1.
Porth Teigr
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Porth Teigr is an area under development in Cardiff Bay, in the south of Cardiff, Wales. The multi-use area will host the BBC drama village, with plans to link this to a new digital centre, the work will cover the last piece of brownfield area, thus completing the inner harbour jigsaw of Cardiff Bay. The development was granted permission in 2008 to become the point for creative industries in Wales. Porth Teigr is a joint venture, formed in 2005, between urban regeneration firm igloo and the Welsh Government, ft. of commercial development space and over 1,000 new homes. The plans to create a new commercial and residential community at Porth Teigr are already underway and it is anticipated that the redeveloped site will ultimately provide opportunities for some 4,000 jobs. The redevelopment will include some 200,000 sq, the centrepiece of the development is the new 170,000 sq foot drama production studio complex for the BBC at Roath Lock. The studios were opened on 12 March 2012 and will be the home to several productions, including Doctor Who, Casualty, Pobol y Cwm. Casualty started filming on site in September 2011, the Welsh Assembly Government and igloo are also in the process of creating a new Digital Media Centre at Porth Teigr. The DMC is due to commence on site in November 2011, the Digital Media Centre aims help support the Creative Industries sector in Wales with the capacity to accommodate 400 people. The name, Porth Teigr, was created to evoke the spirit of Tiger Bay and pay homage to the history of the site and Cardiffs past as the busiest port in the world during the 19th century
2.
Cardiff Bay
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Cardiff Bay is the area of water created by the Cardiff Barrage in South Cardiff, the capital of Wales. It is also the name given to the areas of the city surrounding the Bay. The creation of Cardiff Bay is now regarded as one of the most successful regeneration projects in the United Kingdom. The Bay is supplied by two rivers to form a 500-acre freshwater lake around the former dockland area south of the city centre. The Bay was formerly tidal, with access to the sea limited to a couple of each side of high water. Cardiff Bay played a part in Cardiff’s development by being the means of exporting coal from the South Wales Valleys to the rest of the world. The coal mining industry helped fund the building of Cardiff into the Capital city of Wales and helped the Third Marquis of Bute, after the Second World War most of the industry closed down and became derelict. But, in 1999, new life was injected into the area by the building of the Cardiff Bay Barrage, one of the most controversial building projects of the day but also one of the most successful. The Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was created in 1987 to stimulate the redevelopment of 1,100 hectares of derelict land, the Development Corporation aimed to attract private capital by spending public money to improve the area. Despite opposition by environmentalists and wildlife organisations, the mudflats at the mouths of the River Taff and River Ely were inundated, the Barrage has created several new habitats for freshwater species with the wetlands to the south of the Hamadryad Park. When the Development Corporation was wound up in on 31 March 2000, the whole area was unrecognisable from ten years before. Much private land was now open to the public, particularly around the inner harbour, work is progressing to complete a 13 kilometre walkway around the Bay. In addition, the development has enabled land in the city centre to be redeveloped for higher-value uses, the development of something like 1,250 apartments a year however might cause future problems. As at 2008 up to one third were not occupied, critics such as Lorraine Barrett say, the flat complexes will not help to build up a community and too little attention has been paid to develop affordable housing. With the recent falls in property values, sales in the area have become problematic, therefore, landlords might be more willing to rent their places out to people who may not be suited to that type of living. Connecting the Bay area to the centre of Cardiff was a goal when plans to develop the docklands were first mooted. Original plans included a grand boulevard with high density commercial and residential units straddling both sides, on 30 January 2013 the award-winning planning consultant, Adrian Jones, stated that Cardiff Bay was a contender for the worst example of waterside regeneration in Britain. No, it is the lack of any coherent urban structure, of real streets, in other words, it is the dumb plan
3.
Cardiff
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Cardiff is the capital and largest city in Wales and the eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is the chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media. The unitary authority areas mid-2011 population was estimated to be 346,100, the Cardiff metropolitan area makes up over a third of the total population of Wales, with a mid-2011 population estimate of about 1,100,000 people. Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular destination in Wales with 18.3 million visitors in 2010. In 2011, Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographics alternative tourist destinations, the city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan. Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities, the Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city. Cardiff was made a city in 1905, and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955, since the 1980s, Cardiff has seen significant development. A new waterfront area at Cardiff Bay contains the Senedd building, home to the Welsh Assembly, sporting venues in the city include the Millennium Stadium, SWALEC Stadium, Cardiff City Stadium, Cardiff International Sports Stadium and Cardiff Arms Park. The city was awarded the title of European City of Sport twice, due to its role in hosting major sporting events, first in 2009. The Millennium Stadium hosted 11 football matches as part of the 2012 Summer Olympics, including the opening event. Caerdydd derives from the earlier Welsh form Caerdyf, the change from -dyf to -dydd shows the colloquial alteration of Welsh f and dd, and was perhaps also driven by folk etymology. This sound change had probably first occurred in the Middle Ages, Caerdyf has its origins in post-Roman Brythonic words meaning the fort of the Taff. The fort probably refers to that established by the Romans, the anglicised form Cardiff is derived from Caerdyf, with the Welsh f borrowed as ff /f/, as also happens in Taff and Llandaff. As English does not have the vowel the final vowel has been borrowed as /ɪ/, although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor Gwynedd Pierce. A group of five Bronze Age tumuli is at the summit of The Garth, four Iron Age hill fort and enclosure sites have been identified within Cardiffs present-day county boundaries, including Caerau Hillfort, an enclosed area of 5.1 hectares. The fort was one of a series of military outposts associated with Isca Augusta that acted as border defences, the fort may have been abandoned in the early 2nd century as the area had been subdued. However, by this time a settlement, or vicus, was established
4.
BBC Cymru Wales
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BBC Cymru Wales is a division of the BBC, and the national broadcaster for Wales. Established in 1964, BBC Cymru Wales is based in Cardiff and directly employs some 1,200 people to produce a range of programmes for television, radio, BBC Cymru Wales operates two TV channels and two radio stations. Wales raises some £182 million in licence fee resources, however, spend on local content by BBC Wales is £151 million, £31 million of which is for BBC-produced television productions. BBC Cymru Wales operates two services, BBC One Wales and BBC Two Wales, which can opt out of the main network feed of BBC One. In addition to two channels, BBC Cymru Wales is required to provide programmes in Welsh, which it supplies to the Welsh channel S4C free of charge using the BBC Cymru brand. These programmes include a Welsh news service Newyddion, covering Welsh, general UK and international news, and a soap opera Pobol y Cwm, BBC Cymru Wales operates two radio stations covering the entire country. BBC Radio Wales is the English language network, broadcasting local programmes for approximately 20 hours a day, while off air, Radio Cymru simulcasts BBC Radio 5 Lives overnight programme. BBC Cymru Wales operates its own mini-site on BBC Online as well as providing news, in addition, news stories are provided for the BBC Red Button interactive service. BBC Cymru Wales employs an orchestra, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales. The majority of the concerts are recorded for broadcast on BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio Wales. Since January 2009 the administrative base of the NOW has been the BBC Hoddinott Hall, in the Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff. The first broadcast in Wales was on 13 February 1923 from the radio station 5WA, later to become part of the BBC Regional Programme, during this time, the region was served from a variety of bases around Wales. During World War II, the services all ceased and broadcast the Home Service from London. The BBCs Bangor base played host to the BBC Variety Department during the war, the first television signals in Wales came on 15 August 1952 from the newly constructed Wenvoe transmitter. The transmitter itself broadcast the national BBC Television service, the launch of BBC Wales on 9 February 1964 provided a specific television service for the country. The new service was promoted with animated promos using the sound of Welsh choirs to explain about interference from the mountains. Two years later in 1966, BBC Cymru Wales new headquarters at Broadcasting House in Cardiff opened, following the end of the Second World War, the BBC Home Service continued its regional opt-outs, including an opt-out service for Wales. This opt-out continued after the change from the Home Service to Radio 4, prior to 1982, BBC Cymru Wales on television provided programmes in both English and Welsh, with the news programme Heddiw and the long-running serial Pobol y Cwm figuring among the key output
5.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
6.
Doctor Who
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Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called The Doctor and he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by a number of companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations, the show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series, the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot. The programme was relaunched in 2005, and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff, twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The conceit is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body, each actors portrayal differs, but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet. The current lead, Peter Capaldi, took on the role after Matt Smiths exit in the 2013 Christmas special The Time of the Doctor, in 2017, Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series. Doctor Who follows the adventures of the character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS – Time and Relative Dimension in Space – a machine which allows him to travel across time, the TARDIS has a chameleon circuit which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctors TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit, the Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth, as a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord. Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17,16,20 GMT, eighty seconds after the programme time,5,15 pm. It was to be a weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year, writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series
7.
Casualty (TV series)
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Casualty, stylised as CASUAL+Y, is a British medical drama series that airs weekly on BBC One. It is the emergency medical drama television series in the world. Created by Jeremy Brock and Paul Unwin, it was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 6 September 1986, the original producer was Geraint Morris. The programme is set in the fictional Holby City Hospital and focuses on the staff and patients of the hospitals Accident, the show has very few ties to its sister programme Holby City, which began as a spin-off from Casualty in 1999, set in the same hospital. Casualty is shown weekly on a Saturday evening, which has been its time slot since the early 1990s, Casualtys exterior shots were mainly filmed outside the Ashley Down Centre in Bristol from 1986 until 2002 when they moved to the centre of Bristol for just over nine years. In 2011, Casualty celebrated its 25th anniversary, following that, for the Bristol finale, they filmed the Emergency department catching fire, after 25 years in Bristol, Casualty moved to its new home at the Roath Lock Studios in Cardiff where it is currently filmed. The 1, 000th episode of Casualty aired on 25 June 2016, for an episode guide, see List of Casualty episodes. The 30th Anniversary episode of Casualty aired on 27 August 2016, the series was created by Jeremy Brock and Paul Unwin. Casualty and Holby City are both set in Holby City Hospital, in the county of Wyvern, in the south-west of England. City of Bristol College was used as the location for most exterior shots of the hospital from 1986 until 2002, Casualty has also filmed at Chavenage House back in 1997. Episode 16 of series 26 marked the episode filmed in Bristol. The first episode from Cardiff, broadcast on 7 January 2012, was an 80-minute episode, most exterior shots of the city of Holby are now shot within the city of Cardiff and wider area of South Wales. Railway scenes are shot on location at various preserved railways, which from the start of shooting have centred around the West Somerset Railway, the programme has usually been transmitted on Saturday nights, although for a period in the late 1980s and early 1990s it switched to Fridays. The first two series consisted of 15 episodes, series 3 ran for 10 episodes, series 4,5 and 6 were 12,13. When the show moved back to Saturday nights in September 1992, the length was extended to 24 episodes per year. This initially caused controversy due to the graphic and controversial nature of some of the storylines. In 1997-8, the number was increased again, with 26 episodes making up series 12. However, this figure was dropped to 42 for series 26, with no summer break, series 27 consists of 44 episodes – an increase of 2 episodes on the previous series and returned to 48 for series 28
8.
Pobol y Cwm
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Pobol y Cwm is a Welsh-language television soap opera which has been produced by the BBC since October 1974. Five episodes are produced each week, normally broadcast at 20.00 every weeknight, from September 2014, following a budget cut of £1m to the programme, the Sunday omnibus ceased broadcasting, and it was announced that the show would be taking two one-week sabbaticals every year. From January 2015, the Wednesday episode was dropped, however, after receiving additional funding later in the year, the Wednesday episode will be restored on 16 December 2015 – seeing Pobol y Cwm resume airing five episodes a week. Whilst much of the early activity took place at a nursing home, storylines are currently centred on the village pub, Y Deri. Other frequent settings for storylines include the school, Ysgol y Mynach. There are two other villages close to Cwmderi, named Llanarthur and Cwrt Mynach. Since 2012, the programme has been filmed at Roath Lock in Cardiff Bay, the exterior outdoor high street of Cwmderi was recreated from scratch, while many interiors are shot inside the Roath Lock studios
9.
Topping out
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In building construction, topping out is a builders rite traditionally held when the last beam is placed atop a structure during its construction. Nowadays, the ceremony is often parlayed into an event for public relations purposes. Long an important component of timber frame building, it migrated initially to England and Northern Europe, a tree or leafy branch is placed on the topmost wood or iron beam, often with flags and streamers tied to it. A toast is usually drunk and sometimes workers are treated to a meal, in masonry construction the rite celebrates the bedding of the last block or brick. In some cases a topping out event is held at an intermediate point, in New Zealand, completion of the roof to a water-proof state is celebrated through a roof shout, where workers are treated to cake and beer. The tradition of pannenbier is popular in the Netherlands and Flanders and it stays in place until the buildings owner provides free beer to the workers, after which it is lowered. It is considered if it remains flown for more than a few days. The topping out traditions of the high-steel ironworkers, Topping Off. at the Wayback Machine. Http, //www. stp. uh. edu/vol68/160/news/news4. html Tree symbolizes campus growth, The Daily Cougar, Volume 68, Issue 160, Monday,28 July 2003, Topping Off at the Wayback Machine. National Review, December 23,2003 Richtfest. info A German language site about the topping out ceremonies, Topping out Roberts Pavilion Topping out the new athletic building at Claremont McKenna College
10.
William Burges
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William Burges ARA was an English architect and designer. Burges stands within the tradition of the Gothic Revival, his works echoing those of the Pre-Raphaelites and his architectural output was small but varied. Working with a team of craftsmen, he built churches, a cathedral, a warehouse, a university. Burgess most notable works are Cardiff Castle, constructed between 1866 and 1928, and Castell Coch, both of which were built for John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute. Other significant buildings include Gayhurst House, Buckinghamshire, Knightshayes Court, the Church of Christ the Consoler, St Marys, Studley Royal, in Yorkshire, many of his designs were never executed or were subsequently demolished or altered. His competition entries for cathedrals at Lille, Adelaide, Colombo, Brisbane, Edinburgh and he lost out to George Edmund Street in the competition for the Royal Courts of Justice in The Strand. His plans for the redecoration of the interior of St Pauls Cathedral were abandoned, skilbecks Warehouse was demolished in the 1970s, and work at Salisbury Cathedral, at Worcester College, Oxford, and at Knightshayes Court had been lost in the decades before. Beyond architecture, Burges designed metalwork, sculpture, jewellery, furniture, for most of the century following his death, Victorian architecture was neither the subject of intensive study nor sympathetic attention and Burgess work was largely ignored. However the revival of interest in Victorian art, architecture, and design in the twentieth century has led to a renewed appreciation of Burges. Burges was born on 2 December 1827, the son of Alfred Burges, Alfred made a considerable fortune, some £113,000 at his death, enabling his son to devote his life to the study and practice of architecture without requiring that he actually earn a living. Burges entered Kings College School, London, in 1839 to study engineering, his contemporaries there including Dante Gabriel Rossetti and he left in 1844 to join the office of Edward Blore, surveyor to Westminster Abbey. Blore was an architect, having worked for both William IV and Queen Victoria, and had made his reputation as a proponent of the Gothic Revival. In 1848 or 1849, Burges moved to the offices of Matthew Digby Wyatt, Wyatt was as prominent an architect as Blore, evidenced by his leading role in the direction of The Great Exhibition in 1851. Burgess work with Wyatt, particularly on the Medieval Court for this exhibition, was influential on the subsequent course of his career. During this period, he worked on drawings of medieval metalwork for Wyatts book, Metalwork, published in 1852. Of equal importance to Burgess subsequent career was his travelling, Burges believed that all architects should travel, remarking that it was absolutely necessary to see how various art problems have been resolved in different ages by different men. Enabled by his income, Burges moved through England, then France, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, Italy, Greece. In total, he spent some 18 months abroad developing his skills, what he saw and drew provided a repository of influences and ideas that he used and re-used for the whole of his career
11.
Cardiff Castle
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Cardiff Castle is a medieval castle and Victorian Gothic revival mansion located in the city centre of Cardiff, Wales. The original motte and bailey castle was built in the late 11th century by Norman invaders on top of a 3rd-century Roman fort. The castle was commissioned either by William the Conqueror or by Robert Fitzhamon, and formed the heart of the town of Cardiff. In the 12th century the castle began to be rebuilt in stone, probably by Robert of Gloucester, with a shell keep, further work was conducted by Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester in the second half of the 13th century. After being held by the de Clare and Despenser families for centuries the castle was acquired by Richard de Beauchamp in 1423. Richard conducted extensive work on the castle, founding the main range on the west side of the castle, following the Wars of the Roses, the status of the castle as a Marcher territory was revoked and its military significance began to decline. During the English Civil War Cardiff Castle was initially taken by a Parliamentary force, when fighting broke out again in 1648, a Royalist army attacked Cardiff in a bid to regain the castle, leading to the Battle of St Fagans just outside the city. Cardiff Castle escaped potential destruction by Parliament after the war and was instead garrisoned, in the mid-18th century, Cardiff Castle passed into the hands of the Marquesses of Bute. During the first half of the 19th century the family became wealthy as a result of the growth of the coal industry in Glamorgan. The third Marquess, John Crichton-Stuart, used this wealth to back an extensive programme of renovations under William Burges, Burges remodelled the castle in a Gothic revival style, lavishing money and attention on the main range. The resulting interior designs are considered to be amongst the most magnificent that the gothic revival ever achieved, the grounds were re-landscaped and, following the discovery of the old Roman remains, reconstructed walls and a gatehouse in a Roman style were incorporated into the castle design. Extensive landscaped parks were built around the outside of the castle, in the early 20th century the fourth Marquess inherited the castle and construction work continued into the 1920s. The Bute lands and commercial interests around Cardiff were sold off or nationalised until, by the time of the Second World War, during the war, extensive air raid shelters were built in the castle walls, they could hold up to 1,800 people. When the Marquess died in 1947, the castle was given to the city of Cardiff, today the castle is run as a tourist attraction, with the grounds housing the Firing Line regimental museum and interpretation centre. The castle has served as a venue for events, including musical performances. The future site of Cardiff Castle was first used by the Romans as a location for many years. The first fort was built about AD55 and occupied until AD80. It was a structure much larger than the current site
12.
Castell Coch
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Castell Coch is a 19th-century Gothic Revival castle built above the village of Tongwynlais in South Wales. The first castle on the site was built by the Normans after 1081, to protect the newly conquered town of Cardiff and this castle was likely destroyed in the native Welsh rebellion of 1314. In 1760, the ruins were acquired by John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. John Crichton-Stuart, the 3rd Marquess of Bute, inherited the castle in 1848, Burges rebuilt the outside of the castle between 1875 and 1879, before turning to the interior, he died in 1881 and the work was finished by Burgess remaining team in 1891. Bute reintroduced commercial viticulture into Britain, planting a vineyard just below the castle, the Marquess made little use of his new retreat and in 1950 his grandson, the 5th Marquess of Bute, placed it into the care of the state. It is now controlled by the Welsh heritage agency Cadw, Castell Cochs external features and the High Victorian interiors led the historian David McLees to describe it as one of the greatest Victorian triumphs of architectural composition. The interiors were decorated, with specially designed furniture and fittings. The surrounding beech woods contain rare plant species and unusual features and are protected as a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The first castle on the Castell Coch site was built after 1081. It formed one of a string of eight intended to defend the newly conquered town of Cardiff. It took the form of a raised, earth-work motte, about 35 metres across at the base and 25 metres on the top, the first castle was probably abandoned after 1093 when the Norman lordship of Glamorgan was created, changing the line of the frontier. In 1267, Gilbert de Clare, who held the Lordship of Glamorgan, Caerphilly Castle was built to control the new territory and Castell Coch—strategically located between Cardiff and Caerphilly—was reoccupied. A new castle was built in stone around the motte, comprising a shell-wall, a circular tower, a gatehouse. The north-west section of the walls was protected by a talus, further work followed between 1268 and 1277, which added two large towers, a turning-bridge for the gatehouse and further protection to the north-west walls. On Gilberts death, the passed to his widow Joan and around this time it was referred to as Castrum Rubeum, Latin for the Red Castle. Gilberts son, also named Gilbert, inherited the property in 1307 and he died at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, triggering an uprising of the native Welsh in the region. Castell Coch was probably destroyed by the rebels in July 1314, and possibly slighted to put it any further use, it was not rebuilt. Castell Coch remained derelict, the antiquarian John Leland, visiting around 1536, described it as all in ruin, no big thing but high
13.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
14.
Holby City
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Holby City is a British medical drama television series that airs weekly on BBC One. The series was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin-off from the established BBC medical drama Casualty, since the shows initial development, it has become a weekly fixture in the schedule. Holby City airs once a week, all round. The show follows the lives of medical and ancillary staff at the fictional Holby City Hospital and it began with eleven main characters in its first series, all of whom have since left the show. New main characters have both written in and out of the series since, with a core of around fifteen main actors employed on the serial at any given time. Seventeen series of Holby City have aired, and the eighteenth began airing from 13 October 2015, the show has run for over 800 hour-long episodes. It is filmed at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire, from October 2010, Holby City moved to high definition broadcasting. The series employs a team of researchers to ensure medical accuracy, cast members are taught to perform basic medical procedures, and given the opportunity to spend time on real hospital wards for research. The shows first series averaged 9.27 million viewers, but apart from a rise in its series, ratings declined year-on-year until 2009. The twelfth series saw a rise to 5.62 million. Later series have drawn over 4 million viewers per week. The show began with eleven main characters in its first series. New main characters have both written in and out of the series since, with a core of fifteen to twenty main actors employed on the serial at any given time. McHale was the lead writer for several years, and was the first British writer ever to become the showrunner of a major prime time drama. Seventeen complete series of Holby City have aired, and an eighteenth began airing in October 2015, the show has run for over 600-hour-long episodes. It is filmed in studios at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire and it has occasionally featured special episodes filmed on location abroad. From October 2010, Holby City moved to high definition broadcasting, in September 2016, as part of the broadcasters Compete Or Compare Strategy, the BBC confirmed the show would be one of the first put up for tender. A decision on the tender was also confirmed for February or March 2017
15.
Dalek
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The Daleks /ˈdɑːlɛks/ are a fictional extraterrestrial race of mutants principally portrayed in the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. The Daleks were conceived by science-fiction writer Terry Nation and first appeared in the 1963 Doctor Who serial The Daleks and their catchphrase, Exterminate. is a well-recognised reference in British popular culture. Within the programmes narrative, the Daleks were engineered by the scientist Davros during the years of a thousand-year war between his people, the Kaleds, and their enemies the Thals. His creations soon came to view themselves as the race in the universe. Collectively they are the greatest enemies of Doctor Whos protagonist, the Time Lord known as The Doctor and they are among the shows most popular villains and their various returns to the series over the years have typically been widely reported in the television press. The Daleks were created by writer Terry Nation and designed by BBC designer Raymond Cusick and they were introduced in December 1963 in the second Doctor Who serial, colloquially known as The Daleks. They became an immediate and huge hit with viewers, featuring in many subsequent serials and they have become as synonymous with Doctor Who as the Doctor himself, and their behaviour and catchphrases are now part of British popular culture. In 1999 a Dalek photographed by Lord Snowdon appeared on a stamp celebrating British popular culture. As early as one year after first appearing on Doctor Who, the word Dalek has entered major dictionaries, including the Oxford English Dictionary, which defines Dalek as a type of robot appearing in Dr. Who, a B. B. C. Television science-fiction programme, hence used allusively, but English-speakers sometimes use the term metaphorically to describe people, usually authority figures, who act like robots unable to break from their programming. Daleks have been known to use their plungers to interface with technology, crush a skull by suction, measure the intelligence of a subject. Dalek casings are made of a bonded polycarbide material dubbed dalekanium by a member of the resistance in The Dalek Invasion of Earth. The lower half of a Daleks shell is covered with hemispherical protrusions, or Dalek bumps and their armour has a forcefield that evaporates most bullets and resists most types of energy weapons. The forcefield seems to be concentrated around the Daleks midsection, as normally ineffective firepower can be concentrated on the eyestalk to blind a Dalek. Daleks have a limited visual field, with no peripheral sight at all. Their own energy weapons are capable of destroying them and their weapons fire a beam that has electrical tendencies, is capable of propagating through water, and may be a form of plasma. The eyepiece is a Daleks most vulnerable spot, impairing its vision often leads to a blind, panicked firing of its weapon while exclaiming My vision is impaired, I cannot see. Russell T Davies subverted the catchphrase in his 2008 episode The Stolen Earth, the creature inside the mechanical casing is soft and repulsive in appearance and vicious in temperament
16.
Newport, Wales
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Newport is a cathedral and university city and unitary authority area in south east Wales. It is located on the River Usk close to its confluence with the Severn Estuary, at the 2011 census it is the third largest city in Wales, with a city population of 145,700 and an urban population of 306,844. The city forms part of the Cardiff-Newport metropolitan area with a population of 1,097,000, Newport has been a port since medieval times, when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans. The town outgrew the earlier Roman town of Caerleon, immediately upstream and it grew significantly in the 19th century, when its port became the focus of coal exports from the eastern valleys of South Wales. Until the rise of Cardiff from the 1850s, Newport was Wales largest coal-exporting port and it was the site of the last large-scale armed insurrection in Britain, the Newport Rising of 1839 led by the Chartists. During the 20th century, when the docks declined in importance and it was granted city status in 2002. Newport hosted the Ryder Cup in 2010, the city was the venue for the 2014 NATO summit. It is the largest urban area within the county boundaries of Monmouthshire. The City of Newport, which includes surrounding rural areas as well as the built up area, is governed by Newport City Council. Bronze Age fishermen settled around the estuary of the River Usk. In AD75, on the edge of their empire. According to legend, in the late 5th century Saint Woolos church was founded by Saint Gwynllyw, the church was certainly in existence by the 9th century and today has become Newport Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of Monmouth. The Normans arrived from around 1088–1093 to build the first Newport Castle and river crossing downstream from Caerleon, the settlement of Newport is first mentioned as novo burgus established by Robert, Earl of Gloucester in 1126. The name was derived from the original Latin name Novus Burgus, the city can sometimes be found labelled as Newport-on-Usk on old maps. The original Welsh language name for the city, Casnewydd-ar-Wysg means New castle-on-Usk, the original Newport Castle was a small motte-and-bailey castle in the park opposite Newport Cathedral. It was buried in rubble excavated from the Hillfield railway tunnels that were dug under Stow Hill in the 1840s and no part of it is currently visible. Around the settlement, the new town grew to become Newport, obtaining its first charter in 1314 and was granted a second one, by Hugh Stafford, in the 14th century friars came to Newport where they built an isolation hospital for infectious diseases. After its closure the hospital lived on in the place name Spitty Fields, austin Friars also remains a street name in the city
17.
Broadcasting House, Cardiff
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Broadcasting House is the purpose-built headquarters for BBC Cymru Wales radio, television and online services, situated in north Cardiff. The building opened in 1966 and consists of three blocks housing studios, offices and technical facilities, the building houses the national broadcaster for Wales, providing a range of English and Welsh language content for audiences across Wales on television, radio and online. Its network TV productions, including Doctor Who and Torchwood, attract millions of viewers worldwide, Broadcasting House opened in 1966 and has been the headquarters for BBC Cymru Wales since then. It houses studios, offices and technical facilities, the building is located in the Llandaff area of northern Cardiff, near the River Taff. It is close to Danescourt railway station and served by several Cardiff Bus services, the BBC National Orchestra of Wales and the BBC National Chorus of Wales moved out of Studio 1 at Broadcasting House into a new facility, BBC Hoddinott Hall at the Wales Millennium Centre in 2009. Much of the BBC television drama studio facilities moved out in 2011 to a new facility in Roath Lock, the BBC has said that the ageing infrastructure at Llandaff is clearly reaching the end of the road and it is time to look to the future. The BBC is expected to confirm that Central Square will be the location of their new headquarters building and it was announced in March 2009 that the BBC will move the filming of shows such as Casualty and Crimewatch to the studios in Cardiff. Roath Lock BBC Wales at BBC Online BBC Cymru at BBC Online
18.
Upper Boat Studios
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Upper Boat Studios was a television studio complex operated by BBC Wales and based in Upper Boat, a village on the outskirts of Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taf, near Cardiff in Wales. The studios were opened on 27 July 2006 by Welsh Enterprise Minister Andrew Davies, for the purpose of producing Doctor Who. The onsite canteen was called the Blue Box Cafe, referring to both its appearance and as a reference to the TARDIS. By 2011, Doctor Who was the programme still based at Upper Boat. Doctor Who itself relocated to Roath Lock throughout 2012, with the last filming day at Upper Boat on 11 May 2012, the facility was not expected to be used as a studio again. Despite the studio closure, production on Sherlock series 3 continued at the studios until September 2013, making it the most recent production based there
19.
Pontypridd
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Pontypridd is both a community and the county town of Rhondda Cynon Taf, Wales, and is situated 12 miles/19 km north of the Welsh capital city of Cardiff. Pontypridd is often abbreviated to Ponty by local residents, the town sits at the junction of the Rhondda and Taff/Cynon valleys, where the River Rhondda flows into the Taff immediately south of the town at Ynysangharad War Memorial Park. Pontypridd community had a population of approximately 32,700 according to figures gathered in 2011. While Pontypridd Town Ward itself was recorded as having a population of 2,919 also as of 2001, the town lies alongside the dual carriageway north-south A470, between Cardiff and Merthyr Tydfil. The A4054, running north and south of the town, was the main road. South of the town is the A473, for Llantrisant and Pencoed, to the west is the A4058, which follows the River Rhondda to Porth and the Rhondda Valley beyond. The name Pontypridd is from Pont-y-tŷ-pridd the Welsh for bridge by the earthen house, Pontypridd is noted for its Old Bridge, a stone construction across the River Taff built in 1756 by William Edwards. This was Edwards third attempt, and, at the time of construction, was the longest single-span stone arch bridge in the world. Rising 35 feet above the level of the river, the forms a perfect segment of a circle. Notable features are the three holes of differing diameters through each end of the bridge, the purpose of which is to reduce weight. On completion, questions were raised as to the utility of the bridge, with the steepness of the design making it difficult to get horses. As a result, a new bridge, the Victoria Bridge, Pontypridd was known as Newbridge from shortly after the construction of the Old Bridge until the 1860s. Because of its role in transporting cargo, its railway platform is thought to have once been the longest in the world during its heyday. Pontypridd was, in the half of the 19th century, a hive of industry. The Albion Colliery in the village of Cilfynydd in 1894 was the site of one of the worst explosions within the South Wales coalfield, the town is also home to a large hospital, Dewi Sant Hospital. Pontypridd Urban District Council was established in 1894, and operated until 1974, in turn, that authority was incorporated into the unitary Rhondda Cynon Taf Council in 1995. Pontypridd Town Council continues to function as a community council, labour is the dominant political force, and has been since the First World War. Pontypridd came into being because of transport, as it was on the route from the south Wales coast and the Bristol Channel, to Merthyr
20.
S4C
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S4C is a Welsh-language public-service television channel based in Cardiff and broadcast throughout Wales. When digital television arrived several years later, S4C added a second, 100% Welsh-language service, S4C does not commission programming in English, but when English is used on the channel it is left untranslated. A high-definition service called S4C Clirlun, simulcasting S4Cs main channel, Channel 4 HD began broadcasting in Wales from 2 December 2012 in its place. In 1962 the ITV network had created an area for North and West Wales. This traded as Teledu Cymru and provided significant levels of Welsh-language programming, however, problems with transmission infrastructure and poor market research led to financial difficulties within two years and the station was taken over by its neighbour Television Wales and West. During the 1970s, Welsh-language activists had campaigned for a TV service in the language, both the Conservative and Labour parties promised a Welsh-language fourth channel, if elected to government in the 1979 general election. This led to acts of disobedience, including refusals to pay the television licence fee, thereby running the risk of prosecution or even a prison sentence. Some took more extreme measures, including attacking television transmitters in Welsh-speaking areas, the channel started broadcasting on 1 November 1982, the night before Channel 4s opening. S4C appointed its first female CEO, Iona Jones in 2005, S4Cs remit is to provide a service which features a wide range of programmes in the Welsh language. BBC Wales fulfils its public service requirement by producing programmes in Welsh, including Newyddion, S4Cs news bulletin, and an opera, Pobol y Cwm. It has also provided Welsh-language versions of English-language programmes, e. g, on the analogue service, S4C showed programmes produced for Channel 4 in the rest of the United Kingdom ― either simultaneously or time-shifted ― outside of peak hours. These programmes were provided to S4C by Channel 4, free of charge, to make content more accessible to English speakers, all Welsh-language programming carries English subtitles. Originally these were on Teletext page 888, with Welsh subtitles on page 889, TV films produced for S4C have received some good foreign reviews, Hedd Wyn was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Oscar in 1994 and Solomon & Gaenor was nominated in 2000. The S4C analogue signal also spilled over on to the east coast of the Republic of Ireland, in the past it was rebroadcast in a number of areas there on UHF terrestrial signals by so-called deflectors, however Channel 4 is now re-transmitted from satellite by the few remaining deflectors. Up until the 1990s, S4C was also carried by some Irish cable, the S4C signal also continues to overspill into the Republic of Ireland via the Freesat satellite service. Up until 2009, S4C ran its own service, Sbectel. According to S4Cs latest annual report,9.9 million people viewed the channel throughout the UK during 2015-2016, with 629,000 viewers throughout the UK in an average week. Following the switch-off of analogue terrestrial signals on 31 March 2010, Wales became the first fully digital region in the UK, with both S4C and Channel 4 now available to all homes
21.
Upstairs Downstairs (2010 TV series)
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Upstairs Downstairs is a British drama series, broadcast on BBC One from 2010 to 2012 and co-produced by BBC Wales and Masterpiece. Created and written by Heidi Thomas, it is a continuation of the London Weekend Television series Upstairs, Downstairs that ran from 1971 to 1975 on ITV. The series resumes the story of 165 Eaton Place, the setting of both iterations of the programme, in 1936, six years after the original series concluded. Jean Marsh reprises her role as Rose Buck, who becomes housekeeper of the household, with Ed Stoppard and Keeley Hawes playing its new owners Sir Hallam. The first series, consisting of three episodes, was broadcast across consecutive nights during Christmas 2010, the second, and last, series consisted of six episodes, and first aired between 19 February 2012 and 25 March 2012. The series is set from 1936 to 1939, the outbreak of World War II. At the time the show ended its run, the year was 1930, the Great Depression had already begun. Consequently, James committed suicide and the Bellamy family, as well as all the servants, Mr. Hudson, the head butler, and Mrs. The new series would see Jean Marsh reprising the role of Rose Buck as the original cast member from the LWT series. Buck now runs a domestic servant agency after a time away nursing a relative in the country and she returns to 165 Eaton Place as housekeeper to the new owners, the Holland family, with Dame Eileen Atkins playing one of the characters upstairs. There are no explanations as to what has happened to Lady Bellamy, Georgina, Lord Stockbridge, as well as Mr. Hudson, Mrs. Bridges, Edward, Daisy, and Ruby during that six-year period. In fact, in the first installment, the Bellamy family and the staff are only fleetingly referred to when Mrs. Thackeray. However, Rose does mention Lord Bellamy as the meaning he is dead by 1936. Also, there are scenes with Rose serving tea to Lady Agnes, Rose mentions that the teapot was given to her as a gift by Lord and Lady Bellamy in appreciation for all her years of service to the family. Also, in another scene when Lady Agnes gives Rose the keys to the wine cellar, Rose takes the keys and looks at them, smiling, in a very nostalgic way. In the middle of August 2010, filming started in Cardiff, with parts of the city transformed into 1930s Belgravia for exterior scenes, and the interiors shot in BBCs Llandaff studios in Cardiff. Further filming of scenes took place in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire in September 2010 with a terrace in Clarendon Square doubling up as Eaton Place. The new Upstairs Downstairs was made in-house by BBC Wales as a co-production with Masterpiece on PBS, a soundtrack album of music from the new series by composer Daniel Pemberton was released on iTunes
22.
Wizards vs Aliens
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Wizards vs Aliens is a British science fantasy television programme produced by BBC Cymru Wales and FremantleMedia Enterprises for CBBC and created by Russell T Davies and Phil Ford. However, the show has no relation to Doctor Who, two series were commissioned by the BBC in late 2011 for broadcast in 2012 and 2013 respectively. Series 1 broadcast between 29 October 2012 and 4 December 2012 containing twelve episodes, series 2 aired between 28 October 2013 and 10 December 2013, containing fourteen episodes. A third series featuring ten episodes premiered on 27 October 2014, co-creator and former executive producer Russell T Davies stated that the show could easily run for ten years. In January 2015, it was announced that the series had been put on due to financial reasons. Wizards vs Aliens is an action, adventure series which sees the collision of two different worlds. The second series continues the battle between the two sides and sheds more focus on creatures and locations and Jathro and Kooths plan to overthrow the Nekross royals. In the third series, Tom and Benny part ways when Benny receives an opportunity to work with MIT in America. The Nekross return to Earths galaxy, with Varg, now King Regent of the empire, intending to have vengeance on Tom for turning his sister Lexi into a human and sending her to Earth. He is assisted by his wife Lady Lyzera, who is secretly a sorceress who wishes to take Earths magic for herself, scott Haran as Thomas Robert Tom Clarke - A football-loving teenage wizard who defends wizardkind and Earth from the alien Nekross. As Benny is not a Wizard, he is known as an unenchanted among Wizard-kind, Benny later comes out as gay to Tom and shortly after moves to America to study at MIT. Annette Badland as Ursula Crowe - Toms happy-go-lucky grandmother and Michaels mother-in-law and she is also Toms tutor when training him in magic and spells. Michael Higgs as Michael Clarke - Toms widowed father and Ursulas son-in-law who works as a veterinarian, the voice of reason in Tom and Bennys plans, his main concern is Toms safety when in battle and that he shouldnt just rely on magic all the time. Like Benny, Michael is not a Wizard and is known as an unenchanted among Wizard-kind. He is demanding and determined to locate and devour all magic on Earth, at any cost. As Regent King, Varg travels back to Earth to continue extracting Earths magic but also wishes to find his sister Lexi and have vengeance on Tom for turning her into a human and sending her to Earth. She and Tom later form a relationship and eventually have a son together, Benny Junior. They eventually lose him after returning to the Dayside, after sustaining Zanti-Scale contamination to save Tom back in the Dayside, he makes her human and sends her to live on Earth, bringing back Benny Jr to ensure her happiness
23.
The Sarah Jane Adventures
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The Sarah Jane Adventures is a British science fiction television programme, that was produced by BBC Cymru Wales for CBBC, created by Russell T Davies starring Elisabeth Sladen. The programme is a spin-off of the long-running BBC science fiction programme Doctor Who and is aimed at an audience than Doctor Who. It focuses on the adventures of Sarah Jane Smith, an investigative journalist who, as a woman, had numerous adventures across time. The series debuted on BBC One with a 60-minute special, Invasion of the Bane, on 1 January 2007 and it was nominated for a British Academy Childrens Award in 2008 in the Drama category, and for a BAFTA Cymru in 2009 in the Childrens Drama category. The programme won a Royal Television Society 2010 award for Best Childrens Drama, a full series of ten 25-minute episodes began on 24 September 2007. The first series consisted of five stories, and a second series, comprising six two-part stories. A third series, once again comprising six two-part stories to make a total of episodes, with Russell T Davies serving as executive producer. The fourth series was aired from 11 October 2010, an episode of another spin-off series, Sarah Janes Alien Files, was shown immediately after each of the first episodes of the stories. Filming for three of six two-part serials planned for the series was completed prior to Elisabeth Sladens death on 19 April 2011. Although some UK media, including the Sun, reported in early May 2011 that production of the series was to continue, the fifth series was broadcast starting 3 October 2011 on Mondays and Tuesdays. It finished just two later on 18 October 2011. In 2006, Childrens BBC expressed an interest in producing a Doctor Who spin-off and their initial idea was a drama based on the idea of a young Doctor Who, but Russell T Davies vetoed this. Somehow, the idea of a fourteen year old Doctor, on Gallifrey inventing sonic screwdrivers, takes away from the mystery and intrigue of who he is and he suggested instead a series based on the Doctors former companion Sarah Jane Smith. The character of Sarah Jane Smith, played by Sladen, appeared in Doctor Who from 1973 to 1976, alongside Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor and later Tom Baker as the Fourth Doctor. A pilot episode for another Doctor Who spin-off series, K-9 and Company, made in 1981, featured Sarah Jane and the robot dog K-9, however, Sarah Jane is frequently voted the most popular Doctor Who companion by both Doctor Who fans and members of the general public. The fact that a Sarah Jane series was being developed was first confirmed in the BBCs in-house newsletter, Ariel and these early rumours were associated with the working title Sarah Jane Investigates. K-9s only appearances in the shows first two series were a cameo in the special and an appearance in the last episode of the first series. This was due to the concurrent development of the independently produced series, K-9
24.
Elisabeth Sladen
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Elisabeth Clara Heath-Sladen was an English actress best known for her role as Sarah Jane Smith in the British television series Doctor Who. Sladen was interested in ballet and theatre from childhood, and began to appear on stage in the mid-1960s and she moved to London in 1970 and an appearance in the police drama Z-Cars led to her being selected for a part in Doctor Who. She stayed as a regular cast member alongside Pertwee and Baker until 1976 and she subsequently starred in other roles on both television and radio, before semi-retiring to bring up a family in the mid-1980s. She returned to the eye in the 2000s with more Doctor Who related appearances. The show earned the Royal Television Society 2010 award for Best Childrens Drama and she also made regular guest appearances on the main television series, and provided voice-over commentaries for its releases to DVD. Sladen died of cancer on 19 April 2011 and her death made national and international news headlines, and major television stations and newspapers paid her tribute. Elisabeth Clara Heath-Sladen was born 1 February 1946 in Liverpool, England, Sladen was the only child of Tom Sladen, who fought in the First World War and served in the Home Guard during the Second World War, and Gladys. She developed an interest in performing at an age, beginning dance lessons when she was five. She was a primary school contemporary of future politician Edwina Currie and she went on to secondary school and attended Aigburth Vale High School for Girls. Sladen attended the Elliott-Clarke Drama School, in 1965, she made her first film appearance in Ferry Cross the Mersey as an uncredited extra. Sladen then joined the Hillbark Players, for their production of Much Ado About Nothing, playing Hero. After two years at school, Sladen began work at the Liverpool Playhouse repertory company as an assistant stage manager. Her first stage appearance at the Playhouse was as a maid in Twelfth Night, a few months later, she played a corpse in The Physicists. However, she was scolded for giggling on stage due to her future husband Brian Miller whispering the words Respiration nil, Aston Villa two in her ear while he was playing a doctor. Sladen was such a good assistant stage manager that she did not get acting roles. An earlier interview indicated that she deliberately made mistakes on several occasions, as a result, she began to get on-stage roles again. Sladen eventually moved into weekly repertory work, travelling to locations in Britain. Sladen and Miller moved to Manchester, in 1966, spending three years there and they married on 8 June 1968
25.
Cardiff Docks
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Cardiff Docks is a port in southern Cardiff, Wales. At its peak, the port was one of the largest dock systems in the world with a total quayage of almost 11 km. Once the main port for the export of South Wales coal, in 1794, the Glamorganshire Canal was completed, linking the then small town of Cardiff with Merthyr, and in 1798 a basin was built, connecting the canal to the sea. Increasing agitation for proper dock facilities led Cardiffs foremost landowner, John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute, the dock design was by Admiral William Henry Smyth and the resident engineer was George Turnbull. Two years after the October 1839 dock opening, the Taff Vale Railway was opened, with the construction of the new East Bute Dock from 1855, designed by James Walker of Messrs. Frustration at the lack of development at Cardiff led to rival docks being opened at Penarth in 1865 and Barry and these developments eventually spurred Cardiff into action, with the opening of the Roath Dock in 1887, and the Queen Alexandra Dock in 1907. By then, coal exports from the South Wales Coalfield via Cardiff totalled nearly 9 million tons per annum, by 1913, this had risen to 10,700,000 tons, making Cardiff second only to Barry, Wales as the largest coal exporting dock in the world. Each day, the principals of these companies would meet to arrange cargoes of coal for their ships in the opulent Coal Exchange in Mount Stuart Square and this trade reached its pinnacle in 1913, when 10.7 million tons of coal were exported from the port. After the First World War, there was a boom in shipping in Cardiff, the boom proved short-lived, however, oil was growing in importance as a maritime fuel, and the terms of the Treaty of Versailles soon flooded Europe with cheap German reparation coal. The Taff Vale Railway was built to transport coal from the South Wales Valleys to the docks and its headquarters were a currently derelict building in Cardiff Bay railway station. The building was turned into a heritage centre in 1979 by the Butetown Historic Railway Society. By 1994 the Society had started to run steam hauled passenger services up. From 1910 onwards capacity issues meant that the modern and less tidal Barry Docks took over as the largest volume export point of coal. Until the early 1920s, Cardiff docks continued to boom as a location for shipping companies, but the fall in demand for Welsh coal caused a dramatic fall in exports. By 1932, in the depths of the Great Depression which followed the General Strike in 1926, coal exports had fallen to below 5 million tonnes, despite intense activity at the port during the Second World War, coal exports continued to decline, finally ceasing in 1964. In 1950, imports outstripped exports for the first time in the ports history, the 1970s saw a short-term import boom, and in the 1980s the port experienced a slight rise in traffic, while much of the former port area began to be regenerated into non-port uses. The port found a niche as an important local centre for cargo operations. Cardiff now has three operational docks capable of handling ships of up to 35,000 tons deadweight, Queen Alexandra Dock, Roath Dock, and Roath Basin
26.
Norwegian Church, Cardiff
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The Norwegian Church Arts Centre is a point of cultural and historical interest located in Cardiff Bay, Wales. It was a Lutheran Church, consecrated in 1868, in the 19th century, Cardiff was one of Britains three major ports, along with London and Liverpool. The Norwegian merchant fleet at the time was the third largest in the world, sjømannskirken – the Norwegian Church Abroad organization, which is part of the Church of Norway – followed in its footsteps. Consecrated in December 1868, the church was clad in sheets on the instruction of the Harbour Master. Resultantly, and open to all sailors as an offering food and shelter. Cardiff-born writer Roald Dahl was baptised in the church, the church had become a home away from home for the sailors during World War II as they weren’t able to go back to Norway due to Nazi occupation. The church hosted many important family occasions, such as weddings and christenings, even pre-World War I, coal exports from Cardiff were in decline. Post World War II, shipping trade had moved from Cardiff, in the early 1960s, the Norwegian Seamens Mission withdrew its patronage, and the last seamans priest Per Konrad Hansen was withdrawn. The residual congregation and other Lutheran organisations funded its continued use by the resident expatriate Norwegian community and it was closed and de-consecrated in 1974. In light of developments in Cardiff Bay in the late 1980s, and the building of new roads around Atlantic Wharf. The community formed the Norwegian Church Preservation Trust, to save the building in the redeveloped docks, in partnership with the Norwegian Support Committee in Bergen, the trust raised £250,000, enabling the church to be dismantled in 1987, preserved and stored pending reassembly. The remaining original features were rescued, including the pulpit, one side-window, the chandelier, with the Wales Millennium Centre built on its original site, with land donated by Associated British Ports, in 1992 reconstruction on the current site was started. In April 1992, the church was re-opened by Princess Märtha Louise of Norway, Roald Dahl was a British novelist who was born in Cardiff, Wales and christened, along with his sisters, in the Norwegian Church where his family would worship. This led to Dahl being appointed the first president of The Norwegian Church Preservation Trust after it was set up in 1987 by the Church, in the church is a room named in memory of Roald Dahl and all that he had done for the church - ‘The Dahl Gallery’. In this room is, - The silver christening bowl used to baptise Dahl, - A shield given to the Church’s pastor as a gift, as during WW2 the church was home to sailors who couldn’t return to their homeland. - An anchor and oars in the shape of a cross, the oars are believed to be from a Norwegian sailing ship and the anchor is a gift to honour the church’s maritime heritage. As well as honour, Dahl is also celebrated yearly in September. In 2016 Cardiff Bay celebrated Dahl’s centenary as he would have been 100 years old and this centenary project was launched by The Norwegian Church
27.
Baycar
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Baycar is a bus service in Cardiff, serving the city centre and Cardiff Bay. The service forms part of the wider Cardiff Bus network, but is unique in that the entire Baycar bus system includes its own branded vehicles, bus shelters and boards. The service was introduced in 2006 to connect the city centre to the old Cardiff docklands redeveloped to create Cardiff Bay, in 2007, the service was used by 39,000 each month. Under the 5-year contract, the bus service was subsidised £200,000 per year by Cardiff Council, which owns Cardiff Bus, services run from around 06,00 until 23,30 Monday to Saturdays. Buses run every 10 minutes Monday–Friday daytimes, every 15 minutes Sat-Sun daytimes, the core service operates runs from the Wales Millennium Centre to the northern city centre. The route is extended during peak times so that the north of the runs through Cathays Park. Fares on the service are £1.80 for a single, the route leaves Cardiff Bay and then circles the city centre anti-clockwise, returning south to towards Cardiff Bay. On Friday and Saturday nights and during events at the Millennium Stadium, in this case, the baycar service terminates in the city centre at Greyfriars, not continuing down Kingsway and St. Mary Street
28.
Cardiff Bus
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Cardiff Bus is the dominant operator of bus services in Cardiff, Wales and the surrounding area, including Barry and Penarth. Its hub is Cardiff central bus station, the company is wholly owned by Cardiff Council and is one of the few municipal bus companies to remain in council ownership. While horse buses had run in the city since 1845, Cardiff Bus can trace its history back to May 1902 and it had been previously run by the Cardiff Tramway Company. The resultant Cardiff Corporation Tramways spent the three decades extending its electric tram network, and at its peak in 1927 ran 141 electric trams over 18 miles of line. On Christmas Eve 1920, the corporation introduced its first bus, the first Cardiff trolleybuses were introduced in 1942, their introduction having been delayed by the outbreak of World War II. The intention was to convert the tramway system to trolleybus operation. While the first stage was completed in 1950, the extension made to the system was to Ely which took place in 1955. Although powers had been obtained to considerably expand the network, a policy U-turn occurred in 1961 when the decision was made to all the trolleybuses with motor buses. This task was completed in 1970, bringing to an end 68 years of electric traction on the streets of Cardiff, the Transport Act of 1985 deregulated bus services outside London and required all Local Authorities to establish private arms length bus companies. In October 1986 the council established a subsidiary company, the Caerphilly local network of services including links between Cardiff, Caerphilly, Blackwood and Tredegar were discontinued in 2001 and are now provided by Stagecoach in South Wales. Some loss-making services have been withdrawn and are operated under local authority tender by other companies, including Watts Coaches, Cardiff Bus has a turnover of £27million, employs around 720 people, on an average weekday carries around 100,000 passengers. In 2009 the company started to operate the park and ride service from Cardiff City Stadium to the city centre, Cardiff Bus operates an exact fare policy and no change is given. This has since increased to £1.80 for a one-way journey or £3.60 for all-day travel in Cardiff and Penarth, or £1.70. A weekly ticket can be purchased for travel within Cardiff for £13, tickets can also be purchased on the mobile app, some of which are at a discounted rate. Special fares apply for travel between Cardiff and Barry, Newport, the Airport and Llantwit Major, Iff card is a contactless smart card introduced by Cardiff Bus in October 2010, allowing customers to travel on its services after having pre-paid. The first 30,000 cards were issued free of charge and preloaded with £3 of credit, an amount of money is electronically loaded onto the card, either upon boarding a bus or at the Cardiff Bus customer service centre. A passenger then chooses a ticket type, the card can also be used as a season ticket. The card should be topped-up when the balance is low, however the card allows the customer to acquire a negative balance up to £3, the card can be topped-up in units of £5, £10 or £20, up to maximum amount of £50
29.
Cardiff city centre
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Cardiff city centre is the city centre and central business district of Cardiff, Wales. The area is bound by the River Taff to the west. Cardiff became a city in 1905, compared to nearby cities, the new St Davids Centre has more retail space than the whole of Newport or Swansea. In 2008–9, the footfall of shoppers was 55 million. Cardiff is the sixth most successful shopping destination in the United Kingdom – behind London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Cardiff was granted city status by Edward VII in 1905. In the 1960s, planners described Cardiff city centre as worn out, inconvenient, drab, the centre had escaped the extensive wartime bomb damage inflicted on other cities, so little redevelopment took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The Buchanan Plan of 1964 envisaged a highly ambitious extended city centre, by the time the legal agreement to implement Centreplan 70 was signed, the 1973 property crash had made it unviable. Development in the 1970s and 80s was more piecemeal than envisaged in Centreplan, the latter became, according to official publicists, one of the icons of Cardiffs new image. Development of the began in February 2010 and is expected to be completed by July 2011. Cardiff Council says that work to create the Castle Quarter as a friendly environment for High Street. Castle Street follows on from Cowbridge Road East from Canton and begins after Cardiff Bridge and it becomes Duke Street after the junction with High Street before turning north and becoming Kingsway, leading to Cardiff Civic Centre. From west to east, streets that begin from the side of this stretch are Westgate Street, Womanby Street, High Street, St Johns Street, Queen Street. Cardiff Castle and Bute Park dominate the northern side of the street, on the southern side are pubs, bars, retail and hotel units. Castle Arcade and Duke Street Arcades begin from this stretch, St. Mary Street and High Street. The former street is named after the 11th century church of St. Mary, today the stretch of road is the home of a number of bars, night clubs and restaurants, as well as branches of many major banks. Also fronting onto the street is Howells department store, which stretches from just after Cardiff Central Market to the corner of Wharton Street, from August 2007 the street was closed to private vehicles, leaving only buses, cycles and taxis allowed to access the whole street. The street is closed to all traffic every Friday and Saturday night to allow the efflux from night clubs and pubs located in that part of the street to clear. It is also closed when major events take place such as at the Millennium Stadium, the Prince Of Wales is a prominent J D Wetherspoon establishment at the junction with Wood Street, which leads to Central Station
30.
Media in Cardiff
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As the capital of Wales, media in Cardiff plays a large role in the city and nationwide. At 5pm on 13 February 1923, 5WA Cardiff, a forerunner of BBC Radio Wales, first broadcast from a shop at 19 Castle Street in Cardiff city centre. Later that evening at 9. 30pm Mostyn Thomas, sang Dafydd y Garreg Wen, a commemorative plaque records the event. 5WA Cardiff was a service which began broadcasting on 13 February 1923. Cardiffs daily tabloid newspaper is the South Wales Echo, founded in 1884 and formerly based in Thomson House, there are two daily editions – News Extra in the morning and City Final edition. The Weekend Edition is published on Saturday, roughly 50,000 copies are sold daily. The national newspapers, the Western Mail and Wales on Sunday, are based in Thomson House as all are owned by Trinity Mirror. The Western Mail has a circulation of about 40,000. The Cardiff edition of Metro is available daily on public transport in the city, both the South Wales Echo and Metro publish daily information for the city such as the weather and entertainment listings. The Times Educational Supplement Cymru is based in the city, gair rhydd is the award winning weekly tabloid published by the students of Cardiff University and is available free in the Cardiff University Students Union. Cardiff County Council publishes the monthly Capital Times, and the Echo Extra is delivered free to homes, the Welsh language newspaper Y Dinesydd is published monthly for the city. Additionally, all British daily newspapers are available in the city. Magazines based in the capital include Jazz UK, Buzz magazine, in addition, a local television channel for the city, Made in Cardiff, is based in offices at St Marys Street in the city centre. An analogue local TV channel, Capital TV, broadcast as a low-power RSL analogue station from 2002 to 2009, the city also has its own Ofcom-licensed local digital television spectrum, owned by Cube Interactive. As the national broadcaster, BBC Cymru Wales, broadcasts BBC Radio Wales, Radio Cardiff is a community station based in the Butetown area and Radio Glamorgan broadcasts to the University Hospital of Wales in Heath. Student radio station Tequila Radio broadcasts from the University of South Waless ATRiuM Campus, the Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies is based at Cardiff University. The Atrium building houses most of the Cardiff School of Creative and it is also referenced in Mars Attacks. It was announced on 15 October 2008 that the BBC is to move the shows such as Casualty and Crimewatch to studios in Cardiff
31.
BBC Online
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BBC Online, formerly known as BBCi, is the BBCs online service. The website has gone through several branding changes since it was launched, originally named BBC Online, it was then rebranded as BBCi before being named bbc. co. uk. It was then renamed BBC Online again in 2008, however the service uses the branding BBC, the web-based service of the BBC is one of the most visited websites and the worlds largest news website. As of 2007, it contained two million pages. On 2 March 2010, the BBC reported that it cut its website spending by 25% and close BBC6 Music. On 24 January 2011, the cuts of 25% were announced leaving a £34 million shortfall. This resulted in the closure of several sites, including BBC Switch, BBC Blast, 6-0-6, and this led to the official launch of BBC Online at the www. bbc. co. uk address in December 1997. Later, BBC Online launched licence fee funded web sites for Top of the Pops and Top Gear, Beeb. com was later refocussed as an online shopping guide, and was closed in 2002. Beeb. com now redirects to the BBC Shop website, run by BBC Worldwide. In 1999, the BBC bought the www. bbc. com domain name for $375,000, previously owned by Boston Business Computing, as of 2005, www. bbcnc. org. uk no longer exists. In 2001, BBC Online was rebranded as BBCi. the website launched on 7 November 2001, the BBCi name was conceived as an umbrella brand for all the BBCs digital interactive services across web, digital teletext, interactive TV and on mobile platforms. The navbar was designed to offer a similar system to the i-bar on BBCi interactive television. Interactive TV services continued under the BBCi brand until it was dropped completely in 2008, the BBCs online video player, the iPlayer has, however, retained an i-prefix in its branding. The widget-based design was inspired by such as Facebook and iGoogle. The new homepage also incorporated the design used in the 1970s on the BBCs television service into the large header. The new BBC homepage left beta on Wednesday,27 February 2008 to serve as the new BBC Homepage under the same URL as the previous version. On 30 January 2010, a new design became available as a beta version. This homepage expanded on the idea and the customisation theme
32.
BBC Television
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BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a royal charter since 1927 and it produced television programmes from its own studios since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. The BBCs domestic television channels have no advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence, the BBC operates several television networks, television stations, and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a number of its own programmes in-house. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by late 1930, thirty minutes of morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Bairds broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. Ally Pally housed two studios, various stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks, the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both made the BBCs service the worlds first regular high-definition television service, it broadcast from Monday to Saturday between 15,00 and 16,00, and 21,00 and 22,00. The two systems were to run on a basis for six months, early television sets supported both resolutions. Television production was switched from Bairds company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was Opening of the BBC Television Service at 15,00, the first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25, 000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. Also, many of the services technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort. According to figures from Britains Radio Manufacturers Association,18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the announcers, made the first announcement, saying. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later
33.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
34.
BBC One Northern Ireland
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BBC One Northern Ireland is a television channel operated by BBC Northern Ireland. It is the Northern Irish variation of the UK-wide BBC One, the service is broadcast in Northern Ireland from Broadcasting House in Belfast. Outside Northern Ireland the service is available on Sky channel 953, on 24 October 2012, an HD variation of BBC One Northern Ireland was launched, to coincide with the completion of the digital switchover process in Northern Ireland. On 18 November 2013, BBC One Northern Ireland HD was swapped with the SD channel on Skys EPG for HD subscribers, the channels main competitor is UTV while also competing with RTÉ One and TV3 from the Republic of Ireland. BBC One Northern Ireland listings at BBC Online BBC Northern Ireland at BBC Online
35.
BBC One Scotland
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BBC One Scotland is a television channel operated by BBC Scotland. It is the Scottish variation of the UK-wide BBC One, for almost all of the time the channel is referred to on screen as BBC One Scotland, sometimes using overlays to replace the normal channel identifier. The announcers, based in Glasgow, also double up as transmission directors, BBC One Scotland updated its visual presentation style as part of the network BBC One revamp on 7 October 2006. The presentation style fits in with the national BBC One Circle idents, a HD simulcast of BBC One Scotland launched on 14 January 2013 on Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media. On 10 December 2013, BBC One Scotland HD was swapped with the SD channel on Skys EPG for HD subscribers. Whilst generally following the schedules of the UK-wide BBC One, BBC One Scotland offers programming specific to Scotland, such as soap opera River City and football programme Sportscene. As a result of this, regular BBC One shows, such as Holby City, are scheduled at different regular times in Scotland, news, Sport and Weather specifically for Scotland are examples of the channels distinct output. Programmes shown exclusively on BBC One Scotland can also be watched again across the UK for 7 days after transmission on the BBC iPlayer service, BBC One Scotland listings at BBC Online BBC Scotland at BBC Online
36.
BBC One Wales
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BBC One Wales is a television channel operated by BBC Cymru Wales. It is the Welsh variation of the UK-wide BBC One and is broadcast in Wales from Broadcasting House in Cardiff, BBC One Wales broadcasts around three hours of non-news programmes for Wales each week alongside six hours a week of national news for Wales from Wales Today. Continuity from the main BBC One network service is carried overnight until the handover to the BBC News Channel, a high-definition simulcast of BBC One Wales launched on 29 January 2013 on Freeview, Freesat, Sky and Virgin Media. Unlike BBC One HD, controversially, BBC One Wales HD and BBC One Northern Ireland HD, are currently stereo only, on 10 December 2013, BBC One Wales HD was swapped with the SD channel on Skys EPG for HD subscribers. BBC One Wales listings at BBC Online BBC Wales at BBC Online
37.
BBC Two
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BBC Two is the second television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It covers a range of subject matter, but tending towards more highbrow programmes than the more mainstream. Like the BBCs other domestic TV and radio channels, it is funded by the television licence and it is a comparatively well-funded public service network, regularly attaining a much higher audience share than most public service networks worldwide. Originally styled BBC2, it was the third British television station to be launched, a high-definition version of the channel launched on 26 March 2013, replacing BBC HD. British television at the time of BBC2s launch consisted of two channels, the BBC Television Service and the ITV network made up of regional companies. Both channels had existed in a state of competition since ITVs launch in 1955, the 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and that ITV lacked any serious programming. It therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC, prior to its launch, the new BBC2 was promoted on the BBC Television Service, the soon to be renamed BBC1. The animated adverts featured the campaign mascots Hullabaloo, a mother kangaroo, however, at around 18,45 a huge power failure, originating from a fire at Battersea Power Station, caused Television Centre, and indeed much of west London, to lose all power. BBC1 was able to continue broadcasting via its facilities at Alexandra Palace, associated-Rediffusion, the London weekday ITV franchise-holder, offered to transmit on the BBCs behalf, but their gesture was rejected. At 22,00 programming was officially postponed until the following morning, there was believed to be no recording made of this bulletin, but a videotape was discovered in early 2003. By 11,00 on 21 April, power had restored to the studios and programming began. The launch schedule, postponed from the night before, was successfully shown that evening. In reference to the cut, the transmission opened with a shot of a lit candle which was then sarcastically blown out by presenter Denis Tuohy. To establish the new identity and draw viewers to it. The production chosen was The Forsyte Saga, a adaptation of the novels by John Galsworthy, featuring well-established actors Kenneth More. Unlike BBC1 and ITV, BBC2 was broadcast only on the 625 line UHF system and this created a market for dual standard receivers which could switch between the two systems. On 1 July 1967, during the Wimbledon Championships, BBC2 became the first channel in Europe to begin broadcasts in colour. The thirteen part series Civilisation was created as a celebration of two millennia of western art and culture to showpiece the new colour technology, BBC1 and ITV later joined BBC2 on 625-line UHF band, but continued to simulcast on 405-line VHF until 1985
38.
BBC Two Northern Ireland
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BBC Two Northern Ireland is a television station operated by BBC Northern Ireland. It is broadcast via digital television, the channel was branded onscreen as BBC Two NI from October 2006 until February 2007, though not referred to as such by continuity announcers. Unique idents for Northern Ireland featuring the robotic figure 2 were used during time, showing the Giants Causeway. This has all now ended and the two Northern Ireland services have been merged, unlike BBC Two in the rest of the UK, the channel broadcasts regular news and regional weather updates between programmes. Programming shown on BBC Two Northern Ireland can be watched again across the UK after transmission on the BBC iPlayer service, BBC Two Northern Ireland listings at BBC Online BBC Northern Ireland at BBC Online
39.
BBC Two Scotland
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BBC Two Scotland is a television station operated by BBC Scotland. It is broadcast via television and is the sister Scottish channel of BBC One Scotland. Unlike BBC One Scotland, which broadcasts its own continuity with only exceptions, BBC Two Scotland opts in. In February 2017, the BBC announced plans to replace the BBC Two opt-out with a new television service. Similarly to BBC One Scotland, BBC Two Scotland offers differing programming from the UK-wide network specifically aimed at Scottish viewers, often, this is more specialised programming such as Artworks Scotland, Holyrood Live and the Gaelic strands branded as BBC Two Alba. Also, on weeknights, Newsnight Scotland opts out of the main Newsnight programme from 11 oclock onwards, additionally, on Sunday nights BBC Two Scotland has become the regular home for Sportscenes highlights of the SPFL, preceding Match of the Day 2. Recent examples of BBC Two Scotland programmes include, ArtWorks Scotland Cunntas Dè a-nis, programmes shown exclusively on BBC Two Scotland can also be watched again across the UK for 30 days after transmission on the BBC iPlayer service. BBC Two Scotland listings at BBC Online BBC Scotland at BBC Online
40.
BBC Two Wales
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BBC Two Wales is the national variation of BBC Two for BBC Cymru Wales. It is broadcast to Wales from Broadcasting House in Cardiff, the channel can opt out from the main BBC Two schedule to show Welsh made programming, however this is used less frequently than in the past. BBC 2W was the channel to BBC Two Wales, until the Digital Switchover saw the end of analogue broadcasts in Wales. The specific BBC 2W service was closed down and the BBC Two Wales brand used, programming is much the same as BBC Two, with the exception of some Welsh-oriented programming. Frequently, schedules are changed as a result of a programme being inserted. Presentation is parallel to that of BBC Two itself, with BBC Two Wales sharing the same idents, the primary addition is the word Wales under the BBC Two logo inside the box. Programmes shown exclusively on BBC Two Wales can also be seen again, BBC Two Wales listings at BBC Online BBC Wales at BBC Online
41.
BBC Four
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BBC Four is a British television channel operated by the British Broadcasting Corporation and available to digital television viewers on Freeview, IPTV, satellite, and cable. BBC Four launched on 2 March 2002, with a running from 19,00 to 04,00. The channel shows a variety of programmes including comedy, documentaries, music, international film, original programmes, drama. An alternative to programmes on the mainstream TV channels and it is required by its licence to broadcast at least 100 hours of new arts and music programmes,110 hours of new factual programmes and to premiere twenty international films each year. BBC Four launched on 2 March 2002 at 19,00 GMT, BBC Four began originally as a late schedule to BBC Two, before it received its own channel, along with BBC Three. Curiously, BBC Four had to launch before BBC Three as a result of the government delaying approval plans, BBC Four would rebrand this channel, and bring it into line with the well recognised BBC One and Two brands at the same time. Planning for the new channel, along with the new BBC Three, had been in progress since October 2000, however, the BBC Four plans were approved earlier, and as a result launched before BBC Three. BBC Four was different from the old BBC Knowledge, the channel would be more heavily promoted with more new and original programming and the channel would not be broadcast 24 hours a day. This was because on the Freeview digital terrestrial platform, BBC Four is broadcast in a statistically multiplexed stream in Multiplex B that timeshares with the CBeebies channel. As a result, BBC Four broadcasts from 19,00 to around 04,00 each night, with an hours down-time, on 12 May 2011, BBC Four was added to the Sky EPG in the Republic of Ireland on channel 230. It later moved to EPG211 to free up space for new channels, BBC Four forms part of the BBC Vision group, and as a result, the channel controller is answerable to the head of this executive department, Emma Swain, as of 2012. The channel direction is determined by the channels remit, set by royal charter and the governing body. On 20 January 2016, Kim Shillinglaw announced that she had decided to leave the BBC as the Controller of BBC Two & BBC Four, as a result of the reorganisation, the post of Controller BBC Two and Four will close after her departure later in 2016. On 16 July 2013, the BBC announced that a high-definition simulcast of BBC Four would be launched by early 2014, the channel launched on 10 December 2013, and rolled out nationwide up to June 2014. The channel broadcasts on the BBCs new HD multiplex on Freeview, prior to launch, the majority of BBC Fours HD output was broadcast on the BBC HD channel before its closure on 26 March 2013. The first evenings BBC Four programmes were simulcast on BBC Two, BBC Four further supports foreign language films with its annual World Cinema Award which has been running since 2004. On weekdays at 19,00 and weekends at 21,00 and it screens a number of documentaries such as The Century of the Self and The Trials of Henry Kissinger. The channel is also home to many political travel shows such as Holidays in the Axis of Evil which features investigative journalism, drama has given the channel some of its most popular programmes, with The Alan Clark Diaries and Kenneth Williams, Fantabulosa
42.
BBC News (TV channel)
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BBC News is the BBCs 24-hour rolling news television network in the United Kingdom. For a time, looped news, sport and weather bulletins were available to view via BBC Red Button, on 22 February 2006, the channel was named News Channel of the Year at the Royal Television Society Television Journalism Awards for the first time in its history. The judges remarked that this was the year that the channel had really come into its own, from May 2007, UK viewers could watch the channel via the BBC News website. In April 2008, the channel was renamed BBC News as part of a £550,000 rebranding of the BBCs news output, complete with a new studio and presentation. Its sister service, BBC World was also renamed BBC World News while the news bulletins became BBC News at One, BBC News at Six. Across the day the channel averages about twice the audience of Sky News, as a major part of the BBC News department, the channel is based at and broadcast from Broadcasting House in Central London. It was named RTS News Channel of the Year again in 2017, BBC News 24 was originally available to digital terrestrial, satellite and cable television subscribers. To this day, it and BBC Parliament remain the only BBC digital channels which are available to analogue cable subscribers. This coverage was improved in 1998 with the advent of television in the United Kingdom allowing satellite. The BBC had run the news channel BBC World for two and a half years prior to the launch of BBC News 24 on 9 November 1997. Sky News had had a hand with domestic news for over eight years. Sky News objected to the breaking of its monopoly, complaining about the associated with running a channel that only a minority could view from the licence fee. Sky News claimed that a number of British cable operators had been incentivised to carry News 24 in preference to the commercial Sky News. However, in September 1999 the European Commission ruled against a complaint made by Sky News that the publicly funded channel was unfair and illegal under EU law. The Commission ruled that the fee should be considered state aid but that such aid was justified due to the public service remit of the BBC. The channels journalistic output has been overseen by Controller of the channel, Kevin Bakhurst and this was a return to having a dedicated Controller for the channel in the same way as the rest of the BBCs domestic television channels. At launch, Tim Orchard was Controller of News 24 from 1997 until 2000, editorial decisions were then overseen by Rachel Atwell in her capacity as Deputy Head of television news. Her deputy Mark Popescu became responsible for content in 2004
43.
BBC Parliament
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The channel also broadcasts reports from the European Parliament and the annual conferences of the main political parties and the Trades Union Congress. On 14 October 2016, the received a new look. Before being taken over by the BBC, the channel was known as the Parliamentary Channel, operated by United Artists Cable, the Parliamentary Channel launched as a cable-exclusive channel in 1992. The channel was purchased by the BBC in 1998, retitled BBC Parliament and it now broadcasts on cable, satellite, and Freeview. The channel ran as a service via DAB from launch until 14 November 2000. Due to capacity limitations on the terrestrial television platform, now known as Freeview, from launch until 30 October 2002. Then on Freeview from October 2002 until 13 November 2006 the channel was able to broadcast a quarter-screen picture. After receiving thousands of angry and perplexed emails and letters, not to mention questions asked by MPs in the House itself, the BBC eventually found the bandwidth to make the channel full-screen. Until 2008, BBC Parliament was unique amongst the BBC channels in being broadcast using non-BBC facilities, with ITVs Millbank Studios in Westminster supplying the engineering, production, editorial and journalism were, however, maintained by the BBC. The previous idents, also based on a Big Ben clock motif ran from 2009-2016 and this replaced the channels previous identity which was first introduced in 2002. BBC Parliament was taken off the air during the 2012 Summer Olympics on Freeview in post-digital switchover areas to enable BBC Three to broadcast 24 hours a day. The BBC had done the same during the 2008 Summer Olympics as it used the space to provide an additional BBC Red Button option for Freeview users, BBC Parliament is the only BBC channel which does not broadcast in HD. This has been the case since 10 December 2013 when BBC Three, BBC Four, BBC News, CBBC, on 5 September 2016 BBC Two began broadcasting BBC Parliament during BBC Twos overnight downtime. However this has subsequently been discontinued, the House of Lords is broadcast live only on days when there is no House of Commons sitting scheduled. A summer special is also produced featuring several beach books, briefings - a strand of programmes, usually broadcast weekend evenings, containing recorded coverage of major press briefings and conferences given by politicians in the previous week. Daily Politics - a daily political programme broadcast weekdays on BBC Two during parliamentary sessions and presented by Andrew Neil, daily Politics discusses the latest political news from across the United Kingdom, and is repeated on BBC Parliament every night at midnight. The Sunday Politics from BBC One is also repeated at midnight on the day of broadcast, dragons Eye - presented by Adrian Masters or Rhun ap Iorwerth, providing a weekly roundup of Welsh political developments. Eòrpa - current affairs series which covers political and social developments covering Europe, hearts and Minds - weekly programme covering the latest issues in the politics of Northern Ireland
44.
CBBC (TV channel)
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CBBC is a British free-to-air childrens television channel operated by the BBC. CBBC is primarily aimed at viewers 6 to 12 years old, CBBC was named Channel of the Year at the Childrens BAFTA awards in November 2008 and 2015. The channel averages 300,000 viewers daily, the channel originally shared bandwidth on the digital terrestrial television platform with BBC Knowledge, and later BBC Three, necessitating that CBBC sign off at 7,00 p. m. daily. Beginning on 11 April 2016, following the closure of the linear BBC Three television service, on 22 August 2008, the BBC announced that the channel would be available live on its website from 16 September. CBBCs reach further expanded with the addition of the channel on the Sky line-up in the Republic of Ireland on 12 May 2011, since 27 March 2013, CBBC has been carried by the British Forces Broadcasting Service, sharing a channel with BBC Two. Along with CBBC, the CBBC channel is operated by the BBC Childrens department within the BBC and is part of the BBC North group, the CBBC channels programming output is very similar to the strand shown on BBC One. The channel often complements this strand with programmes shown earlier than on the channels, repeats or whole series shown in a day. The following is a list of the ten most watched shows on CBBC, as part of the channels original remit, the channel originally needed to show 100 hours a year of factual and schools programmes. Much of this programming was old BBC Schools programming shown, in cases, decades before. Very little new schools programmes were commissioned, the CBBC channel has had relatively similar presentation to that of its strand counterpart. The logo has remained the same as the service, green coloured blobs at the beginning of its life. At the beginning of September 2007, along with the relaunch, when the channel launched, presentation was located in TC2 at BBC Television Centre, where the channel shared studio facilities with the channels original magazine show Xchange. A further change was to place on 4 December 2006 when all output moved to a Chroma key set within TC12. This short live decision lasted until the 2007 relaunch, which involved a new office set being constructed, initially in TC12, in 2011, the CBBC Channel moved to MediaCityUK, and has been presented from there since 5 September. On 16 July 2013, the BBC announced that a high-definition simulcast of CBBC would be launched by early 2014, the channel launched on 10 December 2013. The channel broadcasts on the BBCs existing HD multiplex on Freeview, prior to launch, the majority of CBBCs HD output was broadcast on BBC HD before its closure on 26 March 2013. The HD channel was not added to the Sky EPG in the Republic of Ireland, as from 2013, CBBC Extra is now also accessed by the CBBC website. CBBC Extra is an interactive television service from CBBC provided by the BBC Red Button
45.
CBeebies
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The name is used to brand the free-to-air domestic British channel, and is used for international variants supported by advertising, subscription or both. The channel was first launched on 11 February 2002, the channel has won a number of awards. At the BAFTA Childrens Awards, it won awards in 2002 and it has also won Best Schools Programme – 0–6 years awards from the Royal Television Society from 2002 to 2008. CBeebies is the childrens channel in the UK and is the 8th most watched channel overall. CBeebies HD officially launched on 10 December 2013, the CBeebies channel launched on 11 February 2002. The domestic CBeebies channel broadcasts from 6,00 a. m. to 7,00 pm each day– a result of the channel sharing bandwidth with the channel BBC Four on the Freeview platform, later on they launched a weekly publication called CBeebies Weekly. Since 27 March 2013, CBeebies has been carried by the British Forces Broadcasting Service, the international CBeebies channel is advert-free and wholly owned by BBC Worldwide. The first international launch for the CBeebies channel was in India in May 2007, the channel is available in the Republic of Ireland, Singapore, Hong Kong, Poland, Indonesia, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Africa, Australia, and the United States. In March 2011, the on demand version of the network was launched in the US and is available on Xfinity. On 13 May 2011, CBeebies was launched as a block on the channel BBC Kids in Canada. It is serving a similar schedule to the main channel, in the UK, CBeebies is operated by the BBC Childrens division and part of BBC North. The division is responsible for CBBC and overall strategic responsibility for all of the BBCs domestic services for children rests with the Director of Childrens. She took over from the first controller Michael Carrington in 2010, internationally, CBeebies is owned by BBC Worldwide, who operate the brand. CBeebies offers a mix of mostly UK-produced entertainment and educational output designed to encourage learning through play and these goals are realised through a range of programmes about simple science, natural history, music and movement, storytelling, make up and make do, puzzle programmes and animation. The channels schedule is deliberately the same every weekday, with a different schedule at weekends, the schedule also includes signed programmes, shown in the UK between 14,00 and 17,00 on weekends. The international channels also show many programmes broadcast on the UK channel, inversely however, shows that air on CBeebies in the UK may air on networks other than CBeebies worldwide. Also, the international CBeebies airs 24 hours a day, unlike the UK variant, the following is a list of the ten most watched shows on CBeebies, based on Live +7 data supplied by the Broadcasters Audience Research Board. The links between programmes on CBeebies are primarily achieved through the use of in-vision continuity, using presenters to interact with the children, in the UK, links are pre-recorded rather than broadcast live, as is the case on sister channel CBBC
46.
BBC Scotland
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BBC Scotland is the division of the BBC, and the publicly funded broadcaster for Scotland. Established in 1952, BBC Scotland is based in Glasgow and employs approximately 1,250 staff to produce 15,000 hours of television, BBC Scotland has three TV channels and two radio stations. Some £320 million of licence fee revenue is raised in Scotland, the remainder of licence fee revenue raised in the country is spent on networked programmes. BBC Scotlands TV channels compete with the ITV networks STV and ITV Border for regional programming, the first radio service in Scotland was launched by the British Broadcasting Company on 6 March 1923. Named 5SC and located in Glasgow, the services gradually expanded to include the new stations 2BD, 2DE and 2EH, based at Aberdeen, Dundee and Edinburgh respectively. Around 1927, the new Corporation, as the BBC now was, Television in Scotland began on 14 March 1952 using the 405-line television system broadcast from the Kirk oShotts transmitter. Television upgraded to colour in 1967 with regular colour broadcasts starting from 1971 when BBC Scotlands studios were upgraded. BBC Scotland has increased the number of programmes shown on the network services. BBC Scotland broadcasts three services to Scottish audiences. The latter of these services adheres to network scheduling more frequently than the former, the flagship news programme Reporting Scotland is presented by Jackie Bird and Sally Magnusson. In addition to two channels BBC Scotland also operates the digital channel BBC Alba, broadcasting programming in Gaelic for up to seven hours a day. The channel is a joint partnership between BBC Scotland and MG Alba and is available across the UK on satellite services, the proposed newscast been considered a response to the perennial proposals for a local opt-out of the BBC News at Six. The channel will be allocated £30 million in annual funding, hall also announced that the BBC would increase its spending on factual and drama productions in Scotland by £20 million annually. BBC Scotland also operates two radio stations covering Scotland, BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio nan Gàidheal, the former broadcasts English programming 24 hours a day on the frequencies 92-95 FM and 810 MW. The station has specific programming opt outs for Orkney and Shetland in addition to regional news opt outs for four additional sub regions - North East, Highlands & Islands, South West and Borders. BBC Radio nan Gàidheal in contrast is a Gaelic-language station broadcasting for the majority of the day on 103. 5-105 FM, BBC Scotland operates a mini site on BBC Online consisting of a portal to Scottish news, sport, programmes and items of cultural interest through BBC Online. The department also provides content from Scotland on these subjects to the website, BBC Scotland previously offered a podcast download of the top news items of the week and the online streaming of several key sections of output. BBC Scotlands headquarters are located at BBC Pacific Quay on the banks of the River Clyde in Glasgow
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BBC Northern Ireland
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BBC Northern Ireland is a division of the BBC and the main public broadcaster in Northern Ireland. It is one of the three BBC national regions, together with BBC Scotland and BBC Cymru Wales, based at Broadcasting House, Belfast, it provides television, radio, online and interactive television content. BBC Northern Ireland currently employs 700 people, largely in Belfast, BBC Northern Ireland has two TV channels - BBC One Northern Ireland, BBC Two Northern Ireland, and two radio stations - BBC Radio Ulster and BBC Radio Foyle. Since 28 October 2006, BBC Two Northern Ireland has been the name for both services which have been merged. BBC Northern Ireland has its own team of continuity announcers which introduce the vast majority of programmes on BBC One, BBC Northern Ireland makes some of its own programmes itself. However, unlike the radio stations, the stations content is for the most part identical to that broadcast by the BBC One. Some network programmes may however be time-shifted to make room for local programming. Most local programmes are broadcast on BBC One Northern Ireland, BBC Newsline is the regional news service. Its main presenters are Donna Traynor and Tara Mills, the main bulletin is from 18. 30–19.00 with shorter bulletins at 13.30 and 22.30. Summaries are also broadcast during Breakfast and the early afternoon, there is coverage of the Orange parades on 12 July, St. Patricks Day parades on 17 March, etc. As well as programmes intended purely for an audience, BBC Northern Ireland also produces programmes for national consumption on the BBCs channels across the UK. The main part of BBC Northern Irelands network productions are in comedy and this has included producing the high-profile drama series Messiah. BBC Northern Ireland is also involved in co-productions with other broadcasting networks, BBC One Northern Ireland and BBC Two Northern Ireland are widely available across the border in the Republic of Ireland. These channels are carried on pay-TV platforms in the Republic including Sky Ireland, Virgin Media Ireland, Magnet Networks, SCTV, BBC One NI and BBC Two NI are also available in the Republic via signal overspill by Freeview in counties near the Northern Ireland border. Similarly, prior to digital switchover in 2012, they were available in these areas via analogue television, leading subscription TV providers also carry these channels. On 1 February 2010 the Republic of Irelands Minister for Communications Eamon Ryan signed an agreement with the UKs Ben Bradshaw and this agreement will enable viewers within Northern Ireland to watch RTÉ One, RTÉ Two and TG4 on Freeview as of 2012. Until 2012, for example, Radio 1 split the nations on Thursday morning from midnight to 2am, with Scotland, Wales. The Radio 1 session from Northern Ireland was last presented by Phil Taggart from Omagh, BBC Northern Irelands online service provides News, Sport, Schools, Learning and Programme information for television and radio programmes
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