1.
Queen's Privy Council for Canada
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Those in the council are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence. The quorum for Privy Council meetings is four, as its function is to provide the vehicle for advising the Crown, the members of the QPC are predominantly all living current and former ministers of the Crown. In addition, the justices of Canada and former governors general are appointed. To date, only Prime Minister Paul Martin advised that Parliamentary Secretaries be admitted to the QPC, I will in all things to be treated, debated and resolved in Privy Council, faithfully, honestly and truly declare my mind and my opinion. I shall keep secret all matters committed and revealed to me in this capacity, generally, in all things I shall do as a faithful and true servant ought to do for Her Majesty. Harper, on 15 October 2007, also advised Governor General Michaëlle Jean to appoint Jim Abbott, on occasion, a non-Canadian has been appointed to the QPC. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was inducted during a visit to Canada on 29 December 1941. Privy councillors are entitled to the style The Honourable or, for the minister, chief justice, or certain other eminent individuals, The Right Honourable. These appointments ended under Lester Pearson, though the style remained in use, limited to only prime ministers. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had the Privy Council convene in 1947 to consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, as per the Royal Marriages Act 1772. The council has assembled in the presence of the sovereign on two occasions, First, at 10,00 am on Thanksgiving Monday of 1957, at the residence in Ottawa. Two years later, the QPC again met before the Queen in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the last formal meeting of the Privy Council was held in 1981 to give formal consent to the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Lady Diana Spencer. There, all gathered were informed of the Princes engagement, nodded their approval, Prince Charles was himself appointed to the council on 18 May 2014
2.
Queen's Counsel
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A Queens Counsel, or Kings Counsel during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer who is appointed by the Queen to be one of Her Majestys Counsel learned in the law. The term is recognised as an honorific. Queens Counsel is a status, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts, members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a design, the award of Queens Counsel is known informally as taking silk. Appointments are made from within the profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or advocates with 15 years of experience or more, the Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Kings Serjeants were Kings Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queens Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, the new rank of Kings Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The Attorney-General and Solicitor-General had similarly succeeded the Kings Serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, but the Kings Counsel emerged into eminence only in the early 1830s, prior to when they were relatively few in number. It became the means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession. It became of greater importance to become a KC. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts, the earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were Kings Counsel, a proportion of about 8. 5%. As of 2010 roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice, in 1839 the number of Queens Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queens Counsel was 187, the list of Queens Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one-third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 181, in each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 208,209,221,236 and 262, respectively. In each of the years 1973 to 1978, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 329,345,370,372,384 and 404, in 1989, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 601. In each of the years 1991 to 2000, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 736,760,797,845,891,925,974,1006,1043, the title traditionally depends on the sex of the sovereign. The current Queen, Elizabeth II has had a long reign and it can be assumed that, should the Queen die and the title pass to a descendant, the title will again become KC, as the next three in line to the throne are male heirs. Queens Counsel and serjeants were prohibited, at least from the century, from drafting pleadings alone
3.
House of Commons of Canada
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The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons chamber is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, the House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. There were 308 members in the last Parliament, but that number has risen to 338 following the election on Monday October 19,2015, Members are elected by simple plurality in each of the countrys electoral districts, which are colloquially known as ridings. MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election, historically however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an Act of Parliament now limits each term to four years, seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains some provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to population, the lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons in practice holds far more power than the upper house, the Senate. Although the approval of both Houses is necessary for legislation, the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons, moreover, the Government of Canada is responsible solely to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support, or confidence, the term derives from the Anglo-Norman word communes, referring to the geographic and collective communities of their parliamentary representatives and not the third estate, the commonality. This distinction is clear in the official French name of the body. Canada and the United Kingdom remain the only countries to use the name House of Commons for a house of parliament. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the Queen, the Senate, the Parliament of Canada was based on the Westminster model. Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada were limited in that other powers were assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures, the Parliament of Canada also remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. Greater autonomy was granted by the Statute of Westminster 1931, after which new Acts of the British Parliament did not apply to Canada and these exceptions were removed by the Canada Act 1982. From 1867, the Commons met in the chamber until that was destroyed by fire in 1916. It relocated to the amphitheatre of the Victoria Memorial Museum—what is today the Canadian Museum of Nature, since then, the Commons has sat in its current chamber. The House of Commons comprises 338 members, each of whom represents a electoral district. The constitution specifies a minimum of 295 electoral districts
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Minister of Justice (Canada)
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The Minister of Justice is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice, chief federal legal adviser and is also Attorney General of Canada. This cabinet position is reserved for someone holding a legal qualification. There have been exceptions, Joe Clark only studied the first year of law at University of British Columbia Faculty of Law before embarking on political life and this is the only Canadian Ministry which has not been reorganized since its creation in 1867. The Attorney General of Canada is the top prosecuting officer in Canada, the role is part of the cabinet post of the Minister of Justice. The role was created in 1867 replacing the Attorney General of Canada West, key, Attorney General of Upper Canada Attorney General of Lower Canada
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Rona Ambrose
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Ronalee Chapchuk Rona Ambrose PC MP is a Canadian politician who is interim leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. She has been the Conservative Party member of the House of Commons for Sturgeon River—Parkland since 2015, in previous parliaments, Ambrose was Canadas Minister of Health and vice-chair of the Treasury Board cabinet committee. She is a communication consultant and public policy consultant for the Alberta government. She was the Conservatives Intergovernmental Affairs critic when the party was in opposition during her first term, Ambrose is the third female leader of Canadas conservative party. The first was former Prime Minister Kim Campbell who led Canadas now defunct Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and she is also the third woman to be Opposition Leader, after Deborah Grey and Nycole Turmel. All three of them served in an interim capacity, Ambrose was born Ronalee Chapchuk in Valleyview, Alberta, as the daughter of Colleen and James Chapchuk. She grew up in both Brazil and Parkland County of Alberta, in addition to English, she also speaks Portuguese and Spanish but is less fluent in French. Ambrose has a Bachelor of Arts in womens and gender studies from the University of Victoria, Ambrose was first elected as a Member of Parliament in the 2004 federal election for the newly created riding of Edmonton-Spruce Grove in west Edmonton. Ambrose calls herself a libertarian and is a fan of Ayn Rand novels such as Atlas Shrugged and she was a member of the Trilateral Commission, as reported in Vancouvers Georgia Straight, August 24,2006. Ambrose was temporarily the Conservative critic for International Trade, after the defection of Belinda Stronach to the Liberal Party, in 2006 elections, Ambrose successfully defended her seat in Edmonton–Spruce Grove with 66. 8% of the vote in the riding. She was then appointed Environment Minister in Prime Minister Stephen Harpers minority government, ambroses appointment to cabinet made her the youngest women appointed to cabinet at the time. On April 7,2006, Ambrose announced that Canada had no chance of meeting its targets under the Kyoto Protocol and my departmental officials and the department officials from natural resources have indicated that it is impossible, impossible for Canada to reach its Kyoto target. I have been engaging with our international counterparts over the past month, the APP had voluntary emissions reduction targets and was focused on developing technological solutions to solving climate change. The motion was blocked with the help of the Liberals after the Conservatives said that the motion would be a confidence motion, in August 2006 she stated, I welcome the commitment from British Columbia to preserve and increase the population of Northern Spotted Owls. On October 19,2006, Ambrose introduced a Clean Air Act that aimed to reduce the level of greenhouse emissions starting in 2020, cutting them to about half of the 2003 levels by 2050. She also introduced regulations to industries and vehicles as well as a possible cooperation between the federal government and the provinces to create a system that would report air emissions. In an interview with the media, Ambrose denied that the Conservative government had withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol despite its previous opposition to it. However, industries will have until 2010 before they are expected to reduce emissions, oil companies will have to reduce emissions on a per-barrel basis, reduction proportional to production basis
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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)
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In addition to the Department, the Minister is also the lead in overseeing the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development and the International Development Research Centre. From 1909 to 1993, the office was called Secretary of State for External Affairs, the first two Secretaries of State for External Affairs, from 1909 until 1912, concurrently served as Secretary of State for Canada. The two portfolios were permanently separated in 1912, and the External Affairs portfolio was held by the Prime Minister of Canada until 1946. Joe Clark led opposition to South Africas Apartheid system within the Commonwealth of Nations, lloyd Axworthy brought about the Ottawa Treaty, banning anti-personnel landmines in most countries of the world. As in Pearsons case, the portfolio can be a stepping stone to the Prime Ministers Office. Until 1946, it was customary for the office to be held by the sitting Prime Minister, john Diefenbaker would hold the portfolio on two subsequent occasions. Key, Lester Pearson is the minister to have been a diplomat prior to their appointment. Pearson entered the Canadian foreign service in 1927 and rose to become Canadian Ambassador to the United States from 1944 to 1946, paul Martin, Sr. served as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom after his retirement from active politics. Unlike Pearson, none were career diplomats, Department of Foreign Affairs, History, Introduction Department of Foreign Affairs Canada
7.
Stephen Harper
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Stephen Joseph Harper PC is a Canadian entrepreneur and retired politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, from February 6,2006 to November 4,2015. He was the first prime minister to come from the modern Conservative Party of Canada, which was formed by a merger of the Progressive Conservative Party, Harper was member of parliament for the riding of Calgary Heritage in Alberta from 2002 to 2016. Earlier, from 1993 to 1997, he was the MP for Calgary West and he was one of the founding members of the Reform Party, but did not seek re-election in the 1997 federal election. Harper instead joined and later led the National Citizens Coalition, a conservative lobbyist group, in 2002, he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance, the successor to the Reform Party and returned to parliament as Leader of the Opposition. In 2003, he reached an agreement with Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger of their two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada and he was elected as the partys first leader, in March 2004. Harper stepped down as MP on August 26,2016, the 2006 federal election resulted in a minority government led by the Conservative Party with Harper becoming the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada. By proportion of seats, this was Canadas smallest minority government since Confederation, despite this, it was the longest-serving minority government overall. The 40th Canadian Parliament was dissolved in March,2011, after a vote that deemed the Cabinet to be in contempt of parliament. Harper resigned as party leader on October 19,2015, Harper moved back to Calgary, Alberta, and commuted to Ottawa as an opposition backbench member of parliament. Harper was born and raised in Leaside, Toronto, the first of three sons of Margaret and Joseph Harris Harper, an accountant at Imperial Oil. Harper attended Northlea Public School and, later, John G. Althouse Middle School and Richview Collegiate Institute and he graduated in 1978, and was a member of Richview Collegiates team on Reach for the Top, a television quiz show for Canadian high school students. Harper enrolled at the University of Toronto but dropped out two months. He then moved to Edmonton, Alberta, where he work in the mail room at Imperial Oil. Later, he advanced to work on the computer systems. He took up post-secondary studies again at the University of Calgary and he later returned there to earn a masters degree in economics, completed in 1991. Harper has kept strong links to the University of Calgary, Harper was the first prime minister since Joe Clark without a law degree. Harper became involved in politics as a member of his high schools Young Liberals Club and he later changed his political allegiance because he disagreed with the National Energy Program of Pierre Trudeaus Liberal government. He left the PC Party that same year and he was then recommended by the University of Calgarys economist Bob Mansell to Preston Manning, the founder and leader of the Reform Party of Canada
8.
Ed Fast
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Edward D. Ed Fast, PC, QC, MP is a Canadian Conservative politician, currently the Member of Parliament for Abbotsford. He was formerly the Minister for International Trade and as Minister for the Asia-Pacific Gateway under Stephen Harper, born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Ed Fast grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia. After graduating from law school at the University of British Columbia in 1982 and he was elected in 1985 and served two terms as an Abbotsford School Board Trustee. He was elected to Abbotsford City Council in 1996 and served for three 3-year terms, during that time, he served as Deputy Mayor and as Chair of the Parks Recreation & Culture Commission. Fast was in the 2006 federal election with 63. 27% of the vote as the Member of Parliament for the riding of Abbotsford on January 23,2006. During his first term, Fast was appointed to the Standing Committee of Canadian Heritage, Fast was also the Vice-Chair of the B. C. In 2006, Fast introduced Private Members Bill C-277 which doubles from 5 to 10 years in prison the maximum sentence for luring a child over the internet for sexual purposes, the Bill received royal assent on June 22,2007. Only 2% of private member’s bills are passed into law. In the 2008 federal election, Fast received 30,853 votes,63. 3% of the total in Abbotsford and he served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights and as a member of the Copyright Modernization Committee. In May 2009, Fast introduced a motion in the House of Commons to rename the Huntingdon border crossing to Abbotsford-Huntingdon Port of Entry, from 2009–2011, Fast was the Chair of the Standing Committee on Justice & Human Rights. Fast was re-elected in the 2011 federal election with 32,493 votes, on May 18,2011, Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed Ed Fast to Cabinet to serve as Canada’s Minister of International Trade. Fast oversaw the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, a trade agreement with Europe. Fast also announced the Canada-South Korea Free Trade Agreement, Canada’s first free trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region and he also released Canada’s first International Education Strategy, a part of the Global Markets Action Plan to try and attract international talent. On April 9,2014, rising on a point of order, MP Dan Harris accused Fast of making a gun gesture, Fast initially denied the claim in the House of Commons as completely false. Video from the House of Commons shows Fast making a pointing gesture, in his defence, Fast did not say why he was pointing his finger towards the front of the House at that time. Ed and his wife Annette have lived in Abbotsford for over 30 years and have four adult daughters, in December 2016, Fast suffered a stroke, but was expected to make a quick recovery. ca
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Minister of National Defence (Canada)
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Both are responsible to the Minister. The Queen of Canada is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces and has authority on all orders. The minister is responsible, through the tenets of responsible government, to Parliament for the management, any orders and instructions for the Canadian Armed Forces are issued by or through the Chief of the Defence Staff. The Department of National Defence exists to aid the minister in carrying out his responsibilities, the current Minister of National Defence is Harjit Sajjan. Historically, the position was pre-dated by the Minister of Militia, during World War II, the Minister of National Defence was assisted by two subordinate ministers, the Minister of National Defence for Air and Minister of National Defence for Naval Services. The portfolio was merged into a ministry following the end of the war
10.
Peter MacKay
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Peter Gordon MacKay PC QC is a lawyer and politician from Nova Scotia, Canada. MacKay was the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. MacKay represented the riding of Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough from 1997 to 2004, and the riding of Central Nova from 2004 until 2015, with the defeat of the Conservatives in the 2015 election, MacKay was considered a potential candidate to succeed Harper as permanent leader of the party. MacKay is married to Nazanin Afshin-Jam, an Iranian-Canadian model, singer, and human rights activist, MacKay was born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. His father, Elmer MacKay, is a former PC cabinet minister, lumber businessman, and lawyer. His mother, Eirene Macha MacKay, is a psychologist and peace activist, through her, MacKay is descended from James Alexander, 3rd Earl of Caledon and James Grimston, MacKay grew up in Wolfville, Nova Scotia with his three siblings. He worked for Thyssen Henschel, steel producer, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1993, MacKay accepted an appointment as Crown Attorney for the Central Region of Nova Scotia. He prosecuted cases at all levels, including youth and provincial courts as well as the Supreme Court of Canada, MacKay was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the June 2,1997 federal election for Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough, a riding in northeastern Nova Scotia. In his first term of office, MacKay served as Justice Critic, MacKay was the PC member of the Board of Internal Economy and the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights. He also acted as a member of the Standing Committees on Canadian Heritage, Finance. MacKay was re-elected in the 2000 federal election and was touted by the media as a possible successor to PC Party leader Joe Clark. Many of his supporters referred to his strong performances in the House of Commons. MacKay has been voted the sexiest male MP in the House of Commons by the Hill Times for six years in a row, in August 2001, he was one of several PC MPs to engage in open cooperation talks with disaffected Canadian Alliance MPs in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. Eventually a union of sorts was created between the PCs and the newly formed Democratic Representative Caucus, MacKay was appointed House Leader of the new PC-DR Parliamentary Coalition Caucus when it was formally recognized as a political body on September 10,2001. The PC-DR initiative collapsed in April 2002, raising questions about Clarks leadership, Clark announced his impending resignation as party leader at the PC Partys bi-annual convention held in Edmonton, Alberta in August 2002. MacKays name was one of the first to be raised as a leadership contender. MacKay was largely seen as the victor of the race from the outset of the leadership contest. MacKay formally launched his campaign in his hometown of New Glasgow in January 2003
11.
Jason Kenney
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Jason Thomas Kenney, PC is a Canadian politician and leader of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta. He previously represented the riding of Calgary Southeast in the Canadian House of Commons from 1997 until 2015, following the Conservative victory in the 2006 general election, Kenney was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for the Prime Minister of Canada. On January 4,2007, he was sworn into the Privy Council as the Secretary of State for Multiculturalism, on February 9,2015, he was named Minister of National Defence. Kenney was considered a party leader following the defeat of the Conservative government in October 2015. On July 6,2016, he announced his intention to run for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta in that partys 2017 leadership election, Kenney resigned his seat in parliament on September 23,2016, after sitting in the House of Commons for 19 years. He was elected leader of the Alberta Progressive Conservatives on March 18,2017, Kenney was born in Oakville, Ontario, the son of Lynne and Robert Martin Kenney, a fighter pilot and teacher, who was of Irish heritage. He was raised in Wilcox, Saskatchewan and he is the grandson of jazz musician and big band leader Mart Kenney. He went to school in Wilcox, Saskatchewan, at the Athol Murray College of Notre Dame. He then studied philosophy at the University of San Francisco, a Jesuit university in San Francisco and he left university without graduating to begin work for the Saskatchewan Liberal Party. He was very involved in the young Liberals as a man, and in 1988 served as executive assistant to Ralph Goodale. But as a university student, he says he began studying political theory, classical theory and started reading much more broadly. Not long after, in 1989, Kenney was hired as the first executive director of the Alberta Taxpayers Association, in 1990, Kenney was named president and chief executive officer of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, a national organisation that scrutinises governmental expenditures. Kenney was first elected to the House of Commons in 1997 and he was a member of the Reform Party of Canada. The Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance and Kenney co-chaired the United Alternative Task Force and he served as the national co-chairman of Stockwell Days campaign for the leadership of the Canadian Alliance and National Co-Chair of the Canadian Alliance 2000 election campaign. Kenney supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq and suggested that the Chrétien governments refusal to support the war would damage Canadas relationship with the United States, Kenney is a member of Parliaments Canada-Tibet Committee, and has hosted the Dalai Lama. On February 6,2006, he was appointed to be Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper and he rebuked Prime Minister of Lebanon Fuad Saniora for having criticized Canada, reminding him of the $25 million in reconstructive assistance aid given by Canada to Lebanon. On January 4,2007, he was sworn in as the Secretary of State for Multiculturalism and Canadian Identity, in this capacity, Kenney was the Harper governments representative to ethnic communities in Canada. The Toronto Star has noted some of the frequently visited groups in the GTA, which also include the Caribbean community, Persians, Filipinos
12.
Vic Toews
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Victor Vic Toews, PC, QC is a Canadian jurist and former politician. Toews is a judge of the Court of Queens Bench of Manitoba and he previously served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1995 to 1999, and was a senior cabinet minister in the government of Gary Filmon. Prior to his appointment to the judiciary, Toews was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, Toews was born September 10,1952, in Filadelfia, Boquerón Department, Paraguay, son of Reverend Victor David Toews and Anna Peters. Vic Toews has five siblings, Bernhard, Clara, Marlene, Edward and his family left Paraguay in 1956 for Canada and settled in Winnipeg. Toews speaks Mennonite Low German, Spanish and English and he holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in History from the University of Winnipeg, and a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Manitoba. Toews was called to the Manitoba Bar in 1977 and he joined the provincial Ministry of Justice in 1976 and became a Crown attorney the following year. Vic Toews great grand parents were killed in a bomb blast in Molotschna, Toews divorced from his wife of 30 years, Lorraine Kathleen Fehr, after it was discovered that he had fathered a child with a young Conservative Party staffer. In divorce documents, Fehr claimed Toews had an earlier relationship with the familys child care provider. This incident later became publicized in February 2012, when an anonymous Twitter account began posting information from Toews divorce affidavit as reaction to the introduction of Bill-30, in 2005, Toews was charged with violating Manitobas Election Finances Act in the 1999 provincial election. During the election cycle, it was discovered that his campaign had spent $7,500 more than the allowed limit. Toews pleaded guilty, and was convicted and fined $500. In 1999, the Progressive Conservatives were defeated in the 1999 provincial election, Toews was appointed to the cabinet of Premier Gary Filmon after the election, becoming Minister of Labour on May 9,1995. In his debut speech to the legislature, he said that his philosophy was partly influenced by leaders of Canadas social democratic movement. Toewss tenure as Labour Minister was marked by a relationship with organized labour. Several labour leaders described the bill as anti-union, Toews rejected these criticisms, and argued that Bill 26 provided greater autonomy to individual workers. Toewss department proposed the privatization of home-care delivery services in 1996, drawing opposition from many in the field, Toews blamed unions for provoking the strikes, saying they were conducted for political, not economic, reasons. Toews canceled the provincial Payment of Wages Fund in July 1996, the stated intention of the fund was to allow workers to collect revenues from employers who entered bankruptcy or receivership. On January 6,1997, Toews was promoted to Minister of Justice, Attorney General and Keeper of the Great Seal, as Justice Minister, Toews earned a reputation for focusing on law and order issues
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Peter Van Loan
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Peter Van Loan, PC MP is a Canadian politician who is the Member of Parliament for the electoral district of York—Simcoe. He was the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons from 2007 to 2008, born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Van Loan is of Estonian heritage. His mother and grandparents fled Estonia during World War II and emigrated to Canada, Van Loan was educated at the University of Toronto and York University and holds a bachelors degree, a Masters in International Relations and an additional masters degree in geography. Van Loan graduated from York Universitys Osgoode Hall Law School and was admitted to the Bar of Ontario in 1989. Prior to his election to office, Van Loan was a partner and Chair of the Planning and Development Law Group at the law firm of Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP in Toronto. Van Loan was also an Adjunct Professor of Planning at the University of Toronto and he served as president of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario during Mike Harris term of office and then of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada for a brief period. He resigned from the latter post in 2000 after a series of disagreements with its leader, Van Loan was a key figure in the unsuccessful attempt to convince Premier of New Brunswick Bernard Lord to run for the leadership of the federal Progressive Conservatives in late 2002. Van Loan then again attempted to recruit Lord to run for the leadership of the new party, in an article from January 24,2008, Van Loan was classified as one of Harpers 12, the twelve most influential people in Ottawa, by Macleans Magazine. Other cabinet ministers included were Jim Prentice, John Baird, on October 30,2008, Jay Hill replaced Van Loan as Government House Leader and Steven John Fletcher took over the Minister for Democratic Reform post. Van Loan became the Minister for Public Safety, as Stockwell Day became the Minister of International Trade, on January 19,2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper designated Van Loan as the next Minister of International Trade. It has been suggested that Harper removed the MP from his post as Public Safety Minister because of dissatisfaction with his leadership pertaining to the correctional system. On December 5,2012, on the floor of the House of Commons Van Loan was involved in an altercation with NDP Leader Tom Mulcair, Van Loan crossed the aisle and used an inappropriate word during the confrontation. He was restrained by Defence Minister Peter MacKay, Van Loan was one of thirteen Canadians banned from travelling to Russia under retaliatory sanctions imposed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in March 2014. In response to the ban, Van Loan said that the ban was not of serious consequence and that he would not be losing sleep over being on the list
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Minister of Democratic Institutions
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The Minister of Democratic Institutions is a Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet, associated with the Privy Council Office. The portfolio was held by the Government House Leader, Jacques Saada. After the 2004 election, the portfolio was given to Mauril Bélanger, at this point the title was changed from Democratic Reform to Democratic Renewal. Under the premiership of Stephen Harper, the post was first held by his first two House Leaders as Leader of the House of Commons and Minister for Democratic Reform. In 2008, the role was taken up by Steven Fletcher as Minister of State and she oversaw the formation of the all-party Special Committee on Electoral Reform and appeared as its first witness. Following criticism of her handling of the portfolio, Monsef was named Minister of Status of Women on January 10,2017, on February 1,2017 Gould announced that her mandate would no longer include exploring potential changes to the Canadian electoral system. Key, Government of Canada - Democratic Reform
15.
Belinda Stronach
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Belinda Caroline Stronach, PC is a Canadian businesswoman, philanthropist and former politician. Long recognized as a leader with vision, the National Post identified her in 2001 as the most powerful businesswoman in Canada. That same year, the World Economic Forum named her a Global Leader of Tomorrow and she was a Member of Parliament in the Canadian House of Commons from 2004 to 2008. Originally elected as a Conservative, she crossed the floor to join the Liberals. From May 17,2005 to February 6,2006, she was the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development, after leaving politics, she served as the executive vice-chairman of Magna International, Canadas largest automotive parts manufacturer until December 31,2010. Currently she is the chairman and president of The Stronach Group and she is also the founder and chair of The Belinda Stronach Foundation, a Canadian charitable organization. She graduated from Newmarket High School and attended York University in 1985, where she studied business and economics and she speaks English and German fluently. Stronach was a member of the board of directors of Magna from 1988 until 2004 and she became a vice-president of the company in 1995 and executive vice-president in 1999, until her appointment as president and chief executive officer. She has chaired the boards of Decoma International Inc, tesma International Inc. and Intier Automotive Inc. all in the auto parts sector. She was a member of the Canadian Automotive Partnership Council and served on the Ontario Task Force on Productivity, Competitiveness. She is a director of the Yves Landry Foundation, which furthers technological education, in February 2001, she was appointed chief executive officer of Magna, succeeding Donald J. Walker, and in January 2002, she also became its president. While CEO, the company added 3,000 jobs in Canada,1,000 of them being in the Newmarket-Aurora area she would represent in Parliament. Under her leadership Magna had record sales and profits each year, though he held no formal operational role during that time, Frank Stronach remained as Chairman of the Board. As a CEO, Stronach was widely viewed as more conciliatory to organized labour than her father, while head of Magna, she ceased fighting the United Auto Workers in a dispute before the National Labor Relations Board, and the union organized numerous Magna workers in the United States. After leaving Magna, together with her father, they created the Stronach Group in mid 2011, the Stronach Group is the one of the worlds largest horse track operators and suppliers of pari-mutuel wagering technology. In May 2012, Dr. Anthony Melman and Stronach announced a partnership, long recognized as an emerging leader with vision, the National Post identified Stronach in 2001 as the most powerful businesswoman in Canada. That same year, the World Economic Forum named her a Global Leader of Tomorrow, in 2004, Time Magazine ranked her as one of the worlds 100 most influential people and in 2005 the World Economic Forum named her a member of its global network of young leaders. In addition, the Womens Executive acclaimed her as a trailblazer, Stronach is an honorary Patron of the Southlake Regional Health Centre and a former honorary chair of the Magna Hoedown
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Canadian Parliament
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The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the general, an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house. Each element has its own officers and organization, by constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and the monarch or viceroy provides the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law. The governor general also summons parliament, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue or dissolve parliament, either will read the Throne Speech. The most recent parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston in 2015, is the 42nd since Confederation in 1867, the Parliament of Canada is composed of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Each has a role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. Only those who sit in the House of Commons are called members of parliament, though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the national order of precedence. No individual may serve in more than one chamber of parliament at the same time, the sovereigns place in the legislature, formally called the Queen-in-Parliament, is defined by the Constitution Act,1867, and various conventions. All federal bills begin with the phrase Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. And, as such, the Crown is immune from acts of parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself. As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a mace, which indicate the authority of the Queen-in-Parliament, following the burning of the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, the City of London, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is carried into the Senate each 3 February. The Senates 1. 6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold, senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, the Senate is divided equally amongst four geographic regions,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritimes, and 24 for the Western provinces. Newfoundland and Labrador, which became a Canadian province in 1949, is represented by six senators, further, Canadas three territories—the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut—are allocated one senator each. The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the countrys federal electoral districts
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Niagara Falls (electoral district)
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Niagara Falls is a federal electoral district in Ontario, Canada, that has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1953. It consists of the city of Niagara Falls and the towns of Niagara-on-the-Lake, the riding was created in 1952 from parts of Erie—Lincoln and Welland ridings. It consisted initially of the townships of Stamford, Willoughby and Bertie, the city of Niagara Falls, in 1966, the towns of Fort Erie, Chippawa and Crystal Beach and the township of Stamford were excluded from the riding. In 1976, the riding was redefined to consist of the City of Niagara Falls, in 1996, the riding was expanded to include the part of the City of Thorold lying east of the Welland Canal. In 2004 the western boundary of the riding was moved east from the Welland Canal to the Thorold town line and this change excluded the town of Thorold and included all of the town of Fort Erie. This riding was unchanged during the 2012 electoral redistribution. Nicholson lost his seat in 1993, but was re-elected in 2004, note, Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election. Note, Canadian Alliance vote is compared to the Reform vote in 1997 election, note, NDP vote is compared to CCF vote in 1958 election. List of Canadian federal electoral districts Past Canadian electoral districts Census Profile, riding history from the Library of Parliament 2011 results from Elections Canada Campaign expense data from Elections Canada Niagara Falls Liberal Website
18.
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario. The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903, across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls, New York. The city is dominated by the Niagara Falls, a set of three large waterfalls on the Niagara River. The American and Horseshoe falls can be best seen from the Canadian side of the river, the natural spectacle attracts millions of tourists yearly. This area, which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and tourist promenade, is concentrated at the brink of the falls. Further to the north or south, golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 and this area was long part of the Iroquois Confederacy territory, five powerful First Nations mostly along the southern edge of the Great Lakes. The Niagara Falls area has had some European settlement since the 17th century, louis Hennepin, a French priest and missionary, is regarded as the first European to visit the area in the 1670s. French colonists settled mostly in Lower Canada, beginning near the Atlantic, loyalist Robert Land received 200 acres and was one of the first people of European descent to settle in the Niagara Region. He moved to nearby Hamilton three years due to the relentless noise of falls. Tourism started in the early 19th century and has been a part of the local economy since that time. The falls became known as a wonder, in part to their being featured in paintings by prominent American artists of the 19th century such as Albert Bierstadt. Such works were reproduced as lithographs, becoming widely distributed, in addition, Niagara Falls markets itself as a honeymoon destination, it is the self-proclaimed honeymoon capital of the world. In 1856, the Town of Clifton was incorporated, the name of the town was changed to Niagara Falls in 1881. In 1882, the community of Drummondville was incorporated as the village of Niagara Falls, the village was referred to as Niagara Falls South to differentiate it from the town. In 1904, the town and village amalgamated to form the City of Niagara Falls, in 1882, Irish author Oscar Wilde visited Niagara Falls after lecturing in Buffalo during a lecture tour of North America. He stayed at the Prospect House in Niagara Falls, New York, an Internment camp was set up at The Armoury in Niagara Falls from December 1914 to August 1918. In 1953, the American actress Marilyn Monroe filmed Niagara here and this was a major event for the city
19.
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
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The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada was a federal political party in Canada with a centre-right stance on economic issues and, after the 1970s, a centrist stance on social issues. The party changed its name to the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada in December 1942, in 2003, the party membership voted to dissolve the party and merge with the Canadian Alliance to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada. One member of the Senate of Canada, Elaine McCoy, sat as an Independent Progressive Conservative until 2016, the conservative parties in most Canadian provinces still use the Progressive Conservative name. Some PC Party members formed the Progressive Canadian Party, which has attracted only marginal support, Canadas first Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, belonged to the Liberal-Conservative Party. But in advance of confederation in 1867, the Conservative Party took in a number of defectors from the Liberals who supported the establishment of a Canadian Confederation. Thereafter, the Conservative Party became the Liberal-Conservative Party until the turn of the twentieth century, the federal Tories governed Canada for over forty of the countrys first 70 years of existence. However, the party spent the majority of its history in opposition as the nations number-two federal party, behind the Liberal Party of Canada. From 1896 to 1993 the Tories formed a government only five times—from 1911 to 1921, from 1930 to 1935, from 1957 to 1963, from 1979 to 1980 and from 1984 to 1993. It stands as the only Canadian party to have won more than 200 seats in a feat it accomplished twice. The last meeting of the Progressive Conservative federal caucus was held in early 2004, the Conservative Party of Canada took power in 2006 and was governed under the leadership of Stephen Harper until 2015, being defeated by the Liberal Party under Justin Trudeau. Between the partys founding in 1867, and its adoption of the Progressive Conservative name in 1942 and it was most commonly known as the Conservative Party. Several loosely associated provincial Progressive Conservative parties continue to exist in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador. As well, a rump of Senators opposed the merger. The Yukon association of the party renamed itself as the Yukon Party in 1990, the British Columbia Progressive Conservative Party changed its name to the British Columbia Conservative Party in 1991. Many Canadians simply continued to refer to the party as the Conservatives, a major weakness of the party since 1885 was its inability to win support in Quebec, estranged significantly by that years execution of Louis Riel. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 exacerbated the issue, the party never fully recovered from the fragmentation of Mulroneys broad coalition in the late 1980s resulting from Anglophone Canadas failure to ratify the Meech Lake Accord. Immediately prior to its merger with the Canadian Alliance, it held only 15 of 301 seats in the Canadian House of Commons, the party did not hold more than 20 seats in Parliament between 1993 and 2003. The Progressive Conservative Party was generally on the centre-right on the political spectrum, from 1867 on, the party was identified with Protestant and, in Quebec, Roman Catholic social values, British imperialism, Canadian nationalism, and constitutional centralism
20.
Conservative Party of Canada
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The Conservative Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Tories, is a political party in Canada. It is positioned on the right of the Canadian political spectrum, the partys leader from 2004 to 2015 was Stephen Harper, who served as Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015. The Conservative Party is the successor to multiple right-wing parties which have existed in Canada for over a century, until 1942, one of the partys predecessors was known as the Conservative Party of Canada, and participated in numerous governments. Before 1942, the predecessors to the Conservatives had multiple names, but by 1942, in 1957, John Diefenbaker became the first Prime Minister from the Progressive Conservative Party, and remained in office until 1963. Another Progressive Conservative government was elected after the results of the 1979 federal election, Clark served from 1979 to 1980, when he was defeated by the Liberal Party after the 1980 federal election. In 1984, the Progressive Conservatives won with Brian Mulroney becoming Prime Minister, Mulroney was Prime Minister from 1984 to 1993, and his government was marked by free trade agreements and economic liberalization. A similar result occurred in 1997, and in 2000, when the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, in 2003, the Canadian Alliance and Progressive Conservatives merged, forming the Conservative Party of Canada. The party is currently being led by interim leader Rona Ambrose as it is undergoing a leadership election, which will take place in 2017. John Lynch-Staunton served as leader of the newly created Conservative Party of Canada from 8 December 2003 until 20 March 2004. On 19 January 2016, the party announced that a permanent leader will be elected on 27 May 2017, the National Council is the partys national governing body that is elected by the Conservative Party membership at its bi-annual meetings. A National Councillor is elected for a term and cannot serve for more than three consecutive terms. The party president is elected by National Council following their election, since 2016, the President of the Conservative Party has been Scott Lamb, a councillor representing British Columbia. The party President is the conduit between the Party Leader and the National Council, don Plett interim until 2005 John Walsh Scott Lamb The Executive Director answers to the party President, and is responsible for the day-to-day management and operations of the party. From February 2009 to October 2013, the Executive Director was Dan Hilton, from October to December 2013, the Acting Executive Director was Dave Forestell. Dimitri Soudas was named the new Executive Director in December 2013, on 30 March 2014, Soudas was told to resign or be fired from the position after allegedly interfering with the nomination contest taking place in his fiancees riding. On 30 March 2014, Simon Thompson was named as interim Executive Director, Thompson was previously the partys Chief Information Officer. In July 2014, Dustin Van Vugt was brought in as the Deputy Executive Director – a position created specifically for him, in October 2014, Van Vugts position was unanimously ratified by the partys National Council, and Thompson became the Chief Operations Officer. The Director of Political Operations reports to the Executive Director, and is one of the most important positions within the party
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Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
22.
Queen's University
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Queens University at Kingston is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Founded on 16 October 1841 via a charter issued by Queen Victoria. Queens holds more than 1,400 hectares of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, Queens is organized into ten undergraduate, graduate and professional faculties and schools. The Church of Scotland established Queens College in 1841 with a charter from Queen Victoria. The first classes, intended to prepare students for the ministry, were held 7 March 1842 with 13 students, Queens was the first university west of the maritime provinces to admit women and to form a student government. In 1883, a college for medical education affiliated with Queens University was established. In 1888, Queens University began offering courses, becoming the first Canadian university to do so. In 1912, Queens secularized and changed to its present legal name, Queens is a co-educational university, with more than 23,000 students, and with over 131,000 living alumni worldwide. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders and 57 Rhodes Scholars, Queens varsity teams, known as the Golden Gaels, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. Queens was a result of an outgrowth of educational initiatives planned by Presbyterians in the 1830s, a draft plan for the university was presented at a synod meeting in Kingston in 1839, with a modified bill introduced through the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada during a session in 1840. On 16 October 1841, a charter was issued through Queen Victoria establishing Queens College at Kingston. They modelled the university after the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, classes began on 7 March 1842, in a small wood-frame house on the edge of the city with two professors and 15 students. The college moved several times during its first eleven years, before settling in its present location, prior to Canadian Confederation, the college was financially supported by the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the Canadian government and private citizens. The college was rescued after Principal William Snodgrass and other created a fundraising campaign across Canada. The risk of financial ruin continued to worry the administration until the final decade. They actively considered leaving Kingston and merging with the University of Toronto as late as the 1880s, with the additional funds bequeathed from Queens first major benefactor, Robert Sutherland, the college staved off financial failure and maintained its independence. Queens was given university status on 17 May 1881, in 1883, Womens Medical College was founded at Queens with a class of three. Theological Hall, completed in 1880, originally served as Queens main building throughout the late 19th century, in 1912, Queens separated from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and changed its name to Queens University at Kingston
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University of Windsor Faculty of Law
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The Faculty of Law is a faculty of the University of Windsor in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. The first class of students graduated in 1968, and the current building was opened in 1970, the Faculty of Law embraces the principles of Access to Justice in all aspects of its operation, including its admissions policy, faculty hiring, faculty research and scholarship and its curriculum. Transnational Legal issues is another key area of research and teaching interest, Windsor Law is home to the Law, Technology and Entrepreneurship Clinic, which is a clinical project of the Faculty of Law, University of Windsor. LTEC’s goal is to provide upper year law students with a unique clinical legal education experience, LTEC provides community legal education workshops on aspects of business law and intellectual property law. In addition, LTEC provides legal services to clients from across the Windsor-Essex area in matters pertaining to business law and/or intellectual property law. Windsor Law publishes two journals, the Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice and the student run law journal Windsor Review of Legal and Social Issues, the faculty, in conjunction with Legal Aid Ontario, runs a community legal clinic in downtown Windsor called Legal Assistance of Windsor. The clinic is staffed by lawyers, social workers, law students, and social work students and this clinic provides services in the areas of landlord-tenant, social benefits, and immigration and refugee law. It also assists clients in applications for compensation from the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board of Ontario, the University of Windsor runs a second legal clinic, Community Legal Aid, on the campus of the University. This clinic is a Student Legal Aid Services Society clinic, which is staffed primarily by law students and overseen by supervising lawyers. This clinic operates primarily in the areas of law, landlord tenant law. The clinic offers free services to those who qualify financially. The faculty offers a dual J. D. degree program with the University of Detroit Mercy, the program is completed in three years and students take courses at both the University of Windsor and the University of Detroit Mercy. Windsor Law offers a joint J. D. /M. B. A, programme with the Odette School of Business. In 2010, the faculty began offering a joint Master of Social Work/Juris Doctor program and it is a three- or four-year accelerated program. In 2016, the first class of students was admitted to the program of Windsor Law. The Windsor Review of Legal and Social Issues is one of the few multi-disciplinary legal academic student-run journals in Canada, first published in 1989, the WRLSI was initially published annually. As an inter-disciplinary law journal, the WRLSI strives to use the study of law as a vehicle for social change and its journal endeavours to be a resource for professionals, students and academics. Domestic and international concerns relevant to Canadian society also play a key focus in articles selected for publication, Legal libraries both nationally and globally subscribe to the WRLSI
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Official Opposition (Canada)
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This is usually the second-largest party in a legislative house, although, in certain unusual circumstances, it may be a third or fourth party or even the largest party. The Official Opposition is viewed as the caucus tasked with keeping the government in check and it is also generally viewed as the alternative government or government in waiting. The spokesperson for each portfolio is known as an opposition critic, thus, in the event the government loses the confidence of the House or the Official Opposition party wins a general election, the party is ready to become the government. The Official Opposition is styled as Loyal Opposition to demonstrate that, although the group may be against the government, it remains loyal to the Crown. The Leader of the Opposition has a residence in Ottawa known as Stornoway. Additionally, the Leader and other cabinet members have the privilege of meeting with visiting foreign dignitaries. The Official Opposition party has advantages over other parties in the House. They are assigned to speak first after the government, and receive time in question period than other opposition parties. It also gets more space, funding for research. The third-place Conservative Party, led by Arthur Meighen, thus became the Official Opposition, as a result of the 1925 election, the Official Opposition was actually the largest party in the House of Commons, the Conservatives. The Ontario Liberal Party, the second largest party, governed from 1985 to 1987 with supply provided by the Ontario New Democratic Party, in 1993, the Reform Party challenged whether the Quebec sovereigntist Bloc Québécois could hold the position of official opposition. The Speaker ruled in favour of the Bloc, as they held two more seats than Reform, during the Blocs time as the official opposition, Quebec issues on national unity dominated Question Period, often to the irritation of the other opposition parties. However, Reform was considered to be opposition to the Liberals on all other issues that were not specific to Quebec. In 1987, the Liberals won every seat in the 51st New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, to ensure the proper functioning of the parliamentary system, Premier Frank McKenna named several members of his own caucus, led by Camille Thériault, to serve as the Official Opposition. Since November 2015 the Official Opposition is the Conservative Party, there is also an Official Opposition in the Canadian Senate. This is the largest party in the Senate that is not in government, as the governing party is determined in the House of Commons, the Official Opposition in the Senate may actually be larger than the government party in the Senate. It is customary, however, for the Senate to pass legislation approved in the House of Commons even if the government has a minority in the Senate, although the Senate nominally has the power to block most legislation, this power is rarely exercised in practice. The party that forms Official Opposition in the Senate is not necessarily the same party as in the House of Commons and this is because the BQ, and Reform Party had no Senators
25.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
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Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
27.
University of Windsor
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The University of Windsor is a public comprehensive and research university in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It has a student population of approximately 15,000 full-time and part-time undergraduate students, the University of Windsor has graduated more than 100,000 alumni since its founding. The University dates back to the founding of Assumption College Roman Catholic in Windsor, Assumption College, a primarily theological institution, was founded by the Basilian Fathers of the priestly teaching Congregation of St. Basil, in 1857. The college grew steadily, expanding its curriculum and affiliating with other colleges over the years. In 1919, Assumption College in Windsor affiliated with the University of Western Ontario, originally, Assumption was one of the largest colleges associated with the University of Western Ontario. Escalating costs forced Assumption University to become an institution in order to qualify for public support. It was granted university status in 1953, the War Memorial Hall is a landmark building on the campus of the University of Windsor used as classrooms, labs, and offices. Memorial Hall honours alumni who had enlisted and died in the First World War, a bronze tablet remembers the alumni of Assumption College who died in the Second World War. In 1950, Assumption College welcomed its first women students, in 1953, through an Act of the Ontario Legislature, Assumption College received its own university powers, and ended its affiliation with the University of Western Ontario. In 1956, the name was changed to Assumption University of Windsor, by an Act of the Ontario Legislature, with Reverend Eugene Carlisle LeBel. In December 1963, Assumption University of Windsor made affiliation agreements with Holy Redeemer College, Canterbury College, Canterbury College became the first Anglican college in the world to affiliate with a Roman Catholic University. In the early 1960s, the City of Windsor’s growth and demands for education led to a further restructuring. The University of Windsor came into existence through its incorporation under an Act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario on December 19,1962, the transition from an historic Roman Catholic university to a non-denominational provincial university was a development that was unprecedented. On July 1,1963, the campus with all of its facilities. As a federated member, Assumption University remained as an integrated institution, the Universitys coats of arms were designed by Alan Beddoe. In 1964, when E. C. LeBel retired, Dr. John Francis Leddy was appointed President of the University of Windsor, from 1967 to 1977, Windsor grew from approximately 1,500 to 8,000 full-time students. In the 1980s and early 1990s, this growth continued, among the new buildings erected were the Odette Business Building and the CAW Student Centre. Enrollment at the University reached record heights in Fall 2003 with the elimination of Grade 13 in Ontario, the university has developed a number of partnerships with local businesses and industry, such as the University of Windsor/Chrysler Canada Ltd
28.
The Law Society of Upper Canada
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The Law Society of Upper Canada is the law society responsible for the self-regulation of lawyers and paralegals in the Canadian province of Ontario. The Law Society was created in 1797 to regulate the profession in the British colony of Upper Canada. The first home was at Wilsons Hotel at Newark, then from 1799 to 1832 at various locations at York until Osgoode Hall was built. The Law Society has continued to retain its name, even though Upper Canada ceased to exist as a political entity in 1841. The Society governed the legal profession in the coterminous Canada West from 1841 to 1867 and its creation was an innovation in the English-speaking world and it became the model for law societies across Canada and the United States. It is one of the oldest Law Societies in the English-speaking world, the Law Society regulates the more than 50,000 lawyers in Ontario. It is responsible for ensuring that lawyers are both ethical and competent, the Society has the power to set standards for admission into the profession. It is empowered to discipline lawyers who violate those standards, available sanctions range from admonitions to disbarment. It is based in Toronto, at Osgoode Hall, effective May 1,2007, as a result of amendments to Ontarios Law Society Act, the Law Society regulates more than 8,000 paralegal licensees in Ontario. Paralegals are licensed to provide limited services, such as providing representation before provincial tribunals. The following year, the society voted to add past decisions as well, the society is headed by a Treasurer. He or she is selected by the benchers, who comprise Convocation - in effect, all lawyer-benchers are elected by the Societys members, and eight lay Benchers are appointed by the provincial government. Section 12 of the Law Society Act, R. S. O, the regulator falls under the supervision of the Ministry of the Attorney General, according to the ministrys web site. The current Treasurer is Paul Schabas, the current CEO of the Society is Robert Lapper. In 2017, the Law Society has more than 500 staff, the Law Society is frequently named one of Greater Torontos Top Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc. most recently in 2017. CCH Canadian Ltd v Law Society of Upper Canada Federation of Law Societies of Canada Official website Governing statute
29.
Canadian federal election, 1984
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The Canadian federal election of 1984 was held on September 4 of that year to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 33rd Parliament of Canada. Only the Progressive Conservatives faced a defeat in 1993. This election was also the last time that the party received over 50% of the national popular vote. The 6.3 million votes won by the Conservatives remained a record until the Liberals victory in 2015, the election was fought almost entirely on the record of the Liberals, who had been in power for all but one year since 1963. He was succeeded by John Turner, a former Cabinet minister under both Trudeau and Lester Pearson, Turner had been out of politics since 1975. Upon assuming the leadership, he made changes in an attempt to rebuild the Liberals tattered reputation. This was a departure from usual practice, in which the incumbent in a safe seat resigns to allow a newly elected party leader a chance to get into Parliament. The Liberal Party had lost favour with western Canadians, and policies such as the National Energy Program only aggravated this sentiment, Turners plans to run in a western Canada riding were in part an attempt to rebuild support in that region. Going into the election, the Liberals held only one seat west of Ontario—that of Lloyd Axworthy, from Winnipeg—Fort Garry, more seriously, there was great disaffection in Quebec with the Liberal government, despite their traditional support for the party. Although Turner was not required to call an election until 1985 and he requested that Queen Elizabeth II delay her tour of Canada, and asked Governor-General Jeanne Sauvé to dissolve Parliament on July 4. In accordance with Canadian constitutional practice, Sauvé granted the request, the initial Liberal lead began to slip as Turner made several prominent gaffes. In particular, he spoke of creating new make work programs and he also was caught on camera patting Liberal Party President Iona Campagnolo on her posterior. Turner defended this action as being a friendly gesture, but it was seen by women as condescending. Other voters turned against the Liberals due to their legacy of patronage. An especially important issue was Trudeaus recommendation that Sauvé appoint over 200 Liberals to patronage posts just before he left office, the appointments enraged Canadians on all sides. Although Turner had the right to advise that the appointments be withdrawn, in fact, he himself appointed more than 70 Liberals to patronage posts despite a promise to bring a new way of politics to Ottawa. He cited a written agreement with Trudeau, claiming that if Trudeau had made the appointments, however, the fact that Turner dropped the writ a year early hurt his argument. Turner found out that Mulroney was allegedly setting up a machine in anticipation of victory
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New Democratic Party
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The New Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Canada. Mulcair will remain as leader, until his replacement is chosen at an election to be held in 2017. The NDP was founded in 1961 out of the merger of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation with the Canadian Labour Congress, one provincial wing of the NDP forms government in Alberta. Unlike other political parties in Canada, the federal and provincial level NDPs are fully integrated, following the 1993 federal election the NDP was reduced to fourth place behind the Bloc Québécois, a position it would maintain for most of the next two decades. The NDP then lost 59 seats during the 2015 federal election and fell back to place in Parliament. The NDP evolved in 1961 from a merger of the Canadian Labour Congress, the CCF grew from populist, agrarian and socialist roots into a modern socialist party. Although the CCF was part of the Christian left and the Social Gospel movement and it has broadened to include concerns of the New Left, and advocates issues such as LGBT rights, international peace, and environmental stewardship. It formed the Official Opposition for the first time in the 41st Canadian Parliament, before 2011, the party had been a stable presence in the Canadian parliament, and was the third largest political party from 1961 to 1993, when the party lost official status. The NDPs peak period of influence in those periods was during the minority Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson. After reattaining official party status in 1997, the NDP played a role in the Liberal. Provincial New Democratic parties, which are sections of the federal party, have governed in six of the ten provinces. The NDP has previously formed the government in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, while members of the party are active municipally, the party does not organize at that level. For example, though former Toronto mayor David Miller was an NDP member during his successful 2003 and 2006 mayoral campaigns, his campaigns were not affiliated with the NDP. In 1958 a joint CCF-CLC committee, the National Committee for the New Party, was formed to create a new political party. The NCNP spent the three years laying down the foundations of the New Party. In 1960, before the NDP was founded, one candidate, Walter Pitman, the influence of organized labour on the party is still reflected in the partys conventions as affiliated trade unions send delegates on a formula based on their number of members. At the 1971 leadership convention, an activist group called The Waffle tried to control of the party. The following year, most of The Waffle split from the NDP, the NDP itself supported the minority government formed by the Pierre Trudeau-led Liberals from 1972 to 1974, although the two parties never entered into a coalition
31.
Liberal Party of Canada
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The Liberal Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada. The party espouses the principles of liberalism, and generally sits at the centre of the Canadian political spectrum, the Liberal Party is traditionally positioned to the left of the Conservative Party of Canada and to the right of the New Democratic Party. During the beginning of the 21st century, the party lost a significant amount of support, in the present times, the Liberal party has favoured a variety of big tent policies from both right and left of the political spectrum. It also legalized same-sex marriage and allowed the use of cannabis for medical purposes, during the 2015 election, the Liberal partys proposed policies included, Cut the middle class tax bracket from 22% to 20.88 per $100 to $1. In the 29 years after Canadian confederation, the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power for the first time in 1873, Mackenzie subsequently won the 1874 election, and served as Prime Minister for an additional four years. However the party was able to build a solid support base in Ontario. The Liberals would spend the next 18 years in opposition, in their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism and opposition to imperialism. The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the hostility of French Canadians to the Conservatives. It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party, Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the reputation for anti-clericalism that offended the still-powerful Quebec Roman Catholic Church. In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Partys support for reciprocity made it popular among farmers, Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 election, and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada. Lauriers government created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories, there was no national membership of the party, an individual became a member by joining a provincial Liberal party. The new organization allowed individuals to join the national Liberal Party for the first time. No national convention was held, however, until 1948, the Liberal Party held only three national conventions prior to the 1950s – in 1893,1919 and 1948). Over time, provincial Liberal parties in most provinces were separated from provincial wings of the federal party, by the 1980s, the National Liberal Federation was officially known as the Liberal Party of Canada. Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King, the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty, after the King–Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the Statute of Westminster, which was passed in 1931
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Canadian federal election, 1988
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The Canadian federal election of 1988 was held November 21,1988, to elect members of the Canadian House of Commons of the 34th Parliament of Canada. It was an election largely fought on an issue, the Canada-U. S. Incumbent Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, leader of the Progressive Conservative Party, had signed the agreement, the Liberal Party, led by John Turner, was opposed to the agreement, as was the New Democratic Party led by Ed Broadbent. The Conservatives went into the suffering from a number of scandals. Despite winning a majority only four years before, they looked vulnerable at the outset. The Liberals had some struggles, notably during one day in Montreal where three different costs were given for the proposed Liberal daycare program. Support swung back and forth between the Conservatives and Liberals over free trade, the ads focused on Turners leadership struggles, and combined with over $6 million CAD in pro-FTA ads, managed to stop the Liberals momentum. The Progressive Conservatives won a reduced but strong majority government with 169 seats, despite the Liberals improved standing, the results were considered a disappointment for Turner, after polls in mid-campaign predicted a Liberal government. The election loss sealed Turners fate and he resigned in 1990. Although most Canadians voted for parties opposed to trade, the Tories were returned with a majority government. Until the 2011 federal election, the 1988 election was the most successful in the New Democratic Partys history, the party dominated in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, won significant support in Ontario and elected its first member from Alberta. This was the election contested by the Green Party, and it saw a more than 50% increase in its vote. The election was the last for Canadas Social Credit movement, the party won no seats, the newly founded Reform Party also contested the election, but was considered little more than a fringe group, and did not win any seats. For the Progressive Conservatives, this was the last federal election they would win, for a complete list of MPs elected in the 1988 election see 34th Canadian Parliament. Note, % change refers to change from previous election A number of unregistered parties also contested the election, the Western Canada Concept party, led by Doug Christie, fielded three candidates in British Columbia. The Western Independence Party ran one candidate in British Columbia, seven in Alberta, the Marxist–Leninist Party fielded candidates in several ridings. Blair T. Longley campaigned in British Columbia as a representative of the Student Party, newspaper reports indicate that this was simply a tax-avoidance scheme. Xx - less than 0. 05% of the popular vote, note, Parties that captured less than 1% of the vote in a province are not recorded
33.
33rd Canadian Parliament
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The 33rd Canadian Parliament was in session from November 5,1984 until October 1,1988. The membership was set by the 1984 federal election on September 4,1984 and it was controlled by a Progressive Conservative majority under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the 24th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by prime minister John Turner. The Speaker was first John William Bosley and then John Allen Fraser, see also List of Canadian electoral districts 1976-1987 for a list of the ridings in this parliament. He was replaced by Gilles Grondin in a September 29,1987 by-election, * Ian Deans left parliament to be appointed to a position in the federal government and was replaced by Marion Dewar in a 1987 by-election. * Erik Nielsen left parliament to head of the National Transportation Agency and was replaced by Audrey McLaughlin in a 1987 by-election. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation, members of the House of Commons,1867 to Date, By Parliament. Archived from the original on 2006-05-04, archived from the original on 2005-09-14. Leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons, archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006, archived from the original on 2006-09-17
34.
34th Canadian Parliament
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The 34th Canadian Parliament was in session from December 12,1988 until September 8,1993. The membership was set by the 1988 federal election on November 21,1988, the official opposition was the Liberal Party, led first by John Turner, and after 1990, by Jean Chrétien. The speaker of the House of Commons was John Allen Fraser, members of the House of Commons in the 34th parliament arranged by province. ¥ Pat Nowlan quit the Tory party on October 24,1990 to protest against the introduction of the Goods and he sat as an Independent Conservative for the remainder of the parliament. * When Jean Chrétien was elected Liberal leader in 1990, Fernand Robichaud stepped aside 24 September 1990 to cause a by-election that would allow Chrétien to enter Parliament, Chrétien was elected in the December 10 by-election. He was replaced by Philip Edmonston in a February 12,1990 by-election, Ø Jean-Claude Malépart died in office on September 16,1989. The next year he was replaced by Gilles Duceppe in a by-election, Δ On June 17,1993, Denis Pronovost left the PC party to sit as an independent following conviction on criminal charges. ± Ed Broadbent retired from politics and was replaced by Michael Breaugh on October 13,1990 after a by-election, ÷ John Dahmer died on November 26,1988, after winning election but before being formally sworn in as a Member of Parliament. He was replaced by Deborah Grey in a 13 March 1989 by-election, ≈ David Kilgour quit the Tory party on October 24,1990 in protest over the GST. Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation, guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation. Members of the House of Commons,1867 to Date, By Parliament, archived from the original on 2006-05-04. Archived from the original on 2005-09-14, leaders of the Opposition in the House of Commons. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11, archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-09-17
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Prime Minister of Canada
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Canadian prime ministers are styled as The Right Honourable, a privilege maintained for life. The office and its functions are instead governed by constitutional conventions, the prime minister, along with the other ministers in cabinet, is appointed by the governor general on behalf of the monarch. There are no age or citizenship restrictions on the position of prime minister itself, while there is no legal requirement for the prime minister to be a member of parliament, for practical and political reasons the prime minister is expected to win a seat very promptly. However, in rare circumstances individuals who are not sitting members of the House of Commons have been appointed to the position of prime minister, two former prime ministers—Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell—served in the 1890s while members of the Senate. Both, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded prime ministers who had died in office—John A. Macdonald in 1891 and that convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader from the commons in such a scenario. Prime ministers who are not Members of Parliament upon their appointment have since been expected to seek election to the commons as soon as possible. For example, William Lyon Mackenzie King, after losing his seat in the 1925 federal election, Turner was the last serving prime minister to not hold a commons seat. The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majestys pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term, once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies. Following parliamentary dissolution, the prime minister must run in the general election if he or she wishes to maintain a seat in the House of Commons. Should the prime ministers party subsequently win a majority of seats in the House of Commons, if, however, an opposition party wins a majority of seats, the prime minister may resign or be dismissed by the governor general. This option was last entertained in 1925, however, the function of the prime minister has evolved with increasing power. Caucuses may choose to follow rules, though the decision would be made by recorded vote. Either the sovereign or his or her viceroy may therefore oppose the prime ministers will in extreme, for transportation, the prime minister is granted an armoured car and shared use of two official aircraft—a CC-150 Polaris for international flights and a Challenger 601 for domestic trips. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also furnish constant personal security for the prime minister, all of the aforementioned is supplied by the Queen-in-Council through budgets approved by parliament, as is the prime ministers annual salary of CAD$170,400. Should a serving or former prime minister die, he or she is accorded a state funeral, John Thompson also died outside Canada, at Windsor Castle, where Queen Victoria permitted his lying-in-state before his body was returned to Canada for a state funeral in Halifax. In earlier years, it was traditional for the monarch to bestow a knighthood on newly appointed Canadian prime ministers. Accordingly, several carried the prefix Sir before their name, of the first eight premiers of Canada, the Canadian Heraldic Authority has granted former prime ministers an augmentation of honour on the personal coat of arms of those who pursued them. To date, former prime ministers Joe Clark, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Brian Mulroney, the written form of address for the prime minister should use his or her full parliamentary title, The Right Honourable, Prime Minister of Canada
36.
Brian Mulroney
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Martin Brian Mulroney PC, CC, GOQ is a Canadian politician who served as the 18th Prime Minister of Canada from September 17,1984, to June 25,1993. His tenure as minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms. Free Trade Agreement and the Goods and Services Tax, and the rejection of constitutional reforms such as the Meech Lake Accord, prior to his political career, he was a prominent lawyer and businessman in Montreal. Mulroney was born on March 20,1939, in Baie-Comeau, Quebec and he is the son of Irish Canadian Catholic parents, Mary Irene and Benedict Martin Mulroney, who was a paper mill electrician. Benedict Mulroney worked overtime and ran a business to earn extra money for his childrens education. Mulroney would frequently tell stories about newspaper publisher Robert R. McCormick, Mulroney would sing Irish songs for McCormick, and the publisher would slip him $50. He grew up speaking English and French fluently, on May 26,1973, he married Mila Pivnički, the daughter of a Serbian doctor, Dimitrije Mita Pivnički, from Sarajevo. The Mulroneys have four children, Caroline, Benedict, Mark, Ben is a CTV media personality and a host of eTalk. On September 16,2000, Caroline Mulroney married Andrew Lapham, Caroline Mulroney is currently associate director of the New York Universitys Center for Law and Business, having graduated from NYU with a law degree in 2001. Mulroney had not been involved in politics at any prior to entering St. Francis Xavier University in the fall of 1955 as a 16-year-old freshman. His political life began when he was recruited to the campus Progressive Conservative group by Lowell Murray and others, Murray would become a close friend, mentor, and adviser who was appointed to the Canadian Senate in 1979. Other important, lasting friendships made there by Mulroney included Gerald Doucet, Fred Doucet, Sam Wakim, Mulroney became a youth delegate and attended the 1956 leadership convention in Ottawa. While initially undecided, Mulroney was captivated by John Diefenbakers powerful oratory, Mulroney joined the Youth for Diefenbaker committee which was led by Ted Rogers, a future scion of Canadian business. Mulroney struck a friendship with Diefenbaker and received telephone calls from him. Mulroney won several public speaking contests at St. Francis Xavier University, was a member of the schools debating team. He was also active in campus politics, serving with distinction in several Model Parliaments. Mulroney also assisted with the 1958 national election campaign at the level in Nova Scotia. After graduating from St. Francis Xavier with a degree in science in 1959
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