe, Makati, the agency is headed by a Chairman, who is appointed by, and continues to hold office at the discretion of, the President. The Chairman is vested with the rank, rights, privileges, disqualifications, Marcos appointed his wife, First Lady Imelda Marcos, as Governor and Ismael Mathay, Jr. as Vice-Governor. The office was located in front of the present-day GMA Network at EDSA corner Timog Avenue, Diliman, the MMC became effectively defunct when on January 9,1990, President Corazon Aquino issued Executive Order No. 392, in accordance to Article 18, Section 8 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution which replaced the commission with the Metropolitan Manila Authority, the Metro Manila mayors will choose from themselves as chairman. Jejomar Binay of the municipality of Makati served as its first chairman, the agency transferred to its present office at Guadalupe, Makati. Binay was followed by Ignacio Bunye of municipality of Muntinlupa in 1991, Ismael Mathay, since the elected chairman is one of the mayors of Metro Manila, the role to his constituency gave less attention. Thus, the Congress of the Philippines, composed of the Senate, President Fidel V. Ramos appointed Prospero Oreta, who did not run in the Malabon municipal election, as the first Chairman of the MMDA on May 1995 and made him independent of the Metro Manila mayors. The governing board and policy making body of the MMDA is the Metro Manila Council, the Council is the policy-making body of the MMDA. It approves metro-wide plans, programs and projects and issues rules and it may increase the rate of the allowances and per diems of the members of the Council to be effective during the term of the succeeding Council. It fixes the compensation of the officers and personnel of the MMDA, the council consists of voting and non-voting members. Voting members are the mayors of the localities in Metro Manila, as well as the Presidents of the Metro Manila Vice Mayors League, MMDA had TV and radio stations sometimes carrying the same brand, MMDA Teleradyo. They ceased on August 17,2010, MMDA Traffic Radio 1206 - Traffic updates can be heard on this station. It was started as a test broadcast on September 24,2007, MMDA TV - Traffic updates are Live Feed by Monitoring Cameras Along the streets of Metro Manila with simulcast over MMDA Traffic Radio 1206. It was started as a test broadcast on August 20,2008, to compensate for the closure of these communication mediums, the MMDA turned to social media such as Twitter to broadcast traffic updates to users following them. Live billboards, particularly at EDSA, have also constructed. The MMDA app for iOS and Android have also made available for free. Since 2014, the took over the mothballed Pasig River ferry system in anticipation of huge traffic along the metropolis
13.
Imelda Marcos
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Imelda Marcos is the widow of Ferdinand Marcos, the 10th president of the Philippines. She served as First Lady from 1965 to 1986 during the presidency of her husband and she remains one of the richest politicians in the Philippines through her collection of clothing, artwork, and jewelry, along with money in offshore bank accounts under the pseudonym Jane Ryan. As a result, she has called a kleptocrat by her critics who accuse her of plunder. Marcos was born in Manila but moved to Tacloban prior to World War II after the death of her mother and she returned to Manila in 1950 to pursue a career as a singer and as a beauty queen. In 1954, she married Ferdinand Marcos, who became president of the Philippines in 1965, as first lady, she built developments in and around the metropolis of Manila while spending much of her time abroad on state visits and shopping sprees. The assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 caused mass protests that led to the People Power Revolution. The Marcos family were forced into exile, and Aquinos widow Corazon was installed as president, Marcos is infamous for her extravagance. This included owning more than a thousand pairs of shoes, some of which are now housed in a museum in Marikina and she worked as a fashion designer and model. She has sometimes referred to as the Steel Butterfly, by her supporters. Imelda Remedios Visitacion Romualdez was born in the city of San Miguel, Manila and her parents were Vicente Orestes Romualdez, a lawyer, and his second wife, Remedios Romualdez. Vicentes first wife, Juanita, died allegedly of leukemia on August 3,1926, Imelda is the sixth of Vicentes eleven children, and the first of Remedioss. Born into the Romualdez clan, a political dynasty hailing from the province of Leyte. She was immediately baptized after the day of her birth by Monsignor Juan Somera in the church of San Miguel. Her grandmother, Donya Trinidad Lopez de Romualdez, was the matriarch of the Romualdez clan, at the time of her birth, the Romualdezes had the comforts of material prosperity and had the reputation of wealthy Manilans. However, around 1931–1932, the conditions of Imeldas family began to decline. Imeldas parents were separated for a time and Imeldas mother left their home due to differences between Imeldas mother, Remedios, and her fathers first children. During this separation, Remedios worked for the nuns at the Asilo de San Vicente de Paul, to avoid further conflict, Remedios and her children moved to their houses garage. At 1937 after Conchitas birth, Remedioss health began to fail, on April 7,1938, she died due to double pneumonia
14.
Ferdinand Marcos
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Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. was a Filipino politician who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled as a dictator under martial law from 1972 until 1981, while his regime started an unprecedented number of infrastructure projects and monuments, it also became infamous for its corruption and brutality. United States Army documents described the claim as fraudulent and absurd and he was elected President in 1965. The Philippine national debt used to fund development projects grew from $2 billion at the beginning of his term to $26 billion by the end of 1985. Based on World Bank data, Philippine Annual Gross Domestic Product grew from $5.27 billion in 1964 to $37.14 billion in 1982, by the end of 1985, GDP stood at $30.7 billion following two years of economic contraction. All in all despite the 1984–1985 recession, GDP per capita grew at a rate of 5. 8%, or more than tripled. It was only in 1992 at the beginning of the term of Fidel Ramos when GDP per capita, Martial law was ratified by 90. 77% of the voters during the Philippine Martial Law referendum,1973 though the referendum was marred with controversy. Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, public outrage led to the snap elections of 1986. Allegations of mass cheating, political turmoil and excesses of human rights led to the People Power Revolution in February 1986. Marcos was succeeded by Corazon Aquino, widow of the opposition leader Senator Benigno Aquino. According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government, a government agency created by the Aquino Government, PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle—taking away billions of dollars from the country in the course of their US-backed rule between 1965 and 1986. His wife Imelda Marcos, whose excesses during the couples kleptocracy made her infamous in her own right, numerous criminal graft charges have been filed against her, some of which are still ongoing, and most have been dismissed by the court due to lack of evidence. He was later baptized into the Philippine Independent Church, but was first baptized in the Roman Catholic Church at the age of three, in December 1938, Ferdinand Marcos was prosecuted for the murder of Julio Nalundasan. He was not the accused from the Marcos clan, also accused was his father, Mariano, his brother, Pio. According to two witnesses, the four had conspired to assassinate Nalundasan, with Ferdinand Marcos eventually pulling the trigger, in late January 1939, they were finally denied bail and later in the year, they were convicted. Ferdinand and Lizardo received the penalty for premeditated murder, while Mariano. The Marcos family took their appeal to the Supreme Court of the Philippines, Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines, attending the prestigious College of Law. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a member of the universitys swimming, boxing
15.
Engineering
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The term Engineering is derived from the Latin ingenium, meaning cleverness and ingeniare, meaning to contrive, devise. Engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the wedge, lever, wheel, each of these inventions is essentially consistent with the modern definition of engineering. The term engineering is derived from the engineer, which itself dates back to 1390 when an engineer originally referred to a constructor of military engines. In this context, now obsolete, a referred to a military machine. Notable examples of the obsolete usage which have survived to the present day are military engineering corps, the word engine itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium, meaning innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention. The earliest civil engineer known by name is Imhotep, as one of the officials of the Pharaoh, Djosèr, he probably designed and supervised the construction of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara in Egypt around 2630–2611 BC. Ancient Greece developed machines in both civilian and military domains, the Antikythera mechanism, the first known mechanical computer, and the mechanical inventions of Archimedes are examples of early mechanical engineering. In the Middle Ages, the trebuchet was developed, the first steam engine was built in 1698 by Thomas Savery. The development of this gave rise to the Industrial Revolution in the coming decades. With the rise of engineering as a profession in the 18th century, similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering, the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering. The inventions of Thomas Newcomen and the Scottish engineer James Watt gave rise to mechanical engineering. The development of specialized machines and machine tools during the revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad. John Smeaton was the first self-proclaimed civil engineer and is regarded as the father of civil engineering. He was an English civil engineer responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and he was also a capable mechanical engineer and an eminent physicist. Smeaton designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse where he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime and his lighthouse remained in use until 1877 and was dismantled and partially rebuilt at Plymouth Hoe where it is known as Smeatons Tower. The United States census of 1850 listed the occupation of engineer for the first time with a count of 2,000, there were fewer than 50 engineering graduates in the U. S. before 1865. In 1870 there were a dozen U. S. mechanical engineering graduates, in 1890 there were 6,000 engineers in civil, mining, mechanical and electrical. There was no chair of applied mechanism and applied mechanics established at Cambridge until 1875, the theoretical work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics
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Technology
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Technology is the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, the human species use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The steady progress of technology has brought weapons of ever-increasing destructive power. It has helped develop more advanced economies and has allowed the rise of a leisure class, many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earths environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and raise new questions of the ethics of technology, examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics. Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the condition or worsens it. The use of the technology has changed significantly over the last 200 years. Before the 20th century, the term was uncommon in English, the term was often connected to technical education, as in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The term technology rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution, the terms meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into technology. In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which translates both terms as technology. By the 1930s, technology referred not only to the study of the industrial arts, dictionaries and scholars have offered a variety of definitions. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lecture, gave another definition of the concept, it is practice, the way we do things around here. The term is used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time,1, defines technology in two ways, as the pursuit of life by other than life, and as organized inorganic matter. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems and it is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material, virtual technology, such as software and business methods. W. Brian Arthur defines technology in a broad way as a means to fulfill a human purpose
17.
Education
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Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has an effect on the way one thinks, feels. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy, in most regions education is compulsory up to a certain age. Etymologically, the education is derived from the Latin ēducātiō from ēducō which is related to the homonym ēdūcō from ē-. Education began in prehistory, as trained the young in the knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation, story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be learned through imitation. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom, plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe. The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, there, the great Library of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BCE. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in CE476, after the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centres of advanced education, some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europes modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous, founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university. The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek, around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts, the Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe. In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise, is compulsory for all children up to a certain age, formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system, such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces, student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more
18.
Business
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A business is an organizational entity involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers. Businesses may also be social non-profit enterprises or state-owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social, a business owned by multiple private individuals may form as an incorporated company or jointly organise as a partnership. Countries have different laws that may ascribe different rights to the business entities. The word business can refer to an organization or to an entire market sector or to the sum of all economic activity. Compound forms such as agribusiness represent subsets of the broader meaning. Businesses aim to maximize sales to have their income exceed their expenditures, resulting in a profit, the owner operates the business alone and may hire employees. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business, partnership, A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business, the three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are, general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships. Corporation, The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a legal personality from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned and they can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, a privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals, or publicly held, with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange. Cooperative, Often referred to as a co-op, a cooperative is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit, a cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives, cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are not as protected. Franchises, A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open, franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business. Real estate businesses sell, invest, construct and develop properties – including land, residential homes, retailers, wholesalers, and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers, they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers, transportation businesses such as railways, airlines, shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee
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Architecture
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Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
20.
Civil engineering
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Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines. It is the second-oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it is defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering, Civil engineering takes place in the public sector from municipal through to national governments, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies. Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence, during this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the development of the wheel and sailing. The construction of pyramids in Egypt were some of the first instances of large structure constructions, the Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads. In the 18th century, the civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse, in 1771 Smeaton and some of his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some meetings, it was little more than a social society. In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, the institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. The first private college to teach engineering in the United States was Norwich University. The first degree in engineering in the United States was awarded by Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1835. The first such degree to be awarded to a woman was granted by Cornell University to Nora Stanton Blatch in 1905, throughout ancient and medieval history most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans, such as stonemasons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Knowledge was retained in guilds and seldom supplanted by advances, structures, roads and infrastructure that existed were repetitive, and increases in scale were incremental. Brahmagupta, an Indian mathematician, used arithmetic in the 7th century AD, based on Hindu-Arabic numerals, Civil engineers typically possess an academic degree in civil engineering. The length of study is three to five years, and the degree is designated as a bachelor of engineering. The curriculum generally includes classes in physics, mathematics, project management, design, after taking basic courses in most sub-disciplines of civil engineering, they move onto specialize in one or more sub-disciplines at advanced levels. In most countries, a degree in engineering represents the first step towards professional certification. After completing a degree program, the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements before being certified. Once certified, the engineer is designated as a engineer, a chartered engineer
21.
Computer engineering
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Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software. Computer engineers usually have training in engineering, software design. This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, Computer engineers are also suited for robotics research, which relies heavily on using digital systems to control and monitor electrical systems like motors, communications, and sensors. Other institutions may require engineering students to one or two years of General Engineering before declaring computer engineering as their primary focus. The first computer engineering program in the United States was established at Case Western Reserve University in 1972. As of 2015, there were 238 ABET-accredited computer engineering programs in the US, in Europe, accreditation of computer engineering schools is done by a variety of agencies part of the EQANIE network. Both computer engineering and electronic engineering programs include analog and digital circuit design in their curriculum, as with most engineering disciplines, having a sound knowledge of mathematics and science is necessary for computer engineers. There are two major specialties in computer engineering, software and hardware, Computer software engineers develop, design, and test software. They construct, and maintain computer programs, as well as set up such as intranets for companies. Software engineers can design or code new applications to meet the needs of a business or individual. Some software engineers work independently as freelancers and sell their software products/applications to an enterprise or individual, most computer hardware engineers research, develop, design, and test various computer equipment. This can range from circuit boards and microprocessors to routers, some update existing computer equipment to be more efficient and work with newer software. Most computer hardware engineers work in laboratories and high-tech manufacturing firms. Some also work for the federal government, according to BLS, 95% of computer hardware engineers work in metropolitan areas. Approximately 33% of their work more than 40 hours a week. The median salary for employed qualified computer hardware engineers was $100,920 per year or $48.52 per hour, Computer hardware engineers held 83,300 jobs in 2012 in the USA. There are many specialty areas in the field of computer engineering, examples include work on wireless communications, multi-antenna systems, optical transmission, and digital watermarking. Those focusing on communications and wireless networks, work advancements in telecommunications systems and networks, modulation and error-control coding, high-speed network design, interference suppression and modulation, design and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this specialty
22.
Electrical engineering
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Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life, the invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object. Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in engineering or electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body, such bodies include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Electrical engineers work in a wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from basic circuit theory to the management skills required of a project manager, the tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to a top end analyzer to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century and he also designed the versorium, a device that detected the presence of statically charged objects. In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify, Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created an electric telegraph network and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK. Over 50 years later, he joined the new Society of Telegraph Engineers where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort, Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardised units of measure. They led to the standardization of the units volt, ampere, coulomb, ohm, farad. This was achieved at a conference in Chicago in 1893. During these years, the study of electricity was considered to be a subfield of physics. Thats because early electrical technology was electromechanical in nature, the Technische Universität Darmstadt founded the worlds first department of electrical engineering in 1882. The first course in engineering was taught in 1883 in Cornell’s Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering. It was not until about 1885 that Cornell President Andrew Dickson White established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States, in the same year, University College London founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at University of Missouri soon followed suit by establishing the engineering department in 1886
23.
Industrial engineering
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Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of complex processes, systems or organizations. Industrial engineers work to eliminate waste of time, money, materials, man-hours, machine time, energy, according to the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers, they figure out how to do things better, they engineer processes and systems that improve quality and productivity. Some engineering universities and educational agencies around the world have changed the term industrial to broader terms such as production or systems, the various topics concerning industrial engineers include, Process engineering, design, operation, control, and optimization of chemical, physical, and biological processes. Systems engineering, a field of engineering that focuses on how to design. Safety engineering, a discipline which assures that engineered systems provide acceptable levels of safety. Value engineering, a method to improve the value of goods or products. Quality engineering, a way of preventing mistakes or defects in manufactured products, Project management, is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily problems. It includes the movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, ergonomics, the practice of designing products, systems or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people that use them. Logistics, the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to some requirements. Many of the tools and principles of engineering can be applied to the configuration of work activities within a project. The application of engineering and operations management concepts and techniques to the execution of projects has been thus referred to as Project Production Management. Traditionally, an aspect of industrial engineering was planning the layouts of factories and designing assembly lines. And now, in manufacturing systems, industrial engineers work to eliminate wastes of time, money, materials, energy. There is a consensus among a historian that the roots of the Industrial Engineering Profession date back to the Industrial Revolution. The concept of the system had its genesis in the factories created by these innovations. Eli Whitney and Simeon North proved the feasibility of the notion of Interchangeable parts in the manufacture of muskets, under this system, individual parts were mass-produced to tolerances to enable their use in any finished product. The result was a significant reduction in the need for skill from specialized workers, frederick Taylor is generally credited as being the father of the Industrial Engineering discipline. He earned a degree in engineering from Stevens University
24.
Mechanical engineering
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Mechanical engineering is the discipline that applies the principles of engineering, physics, and materials science for the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the design, production and it is one of the oldest and broadest of the engineering disciplines. The mechanical engineering field requires an understanding of areas including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, structural analysis. Mechanical engineering emerged as a field during the Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th century, however, Mechanical engineering science emerged in the 19th century as a result of developments in the field of physics. The field has evolved to incorporate advancements in technology, and mechanical engineers today are pursuing developments in such fields as composites, mechatronics. Mechanical engineers may work in the field of biomedical engineering, specifically with biomechanics, transport phenomena, biomechatronics, bionanotechnology. Mechanical engineering finds its application in the archives of various ancient, in ancient Greece, the works of Archimedes deeply influenced mechanics in the Western tradition and Heron of Alexandria created the first steam engine. In China, Zhang Heng improved a water clock and invented a seismometer, during the 7th to 15th century, the era called the Islamic Golden Age, there were remarkable contributions from Muslim inventors in the field of mechanical technology. Al-Jazari, who was one of them, wrote his famous Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices in 1206 and he is also considered to be the inventor of such mechanical devices which now form the very basic of mechanisms, such as the crankshaft and camshaft. Newton was reluctant to publish his methods and laws for years, gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is also credited with creating Calculus during the same time frame. On the European continent, Johann von Zimmermann founded the first factory for grinding machines in Chemnitz, education in mechanical engineering has historically been based on a strong foundation in mathematics and science. Degrees in mechanical engineering are offered at universities worldwide. In Spain, Portugal and most of South America, where neither B. Sc. nor B. Tech, programs have been adopted, the formal name for the degree is Mechanical Engineer, and the course work is based on five or six years of training. In Italy the course work is based on five years of education, and training, in Greece, the coursework is based on a five-year curriculum and the requirement of a Diploma Thesis, which upon completion a Diploma is awarded rather than a B. Sc. In Australia, mechanical engineering degrees are awarded as Bachelor of Engineering or similar nomenclature although there are a number of specialisations. The degree takes four years of study to achieve. To ensure quality in engineering degrees, Engineers Australia accredits engineering degrees awarded by Australian universities in accordance with the global Washington Accord, before the degree can be awarded, the student must complete at least 3 months of on the job work experience in an engineering firm. Similar systems are present in South Africa and are overseen by the Engineering Council of South Africa
25.
Biology
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Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy. Modern biology is a vast and eclectic field, composed of branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad scope of biology, there are certain unifying concepts within it that consolidate it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity. It is also understood today that all organisms survive by consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable, the term biology is derived from the Greek word βίος, bios, life and the suffix -λογία, -logia, study of. The Latin-language form of the term first appeared in 1736 when Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus used biologi in his Bibliotheca botanica, the first German use, Biologie, was in a 1771 translation of Linnaeus work. In 1797, Theodor Georg August Roose used the term in the preface of a book, karl Friedrich Burdach used the term in 1800 in a more restricted sense of the study of human beings from a morphological, physiological and psychological perspective. The science that concerns itself with these objects we will indicate by the biology or the doctrine of life. Although modern biology is a recent development, sciences related to. Natural philosophy was studied as early as the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indian subcontinent, however, the origins of modern biology and its approach to the study of nature are most often traced back to ancient Greece. While the formal study of medicine back to Hippocrates, it was Aristotle who contributed most extensively to the development of biology. Especially important are his History of Animals and other works where he showed naturalist leanings, and later more empirical works that focused on biological causation and the diversity of life. Aristotles successor at the Lyceum, Theophrastus, wrote a series of books on botany that survived as the most important contribution of antiquity to the plant sciences, even into the Middle Ages. Scholars of the medieval Islamic world who wrote on biology included al-Jahiz, Al-Dīnawarī, who wrote on botany, biology began to quickly develop and grow with Anton van Leeuwenhoeks dramatic improvement of the microscope. It was then that scholars discovered spermatozoa, bacteria, infusoria, investigations by Jan Swammerdam led to new interest in entomology and helped to develop the basic techniques of microscopic dissection and staining. Advances in microscopy also had a impact on biological thinking. In the early 19th century, a number of biologists pointed to the importance of the cell. Thanks to the work of Robert Remak and Rudolf Virchow, however, meanwhile, taxonomy and classification became the focus of natural historians
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Biotechnology
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Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the fields of bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc. For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, the term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies, as per European Federation of Biotechnology, biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services. Biotechnology also writes on the biological sciences. By contrast, bioengineering is generally thought of as a field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches for interfacing with. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of engineering and natural sciences to tissues, cells and this can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Although not normally what first comes to mind, many forms of human-derived agriculture clearly fit the definition of utilizing a biotechnological system to make products. Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise, Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best suited crops, having the highest yields and these processes also were included in early fermentation of beer. These processes were introduced in early Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India, in brewing, malted grains convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process, carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol, later other cultures produced the process of lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food, such as soy sauce. Fermentation was also used in time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Louis Pasteurs work in 1857, before the time of Charles Darwins work and life, animal and plant scientists had already used selective breeding. Darwin added to body of work with his scientific observations about the ability of science to change species. These accounts contributed to Darwins theory of natural selection, for thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics, for example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. In the early twentieth century scientists gained an understanding of microbiology. Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics, in 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium
27.
Statistics
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Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e. g. a scientific, industrial, or social problem, populations can be diverse topics such as all people living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys, statistician Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley defines statistics as Numerical statements of facts in any department of inquiry placed in relation to each other. When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs, representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation, inferences on mathematical statistics are made under the framework of probability theory, which deals with the analysis of random phenomena. A standard statistical procedure involves the test of the relationship between two data sets, or a data set and a synthetic data drawn from idealized model. A hypothesis is proposed for the relationship between the two data sets, and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false. Working from a hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized, Type I errors and Type II errors. Multiple problems have come to be associated with this framework, ranging from obtaining a sufficient sample size to specifying an adequate null hypothesis, measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as random or systematic, the presence of missing data or censoring may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems. Statistics continues to be an area of research, for example on the problem of how to analyze Big data. Statistics is a body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation. Some consider statistics to be a mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty, mathematical techniques used for this include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic analysis, differential equations, and measure-theoretic probability theory. In applying statistics to a problem, it is practice to start with a population or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as all living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population and this may be organized by governmental statistical institutes
28.
Psychology
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Psychology is the science of behavior and mind, embracing all aspects of conscious and unconscious experience as well as thought. It is a discipline and a social science which seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles. In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is called a psychologist and can be classified as a social, behavioral, Psychologists explore behavior and mental processes, including perception, cognition, attention, emotion, intelligence, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, and personality. This extends to interaction between people, such as relationships, including psychological resilience, family resilience, and other areas. Psychologists of diverse orientations also consider the unconscious mind, Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships between psychosocial variables. Psychology has been described as a hub science, with psychological findings linking to research and perspectives from the sciences, natural sciences, medicine, humanities. By many accounts psychology ultimately aims to benefit society, the majority of psychologists are involved in some kind of therapeutic role, practicing in clinical, counseling, or school settings. Many do scientific research on a range of topics related to mental processes and behavior. The word psychology derives from Greek roots meaning study of the psyche, the Latin word psychologia was first used by the Croatian humanist and Latinist Marko Marulić in his book, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae in the late 15th century or early 16th century. In 1890, William James defined psychology as the science of mental life and this definition enjoyed widespread currency for decades. Also since James defined it, the more strongly connotes techniques of scientific experimentation. Folk psychology refers to the understanding of people, as contrasted with that of psychology professionals. The ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, India, historians note that Greek philosophers, including Thales, Plato, and Aristotle, addressed the workings of the mind. As early as the 4th century BC, Greek physician Hippocrates theorized that mental disorders had physical rather than supernatural causes, in China, psychological understanding grew from the philosophical works of Laozi and Confucius, and later from the doctrines of Buddhism. This body of knowledge involves insights drawn from introspection and observation and it frames the universe as a division of, and interaction between, physical reality and mental reality, with an emphasis on purifying the mind in order to increase virtue and power. Chinese scholarship focused on the advanced in the Qing Dynasty with the work of Western-educated Fang Yizhi, Liu Zhi. Distinctions in types of awareness appear in the ancient thought of India, a central idea of the Upanishads is the distinction between a persons transient mundane self and their eternal unchanging soul. Divergent Hindu doctrines, and Buddhism, have challenged this hierarchy of selves, yoga is a range of techniques used in pursuit of this goal
29.
Accounting
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Accounting or accountancy is the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations. The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494, practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms, Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, external auditing, and tax accounting. Accounting information systems are designed to support accounting functions and related activities, Accounting is facilitated by accounting organizations such as standard-setters, accounting firms and professional bodies. Financial statements are audited by accounting firms, and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. GAAP is set by various standard-setting organizations such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board in the United States, as of 2012, all major economies have plans to converge towards or adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards. The history of accounting is thousands of old and can be traced to ancient civilizations. By the time of the Emperor Augustus, the Roman government had access to detailed financial information, double-entry bookkeeping developed in medieval Europe, and accounting split into financial accounting and management accounting with the development of joint-stock companies. The first work on a double-entry bookkeeping system was published in Italy, both the words accounting and accountancy were in use in Great Britain by the mid-1800s, and are derived from the words accompting and accountantship used in the 18th century. In Middle English the verb to account had the form accounten, which was derived from the Old French word aconter, which is in turn related to the Vulgar Latin word computare, meaning to reckon. The base of computare is putare, which meant to prune, to purify, to correct an account, hence, to count or calculate. The word accountant is derived from the French word compter, which is derived from the Italian. Accountancy refers to the occupation or profession of an accountant, particularly in British English, Accounting has several subfields or subject areas, including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, taxation and accounting information systems. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of a financial information to external users of the information, such as investors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the users in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. GAAP, in turn, arises from the agreement between accounting theory and practice, and change over time to meet the needs of decision-makers. This branch of accounting is also studied as part of the exams for qualifying as an actuary. It is interesting to note that two professionals, accountants and actuaries, have created a culture of being archrivals
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The Philippine Star
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The Philippine Star is a print and digital newspaper in the Philippines and the flagship brand of the PhilStar Media Group. First published on 28 July 1986 by veteran journalists Betty Go-Belmonte, Max Soliven and Art Borjal, the newspaper is owned and published by Philstar Daily Inc. which also publishes the monthly magazine People Asia and the Sunday magazines Starweek, Gist and Lets Eat. The Philippine Star is among the Philippines most widely circulated newspapers, with a circulation of 266,000 copies daily. The Philippine Star was first published seven months after the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled strongman Ferdinand Marcos, at that time, Belmonte was the publisher of a small, monthly magazine called The Star, a predecessor of the The Philippine Star. Belmonte served as the chairman of the Board of Directors, while Soliven acted as the founding publisher. Antonio Roces served as the first editor-in-chief until his resignation in 1989, the masthead of the newspaper carried the motto, Truth Shall Prevail, reflecting its editorial policy of presenting both sides of the story instead of the prevailing scoop mentality of that time. Aside from the news section, the first issue also includes the World, Nation, Money, Life. For its initial price of ₱1.75, the newspaper had a print run of “a few thousand copies”. At first, the newspaper was published from Mondays to Saturdays because Belmonte prohibited work on Sundays. To capitalize on Sunday readership, Philstar Daily, Inc. began publishing Starweek in 1987, eventually, in 1988, the newspaper added a Sunday issue in response to the demand for news on that day, while continuing its publication of Starweek. Aside from The Philippine Star, Philstar Daily, Inc. also started publishing a Filipino-language tabloid Ang Pilipino Ngayon, with the sudden death of Belmonte due to cancer on 28 January 1994, Soliven assumed chairmanship of the Board of Directors while retaining his position at publisher. He appointed Belmontes 30-year-old son, Miguel Belmonte, as vice president. On 4 August 1995, The Philippine Star became the first Philippine broadsheet newspaper to publish a front page. In 1998, the Board of Directors unanimously appointed Miguel Belmonte as president and CEO, while Soliven remained as chairman of the Board of Directors and publisher. The following year, the newspaper introduced “Hotline 2000”, which use of SMS as a means for opinion polling. It was the beginning of other endeavors that brought the newspaper to the Digital Age. In 2000, the newspaper debuted its website, philstar. com, in the same year, the company began using computer-to-plate printing system. In that year too, Miguels brother, Isaac Belmonte, was appointed editor-in-chief of the newspaper, a complimentary copy of the newspaper was given to Jollibee patrons nationwide for every purchase of a Jollibee breakfast meal
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Philippine Normal University
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The Philippine Normal University is a public research university in Manila, Philippines established during the early days of American colonial rule. 9647, it is now funded and operated as a National Center for Teacher Education in the country, the Philippine Normal University was originally established as the Philippine Normal School by virtue Act No.74 of the Philippine Commission. Enacted on 21 January 1901, Act No.74 mandated for the establishment of a normal, the Philippine Normal School formally opened on 1 September 1901, as an institution for the training of teachers. For more than two decades, PNS offered a general secondary education program. It was only in 1928 when it became a college offering a two-year program to graduates of secondary schools. When PNS was converted into the Philippine Normal College in 1949 through Republic Act No,416, also known as the PNC Charter, the four-year Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education program was introduced. In 1953, the Graduate School was established, equipped with a legal mandate, PNC included the Master of Arts in Education curriculum in the academic program. However, the organization of a full-fledged Graduate School came five years later and it was only in 1970 when the Bachelor of Science in Education curriculum, offering major and minor subjects, was introduced. The passage of Republic Act No.6515 in July 1972, curriculum development, revision, adaptation played an important role in ensuring high scholastic standards for the institution. As it gained its foothold in teacher education, PNC established branches in Agusan del Sur, Isabela, the school was elevated to university status on 26 December 1991, under Republic Act No.7168. A fourth campus was born in Quezon province and it continues to serve as collaborative partner in various government and private-sector educational projects. On 1 September 2001, the university celebrated its founding anniversary. In 2008, it was declared the countrys National Center for Teacher Education by virtue of Republic Act No.9647, dr. Fe Hidalgo, an alumnus and former Department of Education undersecretary, served as Officer-in-Charge of the University until 31 December that year. Ogena, a director from the Department of Science and Technology was elected and appointed by the Universitys Board of Regents as the 10th University President and she assumed office on 1 January 2011. The Manila Campus is the flagship and oldest campus of the university, in 1909, American architect William E. Parsons was tasked by the Philippine Commission to draw up design for various schools to be established in the Philippines. In 1911, he designed the Philippine Normal School, which was completed in 1914 and it was designed using the California Mission style to juxtapose with the capiz window panes and ornately grilled ventanillas, was erected at the corner of Taft Avenue and Ayala Boulevard. The construction, then budgeted at P374,000, was made of reinforced concrete, the exterior was relieved by panels of glazed polychromatic glazed tiles set in concrete. The PNU North Luzon is the regional hub of the University based in Cagayan Valley in the flourishing municipality of Alicia
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Polytechnic University of the Philippines
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The Polytechnic University of the Philippines is a coeducational, research state university located in Santa Mesa, Manila, Philippines. It was founded on October 19,1904 as the Manila Business School, PUP Manila has 48,213 students enrolled. PUPs sports team represents the whole PUP System in every athletic conference, the athletic team is known as the Mighty Maroons and plays in the National Capital Region Conference of the State Colleges and Universities Athletic Association. The team also plays in the National Athletic Association of Schools and its official volleyball team, the PUP Lady Radicals, plays in the Shakeys V-League. PUP traces its roots from the Manila Business School which was founded by the Civil Government of the Philippines and was established on October 19,1904 and it is also referred to as the Manila School of Commerce. The school was delegated to create businessmen and businesswomen for government service and it was a part of the city school system of Manila which was under the superintendence of Gabriel A. O’Reilly. It held its first classes at a small building in No.38 Gunao Street corner Arlegui in Quiapo. The influx of students from different provinces elevated the status as an Insular school and was renamed as Philippine School of Commerce in 1908. Its faculty was composed of Filipino and American teachers, for administrative purposes, the school was placed under the administration of the Superintendent of City Schools but kept its status as a national school. In 1933, the school was merged with the Philippine Normal School, during the merger that lasted 12 years, PSC was administered by the PNS Superintendent and its students who completed their courses were considered graduates of Philippine Normal School. The existence of the Philippine School of Commerce caught the attention of President Manuel L. Quezon, in his graduation address on March 26,1940 at the Rizal Memorial Stadium, he promised a new building for the school where its graduates can be recognized. Two years later, Congressman Manuel A. Alazarte together with the Department Head of the Philippine School of Commerce Luis F. Reyes, formulated a bill to this effect and present it to the Congress. Unfortunately, the plan was not carried out because of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines that occurred between 1942 and 1945 during World War II, shortly after Philippine liberation, Superintendent Luis F. Reyes resumed the task for the re-establishment and rehabilitation of the school. The Bureau of Public Works released more than ₱8,000 for the repairs, the ruins of the Normal Hall was reconstructed and the college resumed its classes there on August 4,1946. By August 4,1947 the school transferred to its new Lepanto campus, the Philippine School of Commerce was elevated into a college and was renamed as the Philippine College of Commerce in 1952 by virtue of Republic Act 778. Superintendent Luis F. Reyes became the President of the college and it broadened its course offerings and the Annex Building, which had formerly housed the Congress of the Philippines, was turned over to the college. The Business Writers Association of the Philippines awarded the college the title of Business College of the Year” in 1955, in 1962, Dr. Nemesio E. Prudente was appointed as President. He implemented numerous initiatives that greatly benefits the students such as student loans, three years later, President Diosdado Macapagal proclaimed that the Pandacan site of the Bureau of Animal Industry to be reserved for the exclusive use of the college
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Technological University of the Philippines
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The Technological University of the Philippines is a coeducational state university located in Manila, Philippines. It is the flagship of technology education in the Philippines, the Technological University of the Philippines was established upon the enactment of Organic Act No.74 by the Philippine Commission in 1901. TUP was known then as the Manila Trade School with the intention of developing the dignity of labor. In 1910, Manila Trade School was renamed as the Philippine School of Arts, pursuant to Republic Act 2237 issued on July 17,1959, Philippine School of Arts and Trades was given the college status and was renamed the Philippine College of Arts and Trades. From 1959 to 1978, PCAT pioneered programs in engineering technology, by virtue of Presidential Decree No.1518 issued on July 11,1978, Philippine College of Arts and Trades was converted into the Technological University of the Philippines. Today, the TUP Community is proud of the performance of its students locally, TUP students have created niche in the grounds of engineering, engineering technology, industrial education, science, architecture and fine arts. As an institution of learning, TUP is a recipient of national and international awards. This was certified by the Department of Trade and Industry, Center for Industrial Competitiveness - National Industrial Manpower Training Council. In the same year, the University was awarded as a Center of Development by the Commission on Higher Education in Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, moreover, the Association of Overseas Technical Scholarship based in Japan awarded TUP as a Center of Excellence. Presently, TUP is a system of four campuses, the main campus of the University is located in Manila. The three satellite campuses are in Taguig, Cavite, and Visayas, in addition to the four campuses, TUP maintains the Integrated Research and Training Center located in the main campus. The Center was established by the Japan International Cooperation Agency through a Technical Cooperation in 1982, the University aims to sustain its leadership in technology education. In order to maintain the relevance and competitiveness of the Universitys academic programs, the College of Engineering is a recipient of Center of Development status from the Commission on Higher Education. The College produces total quality engineers, graduate professionals and valuable technology researches for industry, in 1978, the then Philippine College of Arts and Trades was converted into the Technological University of the Philippines. Simultaneously, the College of Industrial Technology arose from the departments of the former Technical Department, today, the CIT is the center of the industrial technology education of the University. The roots of the College of Industrial Education can be traced in 1929 when the first formal two-year Industrial Teacher Education was offered at the then Philippine School of Arts, at present, the college serves as the foundation of teacher education in the University. The BS in Industrial Education program at CIE has been offered since 1951 as a teacher education for elementary and secondary levels. The roots of the College of Architecture and Fine Arts can be traced from the drawing subjects required in all courses offered by the University since 1907, the college has been a consistent contributor in the Universitys achievements and recognition in various art competitions both local and abroad
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University of the Philippines Diliman
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The University of the Philippines Diliman is a coeducational, research state university located in Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. It was established on February 12,1949 as the campus and seat of administration of the University of the Philippines System. UP Diliman is the fourth oldest constituent university of UP, the outbreak of World War II hampered the development of the area. The transfer of the Oblation from Manila to Diliman marked the establishment on February 12,1949. Between the 1970s and 1980s, UP Diliman was the site of student activism. It was during times that student demonstrations and opposition against Marcos administration became heavy. This was one of the precursors to Marcos declaration of martial law in 1972, UP Diliman was formally established as a constituent university on April 23,1985 at the 976th Meeting of the U. P. It is the largest constituent university in the University of the Philippines System in terms of number of degree-granting academic units, student population, faculty, there are 27 degree-granting units on campus, accounting for 22,031 students of which,15,299 are undergraduates. UP Diliman had a complement of 1,526 full-time faculty in 2012, UP Diliman offers academic programs in 247 major fields. There were 70 programs at the level,109 at the master’s level and 68 at the doctoral level. The library resources of UP Diliman are the largest in the country, the total book and non-book collections number 1,170,723 volumes, which include books, pamphlets, bound periodicals, theses, dissertations, microforms and various multimedia titles. The serial collection totals 60,450 divided into 26,679 print titles and 33,771 unique titles in online journals and this collection has steadily grown through acquisitions and generous donations. The Commission on Higher Education declared nine U. P. D. units as Centers of Excellence as of 2009, the UP Diliman campus is also the site of the countrys National Science Complex. The university represents the UP System in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and its athletic teams, collectively called the Fighting Maroons, competes in various athletic competitions while its cheerdance group, the U. P. Pep Squad, represents the university in its annual UAAP Cheerdance Competition, the population of students continued to rise in succeeding years, reaching to 7,849 in 1928 from the initial 67 when the university was established in 1908. The need became apparent for UP to create buildings and academic units. In 1939, the Board of Regents acquired a 493-hectare land in the Diliman District of the newly established Quezon City, construction began on the area on the same year. The development of the area was stalled by World War II
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University of the Philippines Manila
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The University of the Philippines Manila is a coeducational and public research university in the Philippines. Located in Manila, the capital city, it is the oldest of the seven constituent universities of the University of the Philippines system. Its oldest degree-granting unit is the College of Medicine, which was founded in 1905 as the Philippine Medical School and it is the center of health sciences education in the country, with the establishment of the National Health Sciences Center. It is also a research center in the health sciences in the Asia-Pacific region. It exercises administrative supervision over the Philippine General Hospital, as of 2001, the Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines has identified two Centers of Excellence in UP Manila. The COEs in the university are medicine and nursing, with the UP College of Medicine as the very first Center of Excellence in Medical Education in the country and it is currently among only five medical institutions to be recognized as Centers of Excellence in Medical Education. The UP Manila started with the establishment of the Philippine Medical School in 1905, the Philippine Medical School was later integrated into the University of the Philippines and was renamed College of Medicine and Surgery. In 1907, Philippine Commission Act 1688 dated August 17 created the Philippine General Hospital, PGH was eventually linked formally with the CM, with its dean becoming the PGH director. The College of Public Health, College of Pharmacy and the College of Dentistry started as units of CM and eventually became full-fledged colleges in 1932,1935 and 1948, during the World War II, the university continued to hold classes in makeshift rooms. After the war, the university transferred to the Diliman campus in 1948, in 1948, the Board of Regents established the College of Nursing. The then existing units related to the health sciences constituted the Center, with the College of Arts and Sciences Manila transformed into a full-fledged unit, on October 22,1982, the Center was renamed UP Manila by virtue of Presidential Executive Order No.4. In 1988, the Institute for Socio-Biomedical Research was created to serve as a common administrative, UP Manila is home to nine degree-granting units, the National Institutes of Health, a training hospital, the Philippine General Hospital, and, several academic and administrative support offices. The campus is spread out in the Ermita area as well as in three provinces and it also has a UP School of Health Sciences in Palo, Leyte, Baler, Aurora, and Koronadal in South Cotabato. (Side Note, After World War II, only three buildings of the original University of the Philippines campus remained largely intact, Rizal Hall or CAS, PGH, and PGH Nurses Home. Johnson, MSc Physics Interactive Learning Center, Iris Thiele Isip-Tan, MD, MSc UPM Research Grants Administration Office, Christine Hazel Casanova, MD Sentro ng Wikang Filipino-Manila, the College of Allied Medical Professions started in 1962 as the School of Allied Medical Professions. It offered the first Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy courses in the country, CAMP also offers a Bachelor of Science degree program in speech pathology. The College of Arts and Sciences was established through an approval of a creating a University Extension Division in Manila on June 21,1951. It offers courses in Arts and Communication, Behavioral Sciences, Biology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physical Education, the College of Dentistry was founded in 1915 and offers undergraduate, post-graduate, and graduate programs in Dentistry
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City University of Pasay
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City University of Pasay, commonly abbreviated as CUPasay, is a city-controlled, public university in Pasadeña St. F. B. Its major purpose is to provide education to the less-privileged yet deserving students of the City, the City University of Pasay was founded on May 26,1994 by the virtue of city ordinance. The constitution was conceptualized by Hon. Pablo N. Cuneta with the city councilors, the school started with 384 students and 11 faculty members, holding evening classes at the Pasay City West High School. Dr. Felimon Salas and his staff at the research center composed the working group for the university. Today, the university degree programs in the areas of teacher education, law, business administration, nursing, health education, hotel and restaurant management. The School of Law is led by young and dynamic law professors with strong dedication, the School of Graduate Studies offers graduate degree programs in education management and public governance. The college serves as the research center maximizing the use of the faculty resources, data banking, all 21 faculty member are doctoral degree holders in education management and public governance. CUPasay looks forward to achieving the objectives of the city and tertiary education as well as by focusing of the area of accreditation and it is expected that this will bring about quality assurance and organizing stability. Each of the vice presidents is assisted by directors and other officials for the implementation of their functions
