1.
Highway shield
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A highway shield or route marker is a sign denoting the route number of a highway, usually in the form of a symbolic shape with the route number enclosed. As the focus of the sign, the number is usually the signs largest element. Highway shields are used by travellers, commuters, and all levels of government for identifying, navigating, simplified highway shields often appear on maps. There are several uses for the highway shield, Junction signs inform travelers that they are approaching an intersection with a numbered highway. Guide signs inform travelers which way to go at intersections, usually with an arrow pointing the way, reassurance markers are used after major junctions and periodically in between to confirm the route and direction. Australia has maintained distinctly different trends pertaining to Highway shields in the past and will continue in this somewhat, despite the conversion to alpha-numeric routes. Alpha-numeric route numbering has been in use in Tasmania since the 1970s, however, from 1996 states on the mainland began conversion to the alpha-numeric system. The state of Victoria was the first to implement the policy, prior to this conversion and concurrently, Federal Highway, National Highway, State Highway and Tourist Route shields existed. In Victoria Freeway shields were used until the late 1980s, while during the 1990s Queensland, with the opening of the Western Ring Road, that road used a shield quite similar to the U. S. Interstate shield, albeit with Ring Road written instead of Interstate and with 2 peaks, to further complicate matters, with the introduction of the alpha-numeric system, roads that are federally funded have a squared-off bullet encompassing the alpha-numeric designation. Freeways and dual-carriageway roads often use an M prefix, particularly in Victoria, in addition, trapezoidal signs are placed every 5 km on major regional highways and freeways indicating the distance to the post office of the next city or major town on the route. These signs usually only have the first letter of the destination, Federal and state highways shields are standardized in Brazil by the National Transit Department, but implementation is not always consistent nor even existent. In many states, highway names appear on highway location markers, each province dictates the type of shields used as their highway system is a provincial responsibility. Ontario highways shields vary in shape and colour, the general format is a black letter/numbers on white background. Major or 400-series highways use a bullet with a crown on top. These are referred to as Kings Highway markers, but the wording has been removed since the 1990s, secondary and local or county roads use an isosceles trapezoid as markers. Background colour is white, but they can be green. Tertiary road signs are rectangular in shape, text is black or white and will indicate the county name
2.
Interstate Highway System
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
3.
United States Numbered Highway System
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The United States Numbered Highway System is an integrated network of roads and highways numbered within a nationwide grid in the contiguous United States. The route numbers and locations are coordinated by the American Association of State Highway, the only federal involvement in AASHTO is a nonvoting seat for the United States Department of Transportation. Generally, north-to-south highways are odd-numbered, with lowest numbers in the east, the area of the thirteen states of the United States. Similarly, east-to-west highways are typically even-numbered, with the lowest numbers in the north, where roads were first improved most intensively, major north–south routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east–west routes have numbers ending in 0. Three-digit numbered highways are spur routes of parent highways but are not necessarily connected to their parents, some divided routes exist to provide two alignments for one route, even though many splits have been eliminated. Special routes, usually posted with a banner, can provide various routes, such as an alternate, bypass or business route, Routes were designated, auto trails designated by auto trail associations were the main means of marking roads through the United States. In 1925, the Joint Board on Interstate Highways, recommended by the American Association of State Highway Officials, after several meetings, a final report was approved by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in November 1925. They received complaints from across the country about the assignment of routes, so the Board made several modifications, as a result of compromises made to get the U. S. Highway System approved, many routes were divided, with alignments to serve different towns. In subsequent years, AASHTO called for such splits in U. S, expansion of the system continued until 1956, when the Interstate Highway System was formed. After construction was completed, many U. S, Routes were replaced by Interstate Highways for through traffic. Highways still form many important regional connections, and new routes are still being added, Routes do not have a minimum design standard, unlike the later Interstate Highways, and are not usually built to freeway standards. Many are designated using the streets of the cities and towns through which they run. New additions to the system, however, must substantially meet the current AASHTO design standards, as of 1989, the United States Numbered Highways system has a total length of 157,724 miles. Except for toll bridges and tunnels, very few U. S. AASHTO policy says that a road may only be included as a special route. U. S. Route 3 meets this obligation, in New Hampshire, but US Routes in the system do use parts of four toll roads, US51 uses part of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway in Illinois, the old road is Illinois Route 251. US278 uses the tolled Cross Island Parkway in South Carolina, US412 uses the Cimarron Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is US64. US412 also uses the Cherokee Turnpike in Oklahoma, the old road is Alternate US412, Routes follow a simple grid in the contiguous United States, in which odd-numbered routes run generally north to south and even-numbered routes run generally east to west
4.
State highway
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Depending on the state, state highway may be used for one meaning and state road or state route for the other. In some countries such as New Zealand, the state is used in its sense of a nation. By this meaning a state highway is a maintained and numbered by the national government rather than local authorities. Australias State Route system covers urban and inter-regional routes that are not included in the National Route or the National Highway systems and these routes are marked with a blue shield. Sometimes a state route may be formed when a national route is decommissioned. Most states and territories have introduced an alphanumeric numbering system. Brazil is another country that is divided into states and has state highways, canada is divided into provinces and territories, each of which maintains its own system of provincial or territorial highways. Canadas federal National Highway System is a dual system which includes the Trans-Canada Highway network. Italys Strade Statali extend for some 18,000 km, overseen by the Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strade founded in 1946, State highways in India are numbered highways that are laid and maintained by state governments. Mexicos State Highway System is a system of urban and state routes constructed and maintained by each Mexican state, the main purpose of the state networks is to serve as a feeder system to the federal highway system. All states except the Federal District operate a road network, each state marks these routes with a white shield containing the abbreviated name of the state plus the route number. New Zealand state highways are national highways – the word state in this sense means government or public, New Zealands state highway system is a nationwide network of roads covering the North Island and the South Island. As of 2006, just under 100 roads have a State Highway designation, the NZ Transport Agency administers them. The speed limit for most state highways is 100 km/h, with reductions when one passes through a populated area. The highways in New Zealand were originally designated on a system, national and provincial, with national highways having a higher standard. Now all of them are state highways, and the network consists of SH1 running the length of main islands, SH 2–5 and 10–58 in the North Island, and SH 6–8. National and provincial highways are numbered north to south. State Highway 1 runs the length of both islands, local highways are the next important roads under the National highways
5.
Michigan State Trunkline Highway System
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The State Trunkline Highway System consists of all the state highways in Michigan, including those designated as Interstate, United States Numbered, or State Trunkline highways. In their abbreviated format, these classifications are applied to numbers with an I-, US, or M- prefix. The longest highway is nearly 400 miles long, while the shortest is about three-quarters of a mile, predecessors to todays modern highways include the foot trails used by Native Americans in the time before European settlement. Shortly after the creation of the Michigan Territory in 1805, the new government established the first road districts, the federal government aided in the construction of roads to connect population centers in the territory. At the time, road construction was under the control of the township, the state government was briefly involved in roads until prohibited by a new constitution in 1850. Private companies constructed plank roads and charged tolls, local township roads were financed and constructed through a statute labor system that required landowners to make improvements in lieu of taxes. Countywide coordination of planning, construction and maintenance was enacted in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, the prohibition on state involvement in roads was removed. The Michigan State Highway Department was created in 1905, and the department paid counties, on May 13,1913, the State Reward Trunk Line Highways Act was passed, creating the State Trunkline Highway System. The MSHD assigned internal highway numbers to roads in the system, and in 1919, the US Highway System was created in 1926, and highways in Michigan were renumbered to account for the new designations. Legislation in the 1930s consolidated control of the state trunklines in the highway department. During the 1940s, the first freeways were built in Michigan, with the introduction of the Interstate Highway system in the 1950s, the state aborted an effort to build the Michigan Turnpike, a tolled freeway in the southeast corner of the LP. Construction on Michigans Interstates started in the part of that decade. During that period, several freeways were canceled in the 1960s and 1970s, since 1992, few additional freeways have been built, and in the early years of the 21st century, projects are underway to bypass cities with new highways. The letter M in the highway numbers is an integral part of the designation. The states highways are referred to using an M-n syntax as opposed to Route n or Highway n and this usage dates from 1919, when Michigans state trunklines were first signed along the roadways, and continues to this day in official and unofficial contexts. Michigan is one of two states following this syntax, the other one being Kansas. Although M-n outside of Michigan could conceivably refer to state, provincial, local, or national highways
6.
Pure Michigan Byway
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These byways have been designated in both the Upper and Lower peninsulas of the state. The current name was adopted on December 30,2014, to be listed as a Pure Michigan Byway, a road must be a state trunkline highway, and it must be nominated through a two-stage process. Candidates are evaluated based on a set of criteria by MDOT in a process that can take several years to complete. The criteria include a relationship to sites or districts on the National Register of Historical Places, to recreational areas. Each candidate must be supported by stakeholders, including the appropriate local units of government. Each byway has an organization that produces a management plan for the roadway. These actions provide economic benefits by stimulating tourism, additions to the system are made when local organizations apply to MDOT through a two-stage process. First, a local organization proposes the addition, verifying that the heritage route is a state trunkline highway. MDOT reviews this pre-application to determine initial eligibility, if the proposed heritage route is determined to be eligible, the organization is asked to submit a full application to the department for approval. The full process can take up to seven years to complete, the three types of byways are defined in Public Act 69 of 1993, the legislation that originally established the system. The Legislature defined these types to be, Historic significant to the history, archeology, architecture, engineering, or culture of this state. In his annual report to the State Legislature at the end of 2014, cultural A state highway traversing an area with unique cultural and/or ethnic heritage amenities such as art galleries, theaters, opera houses, restaurants, markets, and music venues. Archaeological A state highway traversing a corridor with ruins, artifacts, natural A state highway that traverses a corridor with natural features that are relatively undisturbed, unique geological landforms, vegetation, water bodies, or conservation areas. In establishing specific objective criteria related to the selection of potential byways, regardless of classification, all byways are supported with a management plan for the corridor designed to deal with protection, preservation, and enhancement of the roadway. All routes are given specific termini points with a reasonable length and they must also have the backing of local units of government, landowners and organizations. No specific criteria have been published for cultural, archaeological or natural byways, Historic byways are assessed based on the numbers of sites listed, or eligible for listing, on the National Register of Historic Places. These sites need to be visible from the route of the byway, or, in the case of historic districts, local organizations backing a proposed historic byway must also have promotional plans and demonstrate coordination with state agencies related to state history. Recreational byways must be used mainly for recreational purposes, connecting to one or more recreation sites and they can also connect multiple sites together with a common theme, and they are assessed on their scenic qualities with lower inclusion standards than scenic byways
7.
Freeway
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A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow and ingress/egress regulated. Common English terms are freeway, motorway and expressway, other similar terms include Interstate and parkway. Some of which may be limited-access highways, although this term can refer to a class of highway with somewhat less isolation from other traffic. In countries following Vienna convention, the motorway qualification implies they are forbidden for walking or parking, a controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access. They are free of any at-grade crossings with roads, railways, or pedestrian paths. Entrances and exits to the highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads, on the controlled-access highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions of traffic dramatically improves safety and capacity, controlled-access highways evolved during the first half of the 20th century. Italy opened its first autostrada in 1924 connecting Milan to Varese, Germany began to build its first 30-kilometre autobahn controlled-access highway without speed limits in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn. It then rapidly constructed a system of such roads in anticipation of their use in the Second World War. The first North American freeways opened in the New York City area in the 1920s, Britain, heavily influenced by the railways, did not build its first motorway, the Preston By-pass, until 1958. Most technologically advanced nations feature a network of freeways or motorways to provide high-capacity urban travel, or high-speed rural travel. Many have a national-level or even international-level system of route numbering, exit is marked with another symbol. The definitions of motorway from the OECD and PIARC are almost identical, british Standards Motorway, Limited-access dual carriageway road, not crossed on the same level by other traffic lanes, for the exclusive use of certain classes of motor vehicle. ITE Freeway, A divided major roadway with full control of access and this definition applies to toll as well as toll-free roads. Freeway A, This designates roadways with greater complexity and high traffic volumes. Usually this type of freeway will be found in areas in or near the central core. Freeway B, This designates all other divided roadways with full control of access where lighting is needed, principal arterials may cross through urban areas, serving suburban movements. The traffic is characterized by high speeds and full or partial access control, other roads leading to a principal arterial are connected to it through side collector roads
8.
Interstate highway
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The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways is a network of controlled-access highways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States. The system is named for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who championed its formation, construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, and the original portion was completed 35 years later, although some urban routes were cancelled and never built. The network has since been extended and, as of 2013, as of 2013, about one-quarter of all vehicle miles driven in the country use the Interstate system. In 2006, the cost of construction was estimated at about $425 billion, the nations revenue needs associated with World War I prevented any significant implementation of this policy, which expired in 1921. In the plan, Mehren proposed a 50, 000-mile system, the system would include two percent of all roads and would pass through every state at a cost of $25,000 per mile, providing commercial as well as military transport benefits. As the landmark 1916 law expired, new legislation was passed—the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 and this new road construction initiative once again provided for federal matching funds for road construction and improvement, $75 million allocated annually. The Bureau of Public Roads asked the Army to provide a list of roads that it considered necessary for national defense. A boom in construction followed throughout the decade of the 1920s. As automobile traffic increased, planners saw a need for such a national system to supplement the existing, largely non-freeway. By the late 1930s, planning had expanded to a system of new superhighways, in 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave Thomas MacDonald, chief at the Bureau of Public Roads, a hand-drawn map of the United States marked with eight superhighway corridors for study. He recognized that the system would also provide key ground transport routes for military supplies. The publication in 1955 of the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways, informally known as the Yellow Book, assisting in the planning was Charles Erwin Wilson, who was still head of General Motors when President Eisenhower selected him as Secretary of Defense in January 1953. The Interstate Highway System was authorized on June 29,1956 by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, popularly known as the National Interstate, three states have claimed the title of first Interstate Highway. Missouri claims that the first three contracts under the new program were signed in Missouri on August 2,1956, the first contract signed was for upgrading a section of US Route 66 to what is now designated Interstate 44. On August 13,1956, Missouri awarded the first contract based on new Interstate Highway funding, kansas claims that it was the first to start paving after the act was signed. Preliminary construction had taken place before the act was signed, the state marked its portion of I-70 as the first project in the United States completed under the provisions of the new Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. The Pennsylvania Turnpike could also be considered one of the first Interstate Highways, on October 1,1940,162 miles of the highway now designated I‑70 and I‑76 opened between Irwin and Carlisle. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania refers to the turnpike as the Granddaddy of the Pikes, October 12,1979, The final section of the Canada to Mexico freeway Interstate 5 is dedicated near Stockton, California
9.
Metro Detroit
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The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is a major metropolitan area in Southeast Michigan, consisting of the city of Detroit and its surrounding area. There are several definitions of the area, including the official statistical areas designated by the Office of Management and Budget, Metro Detroit is known for its automotive heritage, arts, entertainment, popular music, and sports. The area includes a variety of landscapes, parks, and beaches. It is one of the nations largest metropolitan economies, with seventeen Fortune 500 companies and this urbanized area covers parts of the counties of Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne. These counties are referred to as the Detroit Tri-County Area and had a population of 3,862,888 as of the 2010 census with an area of 1,967.1 square miles. As of the 2010 census, the MSA had a population of 4,296,250 with an area of 3,913 square miles. It had a population of 5,318,744 as of the 2010 census, lenawee County was removed from the CSA in 2000, but added back in 2013. With the adjacent city of Windsor, Ontario and its suburbs, when the nearby Toledo metropolitan area and its commuters are taken into account, the region constitutes a much larger population center. An estimated 46 million people live within a 300-mile radius of Detroit proper, Metro Detroit is at the center of an emerging Great Lakes Megalopolis. Detroit and the region constitute a major center of commerce and global trade, most notably as home to Americas Big Three automobile companies, General Motors, Ford. Detroits six-county Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of about 4.3 million, in May 2012, the Department of Labor reported metropolitan Detroits unemployment rate at 9. 9%. The Detroit MSA had a Gross Metropolitan Product of $197.7 billion in 2010, firms in the region pursue emerging technologies including biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, and hydrogen fuel cell development. Metro Detroit is one of the health care economies in the U. S. according to a 2003 study measuring health care industry components. Casino gaming plays an important economic role, with Detroit the largest US city to offer casino resort hotels, caesars Windsor, Canadas largest, complements the MGM Grand Detroit, MotorCity Casino, and Greektown Casino in the city. The casino hotels contribute significant tax revenue along with thousands of jobs for residents, gaming revenues have grown steadily, with Detroit ranked as the fifth largest gambling market in the United States for 2007. When Casino Windsor is included, Detroits gambling market ranks either third or fourth, there are about four thousand factories in the area. The domestic auto industry is headquartered in Metro Detroit. The area is also an important source of engineering job opportunities, a 2004 Border Transportation Partnership study showed that 150,000 jobs in the Detroit–Windsor region and $13 billion in annual production depend on the citys international border crossing
10.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
11.
Interstate 275 (Michigan)
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Interstate 275 is an Interstate in the US state of Michigan that acts as a western bypass of the Detroit metropolitan area. The Michigan Department of Transportation maintains the highway as part of the state trunkline highway system. The freeway runs through the suburbs near Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. The southern terminus is the interchange with I-75 near Newport, northeast of Monroe, MDOT considers the Interstate to run to an interchange with I-96, I-696 and M-5 on the Farmington Hills–Novi city line, running concurrently with I-96 for about five miles. This gives a length of about 35.03 miles. All other map makers, like the American Automobile Association, Rand McNally, a highway roughly parallel to the modern I-275 was included in early planning maps for the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s. As plans developed through the 1960s and into the early 1970s, some plans in the 1970s had the northern Novi–Davisburg section numbered as a state highway M-275. The southern half of I-275 was built in segments that were completed in January 1977, later that month, the state canceled the northern section because of local opposition. A later attempt to revive the proposal failed in 1979, additional plans to complete M-275 through Oakland County were kept on the drawing boards through the 1980s, but failed to materialize. M-5 opened along part of the former I-275/M-275 right-of-way between 1994 and 2000, I-275 begins at exit 20 along I-75 in northeastern Monroe County. The surrounding area is farmland and residential subdivisions in the adjacent Frenchtown, the freeway angles to the northwest and crosses US Highway 24, which is also called Telegraph Road. After this interchange, I-275 turns to the north, running east of Carleton, crossing the Canadian National Railway, at Will Carleton Road, the trunkline crosses into Wayne County. There it continues on a path parallel to a CSX Transportation line through southern Wayne County. The freeway crosses the Huron River at South Huron Road, adjacent to Willow Metropark, in the city of Romulus, I-275 begins to take on a more suburban character when it passes the southwestern boundary of the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport. There is access to the side of the airport signed at Eureka Road. Between these two interchanges, I-275 begins to run to the northwest, near these two complexes, the freeway turns north again, running parallel and to the east of Haggerty Road. The freeway crosses over another NS railroad line used by Amtrak trains from Chicago and Pontiac, US12. I-275 crosses the Lower Branch of the River Rouge north of Michigan Avenue and the Middle Branch north of Ford Road, north of the Middle Branch of the River Rouge in Plymouth Township, I-275 crosses Schoolcraft Road and another CSX line from Detroit
12.
M-59 (Michigan highway)
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M-59 is an east–west state trunkline highway that crosses the northern part of Metropolitan Detroit in the US state of Michigan. It runs between Howell at Interstate 96 and I-94 on the Chesterfield–Harrison township line near the Selfridge Air National Guard Base. While primarily a surface highway, it is a full freeway from just east of the Pontiac downtown near Opdyke Road to just east of the Mound Road/Merrill Road exit in Utica. The various surface highway segments are named either Highland Road, Huron Street or Hall Road, the rural sections west of Pontiac pass through Oakland County lake country crossing through two state recreational areas. M-59 was first designated with the rest of the state trunkline highway system by July 1,1919 between Pontiac and Mt. Clemens. Extensions on both ends brought the termini as far as Howell and New Baltimore before the current termini were established in the 1960s. M-59 was expanded into a freeway in the late 1960s and early 1970s, M-59 starts at I-96 in Howell Township as Highland Road near a large outlet mall. Highland Road carries M-59 concurrently with the westernmost section of Business Loop I-96, Highland Road widens out into a boulevard south of the county airport before the roadway reaches Grand River Avenue. At this intersection, BL I-96 departs to the southwest and this section of Howell is mostly residential with tree-lined streets. The boulevard section ends near Thompson Lake and M-59 continues east through rural Livingston County as a highway crossing forested. Halfway across Hartland Township, M-59 meets the US Highway 23 freeway near the Hartland Plaza Shopping Center, the route passes several small lakes and continues east into Oakland County. There is a gap in the Highland SRA where M-59 narrows back to two-lane road. Near Brendel Lake and the Alpine Valley Ski Area, Highland Road narrows back to two lanes for the final time, the narrowed roadway continues east, crossing the southern edge of Pontiac Lake in the state recreational area of the same name. The next major landmark along M-59 is the Oakland County International Airport in Waterford Township, Highland Road begins to curve back to the south through denser suburbs as it approaches the outskirts of Pontiac. The Highland Road name gives way to Huron Street near Sylvan Lake, and M-59 crosses Telegraph Road, east of downtown Pontiac, M-59 widens out into a full freeway. This freeway provides access to the side of the Pontiac Silverdome. To the east of the stadium in Auburn Hills is the interchange with I-75. Continuing east through the northern Detroit suburbs, the M-59 freeway curves back to the south, trucks carrying explosive or flammable cargo are required to exit the M-59 freeway and use the parallel service drive through the Mound Road-Merrill Road interchange just west of Utica
13.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
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Grand Circus Park Historic District
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The Grand Circus Park Historic District contains the 5-acre Grand Circus Park in Downtown Detroit, Michigan that connects the theatre district with its financial district. It is bisected by Woodward Avenue, four north of Campus Martius Park. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, a part of Augustus Woodwards plan to rebuild the city after the fire of 1805, the city established the park in 1850. Woodwards original plan called for the park to be a full circle, the Detroit Opera House overlooks the eastern edge of the park and the grounds include statuary and large fountains. Near this historic site, General George Armstrong Custer delivered a eulogy for thousands gathered to mourn the death of President Abraham Lincoln, architect Henry Bacon designed the Russell Alger Memorial Fountain in Grand Circus Park. Bacons other projects include the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D. C, the fountain contains a classic Roman figure symbolizing Michigan by American sculptor Daniel French who sculpted the figure of Lincoln for the Memorial. In 1957, the City of Detroit constructed a parking garage under the two halves of the park, the eastern portion houses space for 250 cars and the western portion accommodates 540. The half-moon shaped park is divided down its center by Woodward Avenue, the Alger Fountain anchors the eastern half and is capped on its north western edge with a statue of mayor William Cotter Maybury. Its western half is anchored by the Edison Fountain and capped on its eastern edge with a statue of mayor Hazen Pingree. The Maybury and Pingree monuments have been relocated several times, the Pingree statue was erected in 1904 near Woodward and Park Avenues facing south, while his rival, Maybury, occupied a site in the eastern half of the park facing Pingree across Woodward Avenue. After the 1957 garage construction, Pingree was returned to his original site while Maybury was placed at the boundary of the park with his back to his foe. In the 1990s, both statues moved once again to their current locations, the construction sites reserved for development under the agreement include the location of the former Statler on Grand Circus Park and the former Hudsons location. Grand Circus is serviced by a People Mover station, the Detroit Opera House is located at Broadway and Grand Circus. The east necklace of downtown links Grand Circus and the area to Greektown along Broadway. The east neckace contains a sub-district sometimes called the Harmonie Park District, near the Opera House, and emanating from Grand Circus along the east necklace are other venues including the Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts and the Gem Theatre and Century Club. The historic Harmonie Club and Harmonie Centre are located along Broadway, the Harmonie Park area ends near Gratiot and Randolph. The Detroit Athletic Club stands in view of center field at Comerica Park, the Hilton Garden Inn is also in the Harmonie Park area. The east necklace area is serviced by the People Mover at the Cadillac, Campus Martius Park Detroit International Riverfront Grand Circus Park People Mover station Theatre in Detroit Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow
15.
History of Detroit
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The city of Detroit, the largest city in the state of Michigan, settled in 1701, is the first European settlement above tidewater in North America. Developing from a small sleepy New France fur trading post, it became an industrial powerhouse. After a devastating fire in 1805, Augustus B. Woodward devised a plan similar to Pierre Charles LEnfants design for Washington. Main thoroughfares radiate outward from the city center like spokes in a wheel, the region grew initially based on the lucrative inland and Great Lakes connected fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. During the French and Indian War, the French reinforced and improved Fort Detroit along the Detroit River between 1758–1760, and it became the focus of several British and American attacks. It was finally surrendered to the British on November 29,1760, only a decade later, the population of Detroit was 1,400. In 1778 in a census during the American Revolution, its population was up to 2,144, in the late 19th century several Gilded Age mansions were built just east of Detroits current downtown. Detroit was referred to by some as the Paris of the West for its architecture, throughout the 20th century various skyscrapers were built centered on Detroits downtown. Following World War II, the industry boomed and the area witnessed suburban expansion. The Detroit metropolitan area has emerged as one of the largest in the United States, Immigrants and migrants have contributed significantly to Detroits economy and culture. In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has experienced increased revitalization, many areas of the city are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and include National Historic Landmarks. The city with its population migration to the suburbs has had to adjust its role in the midst of a larger metropolitan area in the 21st century. Hearths and geological features from the Holcombe beach site near Lake Saint Clair show that Paleo-Indian people settled in the area of Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. The Detroit region was inhabited by the Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, the first recorded mention of the site was in 1670s, when French missionaries found a stone idol venerated by the Indians there and destroyed it with an axe. Early settlers planted twelve missionary pear trees named for the twelve Apostles on the grounds of what is now Waterworks Park. The city name comes from the Detroit River, meaning the strait of Lake Erie, linking Lake Huron and Lake Erie, in the context, the strait included Lake St. Clair. The sieur de Cadillac in 1698 proposed to his government in Paris that Detroit be established as a shelter for displaced Indian allies, in 1704 he was given ownership over the strenuous opposition of officials in New France. An investigation by de Pontchartrain showed Cadillac was a tyrannical profiteer whose mischief hurt the French cause, so Cadillac was removed, anne de Détroit, founded 1701, is the second oldest continuously operating Catholic parish in the United States, it was the first building erected in Detroit
16.
Augustus B. Woodward
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Augustus Brevoort Woodward was the first Chief Justice of the Michigan Territory. In that position, he played a prominent role in the reconstruction of Detroit following a fire in 1805. He promoted a design based on radial avenues, as in Washington, DC. He is also known as one of the founders of the University of Michigan and he was born Elias Brevoort Woodward in 1774 in New York. He read the law and practiced as an attorney in Washington and his biographer, Arthur M. Woodford, describes Woodward as a prototype of Washington Irving’s Ichabod Crane. He stood 6 feet 3 inches tall, and was thin, sallow and his long, narrow face was dominated by a big nose. His contemporaries commented on his slovenliness, while living in Washington, D. C. Woodward was described as a man of middle age, a hardened bachelor who wore nut-brown clothing. He slept in his office which was never swept. and was eccentric and erratic and his friends were few and his practice was so small that he hardly made a living. But while working in Washington, he got to know President Thomas Jefferson, President Thomas Jefferson and Woodward knew each other personally. Jefferson appointed Woodward on March 3,1805, as the Michigan Territorys first Chief Justice, when Woodward arrived in Detroit on June 30,1805, he found the city in ruins from the devastating fire earlier that month on June 11. Woodward, with Governor William Hull and associate Justices John Griffin and Frederick Bates, Woodward and Griffin, along with the current Governor and a third judge, held this power from 1805 until the institution of a legislature in 1824. Woodward and Hull bickered almost constantly, one of Woodwards legacies is the Woodward Code, a series of statutes serving as the basis of the Territorial Supreme Court legal procedures. Woodward and Hull developed a new plan for Detroit, in keeping with its status as the capital of the Territory and they based their work on Pierre LEnfants layout for Washington, D. C. Woodwards plan was ambitious, in line with the adopted city motto, Speramus Meliora. For the first time in Detroits history, attention shifted fully from its river to its roads, Woodward Avenue in Detroit, originally called Court House Avenue and other names, was popularly named after the justices work in city planning and rebuilding. Woodward, somewhat in jest, claimed the name was simply related to the fact that it traveled toward the wooded area to the north of the city. Woodward proposed a system of hexagonal street blocks, with the Grand Circus at its center, wide avenues, alternatively 200 feet and 120 feet, were designed to radiate from large circular plazas like spokes from the hub of a wheel. As the city grew, it could develop along the avenues in all directions from the banks of the Detroit River, when Woodward presented his proposal, Detroit had fewer than 1,000 residents
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Pierre Charles L'Enfant
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Pierre Peter Charles LEnfant was a French-born American architect and civil engineer best known for designing the layout of the streets of Washington, D. C. the LEnfant Plan. In 1758, his brother Pierre Joseph died at the age of six and he studied art at the Royal Academy in the Louvre, as well as with his father at the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. He left school in France to enlist in the American Revolutionary War on the side of the rebelling colonials, LEnfant was recruited by Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais to join in the American Revolutionary War in the American colonies. He arrived in 1777 at the age of 23, and served as an engineer in the Continental Army with Major General Lafayette. He was commissioned as a captain in the Corps of Engineers on April 3,1779 to rank from February 18,1778, despite his aristocratic origins, LEnfant closely identified with the United States, changing his first name from Pierre to Peter. LEnfant served on General George Washingtons staff at Valley Forge, while there, the Marquis de Lafayette commissioned LEnfant to paint a portrait of Washington. He was wounded at the Siege of Savannah on October 9,1779 and he recovered and became a prisoner of war at surrender of Charleston, South Carolina on May 12,1780. He was exchanged in November 1780 and served on General George Washingtons staff for the remainder of the Revolutionary War, LEnfant was promoted by brevet to Major of Engineers on May 2,1783, in recognition of his service to the cause of American liberty. He was discharged when the Continental Army was disbanded in December 1783, after the war, LEnfant designed the badge of the Society of the Cincinnati, an organization of former officers of the Continental Army, shaped as an eagle, at the request of Washington. He was sent to France to have made for members of the Society. Following the American Revolutionary War, LEnfant established a successful and highly profitable civil engineering firm in New York City and he achieved some fame as an architect by redesigning the City Hall in New York for the First Congress of the United States. He also designed furniture and houses for the wealthy as well as coins and medals and he was also a friend of Alexander Hamilton. While LEnfant was in New York City, he was initiated into Freemasonry and his initiation took place on April 17,1789, at Holland Lodge No. 8, F & A M, which the Grand Lodge of New York F & A M had chartered in 1787, LEnfant took only the first of three degrees offered by the Lodge and did not progress further in Freemasonry. Included in the new district were the port towns of Georgetown. LEnfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9,1791, and began his work, Washington arrived later on March 28, to meet with LEnfant and the Commissioners for several days. On June 22, LEnfant presented his first plan for the city to the President. On August 19, he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the President, President Washington retained a copy of one of LEnfants plans, showed it to the Congress, and later gave it to the three Commissioners
18.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Baroque
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The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
20.
Performing arts in Detroit
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The performing arts in Detroit include orchestra, live music, and theater, with more than a dozen performing arts venues. The stages and old time film palaces are generally located along Woodward Avenue, the central thoroughfare, in the Downtown, Midtown. Some additional venues are located in areas of the city. Many of the significant historic theaters have been revitalized. Detroit has a theatrical history, with many venues dating back to the 1920s. The Detroit Fox Theatre was the first theater ever constructed with built-in film sound equipment, commissioned by William Fox and built by architect C. Howard Crane, the ornate Detroit Fox was fully restored in 1988. It is the largest of the nations Fox Theatres with 5,045 seats, the city has been a place for operatic, symphonic, musical and popular acts since the first part of the twentieth century. David T. Nederlanders career began after purchasing a 99-year lease on the Detroit Opera House and his son, the organizations chairman, James M. Nederlander, also a Detroit native, coproduced over one hundred famous theatrical classics, including West Side Story, Hello, Dolly. The King and I, and Fiddler on the Roof, today, the Nederlander Organization operates Detroits Fisher Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and several theaters in other major cities on the Broadway theatre circuit. Organizations such as the Mosiac Youth Theatre support the theater community. During the late 1980s the great old motion picture screens and live performance began to be restored. The Fox Theatre, Detroit Opera House, and The Fillmore Detroit are notable restorations, the Fillmore Detroit is the site of the annual Detroit Music Awards held in April. Other venues were modernized and expanded such as Orchestra Hall, the home of the world-renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. Next to the Detroit Opera House is the restored 1, 700-seat Music Hall Center for the Performing Arts at 350 Madison Avenue, designed by William Kapp, the Detroit Institute of Arts contains the renovated 1, 150-seat Detroit Film Theatre. Smaller sites with long histories in the city were preserved by moving the entire structure. In a notable preservation, the Gem Theatre and Century Theatre were moved to a new address across from the Music Hall Center in order to construct Comerica Park, Detroits 1, 571-seat Redford Theatre, with its Japanese motifs, is home to the Motor City Theatre Organ Society. Along with Wayne State University’s Hilberry Theatre in Midtown, the graduate repertory theater in the nation, Detroit has enjoyed a resurgence in theatrical productions. The city has some surviving historic theaters which have been converted to other uses while others await redevelopment, albert Kahn and Ernest Wilby designed the Beaux Arts styled National Theatre with its Moorish entry at 118 Monroe Street which also awaits redevelopment
21.
Detroit River
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The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, the two cities are connected by the Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel. The rivers name comes from the French Rivière Détroit, meaning River of the Strait, the Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and is one of the busiest waterways in the world. The river travels west and south from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, the river serves as an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan, Huron, and Superior to the St. Lawrence Seaway and Erie Canal. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, in recent years, however, the ecological importance of the river has warranted a vast restoration effort, and the river today has a wide variety of economical and recreational uses. There are numerous islands in the Detroit River, and much of the portion of the river is incorporated into the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront, the Detroit River is designated an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River — the only river to have this dual designation. The Detroit River flows for 24 nautical miles from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie, however, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider. The Detroit River is only 0.5 to 2.5 miles wide, the Detroit River starts on an east to west flow but then bends and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is 53 feet deep in the portion of the river. At its source, the river is at an elevation of 574 feet above sea level, the river drops only three feet before entering into Lake Erie at 571 feet. As the river contains no dams and no locks, it is navigable by even the smallest of vessels. The watershed basin for the Detroit River is approximately 700 square miles, since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries. Its largest tributary is the River Rouge in Michigan, which is four times longer than the Detroit River. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much smaller Ecorse River, tributaries on the Canadian side include Little River, Turkey Creek and the River Canard. The discharge for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size, the rivers average discharge is approximately 188,000 cubic feet per second, and the rivers flow is constant. The Detroit River forms an element of the international border between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of Wayne County, Michigan, the largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan
22.
M-1 (Michigan highway)
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M-1, commonly known as Woodward Avenue, is a north–south state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of the US state of Michigan. The highway, called Detroits Main Street, runs from Detroit north-northwesterly to Pontiac, the street is one of the five principal avenues of Detroit, which also include Michigan, Grand River, Gratiot and Jefferson avenues. These streets were platted in 1805 by Judge Augustus B, the US Department of Transportation has listed the highway as the Automotive Heritage Trail, an All-American Road in the National Scenic Byways Program. It has also designated a Pure Michigan Byway by the Michigan Department of Transportation. The roadway was included in the MotorCities National Heritage Area designated by the US Congress in 1998. The trunkline is the line between Detroits East and West sides, and it connects to some of the citys major freeways like Interstate 94. Woodward Avenue exits Detroit at M-102 and runs through the northern suburbs in Oakland County on its way to Pontiac. In between, Woodward Avenue passes through several historic districts in Detroit and provides access to businesses in the area. The name Woodward Avenue has become synonymous with Detroit, cruising culture, Woodward Avenue was created after the Detroit Fire in 1805. It followed the route of the Saginaw Trail, an Indian trail that linked Detroit with Pontiac, Flint, the Saginaw Trail also connected to the Mackinaw Trail, which ran north to the Straits of Mackinac at the tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. In the age of the trails, Woodward Avenue was also part of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway that connected Portland, Maine, with Portland. It was also a part of the Dixie Highway, which connected Michigan with Florida, Woodward Avenue was the location of the first mile of concrete roadway in the country. When Michigan created the State Trunkline Highway System in 1913, the roadway was included, numbered as part of M-10 in 1919, later, it was part of US Highway 10 following the creation of the United States Numbered Highway System. Since 1970, it has borne the M-1 designation, the roadway carried streetcar lines from the 1860s until the 1950s, a new light rail line will be added in the future. Like other state highways in Michigan, the section of Woodward Avenue designated M-1 is maintained by MDOT, all of M-1 north of I-75 is listed on the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the countrys economy, defense, and mobility. In addition to the sections of Woodward Avenue in Pontiac that are part of Business Loop I-75 and Business US24, all of M-1 is a Pure Michigan Byway, Woodward Avenue is also considered to be the divider between the East and West sides of the city of Detroit. Woodward Avenue starts at an intersection with Jefferson Avenue next to Hart Plaza about 750 feet from the Detroit River, the plaza is regarded as the birthplace of the Ford Motor Company, and it is located near Cobo Center and the Renaissance Center, headquarters for General Motors. Woodward Avenue runs north-northwesterly away from the river through the heart of downtown Detroit, along the way, it passes several important and historic sites, including notable buildings like One Woodward Avenue, the Guardian Building and The Qube
23.
U.S. Route 12 in Michigan
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US Highway 12 is an east–west US Highway that runs from Aberdeen, Washington, to Detroit, Michigan. In Michigan it runs for 210 miles between New Buffalo and Detroit as a state highway and Pure Michigan Byway. On its western end, the highway is mostly a two-lane road that runs through the southern tier of counties roughly parallel to the Indiana state line, in between Coldwater and the Ann Arbor area, the highway angles northeasterly and passes the Michigan International Speedway. East of Ypsilanti, US12 follows a divided highway routing on Michigan Avenue into Detroit, when US12 was designated in Michigan on November 11,1926, along with the other original US Highways, it ran along a more northerly course. It entered from Indiana as it now, but it followed the Lake Michigan shoreline farther north to Benton Harbor–St. Joseph before turning eastward to run through Kalamazoo, Battle Creek, in the Ann Arbor area, it followed a more northerly path into Detroit before terminating downtown. In the 1940s and 1950s, sections of the highway were converted into expressways and freeways, starting in 1959, these freeway segments were renumbered as part of I-94, and in January 1962, US12 was shifted to replace US Highway 112. That highway, when it was designated in 1926 replaced the original M-23 along the Chicago Road, later, US112 replaced the first M-151 when the former was extended to New Buffalo in the mid-1930s. Since 1962, the highway has remained unchanged aside from minor truncations in the city of Detroit. US112 previously had two loops, both of which were renumbered Business US12 in 1962. In 2010, the Niles business loop was decommissioned, but the one in Ypsilanti remains, one section of the former US112 was renumbered US 112S for a few years in the 1930s. Between the state line near Michiana and the interchange with I-94 near New Buffalo, the full length of the highway in the state is also a Pure Michigan Historic Byway. Outside of the cities, most of US12 is a rural. One section runs concurrently with I-94 south of Ypsilanti, from there eastward, the US12 is a divided highway and then a boulevard into the Detroit area. The entire length of the highway east of Coldwater is listed on the National Highway System, a network of important to the USs economy, defense. US12 enters the state of Michigan southwest of New Buffalo near the town of Michiana, US12 intersects I-94 less than a mile east of this turn and continues due east along Pulaski Highway through rural farmland. The highway is the main east–west street as it crosses through Three Oaks in southern Berrien County, east of Galien, the highway dips southward around Dayton Lake before passing south of Buchanan. The highway continues eastward, intersecting US31 near Niles, east of that freeway, US12 expands into an expressway as the Niles Bypass
24.
M-3 (Michigan highway)
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M-3 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the Detroit metropolitan area of the US state of Michigan. For most of its length, the trunkline is known as Gratiot Avenue /ˈɡræʃᵻt/, the trunkline starts in Downtown Detroit and runs through the city in a northeasterly direction along one of Detroits five major avenues. The highway passes several historic landmarks and through a historic district and it also connects residential neighborhoods on the citys east side with suburbs in Macomb County and downtown. Gratiot Avenue in Detroit was one of the original avenues laid out by Judge Augustus Woodward after the Detroit fire in 1805 and it was later used as a supply road for Fort Gratiot in Port Huron under authorization from the US Congress in the 1820s. The roadway was included in the State Trunkline Highway System in 1913, later, it was used as a segment of US Highway 25 before that highway was functionally replaced by Interstate 94 in the 1960s. The M-3 designation was applied to the current highway in 1973, and this intersection also serves as the termini for M-10 and Business Spur I-375. M-3 follows Randolph Street northward under the Detroit People Mover past Cadillac Square and this street is a boulevard setup with four lanes divided with a median or center turn lane. Gratiot Avenue runs northeasterly through downtown, past Ford Field, near the stadium, the street passes over I-375 without any direct connections. Gratiot continues past the freeway on the citys east side, bordering residential neighborhoods along the way, through this area, it had a continuous center turn lane, losing the grassy median it had in places downtown. The highway intersects Grand Boulevard near Dueweke Park, and at Van Dyke Avenue, Gratiot Avenue crosses I-94 at the latters exit 219 near the Coleman A. Young International Airport and an adjacent industrial area, past the airport, Gratiot Avenue once again runs through residential neighborhoods while being immediately bordered by commercial properties. The southern end of M-97 is at the intersection between Gratiot and Gunston avenues just northeast of the Outer Drive junction by the airport, the trunkline passes the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church near a branch location of the Detroit Public Library at McNichols Street. Just before crossing M-102, Gratiot Avenue widens back to a boulevard and this intersection marks the transition from Detroit and Wayne County to Eastpointe in Macomb County. In Macomb County, M-3 follows a boulevard setup complete with Michigan lefts at the intersections in the suburbs of Detroit. There are a series of commercial properties between 10 Mile Road and I-696 that includes the Eastgate Shopping Center in Roseville, the missing connections are possible through the adjacent interchange for Little Mack Avenue on I-94 which also connects to 13 Mile Road and Gratiot Avenue. North of 14 Mile Road, M-3 crosses into Clinton Charter Township next to the Hebrew Memorial Park, north of the intersection with Metropolitan Parkway, Gratiot Avenue splits into a one-way pairing of Northbound and Southbound Gratiot avenues as it crosses into Mount Clemens near the Clinton River. The two separate streets are one, two, or even three blocks apart through the downtown area. North of the Patterson Street intersections, the two streets cross back into Clinton Township and merge back together in four-lane street with a turn lane
25.
U.S. Route 16 in Michigan
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US Highway 16, also called Grand River Avenue for much of its length in the state, was one of the principal pre-Interstate roads in the state of Michigan. Before the creation of the United States Numbered Highway System in 1926, the modern route of Grand River Avenue cuts across the Lower Peninsula in a northwest–southeast fashion from near Grand Rapids to Detroit. Before the late 1950s and early 1960s, US16 followed other roads between Muskegon and Grand Rapids, and then Grand River Avenue through Lansing to Detroit. In the years preceding the creation of the Interstate Highway System. Later, it was co-designated as an Interstate, when the gap in the freeway was filled in around Lansing, the US16 designation was decommissioned in the state. The freeway was then solely designated Interstate 96 east of Grand Rapids, the original pathway along the Grand River Avenue corridor was an Indian trail, a footpath used by the native population. This trail was used by the first European settlers to the area now known as Michigan. In the middle of the 19th century, the trail was expanded into a road that formed the basis for one of the first state trunkline highways as M-16 in the early 20th century. Later, the highway was rerouted to replace M-126 and create M-104, current segments of the roadway are still part of the state highway system as sections of M-5, M-11, M-43 or business loops off I-96. At the time of its decommissioning, US16 started its run through Michigan at the Grand Trunk Western Railroad docks in Muskegon, the SS Milwaukee Clipper operated as a car ferry across Lake Michigan, connecting Muskegon to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where US16 continued to the west. From the docks, US16 and M-46 traveled concurrently south, at Peck Street, US16 turned south along Business US31. These two highways ran concurrently out of town to the south through Muskegon Heights to Norton Shores, there, the business loop ended at US31, and US16 joined the I-196 freeway headed east. The I-196/US16 freeway traveled southeast of Norton Shores through woodlands in rural Muskegon County parallel to the former US16 routing through Fruitport to Nunica in Ottawa County. The freeway turned more directly east in Nunica past the terminus of M-104. As the freeway approached Kent County, it met the western terminus of M-11 which was the routing of US16 through the Grand Rapids metropolitan area. I-196/US16 continued eastward around the side of the metropolitan area through the suburbs of Walker. The freeway intersected the contemporaneous routing of US131 along the East Beltline, there I-196 ended and US16 was transferred to the I-96 freeway. I-96/US16 continued southward intersecting Cascade Road, which was previously US16, Cascade Road east of this interchange meets the westernmost part of Grand River Avenue, which carried US16 east continuously to Downtown Detroit
26.
Jefferson Avenue (Detroit)
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Jefferson Avenue is a 63. 71-mile-long scenic road along the eastern part of the Detroit metropolitan area in the southeastern part of the U. S. state of Michigan. It travels alongside Lake Erie, the Detroit River, and Lake St. Clair and this road also provides access to many recreational facilities in the area. West Jefferson Avenue is primarily a commercial, while East Jefferson Avenue contains a residential district. Jefferson is one of five major avenues planned by Judge Augustus B. Woodward in 1805 that extend from downtown Detroit in differing directions, first surveyed in 1807, it was named Main Street. It was later renamed Jefferson Avenue after U. S. President Thomas Jefferson, Jefferson Avenue was planned to extend due east of downtown, parallel to the Detroit River. Later additions to the road have extended it west of downtown as well and this road originates in the City of Detroit. Jefferson passes under Cobo Convention Center, but such structures as 150 West Jefferson and it then passes through much of eastern Detroit and then the Grosse Pointe communities, St. Clair Shores, and Harrison Township, among others. It also serves as the backbone of the neighborhoods of the Grosse Pointe communities. The Trenton Channel Power Plant and Elizabeth Park are located along Jefferson Avenue in Trenton. S, turnpike Road in Berlin Charter Township. A gap occurs at the former Selfridge Air Force Base, now a golf course, there is a one block gap in Jefferson Avenue on Detroits southwest side, between Clark and Scotten Streets, which is occupied by the Detroit/Wayne County Port Authoritys Detroit Terminal. In downtown Detroit, the end of M-10 is routed on Jefferson to the corner of Randolph St. /M-3. From the corner of Randolph to the end of I-375 between Beaubien and St. Antoine streets, Jefferson is the extremely short,0.015 mile-long. Metro Detroit portal Michigan Highways portal Transportation in metropolitan Detroit East Jefferson Avenue Residential District Media related to Jefferson Avenue at Wikimedia Commons
27.
Southeast Michigan
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It is bordered in the north-east by Lake St. Clair, to the south-east Lake Erie, and the Detroit River which connects these two lakes. Detroit, the states largest city and the county seat of Wayne County, mount Clemens, the county seat of Macomb County. Pontiac, the county seat of Oakland County, west Bloomfield Township Some cities are considered within Southeast Michigan, while also being a part of another region or metropolitan area. The following cities tend to identify themselves separately from Southeast Michigan and are isolated from the counties of Oakland, Macomb. Ann Arbor, county seat of Washtenaw County and home of the University of Michigans main campus, Adrian, county seat of Lenawee County and home of Adrian College, Siena Heights University. Hillsdale, county seat of Hillsdale County located between the southeast and southwest corners of the state, Howell, county seat of Livingston County located between Metro Detroit and the Greater Lansing areas. Jackson, county seat of Jackson County also considered to be a part of Greater Lansing, port Huron, county seat of St. Clair County, also considered to be part of the Thumb. Monroe, county seat of Monroe County, saline, a community in Washtenaw County. See Also, Metro Detroit With 4,488,335 people in 2010, Metro Detroit was the tenth largest metropolitan area in the United States, the main economic activity is manufacturing cars. Major manufacturing cities are Warren, Sterling Heights, Dearborn and Detroit, other economic activities include banking and other service industries. Most people in Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, Washtenaw, in the recent years, urban sprawl has affected the areas of Canton, Commerce, Chesterfield, and Clinton townships. SEMCOG Commuter Rail is a regional rail link between Ann Arbor and Detroit. The Detroit Metro Airport is the busiest in the area with the opening of the McNamara terminal, the airport is located in Romulus. Manufacturing and service industries have replaced agriculture for the most part, in rural areas of Saint Clair County, Monroe, and Livingston Counties still grow crops such as corn, sugar beets, soy beans, other types of beans, and fruits. Romeo and northern Macomb County is well known for its apple, Radio Most major Detroit radio stations, such as WJR and WWJ, can be heard in most or all of southeastern Michigan. Port Huron, Howell, Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti, Adrian, and Monroe are also served by their own locally-originating stations, national Public Radio is broadcast locally from Ann Arbor on Michigan Radio WUOM91.7 FM and from Detroit on WDET-FM101.9 FM. Major television stations include, WJBK Fox 2, WXYZ7 Action News, WDIV Local 4, WWJ-TV channel 62, newspaper Daily editions of the Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are available throughout the area. Ballard, Charles L. Michigans Economic Future, Challenges and Opportunities, ballard, Charles L. Paul N. Courant, and Douglas C
28.
M-102 (Michigan highway)
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M-102 is an east–west state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that runs along the northern boundary of Detroit following 8 Mile Road. The highway follows the Michigan Baseline, a part of the survey of the state. As a county road or city street,8 Mile Road extends both east and west of the M-102 designation, which leaves 8 Mile on the end to follow Vernier Road. The western terminus of M-102 is at the junction of 8 Mile Road and M-5, the 8 Mile Road name extends west to Pontiac Trail near South Lyon with a discontinuous segment located west of US Highway 23. The eastern end of 8 Mile Road is in Grosse Pointe Woods near I-94, the highway was first designated in the late 1920s, connecting US Highway 10 with US25. Extensions to the highway designation moved the termini in the 1930s and 1940s east to M-29, a change in the 1960s added a section of north–south roadway to the eastern end of M-102, that change was reversed within about a year. A western extension along Grand River Avenue in 1977 was reversed in 1994, the racial patterns have changed, as more middle-class African Americans have also moved north of 8 Mile, but the socioeconomic divide between the city and suburbs remains. Starting at an intersection with Hamburg Road along the Livingston–Washtenaw county line,8 Mile Road runs eastward to an interchange with US23 near Whitmore Lake, there is a gap before 8 Mile Road resumes at Pontiac Trail along the Oakland–Washtenaw county line. Near the suburb of Northville, the road curves northward into Oakland County, the road meets I-96/I-275 at that freeways exit 167 along the border between Livonia and Farmington Hills. As its name implies,8 Mile Road runs east–west eight miles north of the origin of the Mile Road System at Michigan, M-102 starts at the intersection between M-5 and 8 Mile Road and runs eastward along 8 Mile Road. The highway widens out into a setup with each direction divided by a central median. Motorists that want to make a turn along 8 Mile Road have to perform a Michigan left to do so. Starting at the Inkster Road intersection, M-102 forms the boundary between Redford to the south and Southfield to the north, east of Five Points Road, the 8 Mile follows the northern city limits of Detroit. On either side of 8 Mile Road, the area is filled with residential neighborhoods of the two cities with commercial businesses immediately adjacent to the highway. About two miles east of its point, M-102 intersects US24 at a cloverleaf interchange near Frisbee-Pembroke Park. Along the length of the highway, there are large power line towers in the median. Continuing east, M-102 intersects M-39 and M-10 south of the Southfield campus of Oakland Community College, as the highway approaches M-1, there are a pair of service drives that split from the main roadway in each direction to provide access through the interchange with M-1. The main lanes of M-102 pass under M-1 and its ramp connections before the service drives merge back in on the other side and this interchange is located adjacent to the Michigan State Fairgrounds, former site of the now-defunct Michigan State Fair, and Woodlawn Cemetery
29.
Land Ordinance of 1785
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The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20,1785. It set up a system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west. Congress at the time did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation, the Ordinance set up a survey system that eventually covered over three-fourths of the area of the continental United States. The earlier Ordinance of 1784 was a written by Thomas Jefferson calling for Congress to take action. The land west of the Appalachian Mountains, north of the Ohio River, however, the 1784 resolution did not define the mechanism by which the land would become states, or how the territories would be governed or settled before they became states. The Ordinance of 1785 put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land, the 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862. The Land Ordinance established the basis for the Public Land Survey System, the initial surveying was performed by Thomas Hutchins. After he died in 1789, responsibility for surveying was transferred to the Surveyor General, Land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships, six miles on a side. Each of these townships were sub-divided into thirty-six sections of one mile or 640 acres. These sections could then be subdivided for re-sale by settlers. The ordinance was also significant for establishing a mechanism for funding public education, section 16 in each township was reserved for the maintenance of public schools. Many schools today are located in section sixteen of their respective townships. In later States, section 36 of each township was also designated as a school section, the Point of Beginning for the 1785 survey was where Ohio, Pennsylvania and Virginia met, on the north shore of the Ohio River near East Liverpool, Ohio. There is a marker just north of the site, at the state line where Ohio State Route 39 becomes Pennsylvania Route 68. After debate and amendment, the ordinance was reported to Congress April 26,1785 and it required surveyors “to divide the said territory into townships seven miles square, by lines running due north and south, and others crossing these at right angles. — The plats of the townships, respectively, shall be marked into sections of one square, or 640 acres. ”This is the first recorded use of the terms “township” and “section. ”On May 3,1785. The sections were to be numbered starting at 1 in the southeast, the surveys were to be performed under the direction of the Geographer of the United States. Henry Bouquet to the forks of the Muskingum, in what is now Coshocton County and it formed part of his plan for military colonies north of the Ohio, as a protection against Indians
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Public Land Survey System
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The Public Land Survey System is the surveying method developed and used in the United States to plat, or divide, real property for sale and settling. Beginning with the Seven Ranges, in present-day Ohio, the PLSS has been used as the survey method in the United States. Following the passage of the Northwest Ordinance, in 1787, the Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory platted lands in the Northwest Territory. The Surveyor General was later merged with the General Land Office, today, the BLM controls the survey, sale, and settling of the new lands, and manages the State Plane Coordinate System. The government wished both to land to Revolutionary War soldiers in reward for their services, as well as to sell land as a way of raising money for the nation. Before this could happen, the land needed to be surveyed, the Land Ordinance of 1785 marks the beginning of the Public Land Survey System. The Continental Congress was deeply in debt following the Declaration of Independence, with little power to tax, the federal government decided to use the sale of the Western Territories to pay off American Revolutionary War debt. The original colonies continued the British system of metes and bounds and this system describes property lines based on local markers and bounds drawn by humans, often based on topography. Particularly in New England, this system was supplemented by drawing town plats, the metes-and-bounds system was used to describe a town of a generally rectangular shape,4 to 6 miles on a side. Within this boundary, a map or plat was maintained that all the individual lots or properties. There are some difficulties with this system, Irregular shapes for properties make for more complex descriptions. Over time, these descriptions become problematic as trees die or streams move by erosion and it wasnt useful for the large, newly surveyed tracts of land being opened in the west, which were being sold sight unseen to investors. In addition this system didnt work there were already people on the ground to maintain records. In the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing the United States, Britain also recognized American rights to the south of the Great Lakes. The Continental Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 and then the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to control the survey, sale, the original 13 colonies donated their western lands to the new Union, for the purpose of giving land for new states. These include the lands formed the Northwest Territory, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama. The state that gave up the most was Virginia, whose original claim included most of the Northwest Territory and Kentucky, the first surveys under the new rectangular system were in eastern Ohio in an area called the Seven Ranges. The Beginning Point of the U. S, Public Land Survey is located at a point on the Ohio-Pennsylvania border between East Liverpool, Ohio and the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, on private property
31.
Northwest Territory
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In the 18th century, Great Britain and the France disputed for control of this region. The French had claimed it in the 17th century as part of New France and this activity stimulated the development of the eastern parts of the eventual National Road by private investors. Most of the territory and its successors was settled by emigrants passing through the Cumberland Narrows, the Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to provide for the administration of the territories and set rules for admission of jurisdictions as states. On August 7,1789, the new U. S. Congress affirmed the Ordinance with slight modifications under the Constitution, the territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River. It covered all of the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan. The area covered more than 260,000 square miles, European exploration of the region began with French-Canadian voyageurs in the 17th century, followed by French missionaries and French fur traders. French-Canadian explorer Jean Nicolet was the first recorded European entrant into the region, landing in 1634 at the current site of Green Bay, Wisconsin. The French exercised control from widely separate posts in the region, France ceded the territory to the Kingdom of Great Britain as part of the Indian Reserve in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, after being defeated in the French and Indian War. A new colony, named Charlotina, was proposed for the southern Great Lakes region, however, facing armed opposition by Native Americans, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited white colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. This action angered American colonists interested in expansion, as well as those who had settled in the area. In 1774, by the Quebec Act, Britain annexed the region to the Province of Quebec in order to provide a civil government, the prohibition of settlement west of the Appalachians remained, contributing to the American Revolution. In February 1779, George Rogers Clark of the Virginia Militia captured Kaskaskia, the Old Northwest Territory included all the then-owned land of the United States west of Pennsylvania, east of the Mississippi River, and northwest of the Ohio River. It covered all of the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan. The area covered more than 260,000 square miles and was a significant addition to the United States, several states then had competing claims on the territory. As a concession in order to obtain ratification, these states ceded their claims on the territory to the government, New York in 1780, Virginia in 1784, Massachusetts. So the majority of the territory became public land owned by the U. S. government, Virginia and Connecticut reserved the land of two areas to use as compensation to military veterans, The Virginia Military District and the Connecticut Western Reserve. In this way, the United States included territory and people outside any of the states, Thomas Jeffersons Land Ordinance of 1784 was the first organization of the territory by the United States. Some older French communities property claims based on systems of long
32.
Survey township
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Survey township, sometimes called Congressional township, as used by the United States Public Land Survey System, refers to a square unit of land, that is nominally six miles on a side. Each 36-square-mile township is divided into 36 one-square-mile sections, that can be subdivided for sale. The townships are referenced by a system that locates the township in relation to a principal meridian. For example, Township 2 North, Range 4 East is the 4th township east of the principal meridian, Township lines were originally surveyed and platted by the US General Land Office using contracted private survey crews. Later survey crews subdivided the townships into sections lines, virtually all lands covered by this system were sold according to these boundaries. They are marked on the U. S. Geological Survey topographic maps, prior to standardization, some of the Ohio Lands were surveyed into townships of 5 miles on each side. These are often known as Congressional Townships, sections are divided into quarter-sections of 160 acres each and quarter-quarter sections of 40 acres each. In the Homestead Act of 1862, one quarter-section of land was the amount allocated to each settler, Survey townships are distinct from civil townships. A survey township is used to establish boundaries for land ownership, a civil township is a form of local government. In states with civil townships, the boundaries of townships are often coterminous with civil townships. County lines, especially in western States, usually follow township lines, leading to the number of rectangular counties in the West. In western Canada, the Dominion Land Survey adopted a format for survey townships. These townships also have the area of 36 square miles, Public Land Survey System Township Township Civil township Paper township Dominion Land Survey
33.
Baseline (surveying)
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In surveying, a baseline is a line between two points on the earths surface and the direction and distance between them. In a triangulation network, at least one baseline needs to be measured to calculate the size of the triangles by trigonometry, in the United States Public Land Survey System, a baseline is the principal east-west line upon which all rectangular surveys in a defined area are based. The baseline meets its corresponding principal meridian at the point of origin, or initial point, for example, the baseline for Nebraska and Kansas is shared as the border for both states, at the 40th parallel north. More specifically a baseline may be the line that divides a survey township between north and south, many communities in the United States have roads that run along survey baselines, many of which are named to reflect that fact. Some examples, In Little Rock, Arkansas, Baseline Road follows the baseline used by surveyors of the Louisiana Purchase. In Colorado, Baseline Road in Boulder marks the 40th parallel, or the extension of the Kansas-Nebraska boundary. In Arizona, the baseline near the Phoenix metro area is marked by Baseline Road, in Southern California, from Highland to San Dimas, the baseline is marked by Baseline Road. 8 Mile Road in the Detroit area runs along the Michigan Baseline and was known as Baseline Road. Baseline Road in Hillsboro, Oregon, generally follows the Willamette Baseline which intersects the Willamette Meridian at the Willamette Stone State Park, in Canadian land surveying, a base line is one of the many principal east-west lines that correspond to four tiers of townships. The base lines are about 24 miles apart, with the first base line at the 49th parallel and it is, therefore equivalent to the standard parallel in the US system. In Ontario, a forms a straight line parallel a geographical feature that serves as a reference line for surveying a grid of property lots. The result of this surveying is the road and sideline system in use today. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management History of the Rectangular Survey System Note, This is a large file, searchable PDF prepared by the author, C. A. White
34.
Principal meridian
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A principal meridian is a meridian used for survey control in a large region. The Dominion Land Survey of Western Canada took its origin at the First Meridian, located at 97°27′28. 41″ west of Greenwich, just west of Winnipeg and this line is exactly ten miles west of the Red River at the Canada-United States border. In the United States Public Land Survey System, a meridian is the principal north-south line used for survey control in a large region. The meridian meets its corresponding baseline at the point of origin, or initial point, for example, the Mount Diablo Meridian, used for surveys in California and Nevada, runs north-south through the summit of Mount Diablo. Baseline Rd or Base Line St. extends for about 40 miles from Highland, CA to La Verne, searchable PDF prepared by the author, C. A. White. Resources page of the U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management
35.
M-153 (Michigan highway)
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M-153 is a state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of the U. S. state of Michigan. It is also known as Ford Road for nearly its entire length, named for William Ford, father of Henry Ford, Ford Road runs from near Dixboro to the Dearborn–Detroit border. The M-153 designation continues along Wyoming Avenue where it terminates at a junction with Interstate 94, Ford Road has been a part of the state highway system since December 3,1930. Since the state has maintained the roadway as M-153, it has been extended westward from Wayne County into Washtenaw County, the first of these improvements were made in the 1930s with additional upgrades in the 1960s and 1970s. The last change was made by 1980 to create the modern routing, M-153 starts as an interchange with M-14s exit 10 in Superior Township east of Ann Arbor. Near the county line are farms until Ford Road reaches residential subdivisions at Ridge Road in Canton Township, at the east edge of the township, Ford Road meets I-275 at exit 25 before passing into Westland between Lotz and Hix roads. The interchange with I-275 is built over the crossing of Willow Creek, a tributary of the River Rouge. Ford Road continues east, forming a section of the Garden City boundary near Venoy Road, the trunkline crosses into Dearborn Heights at Inkster Road. It forms the boundary between Dearborn and Dearborn Heights between Gulley and Evergreen roads, crossing US24 in between, east of Telegraph Road, M-153 is built to expressway standards complete with interchanges at Edward N. Hines Drive, Evergreen Road, M-39 and Greenfield Road. The highway crosses the River Rouge north of the Dearborn Country Club west of Evergreen Road, Ford Road ends at Wyoming Avenue. M-153 turns south along Wyoming Avenue to cross I-94 at exit 210 and this interchange is also the location where I-94 and US12 cross, marking the eastern end of M-153 at Michigan Avenue. Ford Road serves as the line for the Detroit areas Mile Road System. From the Canton Center Road intersection eastward, all of M-153 is a part of the National Highway System, a network of important to the countrys economy, defense. M-153 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation like other highways in Michigan. As a part of these maintenance responsibilities, the department tracks the volume of traffic uses the roadways under its jurisdiction. These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic, Ford Road was named for William Ford, father of automobile pioneer Henry Ford. The elder Ford was born in Ireland and settled in Dearborn Township in 1847, williams carpentry business lead him around to regional businesses and neighbors, traveling the area until he took up the family business of farming after marriage to Mary Litogot. They settled on a farm near the intersection of modern-day Ford Road and Greenfield Avenue, settling into his family life, William started serving the local community
36.
Campus Martius Park
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Campus Martius Park is a re-established park in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. After the fire of 1805, Campus Martius was the point of Judge Augustus Woodwards plans to rebuild the city. The park is located at the intersection of Woodward Avenue and Michigan Avenue, the original park covered several acres and was a major gathering area for citizens. The park was lost in the 1900s as the downtown was reconfigured to accommodate increased vehicular traffic. Hart Plaza, along the riverfront, was designed to replace Campus Martius as a point of importance, but as Hart Plaza is a primarily hard-surfaced area, many residents came to lament the lack of true park space in the citys downtown area. This led to calls to rebuild Campus Martius, the site of the Civil War-era Michigan Soldiers and Sailors Monument, the park is also where the point of origin of Detroits coordinate system is located. Seven miles north of this point is Seven Mile Road, eight miles north is Eight Mile Road, the point of origin is marked by a medallion embedded in the stone walkway. It is situated in the point of the diamond surrounding the Woodward Fountain. The new Campus Martius Park was dedicated November 19,2004, at 1.2 acres, the park is smaller than its predecessor, as a full restoration of the original would have required the demolition of several buildings. However, the city increased the amount of space in the area by constructing the new Cadillac Square Park. The parks skating rink is designed to resemble the Rockefeller Center rink in New York City but is larger in size, since its opening the rink has been operated by Magic Ice USA, Inc. Thousands come to hear Christmas music and countdown to the lighting of the citys official Christmas tree, Cadillac Square Park is another re-established park in the area. It lies immediately to the east of Campus Martius Park, until 2001, the area where the park is located was occupied by a bus transfer station constructed in the 1960s. From 1841 until 1891, Cadillac Square was the site of the Detroit Farmers Market, the new park is site of the relocated Bagley Memorial Fountain which previously occupied a spot on Campus Martius. In January 2008, the city of Detroit announced plans for a new Cadillac Centre, the French sport of pétanque is played at Cadillac Square each workday from noon to 1 p. m. The similar Italian sport of bocce is also played there, Cadillac Center Detroit People Mover station Detroit International Riverfront Grand Circus Park Historic District Hill, Eric J. and John Gallagher. AIA Detroit, The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture, Detroit and Rome, building on the past. Regents of the University of Michigan, official Campus Martius Park website Detroit News, Campus Martius Park history Video review of the park with on-site footage MAPDETROIT. COM
37.
M-10 (Michigan highway)
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M-10 is a north–south state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of Michigan in the United States. The southernmost portion follows Jefferson Avenue in downtown Detroit, and the terminus is at the intersection of Jefferson. The northern terminus is in West Bloomfield Township at the intersection with Orchard Lake Road, the highway has several names as it runs through residential and commercial areas of the west side of Detroit and into the suburb of Southfield. It is called the John C. Lodge Freeway, The Lodge, James Couzens Highway, M-10 was built in segments through the late 1950s and early 1960s. It carried several different names before the route was finally officially named the John C. Lodge Freeway in 1987. The freeway has carried a few other highway designations, the southern segment was part of US Highway 12 and the whole thing was later renumbered Business Spur Interstate 696. From 1970 until 1986, it was part of US10, the non-freeway segment that runs between I-696 in Southfield and Orchard Lake Road was previously numbered M-4. M-10 was named after John C, Lodge, an influential Detroiter and Mayor of Detroit from 1927–28. Running about 22.8 miles in the Metro Detroit area, the entire length of the highway is listed as a part of the National Highway System, a system of roads importance to the nations economy, defense and mobility. As a state highway, the roadway is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation. M-10 has six lanes from Detroit to Inkster Road in Farmington Hills, where it drops to four, a few segments have eight lanes for short distances between interchanges. M-10 starts at the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Randolph Street in Downtown Detroit, an intersection also marks the southern end of M-3. This intersection is also the access to the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel between the Renaissance Center and the Old Mariners Church, from here, M-10 runs west-southwesterly parallel to the Detroit River on Jefferson Avenue past Hart Plaza. At the intersection with Woodward Avenue, M-10 transitions onto the John C. Lodge Freeway, the freeway turns north-northwesterly and away from the Detroit River next to Joe Louis Arena. North of the Cobo Center curve, M-10 forms the boundary between Downtown Detroit to the east and the Corktown neighborhood to the west, the freeway has a pair of service drives as it leaves the commercial areas near the MGM Grand Detroit and the interchange with I-75. North of I-75, M-10 forms the border between North Corktown and Midtown Detroit, the freeway passes the MotorCity Casino at the interchange with Grand River Avenue. The rest of its route in the part of the city passes through residential zones, near the interchange with I-94, M-10 passes the campus of Wayne State University. M-10 intersects I-94 at the first freeway-to-freeway interchange in the United States, North of I-94, the Lodge Freeway is the border between the West Side and New Center
38.
Southfield Town Center
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The Southfield Town Center is a cluster of five interconnected skyscrapers forming a contemporary 2,200, 000-square-foot office complex in the Detroit suburb of Southfield, Michigan. It includes the Westin Southfield Detroit Hotel, restaurants, a center. Separately, there is a 33-story luxury residential high-rise at 5000 Town Center, the American Center, another 26-story office tower near the confluence of Interstate 696 and M-10, is not part of the complex. The Town Center is across from the Civic Centre, and it is located between West 10 Mile Road and I-696, M-10, and Evergreen Road, as well as being close to the Mixing Bowl. An enclosed two-story garden atrium connects the hotel with the towers of the Southfield Town Center, the atrium area also contains 94,000 square feet of retail space. Planners adapted the Town Center location to avoid protected wetland areas, the original route for the I-696 freeway placed it along 10 1⁄2 Mile Road southeast of 11 Mile and Greenfield Roads. Recognizing the value of an office complex and its tax revenue. Highway planners re-routed the freeway to run along 11 Mile Road and this delayed construction, but freed up the land to build the first phase, then called the Prudential Town Center with the first skyscraper,3000 Town Center completed in 1975. A six-lane freeway ramp nearby remained half-completed for about 10 years in order to modify the route to accommodate the massive Town Center project, additional towers were constructed in 1979,1983,1986,1987, and 1989. Lawrence Technological University is directly across M-10 from the center, a variety of contemporary, high-rise office buildings surround the immediate area. Multiple connecting freeways in the vicinity facilitate its access to the metro region. The property, which abuts M-10, is 1⁄2 mile from I-696, residential high-rises and varieties of mid-density housing are within walking distance. The surrounding Southfield area contains single-family homes, many with brick ranch style architecture, the Modern styled buildings contain distinctive elements of High-Tech architecture. The complex contains restaurants and gift shops which support its function as a major conference center. Inside, the Westin hotel opens to an enclosed garden atrium area which connects the Town Center buildings and is available for catering. An aerial view of the separate 5000 Town Center residential high-rise resembles a pair of grand pianos. As a result, many residents have geometric rooms and common hallways, albeit with picturesque views of the wooded landscape. The complex contains ample parking space in adjoining garages, American Center Architecture of metropolitan Detroit List of tallest buildings in Detroit List of tallest buildings in Michigan North Park Towers Fisher, Dale
39.
Interstate 75 in Michigan
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Interstate 75 is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Miami, Florida, to Sault Ste. Marie in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, the freeway runs for approximately 396 miles on both of Michigans peninsulas. The landscapes traversed by I-75 include Southern Michigan farmland, northern forests, suburban communities. The freeway also uses three of the states monumental bridges to cross bodies of water. There are four auxiliary Interstates in the related to I-75, as well as nine current or former business routes. The freeway bears several names in addition to the I-75 designation, the southern segment was called the Detroit–Toledo Expressway during planning in the 1950s and 1960s. Through Detroit, I-75 is the Fisher Freeway or the Walter P, Chrysler Freeway, named for pioneers in the auto industry. Sections on either side of the Mackinac Bridge are the G. Mennen Williams Freeway or the Prentiss M. Brown Freeway, officially, the entire length is the American Legion Memorial Highway, after the organization of the same name. Various sections carry components of the four Great Lakes Circle Tours in the state, several Indian trails spanned the state along the general path of the modern freeway. After statehood, several of these were converted into plank roads that became some of the first state highways. In the 1920s, five of these were added to the United States Numbered Highway System, US Highway 2, US10, US24, US25, in the 1950s, a Michigan Turnpike was proposed as a tolled, controlled-access highway in the Lower Peninsula. After passage of the Federal Highway Act of 1956, this proposal was shelved as a free Interstate Highway was planned. Construction started in 1957, signs went up in 1959, since completion, the freeway has been upgraded with the construction of the Zilwaukee Bridge near Saginaw and improved connections to the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit. Known as Michigans Main Street, I-75 is listed on the National Highway System for its entire length, the NHS is a network of roadways important to the countrys economy, defense, and mobility. I-75 carries segments of all four Great Lakes Circle Tours in the state and it is also the only highway located on both Michigans Upper and Lower peninsulas. Between the Ohio state line and Kawkawlin, I-75 contains between a minimum of six and a maximum of ten lanes total, other sections vary between four and six lanes in total. Crossing the state north of Toledo, Ohio, I-75 enters Michigan in Monroe County carrying the Lake Erie Circle Tour near the North Maumee Bay of Lake Erie. The freeway runs parallel to the shoreline of the Great Lake, further north, I-75 passes to the southeast of Monroe and crosses the River Raisin between the city and the river mouth
40.
Walter Chrysler
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Walter Percy Chrysler was an American automotive industry executive and founder of Chrysler Corporation, now a part of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. Chrysler was born in Wamego, Kansas, the son of Anna Maria and he grew up in Ellis, Kansas, where today his boyhood home is a museum. His father was born in Chatham, Ontario in 1850 and immigrated to the United States after 1858, a Freemason, Chrysler began his career as a machinist and railroad mechanic in Ellis. He took correspondence courses from International Correspondence Schools in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Walter Chryslers father, Henry Chrysler, was a Canadian-American of German and Dutch ancestry. He was an American Civil War veteran who was an engineer for the Kansas Pacific Railway and its successor. Walters mother was born in Rocheport, Missouri, and was also of German ancestry and his forebears had founded Chatham, the family stock was German, eight generations back of me there had come to America one who spelled his name Greisler, a German Palatine. He was one of a group of Protestants who had left their German homeland in the Rhine Valley, gone to the Netherlands, thence to England and embarked, finally, other researchers have since traced his ancestors in more detail. Karin Holls monograph on the traces the family tree to a Johann Philipp Kreißler, born in 1672. Chryslers ancestors came from the Rhineland-Palatinate town of Guntersblum, Chrysler apprenticed in the railroad shops at Ellis as a machinist and railroad mechanic. He then spent a period of roaming the west, working for various railroads as a roundhouse mechanic with a reputation of being good at valve-setting jobs. Some of his moves were due to restlessness and a too-quick temper and he worked his way up through positions such as foreman, superintendent, division master mechanic, and general master mechanic. From 1905-1906, Chrysler worked for the Fort Worth and Denver Railway in Childress in West Texas and he later lived and worked in Oelwein, Iowa, at the main shops of the Chicago Great Western where there is a small park dedicated to him. The pinnacle of his career came at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While working in Pittsburgh, Chrysler lived in the town of Bellevue, Chryslers automotive career began in 1911 when he received a summons to meet with James J. Storrow, a banker who was a director of ALCO and also an executive at General Motors. Storrow asked him if he had any thought to automobile manufacture. Chrysler had been an auto enthusiast for over five years by then, Storrow arranged a meeting with Charles W. Nash, then president of the Buick Motor Company, who was looking for a smart production chief. Chrysler, who had resigned from many railroading jobs over the years, made his resignation from railroading to become works manager at Buick in Flint. He found many ways to reduce the costs of production, such as putting an end to finishing automobile undercarriages with the same quality of finish that the body warranted
41.
Fisher Body
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Fisher & Company continues to use the name. The name and its iconic Body by Fisher logo were well known to the public, Fisher Bodys beginnings trace back to a horse-drawn carriage shop in Norwalk, Ohio, in the late 1800s. Lawrence P. Fisher and his wife Margaret Theisen had a family of eleven children, seven were sons who would become part of the Fisher Body Company in Detroit. Lawrence and Margaret were married in Sandusky, Ohio, on May 11,1876, Margaret Theisen Fisher resided at 101 Longfellow St. Detroit after her husband died. The Fisher brothers were, Frederick John -54 Arden Park, Detroit William Andrew -111 Edison Ave. Detroit Lawrence Peter -383 Lenox St. Detroit Edward F. -892 W. Boston Blvd, Detroit Alfred J. -1556 Chicago Blvd, Detroit. In 1904 and 1905, the two eldest brothers, Fred and Charles, came to Detroit where their uncle Albert Fisher had established Standard Wagon Works during the part of the 1880s. The brothers found work at the C. R. Wilson Company, with financing from their uncle, on July 22,1908 Fred and Charles Fisher established the Fisher Body Company. Their uncle soon wanted out and the brothers obtained the funds from Detroit businessman Louis Mendelssohn who became a shareholder. Within a short period of time, Charles and Fred Fisher brought their five brothers into the business. Prior to forming the company, Fred Fisher had built the body of the Cadillac Osceola at the C. R. Wilson Company, starting in 1910, Fisher became the supplier of all closed bodies for Cadillac, and also built for Buick. In the early years of the company, the Fisher Brothers had to develop new body designs because the horseless carriage bodies did not have the strength to withstand the vibration of the new motorcars. By 1913, the Fisher Body Company had the capacity to produce 100,000 cars per year and customers included, Ford, Krit, Chalmers, Cadillac, and Studebaker. Highly successful, they expanded into Canada, setting up a plant in Walkerville, Ontario, one reason for their success was the development of interchangeable wooden body parts that did not require hand-fitting, as was the case in the construction of carriages. This required the design of new precision woodworking tools, the Fisher Body and Buick Chassis were built in Saint John New Brunswick Canada in the 1920s. In 1916, the became the Fisher Body Corporation. The company constructed the now-abandoned Albert Kahn-designed Fisher Body Plant 21, on Piquette Street, in Detroit, the building is now part of the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District. At the time, the company had more than 40 buildings encompassing 3,700,000 square feet of floor space
42.
Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
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Marie /ˌsuː seɪnt məˈriː/ is a city in, and the county seat of, Chippewa County in the U. S. state of Michigan. It is situated on the end of Michigans Upper Peninsula, on the Canada–US border. Marie, Ontario, by the St. Marys River, the city is relatively isolated from other communities in Michigan and is 346 miles from Detroit. The population was 14,144 at the 2010 census, making it the second most populous city in the Upper Peninsula, by contrast, the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie is much larger, with more than 75,000 residents, based on more extensive industry developed in the 20th century and an economy with closer connections to other communities. Marie had been settled by Native Americans more than 12,000 years ago and was a crossroads of fishing and trading of tribes around the Great Lakes, French colonists later established a fur trading post, which attracted trappers and Native Americans on a seasonal basis. Both Métis men and women were active in the trade and among the elite in the community, a fur-trading settlement quickly grew at the crossroads that straddled the banks of the river. It was the center of a route of 3,000 miles that extended from Montreal to the Sault. The settlement was a community under French colonial and later British colonial rule until 1817. The American and Canadian communities of Sault Ste, Marie were each incorporated as independent municipalities toward the end of the nineteenth century. Sault Sainte-Marie in French means the Rapids of Saint Mary, the Saint Marys River runs from Lake Superior to Lake Huron, what are now the twin border cities are located on either side. No hyphens are used in the English spelling, which is identical to the French. Anglophones say /ˌsuː seɪnt məˈriː/ and Francophones say, in French, the name can be written Sault-Sainte-Marie. On both sides of the border, the towns and the vicinity are called The Sault or The Soo. The two cities are joined by the International Bridge, which connects Interstate 75 in Sault Ste, Marie, Michigan, and Huron Street in Sault Ste. Shipping traffic in the Great Lakes system bypasses the rapids via the American Soo Locks, smaller recreational and tour boats use the Canadian Sault Ste. The citys downtown was developed on an island, with the locks to the north, Marie Power Canal to the south. People come from around the world to view shipping traffic pass through the locks, the largest ships are 1,000 feet long by 105 feet wide
43.
Downriver
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Downriver is the unofficial name for a collection of 18 suburban cities and townships in Wayne County, Michigan south of Detroit along the western shore of the Detroit River. Communities to the south of the city can thus be accessed by traveling downriver along the waterway, Brownstown Township, Flat Rock, Gibraltar, Huron Township and Rockwood in the southern parts of Downriver were predominantly rural communities during the first half of the 20th Century. While these communities experienced significant population growth and became more suburban during the half of the 20th Century and 2000s. The News-Herald is a newspaper for Downriver, publishing on Wednesdays and Sundays. The proximity to Canada, coupled with associated with The Purple Gang. During the prohibition years, in Ecorse and the other downriver towns, communities that developed further south — like Southgate, Taylor, Riverview, and Trenton — in the 1950s-1970s are more closely identified as tract homes and subdivisions. Through the 1980s, areas such as Huron Township, Flat Rock, Rockwood, the Downriver cities of Ecorse, Gibraltar, River Rouge, Riverview, Trenton and Wyandotte as well as Brownstown Township directly border the Detroit River. Grosse Ile is a community located in the middle of the Detroit River between mainland Downriver communities and the Canadian towns of LaSalle, Ontario and Amherstburg, Ontario. According to Perry, he chose the geographic reference because it sounded best in the song. Cruisin Downriver is a car show and cruise that takes place on M-85/Fort St. in the Downriver cities of Southgate, Riverview, Wyandotte. It has run yearly since 2000, with bringing their vintage cars to be seen. There are also places to eat, drink, and shop along the route, according to the 2000 census, the 18 Downriver cities and townships had an aggregate population of 361,454. As of 1989, the most common ethnic identities were German, Irish, other ethnic groups included Southern Whites, Blacks, Italians, and Hungarians. Ethnic festivals occurred during the summers, as of that year, historically most people growing up in Downriver stayed there after entering adulthood. Downriver communities were known for their large number of people of Southern origin who had migrated to Michigan to work in the automotive industry during the early to mid-20th Century. This migration slowed after World War II, today, distinctively or predominantly Southern neighborhoods have not existed in Metro Detroit, including Downriver, the composition of the workforce in Downriver communities is diverse as residents work in white-collar and blue-collar occupations. One of the largest employers is the Ford Motor Company which has an industrial complex in nearby Dearborn. In addition, residents work in jobs in downtown Detroit
44.
Lake Erie
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Lake Erie is the fourth-largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the thirteenth-largest globally if measured in terms of surface area. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes, at its deepest point Lake Erie is 210 feet deep. Lake Eries northern shore is bounded by the Canadian province of Ontario, with the U. S. states of Ohio, Pennsylvania and these jurisdictions divide the surface area of the lake by water boundaries. The lake was named by the Erie people, a Native Americans people who lived along its southern shore and that Iroquoian tribe called it Erige because of its unpredictable and sometimes violently dangerous nature. It is a matter of whether the lake was named after the tribe. Situated below Lake Huron, Eries primary inlet is the Detroit River, Lake Erie has a mean elevation of 571 feet above sea level. It has an area of 9,990 square miles with a length of 241 statute miles. The warm summer of 1999 caused lake temperatures to come close to the 85 °F limit necessary to keep the plants cool, also because of its shallowness, and in spite of being the warmest lake in the summer, it is also the first to freeze in the winter. The waves build very quickly, according to other accounts, after being trapped for an hour-and-a-half, Baker was back on dry land, exhausted and battered but alive. This area is known as the thunderstorm capital of Canada with breathtaking lightning displays. Lake Erie is primarily fed by the Detroit River and drains via the Niagara River, navigation downstream is provided by the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Other major contributors to Lake Erie include the Grand River, the Huron River, the Maumee River, the Sandusky River, the Buffalo River, the drainage basin covers 30,140 square miles. Point Pelee National Park, the southernmost point of the Canadian mainland, is located on a peninsula extending into the lake. Several islands are found in the end of the lake, these belong to Ohio except for Pelee Island and eight neighboring islands. Major cities along Lake Erie include Buffalo, Erie, Pennsylvania, Toledo, Ohio, Islands tend to be located in the western side of the lake and total 31 in number. The island-village of Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island attracts young crowds who sometimes wear red hats and are prone to break off cartwheels in the park. Pelee Island is the largest of Eries islands, accessible by ferry from Leamington, Ontario and Sandusky, songbirds migrate to Pelee in spring, and monarch butterflies stop over during the fall. Lake Erie has a retention time of 2.6 years
45.
Toledo, Ohio
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Toledo is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan. The city was founded by United States citizens in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and it was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. After construction of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly and it has since become a city with an art community, auto assembly businesses, education, healthcare, and local sports teams. The citys glass industry has earned it the nickname, The Glass City, the population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,208, making it the 71st-largest city in the United States. It is the fourth most populous city in the U. S. state of Ohio after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 651,429, and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron. Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived along the rivers and lakefront of what is now northwestern Ohio for thousands of years, when the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades. One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver streets on the bank of Swan Creek. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples and this region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires. The first European to visit the area was Étienne Brûlé, a French-Canadian guide and explorer, the French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French and they settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth and they served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas, the area was not settled by European-Americans until 1795 and after. They were finally defeated in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and this loose affiliation of tribes included the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires. By a treaty in 1795, they ceded large areas of territory in Ohio to the United States, according to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of the Maumee about 1805, but as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its history there. The United States continued to work to extinguish land claims of Native Americans, in the Treaty of Detroit, the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River
46.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
47.
Interstate 94 in Michigan
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Interstate 94 is a part of the Interstate Highway System that runs from Billings, Montana, to the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan. In Michigan, it is a state highway that enters the state south of New Buffalo. Joseph near Lake Michigan before turning inland toward Kalamazoo and Battle Creek on the west side of the peninsula, heading farther east, I-94 passes through rural areas in the middle of the southern Lower Peninsula, crossing I-69 in the process. I-94 then runs through Jackson, Ann Arbor, and portions of Metro Detroit, past the east side of Detroit, the Interstate angles northeasterly through farmlands in The Thumb to Port Huron, where the designation terminates on the Blue Water Bridge at the Canadian border. The first segment of what later became I-94 within the state and this expressway was initially numbered M-112. In the mid-1950s, state and federal officials planned an Interstate to replace the route of U. S. Highway 12. By 1960, the length of I-94 was completed from Detroit to New Buffalo, two years later, the US12 designation was dropped from the freeway. Subsequent extensions in the 1960s completed most of the rest of the route, the last segment opened to the public in 1972 when Indiana completed its connection across the state line. The highway has one route, I-194, which serves downtown Battle Creek. Various segments have been dedicated to people and places. The entire length of I-94 is listed on the National Highway System, a network of important to the countrys economy, defense. As the state trunkline highway closest to the shore in these areas. Joseph and the Lake Huron Circle Tour in the Port Huron area, sections through the Detroit area are named the Detroit Industrial and Edsel Ford freeways. I-94 in the state is either a four- or six-lane freeway for most of its length, I-94 enters Michigan from Indiana south of New Buffalo. The freeway runs northeasterly through rural Michiana farmland in the corner of the Lower Peninsula. I-94 traverses an area just east of the Warren Dunes State Park as the freeway runs parallel to the Red Arrow Highway, the freeway crosses its companion highway south of St. Joseph, Red Arrow turns northward carrying the business loop for Benton Harbor and St. Joseph. The Interstate curves further inland to bridge the St. Joseph River near Riverview Park, East of Benton Harbor, I-94 meets the Napier Avenue interchange, where US31 merges onto the freeway. East of the Southwest Michigan Regional Airport, I-94/US31 meets the end of I-196, US31 departs the I-94 freeway to follow I-196
48.
Edsel Ford
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Edsel Bryant Ford was the son of Clara Jane Bryant Ford and the only recognized child of Henry Ford. He was the president of Ford Motor Company from 1919 to his death in 1943 and his eldest son was Henry Ford II. Edsel worked closely with his father, as heir to the business. Even as president, he had trouble persuading the man to allow any departure from this formula. Only a change in market conditions enabled him to develop the more fashionable Model A in 1927, Edsel also founded the Mercury division and was responsible for the Lincoln Zephyr and Lincoln Continental. He introduced important features, such as brakes, and greatly strengthened the company’s overseas production. Edsel was a major art benefactor in Detroit and also financed Admiral Richard Byrd’s polar explorations and he died of stomach cancer aged 49, with his father resuming presidency of the company, before handing it over to Henry Ford II. The range of cars launched by Ford in 1957 under the name Edsel is remembered as one of the classic marketing failures. Edsel Ford was born in Detroit, Michigan, US, as the child of Clara and Henry Ford, being named for Edsel Ruddiman. Edsel was groomed to take over the automobile business. He became secretary of Ford in 1915, and married Eleanor Lowthian Clay, together, they had four children, Henry Ford II, Benson Ford, Josephine Clay Ford, and William Clay Ford. They made their home at 2171 Iroquois Street, in the Indian Village neighborhood of Detroit, Ford went to The Hotchkiss School, in Lakeville, Connecticut, and the Detroit University School. His family donated to both institutions, the school library at Hotchkiss is named the Edsel Ford Memorial Library. The younger Ford showed more interest than his father in flashier styling for automobiles and he indulged this proclivity in part with the purchase of the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922. His affinity for sports cars was demonstrated in his personal vehicles, in 1932, he had an aluminum, boat-tailed speedster automobile custom designed by Fords first designer, E. T. Gregorie. This car had several features not available on any other car, most of the design features appeared in many Ford models throughout history. The car had Fords brand-new V8, the first low-cost, eight-cylinder engine, many car collectors around the world have tried to locate the 32 and acquire it for their personal collection, but have been unsuccessful thus far. The one-of-kind was the first collective creation by Bob Gregorie and Edsel Ford, the car was the prototype that never went into production
49.
West Michigan
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West Michigan and Western Michigan are terms for an arbitrarily selected region in the U. S. state of Michigan in its Lower Peninsula. Generally, West Michigan refers to the Grand Rapids- Muskegon- Holland area, in general, West Michigan often refers to the area bounded by the cities of Muskegon, Grand Rapids, Kalamazoo-Battle Creek and St. Joseph-Benton Harbor. Other definitions include the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek and Benton Harbor-St, joseph regions, which can be considered distinct regions or parts of other regions such as Michiana, Southern Michigan, or Southwest Michigan, in the case of Benton Harbor-St. Other areas, such as Montcalm County in the northeast corner of the region, are areas that straddle Michigan regions but are included for classification purposes. See also List of Michigan state parks and geography of Michigan, the area is considered to be part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids. In northwest Kent County is Fruit Ridge, which is a prime fruit-growing region, the following table contains the largest municipalities of West Michigan according to the 2010 Census. This list holds for nearly every geographic definition of West Michigan, if Battle Creek were included, it would be ranked fourth. Five of the cities, Wyoming, Kentwood, Portage, Norton Shores. The presence of cities in the top ten reflects both the large geographic area of these cities, as well as the long and continuing growth of suburban areas in West Michigan. M-40 running North and South from Mottville, Michigan to Holland, Great Lakes Coast Watch Info Michigan, detailed information on 630 cities Michigan Department of Natural Resources website, harbors, hunting, resources and more. List of Museums, other attractions compiled by state government, Michigan Historic Markers Michigans Official Economic Development and Travel Site. Historic Light Station Information and Photography, Michigan, united States Coast Guard Historians Office. Map of Michigan Lighthouse in PDF Format, seeing the Light, Terry Pepper on lighthouses of the Western Great Lakes
50.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
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I-75 (known as the Walter P. Chrysler Freeway from Downtown Detroit to Pontiac in the north and Fisher Freeway though southern and central Detroit) is the region's main north-south route, serving Flint (and points north to Sault Ste. Marie), Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit-Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve the Downriver communities and further south, many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie, most notably Toledo, Ohio before continuing to Florida.
I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway & Detroit Industrial Freeway) runs east-west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to West Michigan and Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I‑94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link his factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II, it also serves the North Access to the Detroit Metro Airport in Romulus. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway.
I‑96 runs east-west through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit. The portion east of I‑275 is known and signed as the Jeffries Freeway, named for Edward Jeffries (a former mayor of Detroit); however, this portion of I‑96 was officially renamed by the state legislature as the Rosa Parks Memorial Highway in December 2005.[8]
I-275 runs north-south from I‑75 in the south to the junction of I‑96 and I‑696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. Originally intended to travel north 23 miles (originally as I‑275 and later changed to M‑275) from the I‑696/I‑96/I‑275/M‑5 junction to the I‑75/US 24 (Dixie Hwy.) junction in Waterford Twp., where I‑75's median was significantly widened in its initial construction to accommodate the future interchange. The planned M‑275 has essentially been scrapped, with the northward extension of M‑5 utilizing the original M‑275 right-of-way but terminating after just six miles at Pontiac Trail in West Bloomfield.
I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway.
I‑696 (Walter P. Reuther Freeway) runs east-west from the junction of I‑96 and I‑275 on the west to I‑94 on the east, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I‑275 and I‑696 form a beltway around Detroit, the Lodge Freeway was previously designated a Business Spur of I-696 before it was redesignated as part of US 10 and later as M-10.
M-5 This freeway begins as the stub left over from the Brighton-Farmington Expressway after Interstate 96 was rerouted to the Jeffries. Originally designated as I‑96 and later as an extension of M‑102, from 1994 to 2002, it was extended north as the Haggerty Connector.[9]
M-8 is the Davison Freeway. Opened in 1942, this was the first modern depressed limited-access freeway in America. Originally supposed to run as a freeway from I‑96 east to Mound Rd. and then north to join the already-existing M‑53 freeway at Van Dyke Ave. in Sterling Heights. In 1996, the Davison was closed for a year and a half to reconstruct it to Interstate Highway standards with an additional through travel lane and a wider left shoulder for improved safety and traffic handling as well as a new interchange with Woodward Avenue, the reconstructed freeway was reopened 18 months later on October 8, 1997
M-10 (John C. Lodge Freeway) runs largely parallel to I‑75 from Downtown Detroit to Wyoming Ave., where is turns northwesterly and largely maintains this trajectory through the I‑696/Telegraph Rd. interchange in Southfield and then continues as a surface boulevard as Northwestern Hwy., terminating at Orchard Lake Rd. in Farmington Hills.
M-14 runs east-west from I‑275 in Livonia to Ann Arbor.
M-39 (Southfield Freeway) runs north-south from Southfield to Allen Park. North of 9 Mile Road and south of I‑94, the freeway ends and continues as Southfield Road into Birmingham and Ecorse respectively.
M-53 (Christopher Columbus Freeway from Sterling Heights to Washington), more commonly known as the Van Dyke Expressway or Van Dyke Freeway. Continues as Van Dyke Road or Van Dyke Avenue north to Port Austin and south through Warren to Gratiot Avenue in Detroit.
M-59 (Veterans Memorial Freeway from Utica to Pontiac), continues east as Hall Road to Clinton Township and west as Huron Road through Pontiac and Waterford, and as Highland Road further west through Highland and Milford to I‑96 near Howell. Originally intended to be a limited-access freeway between US 23 on the west and I‑94 on the east.
M-102 (8 Mile Road), known by many through the film 8 Mile, forms the dividing line between Detroit on the south and the suburbs of Macomb and Oakland counties on the north. Outside of Detroit it is also known as Base Line Road, because it coincides with the baseline used in surveying Michigan; that baseline is also a boundary for several other Michigan counties. 8 Mile is designated as M‑102 for much of its length in Wayne County. For several years the M‑102 designation continued from its current terminus at Grand River Ave. and followed the old I‑96 freeway to the I‑96/I‑696/I‑275 interchange; this stretch, along with the rest of Grand River southeast to Downtown Detroit, is now signed as M‑5. The portion of M‑102 from Grand River Avenue east to M‑3 (Gratiot Avenue) is designated as the "Columbus Memorial Highway".
M-3 (Gratiot Avenue) is a major road that runs from Port Huron to downtown Detroit.
US 12 (Michigan Avenue) runs from downtown Detroit through the western suburbs toward Ypsilanti, passes south of Ann Arbor, and eventually reaches Chicago.
M-1 (Woodward Avenue) is considered the Detroit area's main north-south thoroughfare. It is the dividing line between the East Side and the West Side. Woodward stretches from downtown Pontiac to the Detroit River near Hart Plaza; in Downtown Detroit, the Fox Theatre and Detroit Institute of Arts are located on Woodward as well as the Detroit Zoo just outside the city. The Woodward Dream Cruise, a classic car cruise from Pontiac to Ferndale is held in August and is the largest single day classic car cruise in America.
US 24 (Telegraph Road) is a major north-south road extending from Toledo, Ohio through Monroe, Wayne, and Oakland Counties to Pontiac. It has gained notoriety in a song ("Telegraph Road") by the group Dire Straits.
M-85 (Fort Street) is a major road through southwest Detroit before becoming a major boulevard through Downriver. It extends from Flat Rock to downtown Detroit.
