1.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
2.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
3.
New Jersey's 1st congressional district
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New Jerseys 1st congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of New Jersey. NJ-01 is one of the most reliable Democratic districts in New Jersey, as it is made up of Democratic-dominated Camden County. Since November 12,2014, the 1st congressional district has been represented by Donald Norcross and this district was organized from New Jerseys At-large congressional district. District organized to New Jerseys At-large congressional district in 1815 Martis, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
4.
James Florio
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James Joseph Jim Florio is a Democratic politician who served as the 49th Governor of New Jersey from 1990 to 1994, the first Italian American to hold the position. He also served as a member of the United States House of Representatives for 15 years between 1975 and 1990, Florio was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. His father was of Italian descent and his mother was a Protestant of Scottish, Irish, in Brooklyn, he attended Erasmus Hall High School. He attended Trenton State College and received a law degree from Rutgers School of Law–Camden and he served as an enlisted man in the United States Navy from 1955 to 1958, and afterwards was a reservist until 1975 eventually achieving the rank of lieutenant commander. After being admitted to the bar, Florio became the assistant city attorney for the City of Camden and he was the borough solicitor for the New Jersey towns of Runnemede, Woodlynne, and Somerdale from 1969 until 1974. In November 1974, Florio was elected to the United States House of Representatives from New Jerseys 1st congressional district, in Congress, he was best known as the author of the Superfund legislation to clean up the most polluted sites in the country. He was the author of the Railroad Deregulation Law which saved the nations freight railroads and this legislation was a factor in the Dubai Ports World controversy in 2006. While in Congress, he would make three attempts to be elected Governor of New Jersey, in 1977,1981 and 1989, while Florios first attempt was unsuccessful, he did manage to win the Democratic nomination in 1981. Florios loss in the 1981 general election was the closest in New Jersey history and he declined to run against Kean in 1985, and in 1989 he finally won both the nomination. During his campaign, Florio said You can write this statement down, Florio won the election over Republican Jim Courter with 61% of the vote. The Florio administration started during the late 1980s recession and thus faced a budget deficit, faced with a projected 1991 deficit of $3 billion, Florio asked for a $2.8 billion tax increase. It was the largest increase of any state in U. S. history, the money generated would balance the budget, increase property tax relief programs, and increase education spending in the Abbott districts. Governor Florio also eliminated 1,500 government jobs and cut perks for state officials, Florio also redistributed hundreds of millions of dollars of school aid to urban and rural districts away from suburban districts. The aid cuts fell the most heavily in northern NJ, especially Bergen County, West Essex, East Morris, Union counties and on the Jersey Shore. A grassroots taxpayer revolt sprouted in 1990, spearheaded by a group named Hands Across New Jersey founded by John Budzash. Budzash was a frequent guest on radio and television shows throughout New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania speaking out against the new taxes. Florio was a topic on active anti-tax broadcasting from talk radio stations New Jersey 101.5 to Curtis Sliwas AM radio talk show and Bob Grants AM radio talk show. Bumper stickers with Impeach Florio and Florio Free in 93 were seen around the state, after the Republican takeover of the state legislature Florio faced increased pressure to reduce taxes and preserve aid for suburban school districts
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Donald Norcross
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Donald W. Norcross is the current U. S. Representative for New Jerseys 1st congressional district, serving since 2014 and he is a member of the Democratic Party and an American labor leader. He won the seat in 2014 following the resignation of Rob Andrews, prior to his service in the House, he represented the 5th District in the New Jersey Senate from 2010 to 2014. Norcross was born in 1958 at Cooper University Hospital in Camden and he and his three brothers were raised in Pennsauken Township. He graduated from Camden County College with a degree in criminal justice, Norcross is married to Andrea Doran, an echocardiographer. His brother George Norcross is a New Jersey Democratic leader and businessman and he has another brother, John Norcross, who is a psychologist, author, and professor at the University of Scranton. Norcross lives in Camden In 1980, he served as an apprentice in the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, a former president of the Southern New Jersey Building Trades Council, Norcross served as president of the Southern New Jersey AFL-CIO Central Labor Council for 16 years. Norcross and his mate, Camden City Council President Angel Fuentes, were elected to the Assembly in 2009 after Democratic incumbents Nilsa Cruz-Perez. Shortly thereafter, Norcross was appointed to the Senate seat vacated by Dana Redd who was elected as Mayor of Camden, Norcross won the Senate special election in 2010 to finish out the term, then was re-elected to the New Jersey Senate in 2011 and 2013. On February 4,2014, South Jersey Congressman Rob Andrews announced he would be resigning from Congress by the end of the month, senator Cory Booker, and former Governor Jim Florio. Norcross easily won the Democratic primary—the real contest in this heavily Democratic district—with 72 percent of the vote and he was sworn in on November 12,2014 by House Speaker John Boehner. Since he was added to the House roll on that date, he gained more seniority than other members of the House freshman class of 2014. S
6.
Camden, New Jersey
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Camden is a city in Camden County, New Jersey. Camden is located directly across the Delaware River from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 77,344. Camden is the 12th most populous municipality in New Jersey, the city was incorporated on February 13,1828. On March 13,1844, Camden became a county seat in New Jersey, the city derives its name from Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden. Camden is made up of twenty different neighborhoods. By the end of the nineteenth century Camden began to industrialize with the foundation of the Campbell Soup Company by Joseph Campbell, other companies such as the New York Shipbuilding Corporation and the Victor Talking Machine Company opened their operations and helped Camden move into an industrial economy. At the beginning of the twentieth century Camdens population consisted mostly of European immigrants, german, British, and Irish immigrants, as well as African Americans from the south made up the majority of the city in the mid nineteenth century. Around the turn of the twentieth century Italian and Eastern European immigrants had become the majority of the population, the city was consistently prosperous throughout the Great Depression and World War II. After World War II Camden manufacturers began closing their factories and moving out of the city, Camdens cultural history has been greatly affected by both its economic and social position over the years. With the loss of manufacturing jobs came a decline in population numbers. Suburbanization also had an effect on the drop in population, Civil unrest and crime became common in Camden with the decline in population. In 1971, civil unrest reached its peak with riots breaking out in response to the death of Horacio Jimenez, Camdens industrial and post-industrial history gave rise to distinct neighborhoods and cultural groups that have affected the status of the city over the course of the 20th century. Over the years Camden has made attempts to restore its economic stature. In the 1980s Mayor Randy Primas campaigned for the city to two different nuisance industries, a prison and a trash-to-steam incinerator. Despite opposition from Camden residents, the Riverfront State Prison was opened in 1985, with the addition of the trash-to-steam plant Camden has faced numerous air and water pollution issues. Camden is also the home of a treatment facility. In the 1970s, dangerous pollutants were found in the wells from which many Camden citizens received their household water and these pollutants decreased property values in Camden and caused health problems among the citys residents. Pollution is an issue that local nonprofits are trying to solve
7.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
8.
Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
9.
Bucknell University
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Bucknell University is a private liberal arts college located alongside the West Branch Susquehanna River in the town of Lewisburg, in central Pennsylvania, United States. The university consists of the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Management, and it offers nearly 50 majors and over 60 minors. It is primarily a school, and has about 50 graduate students. Students come from all 50 states and from more than 66 countries, Bucknell has nearly 200 student organizations and a large Greek presence. The schools mascot is Bucky the Bison and the school is a member of the Patriot League in NCAA Division I athletics, more than 4,000 subscribers ultimately contributed, including a small boy who gave 12 cents. In 1846, the school preparatory to the University opened in the basement of the First Baptist Church in Lewisburg, known originally as the Lewisburg High School, it became in 1848 the Academical and Primary Department of the University at Lewisburg. In 1850, the department moved into the first building completed on campus, built for $8,000, the building housed both womens and mens studies until the opening of the Female Institute in 1852. While studying together, women were required to face east while men faced west, the schools first commencement was held on August 20,1851, for a graduation class of seven men. Among the board members attending was James Buchanan, who would become the 15th President of the United States, stephen Taylor officiated as his last act before assuming office as president of Madison University. One day earlier, the trustees had elected Howard Malcom as the first president of the university, although the Female Institute began instruction in 1852, it wasn’t until 1883 that college courses were opened to women. Bucknell, though, was committed to educational opportunities for women. Within five years of opening, enrollment had grown so sharply that the university built a new hall–Larison Hall–to accommodate the Female Institute, women could venture into town only in the company of a female teacher who had a minimum of six years’ experience in handling girls. In 1881, facing dire financial circumstances, the university turned to William Bucknell and his donation of $50,000 saved the university from ruin. In 1886, in recognition of Bucknells support of the school, Bucknell Hall, the first of several buildings given to the university by Bucknell, was initially a chapel and for more than a half century the site of student theatrical and musical performances. Today, it houses the Stadler Center for Poetry, the 40 years from 1890 until 1930 saw a steady increase in the number of faculty members and students. When the Depression brought a drop in enrollment in 1933, several members of the faculty were loaned to found a new institution, Bucknell Junior College in Wilkes-Barre, today, that institution is a four-year university, Wilkes University, independent of Bucknell since 1947. Significant new construction in the 1970s included the Elaine Langone Center, the Gerhard Fieldhouse, during the early 1980s, the capacity of the Bertrand Library was doubled and facilities for engineering were substantially renovated. In 1988, the Weis Center for the Performing Arts was completed, New facilities for the sciences included the renovation of the Olin Science Building, the construction of the Rooke Chemistry Building in 1990 and the completion of a new Biology Building in 1991
10.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
11.
Cornell Law School
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Cornell Law School is the law school of Cornell University, a private Ivy League university located in Ithaca, New York. It is one of the five Ivy League law schools and offers three law degree programs along with several programs in conjunction with other professional schools at the university. Established in 1887 as Cornells Department of Law, the law school is ranked 13th in the United States by U. S. News & World Report. Cornell Law alumni include executive and philanthropist Myron Charles Taylor. Secretaries of State Edmund Muskie and William P. Rogers, U. S. S, congress, governors, state attorneys general, U. S. federal and state judges, diplomats and businesspeople. Cornell also has the third lowest student-to-faculty ratio of ABA–accredited law schools in the United States with each containing approximately 200 students. The current dean of the law school is Eduardo Peñalver, who assumed the role in 2014, the Law Department at Cornell opened in 1887 in Morrill Hall with Judge Douglass Boardman as its first dean. At that time, admission did not require even a school diploma. In 1917, two years of education were required for admission, and in 1924, it became a graduate degree program. The department was renamed the Cornell Law School in 1925, in 1890, George Washington Fields graduated, one of the first law-school-graduates of color in the United States. In 1893, Cornell had its first female graduate, Mary Kennedy Brown, the law school’s residence hall is named in honor of Hughes. In 1892, the moved into Boardman Hall, which was constructed specifically for legal instruction. The school moved from Boardman Hall to its location at Myron Taylor Hall in 1937. The law school building, an ornate, Gothic structure, was the result of a donation by Myron Charles Taylor, a former CEO of US Steel, Hughes Hall was built as an addition to Myron Taylor Hall and completed in 1963. It was also funded by a gift from Taylor, another addition to Myron Taylor Hall, the Jane M. G. Foster wing, was completed in 1988 and added space to the library. Foster was a member of the class of 1918, an editor of the Cornell Law Review, in June 2012 the school embarked on a three-year, multi-phase expansion and renovation. The first phase created additional classroom space underground, adjacent to Myron Taylor Hall along College Avenue, the second phase will include the removal and digitization of printed materials from the library stacks so that the space can be converted to additional classroom and student space
12.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
13.
Camden County, New Jersey
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Camden County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The most populous place was Camden, with 77,344 residents at the time of the 2010 Census, while Winslow Township covered 58.19 square miles and it was formed on March 13,1844, from portions of Gloucester County. The county was named for Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, a British judge, civil libertarian, the county is part of the Camden, NJ Metropolitan Division of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD / Delaware Valley Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 227.293 square miles. Located in a coastal / alluvial plain, the county is uniformly flat, the highest points are a survey benchmark near the Burlington County line at 219 feet above sea level. The low point is sea level, along the Delaware River, average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.75 inches in February to 4.35 inches in July. While many of its municipalities are working class, Camden County has many contrasts in its demographics, most of Camden and parts of Lindenwold are considered highly impoverished, while Cherry Hill Township, Voorhees Township, Haddon Heights and Haddonfield have upper-income enclaves. As of the census of 2010, there were 513,657 people,190,980 households, the population density was 2,321.5 per square mile. There were 204,943 housing units at a density of 926.2 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14. 24% of the population,26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the family size was 3.22. In the county, the population was out with 24. 4% under the age of 18, 9% from 18 to 24,26. 6% from 25 to 44,27. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37.9 years, for every 100 females there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 89.7 males, as of the 2000 United States Census there were 508,932 people,185,744 households, and 129,835 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,289 people per square mile, there were 199,679 housing units at an average density of 898 per square mile. 9. 66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race, among those residents listing their ancestry,20. 6% of residents were of Irish,18. 2% Italian,15. 7% German and 8. 1% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 25. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.23. In the county, the population was out with 26. 8% under the age of 18,8. 1% from 18 to 24,30. 5% from 25 to 44,22. 1% from 45 to 64
14.
Burlington County, New Jersey
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Burlington County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. The county is the largest in New Jersey by area, the Bureau of Economic Analysis ranked the county as having the 158th-highest per capita income of all 3,113 counties in the United States as of 2009. Burlington County is part of the Delaware Valley area, located east of the Delaware River, however, the county stretches across the state, and its southeast corner reaches tidal estuaries leading to southern New Jerseys Great Bay, which separates the county from the Atlantic Ocean. Anglo-European records of Burlington County date to 1681, when its court was established in the Province of West Jersey, the county was formed on May 17,1694, by the union of the first and second Tenths. The county was named for Bridlington, a town in England, Burlington County was also the seat of government for the Province of West Jersey until its amalgamation with East Jersey in 1702, forming the Province of New Jersey. The county was larger and was partitioned to form additional counties as the population increased. In 1714 one partition to the north became Hunterdon County, which itself was partitioned to form three additional counties. Increasing industrialization led to improvements in transportation which increased to profitability of agriculture in the county, population increases in the coastal towns due to successful international trade and ship repair led to road improvemnts throughout the county. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 819.84 square miles. Most of the land in the county is coastal and alluvial plain with little relief, the low point is sea level along the Delaware and Mullica rivers. The majority of the land is dotted with rivers, streams, some of the largest and most important rivers in Burlington County include, Rancocas Creek, Assiscunk Creek, Pennsauken Creek, Mullica River, Batsto River, and Wading River. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.92 inches in February to 4.87 inches in August, Burlington County has a humid-subtropical / humid continental transition climate, with relatively cold winters and hot summers. Severe weather is common in the warm months, hurricanes have been known to strike Burlington County on occasion. Tornadoes are uncommon in the county, severe thunderstorms, however, are quite common during the warm season. Snowfall is typical in the winter, with the averages in the county ranging from about 18 to 22 inches. The climate and weather of Burlington county is moderated by the nearby Atlantic Ocean, the county seat receives about 41 inches of rain per year. Due to sandy soil, on clear and dry nights these areas might be 10-15 degrees Fahrenheit colder than the surrounding areas, and there is a shorter frost-free season in these places. The sandy soil of the Pinelands loses heat faster than the other soils or urban surfaces in the region
15.
Gloucester County, New Jersey
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Gloucester County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Jersey. Gloucester County is located south of Philadelphia and northwest of Atlantic City and it is part of the Camden, New Jersey Metropolitan Division of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Delaware Valley Combined Statistical Area. According to the 2010 Census, the county had an area of 337.18 square miles. Gloucester County is largely composed of low-lying rivers and coastal plains, Gloucester dates back to May 26,1686, when courts were established separate from those of Burlington. It was officially formed and its boundaries defined as part of West Jersey on May 17,1694, portions of Gloucester County were set off on February 7,1837, to create Atlantic County, and on March 13,1844 to create Camden County. The county was named for the city of Gloucester / county of Gloucestershire in England, woodbury, founded in 1683 by Henry Wood, is the oldest municipality in the county. National Park, another town in the county, was the site of the Revolutionary War Battle of Red Bank where Fort Mercer once stood. It is now the site of Red Bank Battlefield Park and the remains of the HMS Augusta laid there until they were moved, during the colonial era, Gloucester Countys main economic activity was agriculture. Woodbury was the site of the county courthouse, the county jail, a Quaker meeting house, because of the countys many creeks leading to the Delaware River and the Atlantic Ocean, smuggling was very common. In 2014, the county heroin death rate was 17.3 deaths per 100,000 people in 2014 — nearly seven times the national average. As of the census of 2010, there were 288,288 people,104,271 households, the population density was 895.3 per square mile. There were 109,796 housing units at a density of 341 per square mile. [[Hispanic |Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 76% of the population, 22% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.2. In the county, the population was out with 24. 4% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,25. 6% from 25 to 44,28. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.7 years, for every 100 females there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 91.1 males, as of the 2000 United States Census there were 254,673 people,90,717 households, and 67,221 families residing in the county. The population density was 784 people per square mile, there were 95,054 housing units at an average density of 293 per square mile
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United States House Committee on the Budget
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The U. S. House Committee on the Budget, commonly known as the House Budget Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. The committee briefly operated as a committee in 1919 and 1921, during the 66th and 67th Congresses. The primary responsibility of the Budget Committee is the drafting and preparation of the Concurrent Resolution on the Budget and this resolution sets the aggregate levels of revenue and spending that is expected to occur in a given fiscal year. A budget resolution by law must be enacted by Congress by April 15 and this target date is rarely met, and in at least four years no budget resolution was ultimately adopted. This resolution also gives to each committee of the House an allocation of new budget authority and this allocation is important in the consideration of legislation on the floor of the House. If a bill comes to the floor to be considered and it causes an increase in spending above this allocation and this is true for discretionary spending and mandatory spending. In general, legislation is cleared of such problems prior to consideration through discussions between the House Parliamentarian, the House Leadership, and the House Budget Committee, the committee holds hearings on federal budget legislation and congressional resolutions related to the federal budget process. Recently, emergency budget supplementals have been used to request funding for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as for recovery after Hurricanes Katrina. The committee may amend, approve, or table budget-related bills and it also has the power to enforce established federal budget rules, hold budget-related investigations, and subpoena witnesses. Additionally, the committee has oversight of the Congressional Budget Office, the committee meets on the second Wednesday of each month while the House is in session. Though this is required, it is almost always waived and the committee only meets when a subject of sufficient importance arises and this usually occurs during the early part of the calendar year when the Presidents budget is issued and important budgetary decisions must be made. It is not permitted to conduct business unless a quorum is present, for hearings, two Members must be present for a hearing to begin. For a business meeting, such as a mark-up of a legislative document, if a bill is passed out of committee without the requisite quorum, it may be subject to a point of order on the floor of the U. S. House of Representatives. The committee may only consider measures placed before it either by the Chairman or by a majority vote of its members, each member of the Committee may question witnesses during hearings, in order of seniority when the hearing is called to order. Otherwise, Members are recognized in order of their arrival after the gavel has brought the Committee to order, the Committee is chaired by Tennessee Republican Diane Black and the Ranking Democrat is John Yarmuth of Kentucky. Also under House rules, unlike other committees of the House of Representatives, rank-and-file members must rotate off the committee after serving for three terms. Chairmen and Ranking members may serve no more than four terms and these limits are often waived, as they have been for Chairman John Kasich, Chairman Jim Nussle and Chairman John M. Spratt, Jr. Such a waiver requires a vote of the whole House, and is included in the opening day Rules Package that sets the rules for each successive Congress
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United States Senate election in New Jersey, 2008
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The 2008 United States Senate election in NJ was held on November 4,2008. Senator Frank Lautenberg won re-election to a fifth, non-consecutive term, in November 2006, Senator Lautenberg had the lowest approval rating of any Democrat running for re-election in 2008, with his approval improving only slightly to 42% as of September 2007. Poll results suggested that given the formula, this could have been a surprise upset race in November 2008. The first poll conducted after the primaries showed a tighter than expected race between Lautenberg and Zimmer, with the two candidates in a virtual tie, however, the prevailing political climate at the time of the election was also a major factor. Voter anger was targeted against the GOP, and many Democrats once considered vulnerable managed to hold on, representative Donald Cresitello, Mayor of Morristown Frank Lautenberg, incumbent U. S. Senator Joseph Pennacchio, State Senator Murray Sabrin, professor at Ramapo College, representative and nominee for the U. S. Senate in 1996 Official results, New Jersey Division of Elections Frank Lautenberg, incumbent U. S. On November 1,2008, the two candidates debated for the time on New Jersey Network, in the only televised debate agreed to by the Lautenberg campaign
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United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
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Frank Lautenberg
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Frank Raleigh Lautenberg was a United States Senator from New Jersey and a member of the Democratic Party. He was originally from Paterson, New Jersey, Lautenberg was elected to five terms as a Senator. He first took office in December 1982 and served three terms, retiring from the Senate in 2001 and he died during his second term. He is also the longest serving senator from New Jersey, having served a total of 28 years,5 months and 8 days, before entering politics, he was the chairman and chief executive officer of Automatic Data Processing, Inc. In his early years, he served overseas in the U. S. Army Signal Corps from 1942 to 1946 as a part of the war effort, and after returning home his interest in American political events increased. Lautenberg was born in Paterson, New Jersey, the son of Mollie and Sam Lautenberg, Jewish immigrants from Poland and Russia and he was named after his maternal grandfather, Frank Bergen, and close family friend and Paterson community activist, Raleigh Weintrob. When Lautenberg was 19, his father who worked in mills, sold coal, farmed and once ran a tavern. His mother then opened a shop to support the family. After graduating from Nutley High School in 1941, Lautenberg served overseas in the United States Army Signal Corps during World War II from 1942 to 1946, then, financed by the GI Bill, he attended and graduated from Columbia Business School in 1949 with a degree in economics. He worked as a salesman for Prudential Insurance and was the first salesman at Automatic Data Processing and he became the companys CEO in 1975. He was the commissioner of the Port Authority of New York. Lautenberg contributed to Democratic candidates for years and he donated $90,000 to George McGoverns campaign for President in 1972, earning himself a place on one of Richard Nixons enemies lists. In 1982, he ran for the Democratic nomination for the U. S. Senate, maguire was the favorite but Boggs entry took votes away from him and Lautenberg spent a considerable amount of his own money. Lautenberg won with a plurality, taking 26% of the vote to Maguires 23%, LeFantes 20%, the seat had been occupied by Democrat Harrison A. Williams, who resigned on March 11,1982, after being implicated in the Abscam scandal. After Williams resignation, Republican Governor Thomas Kean appointed Republican Nicholas F. Brady to the seat, Brady served in the Senate through the primary and general elections but did not run for the seat himself. In the general election, Lautenberg faced popular Republican congresswoman Millicent Fenwick and she ran on a very progressive platform and polls in the Summer of 1982 put her ahead by 18 points. Even Lautenberg quipped that she was the most popular candidate in the country, Lautenberg spent more of his own money, eventually out-spending Fenwick two-to-one. He did however point out that she would be almost 80 at the end of her first term and was unlikely to gain much seniority in the Senate
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Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
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Scotch-Irish Americans
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While an estimated 36 million Americans reported Irish ancestry in 2006, and 6 million reported Scottish ancestry, an additional 5.4 million identified more specifically with Scotch-Irish ancestry. The term Scotch-Irish is used primarily in the United States, with people in Great Britain or Ireland who are of a similar ancestry identifying as Ulster Scots people and these included 200,000 Scottish Presbyterians who settled in Ireland between 1608-1697. Many English-born settlers of this period were also Presbyterians, although the denomination is today most strongly identified with Scotland, when King Charles I attempted to force these Presbyterians into the Church of England in the 1630s, many chose to re-emigrate to North America where religious liberty was greater. Later attempts to force the Church of Englands control over dissident Protestants in Ireland were to lead to further waves of emigration to the trans-Atlantic colonies, the term Scotch-Irish is first known to have been used to refer to a people living in Northeastern Ireland. In a letter of April 14,1573, in reference to Ulster, Elizabeth I of England wrote, We are given to understand that a nobleman named Sorley Boy and others, who be of the Scotch-Irish race. This term continued in usage for over a century before the earliest known American reference appeared in a Maryland affidavit in 1689/90, today, Scotch-Irish is an Americanism, rarely used in England, Ireland or Scotland. Smaller numbers of migrants came from Wales and the southeast of England, and others were Protestant religious refugees from Flanders, the German Palatinate. What united these different national groups was a base of Calvinist religious beliefs and that said, the large ethnic Scottish element in the Plantation of Ulster gave the settlements a Scottish character. Upon arrival in North America, these migrants at first usually identified simply as Irish, at first, the two groups had little interaction in America, as the Scots-Irish had become settled decades earlier, primarily in the backcountry of the Appalachian region. Many of the new Irish migrants also went to the interior in the 19th century, attracted to jobs on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals, the usage Scots-Irish developed in the late 19th century as a relatively recent version of the term. The word Scotch was the favored adjective for things of Scotland, including people, until the early 19th century and it was never properly used as a noun. People in Scotland refer to themselves as Scots, as a noun, although referenced by Merriam-Webster dictionaries as having first appeared in 1744, the American term Scotch-Irish is undoubtedly older. An affidavit of William Patent, dated March 15,1689, in a case against a Mr. Matthew Scarbrough in Somerset County, Maryland and it was no more sin to kill me then to kill a dogg, or any Scotch Irish dogg. Leyburn cites the following as early American uses of the term before 1744, another Church of England clergyman from Lewes, Delaware, commented in 1723 that great numbers of Irish have transplanted themselves and their families from the north of Ireland. The Oxford English Dictionary says the first use of the term Scotch-Irish came in Pennsylvania in 1744,1744 W. MARSHE Jrnl,21 June in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 177, The inhabitants are chiefly High-Dutch, Scotch-Irish, some few English families and its citations include examples after that into the late 19th century. In Albions Seed, Four British Folkways in America, historian David Hackett Fischer asserts and it is true that many sailed from the province of Ulster. Part of much larger flow which drew from the lowlands of Scotland, the north of England, Many scholars call these people Scotch-Irish
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Charles Willson Peale
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Charles Willson Peale was an American painter, soldier, scientist, inventor, politician and naturalist. He is best remembered for his paintings of leading figures of the American Revolution. Peale was born in 1741 in Chester, Queen Annes County, Maryland and he had a younger brother, James Peale. Charles became an apprentice to a saddle maker when he was thirteen years old, upon reaching maturity, he opened his own saddle shop, however, when his Loyalist creditors discovered he had joined the Sons of Liberty, they conspired to bankrupt his business. He was also, not very good at saddle making and he then tried fixing clocks and working with metals, but both of these endeavors failed as well. Finding that he had a talent for painting, especially portraiture, Peale studied for a time under John Hesselius, John Beale Bordley and friends eventually raised enough money for him to travel to England to take instruction from Benjamin West. Peale studied with West for three years beginning in 1767, afterward returning to America and settling in Annapolis, Maryland, there, he taught painting to his younger brother, James Peale, who in time also became a noted artist. Peales enthusiasm for the nascent national government brought him to the capital, Philadelphia, in 1776 and his estate, which is on the campus of La Salle University in Philadelphia, can still be visited. He also raised troops for the War of Independence and eventually gained the rank of captain in the Pennsylvania militia by 1776, while in the field, he continued to paint, doing miniature portraits of various officers in the Continental Army. He produced enlarged versions of these in later years and he served in the Pennsylvania state assembly in 1779–1780, after which he returned to painting full-time. Peale was quite prolific as an artist, while he did portraits of scores of historic figures, he is probably best known for his portraits of George Washington. The first time Washington sat for a portrait was with Peale in 1772, in January 2005, a full-length portrait of Washington at Princeton from 1779 sold for $21.3 million, setting a record for the highest price paid for an American portrait. One of his most celebrated paintings is The Staircase Group, a portrait of his sons Raphaelle and Titian. It is in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art, Peale had a great interest in natural history, and organized the first U. S. scientific expedition in 1801. These two major interests combined in his founding of what became the Philadelphia Museum, later known as Peales American Museum and it housed a diverse collection of botanical, biological, and archaeological specimens. Most notably, the museum contained a variety of birds which Peale himself acquired. In 1792, Peale initiated a correspondence with Thomas Hall, of the Finsbury Museum, City Road, Finsbury, eventually, an exchange system was established between the two, whereby Peale sent American birds to Hall in exchange for an equal number of British birds. This arrangement continued until the end of the century, the Peale Museum was the first to display a mastodon skeleton that Peale found in New York State
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Bellmawr, New Jersey
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Bellmawr is a borough in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. Bellmawr was incorporated as a borough on March 23,1926, from portions of the now-defunct Centre Township, the boroughs of Mount Ephraim, Runnemede and Lawnside were also created in the same two-day period. The borough was named for Ernest C, Bellmawr is home to the main post office for the area, one of the largest in the state of New Jersey, handling an average of 4.5 million pieces of mail daily. In late October 2001, the office was closed due to possible anthrax contamination in the wake of the 2001 anthrax attacks, the office was re-opened several days later, in early November, after testing negative for anthrax. According to the United States Census Bureau, Bellmawr borough had an area of 3.110 square miles. The borough borders Barrington, Brooklawn, Gloucester City, Haddon Heights, Mount Ephraim, Bellmawr also borders Deptford Township and Westville, both in Gloucester County. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,583 people,4,670 households, the population density was 3,887.7 per square mile. There were 4,883 housing units at a density of 1,638.9 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 68% of the population,29. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the family size was 3.06. In the borough, the population was out with 20. 3% under the age of 18,8. 2% from 18 to 24,26. 5% from 25 to 44,27. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41.3 years, for every 100 females there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 93.8 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $56,182 and the median family income was $66,947. Males had an income of $47,251 versus $39,932 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $25,961, about 7. 3% of families and 9. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 9% of those under age 18 and 4. 0% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 11,262 people,4,446 households, the population density was 3,715.5 people per square mile. There were 4,561 housing units at a density of 1,504.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 92. 79% White,1. 18% African American,0. 06% Native American,3. 05% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 54% from other races, and 1. 36% from two or more races
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Triton Regional High School (New Jersey)
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Triton serves all students from Bellmawr and Runnemede, along with those from the northern portion of Gloucester Township. As of the 2014-15 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,230 students and 90.0 classroom teachers, there were 280 students eligible for free lunch and 82 eligible for reduced-cost lunch. The school had been ranked 271st in the state of 328 schools in 2012, the magazine ranked the school 221st in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 236th in the magazines September 2006 issue, Triton Regional High School first opened its doors for students in 1957 and celebrated its 50th anniversary during the 2006–07 school year. In October 2012, five of Tritons faculty and administration were charged in having sexual affairs with students, three teachers were charged for actually having committed sexual misconduct, while two administrators were charged for covering up the incident. Little would remain the Class of 2016s Vice Principal until their graduation in June 2016, starting in the 2016-2017 school year, Triton added a lacrosse team for both boys and girls who attend the school. The field hockey team won thw South Jersey Group III state sectional championship in 1983, the schools marching band won the Chapter One Championships in 2000-2002,2004,2008,2010, and 2011. They were also the 2001 Atlantic Coast Champion in Group 1 and they went on to become the 2011 Atlantic Coast Champion in Group 1A. The schools indoor color guard was the Tournament Indoor Association Scholastic Open champions in 1999 and 2002, in 2009, they were the TIA Scholastic A champions. In 2010, they were Mid-Atlantic Indoor Network champions and placed 5th at the Winter Guard International South Brunswick Regional, students attend one of the three based upon their area of residence. The other two schools are, Highland Regional High School, Located in Blackwood, Highland served 1,157 students from the Gloucester Township area. Timber Creek Regional High School, Located in Erial, Timber Creek, Timber Creek served 1,424 students from the Gloucester Township area. Notable alumni of Triton Regional High School include, Rob Andrews, chrissy Conway, Contemporary Christian Music singer/songwriter and former member of the groups Choice and ZOEgirl. David R. Mayer, New Jersey General Assembly member who represented the 4th Legislative District from 2002 to 2008, jack OHalloran, boxer and actor who appeared in Superman and Superman II. A. Raymond Randolph, federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit who was appointed to the court in 1990, lisa Regina, actress, screenwriter, director, and acting coach
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Runnemede, New Jersey
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Runnemede is a borough in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. The boroughs of Bellmawr, Mount Ephraim and Lawnside were simultaneously created during the same two-day period, sources have cited the name as coming from Runnymede, England. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had an area of 2.115 square miles. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the borough include Glendora, the borough borders Barrington, Bellmawr, Gloucester Township, and Magnolia. Runnemede also borders Deptford in Gloucester County, as of the census of 2010, there were 8,468 people,3,370 households, and 2,214 families residing in the borough. The population density was 4,117.2 per square mile, there were 3,548 housing units at an average density of 1,725.1 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 09% of the population,28. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.11. In the borough, the population was out with 20. 9% under the age of 18,8. 9% from 18 to 24,27. 1% from 25 to 44,28. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40.1 years, for every 100 females there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 89.5 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $53,454 and the median family income was $62,899. Males had an income of $43,016 versus $38,854 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $26,260, about 6. 9% of families and 7. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6. 7% of those under age 18 and 11. 4% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 8,533 people,3,376 households, the population density was 4,084.2 people per square mile. There were 3,510 housing units at a density of 1,680.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 91. 77% White,3. 76% African American,0. 11% Native American,1. 55% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,1. 22% from other races, and 1. 58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 59% of the population,27. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the family size was 3.08
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Professor
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Professor is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a person who professes being usually an expert in arts or sciences, in much of the world, the unqualified word professor is used formally to indicate the highest academic rank, informally known as full professor. Professors conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate, graduate, or professional courses in their fields of expertise, in universities with graduate schools, professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a thesis or dissertation. Professors typically hold a Ph. D. another doctorate or a different terminal degree, some professors hold a masters degree or a professional degree, such as an M. D. as their highest degree. The term professor was first used in the late 14th century to one who teaches a branch of knowledge. As a title that is prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706, the hort form prof is recorded from 1838. The term professor is used with a different meaning, ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the Elizabethan period, a professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor is also the highest rank, in these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees or equivalent qualifications who teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, the term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor, which are not considered professor-level positions in some European countries. In Australia, the associate professor is used in place of reader, ranking above senior lecturer. However, such professors usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution, in general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis. Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place, a professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in her institution earns additional income, some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as consulting, publishing academic or popular press books, or giving speeches or coaching executives. Some fields give professors more opportunities for outside work, the anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed in a basis, but there are some bonus related to performance and seniority
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Governor of New Jersey
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The Governor of the State of New Jersey is head of the executive branch of New Jerseys state government. The office of governor is a position, for which elected officials serve four-year terms. Governors cannot be elected to more than two terms, but there is no limit on the total number of terms they may serve. The official residence for the governor is Drumthwacket, a located in Princeton, New Jersey. The first Governor of New Jersey was William Livingston, who served from August 31,1776, the current governor is Chris Christie, who assumed office on January 19,2010, and was elected for his second term on November 5,2013. The governor is elected by the voters to become the political and ceremonial head of the state. The governor performs the functions of the state, and is not directly subordinate to the federal authorities. The governor assumes additional roles, such as being the Commander-in-Chief of the New Jersey National Guard forces, much like the President of the United States, the governor appoints the entire cabinet, subject to confirmation by the New Jersey Senate. The governor is responsible for appointing two constitutionally created officers, the New Jersey Attorney General and the Secretary of State of New Jersey. State law allows for a salary of $175,000. Jon Corzine accepted a salary of $1 per year as governor. Jim McGreevey, his predecessor, took home a salary of $157,000. Before this amendment was passed, the president of the New Jersey Senate would have become governor or acting governor in the event that office of governor became vacant. This dual position was more powerful than that of an elected governor, as a result of the constitutional amendment passed in 2005, Governor Richard Codey was the final person to wield such power. Monmouth Sheriff Kim Guadagno was sworn in as New Jerseys first lieutenant governor, on January 19,2010, under Governor Chris Christie. The Center on the American Governor, at Rutgers Eagleton Institute of Politics, was established in 2006 to study the governors of New Jersey and, to a lesser degree, the governors of other states. The project is in the process of creating new archives, similar to the Byrne and Kean archives, List of Governors of New Jersey List of colonial governors of New Jersey Governorship of Chris Christie Official website
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The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
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National Journal
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It publishes daily journalism covering politics and public policy and is led by President Kevin Turpin and Editor-in-Chief Stephen G. Smith. National Journal now serves over 1,000 members from both the public and private sectors, david G. Bradley, who founded the Advisory Board Company and Corporate Executive Board, purchased National Journal and The Hotline from Times Mirror in 1997 to form the National Journal Group. Bradley also acquired Government Executive in his deal for National Journal, Bradley later consolidated the properties to form Atlantic Media. In 2005, Bradley centralized all of his publications at Atlantic Media’s headquarters in the Watergate Building in Washington, National Journal’s newest standalone product, Network Science Initiative helps members achieve their advocacy goals by identifying key influencer networks. Another standalone service provides advocacy and government affairs organizations intelligence on how their policy brand is perceived among influential policymakers, Membership packages can be customized to include Network Science Initiative, Policy Brands Roundtable, and Leadership Council individually or in any combination. National Journal Membership, National Journal Membership launched in 2011 to provide government affairs professionals with tools to support their organizations, member organizations have access to executive briefs and presentations, strategy trends and research case studies, and event programs. National Journal Hotline, Hotline is a digest of the political events relating to upcoming national elections. Published daily, Hotline condenses newspaper, magazine and digital political coverage from the previous 24 hours, Hotline Wake-Up Call releases daily coverage of the mornings political headlines, Hotline Latest Edition assembles election and campaign news across the country. Hotline reporters contribute to National Journals overall political coverage, the Almanac of American Politics, The Almanac of American Politics is a reference work that was published biennially by the National Journal Group from 1984 through 2014. In 2015, Columbia Books & Information Services became the publisher of The Almanac of American Politics, the Almanac aims to provide a detailed look at the politics of the United States through an approach of profiling individual leaders and areas of the country. Some of its best known current and former contributors have been, Official website
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Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
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Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Subsidy
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A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy. Although commonly extended from government, the subsidy can relate to any type of support – for example from NGOs or as implicit subsidies. Subsidies come in forms including, direct and indirect. Furthermore, they can be broad or narrow, legal or illegal, ethical or unethical, the most common forms of subsidies are those to the producer or the consumer. Producer/production subsidies ensure producers are better off by either supplying market price support, direct support, consumer/consumption subsidies commonly reduce the price of goods and services to the consumer. For example, in the US at one time it was cheaper to buy gasoline than bottled water, whether subsidies are positive or negative is typically a normative judgment. As a form of intervention, subsidies are inherently contrary to the markets demands. However, they can also be used as tools of political, a production subsidy encourages suppliers to increase the output of a particular product by partially offsetting the production costs or losses. The objective of production subsidies is to expand production of a product more so than the market would promote. This type of subsidy is found in developed markets. Other examples of production include the assistance in the creation of a new firm, industry. A consumption subsidy is one that subsidises the behavior of consumers, for example, some governments offer lifeline rates for electricity, that is, the first increment of electricity each month is subsidised. An export subsidy is a support from the government for products that are exported, usha Haley and George Haley identified the subsidies to manufacturing industry provided by the Chinese Government and how they have altered trade patterns. Traditionally, economists have argued that subsidies benefit consumers but hurt the subsidizing countries, export subsidy is known for being abused. For example, some exporters substantially over declare the value of their goods so as to more from the export subsidy. Thus the trader benefits from the subsidy without creating real trade value to the economy. Export subsidy as such can become a self-defeating and disruptive policy, an employment subsidy serves as an incentive to businesses to provide more job opportunities to reduce the level of unemployment in the country or to encourage research and development. With an employment subsidy, the government provides assistance with wages, Another form of employment subsidy is the social security benefits
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Secure Fence Act of 2006
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On October 26,2006, U. S. President George W. Bush signed the Secure Fence Act of 2006 into law stating, “This bill will help protect the American people. This bill will make our borders more secure and it is an important step toward immigration reform. The bill was introduced on Sep,13,2006 by Peter T. King. In the House of Representatives, the Fence Act passed 283–138 on September 14,2006, on September 29,2006 – the Fence Act passed in the Senate 80–19. Congress approved $1.2 billion in a homeland security spending bill to bankroll the fence. This should decrease the number of apprehensions of illegal immigrants, by reducing their numbers. It could also diminish the illegal drug trade pouring into the US from Mexico as well as additional protection from terrorist entry into the country. Opponents of the bill argue that it is not a strategy to curb illegal immigration because the fence is not a continuous barrier. But a report in May 2009 by the Congressional Research Service found strong indication that illegal crossers had simply found new routes. ”On January 23,2008 the 110th Congress introduced Reinstatement of the Secure Fence Act of 2008. This bill called for Homeland Security to construct an additional 700 miles of two layered,14 foot high fencing along the southwest border, the bill died in committee and was never voted upon. By April 2009 Homeland Security had erected about 613 miles of new pedestrian fencing, in short, Congress failed to continue to fund the project past the initial $1.2 billion procured, in order to finish building the fence. HR6061, Secure Fence Act of 2006 via Congress. gov
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Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
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2003 invasion of Iraq
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The 2003 invasion of Iraq lasted from 20 March to 1 May 2003 and signalled the start of the Iraq War, which was dubbed Operation Iraqi Freedom by the United States. 160,000 troops were sent by the Coalition into Iraq, during the invasion phase. About 130,000 were sent from the USA alone, with about 28,000 British soldiers, Australia,36 other countries were involved in its aftermath. In preparation for the invasion,100,000 U. S. troops were assembled in Kuwait by 18 February, the coalition forces also received support from Kurdish irregulars in Iraqi Kurdistan. Others place a greater emphasis on the impact of the September 11 attacks, and the role this played in changing U. S. strategic calculations. The invasion of Iraq was strongly opposed by some long-standing U. S. allies, including the governments of France, Germany, and New Zealand. Their leaders argued that there was no evidence of weapons of destruction in Iraq. According to the French academic Dominique Reynié, between 3 January and 12 April 2003,36 million people across the globe took part in almost 3,000 protests against the Iraq war. The invasion was preceded by an airstrike on the Presidential Palace in Baghdad on 20 March 2003, the following day, coalition forces launched an incursion into Basra Province from their massing point close to the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border. Massive air strikes across the country and against Iraqi command and control threw the army into chaos. The main body of forces continued their drive into the heart of Iraq. Most of the Iraqi military was defeated and Baghdad was occupied on 9 April. Other operations occurred against pockets of the Iraqi army, including the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on 10 April, Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and the central leadership went into hiding as the coalition forces completed the occupation of the country. On 1 May, an end of combat operations was declared, ending the invasion period. Hostilities of the 1991 Gulf War were suspended on 28 February 1991 and it was revealed that a biological weapons program in Iraq had begun in the early 1980s with help from the U. S. and Europe in violation of the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972. The investigation concluded there was no evidence the program had continued after the war. The U. S. and its allies then maintained a policy of containment towards Iraq, Iraqi military helicopters and planes regularly contested the no-fly zones. In October 1998, removing the Saddam regime became official U. S. foreign policy with enactment of the Iraq Liberation Act
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Iraq Resolution
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The Iraq Resolution is a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in October 2002 as Public Law No, 107-243, authorizing military action against Iraq. Iraqs brutal repression of its civilian population, iraqs capability and willingness to use weapons of mass destruction against other nations and its own people. Iraqs continu to aid and harbor other international terrorist organizations, including anti-United States terrorist organizations, Iraq paid bounty to families of suicide bombers. The efforts by the Congress and the President to fight terrorists, the authorization by the Constitution and the Congress for the President to fight anti-United States terrorism. The governments in Turkey, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia feared Saddam, citing the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998, the resolution reiterated that it should be the policy of the United States to remove the Saddam Hussein regime and promote a democratic replacement. The resolution supported and encouraged diplomatic efforts by President George W. Bush to strictly enforce through the U. N, of the legislation introduced by Congress in response to President Bushs requests, S. J. Res. 45 sponsored by Sen. Daschle & Sen. Lott was based on the original White House proposal authorizing the use of force in Iraq,114 sponsored by Rep. Hastert & Rep. Gephardt and the substantially similar S. J. Res. 46 sponsored by Sen. Lieberman were modified proposals,110 sponsored by Rep. Hastings was a separate proposal never considered on the floor. Eventually, the Hastert-Gephardt proposal became the legislation Congress focused on, introduced in Congress on October 2,2002, in conjunction with the Administrations proposals, H. J. Res. It was signed into law as Pub. L, 107–243 by President Bush on October 16,2002. 215 of 223 Republican Representatives voted for the resolution,82 of 209 Democratic Representatives voted for the resolution. Duncan, Hostettler, Houghton, Leach, Morella, Paul,126 of 209 Democratic Representatives voted against the resolution. The only Independent Representative voted against the resolution, Rep. Sanders Reps, ortiz, Roukema, and Stump did not vote on the resolution. 58% of Democratic senators voted for the resolution, the only independent senator voted against the resolution, Sen. Sponsored by Rep. Barbara Lee. Failed by the Yeas and Nays,72 -355 Amendment in the nature of a substitute sought to authorize the use of U. S. armed forces to any new U. N. Provided expedited consideration for authorization in the latter case, failed by the Yeas and Nays,155 -270 An amendment considered as adopted pursuant to the provisions of H. Res. Amendment SA4865 not agreed to by Yea-Nay Vote,30 -70 There have been no findings by any legal tribunal with both authority and legal jurisdiction that any laws were violated. There are only two legal tribunals with both authority and jurisdiction to make such a finding, The US federal courts and the United Nations, advisory opinions are prohibited in US Courts and are also prohibited by the UN Charter unless the security council authorizes them
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Flag Desecration Amendment
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The most recent attempt to adopt a flag desecration amendment failed in the United States Senate by one vote on June 27,2006. The first federal Flag Protection Act was passed by Congress in 1968 in response to protest burnings of the flag at demonstrations against the Vietnam War, over time,48 of the 50 U. S. states also enacted similar flag protection laws. All of these statutes were overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States by a 5–4 vote in the case Texas v. Johnson,491 U. S.397 as unconstitutional restrictions of public expression. The decisions were controversial and have prompted Congress to consider the remaining legal avenue to enact flag protection statutes—a constitutional amendment. Each Congress since the Johnson decision has considered creating a flag desecration amendment, during some sessions, the proposed amendment did not even come to a vote in the Senate before the expiration of the Congress term. The last time it was considered, in the 109th Congress, the full text of the amendment is as follows, The Congress shall have power to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States. This proposed amendment was intended to give Congress the right to enact statutes criminalizing the burning or other desecration of the United States flag in a public protest, proponents of legislation to proscribe flag burning argue that burning the flag is a very offensive gesture that deserves to be outlawed. These concepts are expounded in both the majority and dissenting opinions of the cases described below, there Justice William Joseph Brennan, Jr. A summer 2005 poll by the First Amendment Center found that 63% of Americans opposed amending the constitution to outlaw flag burning, a USA Today/Gallup Poll in June 2006 found that 54% of Americans opposed a flag desecration amendment. An USA Today/Gallup Poll in June 2006 reached a different conclusion, with 56% supporting a constitutional amendment, another poll conducted by CNN in June 2006 found that 56% of Americans supported a flag desecration amendment. During each term of Congress from 1995 to 2005, the amendment was passed by the House of Representatives. Senators had until the end of 2006 to take action on H. J. Res.10 during the remainder of the 109th Congress, on March 7,2006, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist announced that he would bring the bill for consideration in June 2006. On Monday, June 26,2006, the Senate began debate on the proposed amendment, the following day, the amendment, sponsored by Senator Orrin Hatch, fell one vote short in the Senate, with 66 in support and 34 opposed. The Republican nay votes were Bob Bennett, Lincoln Chafee, the vote on Senator Richard Durbins alternative amendment, which would have given Congress the power to ban flag desecration intended to intimidate or breach peace on federal land, was 36–64. Opponents pointed to the proximity of the vote to the November 7,2006 Congressional Election, in 2005, the First Amendment Center published a report titled Implementing a Flag-Desecration Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, An end to the controversy. The focus of the report was on the meanings that would be assigned to the phrases, physical desecration, the phrase physical desecration might be open to various interpretations concerning the uncertainty of the context of desecration. For example, uncertainty exists over whether the term includes the wearing of the flag as clothing, as a tattoo and it is uncertain what can be interpreted as physical desecration. Does it require that the flag be physically damaged, or made to appear damaged and it is also unclear whether virtual flag desecration would be subject to the amendment
