1.
Queen's Privy Council for Canada
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Those in the council are accorded the use of an honorific style and post-nominal letters, as well as various signifiers of precedence. The quorum for Privy Council meetings is four, as its function is to provide the vehicle for advising the Crown, the members of the QPC are predominantly all living current and former ministers of the Crown. In addition, the justices of Canada and former governors general are appointed. To date, only Prime Minister Paul Martin advised that Parliamentary Secretaries be admitted to the QPC, I will in all things to be treated, debated and resolved in Privy Council, faithfully, honestly and truly declare my mind and my opinion. I shall keep secret all matters committed and revealed to me in this capacity, generally, in all things I shall do as a faithful and true servant ought to do for Her Majesty. Harper, on 15 October 2007, also advised Governor General Michaëlle Jean to appoint Jim Abbott, on occasion, a non-Canadian has been appointed to the QPC. For example, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was inducted during a visit to Canada on 29 December 1941. Privy councillors are entitled to the style The Honourable or, for the minister, chief justice, or certain other eminent individuals, The Right Honourable. These appointments ended under Lester Pearson, though the style remained in use, limited to only prime ministers. Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had the Privy Council convene in 1947 to consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, as per the Royal Marriages Act 1772. The council has assembled in the presence of the sovereign on two occasions, First, at 10,00 am on Thanksgiving Monday of 1957, at the residence in Ottawa. Two years later, the QPC again met before the Queen in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the last formal meeting of the Privy Council was held in 1981 to give formal consent to the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Lady Diana Spencer. There, all gathered were informed of the Princes engagement, nodded their approval, Prince Charles was himself appointed to the council on 18 May 2014
2.
Queen's Counsel
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A Queens Counsel, or Kings Counsel during the reign of a king, is an eminent lawyer who is appointed by the Queen to be one of Her Majestys Counsel learned in the law. The term is recognised as an honorific. Queens Counsel is a status, conferred by the Crown, that is recognised by courts, members have the privilege of sitting within the Bar of court. As members wear silk gowns of a design, the award of Queens Counsel is known informally as taking silk. Appointments are made from within the profession on the basis of merit rather than a particular level of experience. However, successful applicants tend to be barristers, or advocates with 15 years of experience or more, the Attorney-General, Solicitor-General, and Kings Serjeants were Kings Counsel in Ordinary in the Kingdom of England. The first Queens Counsel Extraordinary was Sir Francis Bacon, who was given a patent giving him precedence at the Bar in 1597, the new rank of Kings Counsel contributed to the gradual obsolescence of the formerly more senior serjeant-at-law by superseding it. The Attorney-General and Solicitor-General had similarly succeeded the Kings Serjeants as leaders of the Bar in Tudor times, but the Kings Counsel emerged into eminence only in the early 1830s, prior to when they were relatively few in number. It became the means to recognise a barrister as a senior member of the profession. It became of greater importance to become a KC. The KCs inherited the prestige of the serjeants and their priority before the courts, the earliest English law list, published in 1775, lists 165 members of the Bar, of whom 14 were Kings Counsel, a proportion of about 8. 5%. As of 2010 roughly the same proportion existed, though the number of barristers had increased to about 12,250 in independent practice, in 1839 the number of Queens Counsel was seventy. In 1882, the number of Queens Counsel was 187, the list of Queens Counsel in the Law List of 1897 gave the names of 238, of whom hardly one-third appeared to be in actual practice. In 1959, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 181, in each of the five years up to 1970, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 208,209,221,236 and 262, respectively. In each of the years 1973 to 1978, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 329,345,370,372,384 and 404, in 1989, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 601. In each of the years 1991 to 2000, the number of practising Queens Counsel was 736,760,797,845,891,925,974,1006,1043, the title traditionally depends on the sex of the sovereign. The current Queen, Elizabeth II has had a long reign and it can be assumed that, should the Queen die and the title pass to a descendant, the title will again become KC, as the next three in line to the throne are male heirs. Queens Counsel and serjeants were prohibited, at least from the century, from drafting pleadings alone
3.
House of Commons of Canada
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The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign and the Senate. The House of Commons chamber is located in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, the House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. There were 308 members in the last Parliament, but that number has risen to 338 following the election on Monday October 19,2015, Members are elected by simple plurality in each of the countrys electoral districts, which are colloquially known as ridings. MPs may hold office until Parliament is dissolved and serve for constitutionally limited terms of up to five years after an election, historically however, terms have ended before their expiry and the sitting government has typically dissolved parliament within four years of an election according to a long-standing convention. In any case, an Act of Parliament now limits each term to four years, seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and territory. However, some ridings are more populous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains some provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there is some interprovincial and regional malapportionment relative to population, the lower of the two houses making up the parliament, the House of Commons in practice holds far more power than the upper house, the Senate. Although the approval of both Houses is necessary for legislation, the Senate very rarely rejects bills passed by the Commons, moreover, the Government of Canada is responsible solely to the House of Commons. The Prime Minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support, or confidence, the term derives from the Anglo-Norman word communes, referring to the geographic and collective communities of their parliamentary representatives and not the third estate, the commonality. This distinction is clear in the official French name of the body. Canada and the United Kingdom remain the only countries to use the name House of Commons for a house of parliament. The new Parliament of Canada consisted of the Queen, the Senate, the Parliament of Canada was based on the Westminster model. Unlike the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the powers of the Parliament of Canada were limited in that other powers were assigned exclusively to the provincial legislatures, the Parliament of Canada also remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. Greater autonomy was granted by the Statute of Westminster 1931, after which new Acts of the British Parliament did not apply to Canada and these exceptions were removed by the Canada Act 1982. From 1867, the Commons met in the chamber until that was destroyed by fire in 1916. It relocated to the amphitheatre of the Victoria Memorial Museum—what is today the Canadian Museum of Nature, since then, the Commons has sat in its current chamber. The House of Commons comprises 338 members, each of whom represents a electoral district. The constitution specifies a minimum of 295 electoral districts
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Minister of Justice (Canada)
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The Minister of Justice is the Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet who is responsible for the Department of Justice, chief federal legal adviser and is also Attorney General of Canada. This cabinet position is reserved for someone holding a legal qualification. There have been exceptions, Joe Clark only studied the first year of law at University of British Columbia Faculty of Law before embarking on political life and this is the only Canadian Ministry which has not been reorganized since its creation in 1867. The Attorney General of Canada is the top prosecuting officer in Canada, the role is part of the cabinet post of the Minister of Justice. The role was created in 1867 replacing the Attorney General of Canada West, key, Attorney General of Upper Canada Attorney General of Lower Canada
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Rona Ambrose
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Ronalee Chapchuk Rona Ambrose PC MP is a Canadian politician who is interim leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. She has been the Conservative Party member of the House of Commons for Sturgeon River—Parkland since 2015, in previous parliaments, Ambrose was Canadas Minister of Health and vice-chair of the Treasury Board cabinet committee. She is a communication consultant and public policy consultant for the Alberta government. She was the Conservatives Intergovernmental Affairs critic when the party was in opposition during her first term, Ambrose is the third female leader of Canadas conservative party. The first was former Prime Minister Kim Campbell who led Canadas now defunct Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and she is also the third woman to be Opposition Leader, after Deborah Grey and Nycole Turmel. All three of them served in an interim capacity, Ambrose was born Ronalee Chapchuk in Valleyview, Alberta, as the daughter of Colleen and James Chapchuk. She grew up in both Brazil and Parkland County of Alberta, in addition to English, she also speaks Portuguese and Spanish but is less fluent in French. Ambrose has a Bachelor of Arts in womens and gender studies from the University of Victoria, Ambrose was first elected as a Member of Parliament in the 2004 federal election for the newly created riding of Edmonton-Spruce Grove in west Edmonton. Ambrose calls herself a libertarian and is a fan of Ayn Rand novels such as Atlas Shrugged and she was a member of the Trilateral Commission, as reported in Vancouvers Georgia Straight, August 24,2006. Ambrose was temporarily the Conservative critic for International Trade, after the defection of Belinda Stronach to the Liberal Party, in 2006 elections, Ambrose successfully defended her seat in Edmonton–Spruce Grove with 66. 8% of the vote in the riding. She was then appointed Environment Minister in Prime Minister Stephen Harpers minority government, ambroses appointment to cabinet made her the youngest women appointed to cabinet at the time. On April 7,2006, Ambrose announced that Canada had no chance of meeting its targets under the Kyoto Protocol and my departmental officials and the department officials from natural resources have indicated that it is impossible, impossible for Canada to reach its Kyoto target. I have been engaging with our international counterparts over the past month, the APP had voluntary emissions reduction targets and was focused on developing technological solutions to solving climate change. The motion was blocked with the help of the Liberals after the Conservatives said that the motion would be a confidence motion, in August 2006 she stated, I welcome the commitment from British Columbia to preserve and increase the population of Northern Spotted Owls. On October 19,2006, Ambrose introduced a Clean Air Act that aimed to reduce the level of greenhouse emissions starting in 2020, cutting them to about half of the 2003 levels by 2050. She also introduced regulations to industries and vehicles as well as a possible cooperation between the federal government and the provinces to create a system that would report air emissions. In an interview with the media, Ambrose denied that the Conservative government had withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol despite its previous opposition to it. However, industries will have until 2010 before they are expected to reduce emissions, oil companies will have to reduce emissions on a per-barrel basis, reduction proportional to production basis
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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)
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In addition to the Department, the Minister is also the lead in overseeing the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development and the International Development Research Centre. From 1909 to 1993, the office was called Secretary of State for External Affairs, the first two Secretaries of State for External Affairs, from 1909 until 1912, concurrently served as Secretary of State for Canada. The two portfolios were permanently separated in 1912, and the External Affairs portfolio was held by the Prime Minister of Canada until 1946. Joe Clark led opposition to South Africas Apartheid system within the Commonwealth of Nations, lloyd Axworthy brought about the Ottawa Treaty, banning anti-personnel landmines in most countries of the world. As in Pearsons case, the portfolio can be a stepping stone to the Prime Ministers Office. Until 1946, it was customary for the office to be held by the sitting Prime Minister, john Diefenbaker would hold the portfolio on two subsequent occasions. Key, Lester Pearson is the minister to have been a diplomat prior to their appointment. Pearson entered the Canadian foreign service in 1927 and rose to become Canadian Ambassador to the United States from 1944 to 1946, paul Martin, Sr. served as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom after his retirement from active politics. Unlike Pearson, none were career diplomats, Department of Foreign Affairs, History, Introduction Department of Foreign Affairs Canada
7.
Stephen Harper
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Stephen Joseph Harper PC is a Canadian entrepreneur and retired politician who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, from February 6,2006 to November 4,2015. He was the first prime minister to come from the modern Conservative Party of Canada, which was formed by a merger of the Progressive Conservative Party, Harper was member of parliament for the riding of Calgary Heritage in Alberta from 2002 to 2016. Earlier, from 1993 to 1997, he was the MP for Calgary West and he was one of the founding members of the Reform Party, but did not seek re-election in the 1997 federal election. Harper instead joined and later led the National Citizens Coalition, a conservative lobbyist group, in 2002, he succeeded Stockwell Day as leader of the Canadian Alliance, the successor to the Reform Party and returned to parliament as Leader of the Opposition. In 2003, he reached an agreement with Progressive Conservative leader Peter MacKay for the merger of their two parties to form the Conservative Party of Canada and he was elected as the partys first leader, in March 2004. Harper stepped down as MP on August 26,2016, the 2006 federal election resulted in a minority government led by the Conservative Party with Harper becoming the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada. By proportion of seats, this was Canadas smallest minority government since Confederation, despite this, it was the longest-serving minority government overall. The 40th Canadian Parliament was dissolved in March,2011, after a vote that deemed the Cabinet to be in contempt of parliament. Harper resigned as party leader on October 19,2015, Harper moved back to Calgary, Alberta, and commuted to Ottawa as an opposition backbench member of parliament. Harper was born and raised in Leaside, Toronto, the first of three sons of Margaret and Joseph Harris Harper, an accountant at Imperial Oil. Harper attended Northlea Public School and, later, John G. Althouse Middle School and Richview Collegiate Institute and he graduated in 1978, and was a member of Richview Collegiates team on Reach for the Top, a television quiz show for Canadian high school students. Harper enrolled at the University of Toronto but dropped out two months. He then moved to Edmonton, Alberta, where he work in the mail room at Imperial Oil. Later, he advanced to work on the computer systems. He took up post-secondary studies again at the University of Calgary and he later returned there to earn a masters degree in economics, completed in 1991. Harper has kept strong links to the University of Calgary, Harper was the first prime minister since Joe Clark without a law degree. Harper became involved in politics as a member of his high schools Young Liberals Club and he later changed his political allegiance because he disagreed with the National Energy Program of Pierre Trudeaus Liberal government. He left the PC Party that same year and he was then recommended by the University of Calgarys economist Bob Mansell to Preston Manning, the founder and leader of the Reform Party of Canada
8.
Ed Fast
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Edward D. Ed Fast, PC, QC, MP is a Canadian Conservative politician, currently the Member of Parliament for Abbotsford. He was formerly the Minister for International Trade and as Minister for the Asia-Pacific Gateway under Stephen Harper, born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Ed Fast grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia. After graduating from law school at the University of British Columbia in 1982 and he was elected in 1985 and served two terms as an Abbotsford School Board Trustee. He was elected to Abbotsford City Council in 1996 and served for three 3-year terms, during that time, he served as Deputy Mayor and as Chair of the Parks Recreation & Culture Commission. Fast was in the 2006 federal election with 63. 27% of the vote as the Member of Parliament for the riding of Abbotsford on January 23,2006. During his first term, Fast was appointed to the Standing Committee of Canadian Heritage, Fast was also the Vice-Chair of the B. C. In 2006, Fast introduced Private Members Bill C-277 which doubles from 5 to 10 years in prison the maximum sentence for luring a child over the internet for sexual purposes, the Bill received royal assent on June 22,2007. Only 2% of private member’s bills are passed into law. In the 2008 federal election, Fast received 30,853 votes,63. 3% of the total in Abbotsford and he served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights and as a member of the Copyright Modernization Committee. In May 2009, Fast introduced a motion in the House of Commons to rename the Huntingdon border crossing to Abbotsford-Huntingdon Port of Entry, from 2009–2011, Fast was the Chair of the Standing Committee on Justice & Human Rights. Fast was re-elected in the 2011 federal election with 32,493 votes, on May 18,2011, Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed Ed Fast to Cabinet to serve as Canada’s Minister of International Trade. Fast oversaw the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, a trade agreement with Europe. Fast also announced the Canada-South Korea Free Trade Agreement, Canada’s first free trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region and he also released Canada’s first International Education Strategy, a part of the Global Markets Action Plan to try and attract international talent. On April 9,2014, rising on a point of order, MP Dan Harris accused Fast of making a gun gesture, Fast initially denied the claim in the House of Commons as completely false. Video from the House of Commons shows Fast making a pointing gesture, in his defence, Fast did not say why he was pointing his finger towards the front of the House at that time. Ed and his wife Annette have lived in Abbotsford for over 30 years and have four adult daughters, in December 2016, Fast suffered a stroke, but was expected to make a quick recovery. ca
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Minister of National Defence (Canada)
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Both are responsible to the Minister. The Queen of Canada is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces and has authority on all orders. The minister is responsible, through the tenets of responsible government, to Parliament for the management, any orders and instructions for the Canadian Armed Forces are issued by or through the Chief of the Defence Staff. The Department of National Defence exists to aid the minister in carrying out his responsibilities, the current Minister of National Defence is Harjit Sajjan. Historically, the position was pre-dated by the Minister of Militia, during World War II, the Minister of National Defence was assisted by two subordinate ministers, the Minister of National Defence for Air and Minister of National Defence for Naval Services. The portfolio was merged into a ministry following the end of the war
10.
Peter MacKay
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Peter Gordon MacKay PC QC is a lawyer and politician from Nova Scotia, Canada. MacKay was the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. MacKay represented the riding of Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough from 1997 to 2004, and the riding of Central Nova from 2004 until 2015, with the defeat of the Conservatives in the 2015 election, MacKay was considered a potential candidate to succeed Harper as permanent leader of the party. MacKay is married to Nazanin Afshin-Jam, an Iranian-Canadian model, singer, and human rights activist, MacKay was born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. His father, Elmer MacKay, is a former PC cabinet minister, lumber businessman, and lawyer. His mother, Eirene Macha MacKay, is a psychologist and peace activist, through her, MacKay is descended from James Alexander, 3rd Earl of Caledon and James Grimston, MacKay grew up in Wolfville, Nova Scotia with his three siblings. He worked for Thyssen Henschel, steel producer, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1993, MacKay accepted an appointment as Crown Attorney for the Central Region of Nova Scotia. He prosecuted cases at all levels, including youth and provincial courts as well as the Supreme Court of Canada, MacKay was first elected to the Canadian House of Commons in the June 2,1997 federal election for Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough, a riding in northeastern Nova Scotia. In his first term of office, MacKay served as Justice Critic, MacKay was the PC member of the Board of Internal Economy and the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights. He also acted as a member of the Standing Committees on Canadian Heritage, Finance. MacKay was re-elected in the 2000 federal election and was touted by the media as a possible successor to PC Party leader Joe Clark. Many of his supporters referred to his strong performances in the House of Commons. MacKay has been voted the sexiest male MP in the House of Commons by the Hill Times for six years in a row, in August 2001, he was one of several PC MPs to engage in open cooperation talks with disaffected Canadian Alliance MPs in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. Eventually a union of sorts was created between the PCs and the newly formed Democratic Representative Caucus, MacKay was appointed House Leader of the new PC-DR Parliamentary Coalition Caucus when it was formally recognized as a political body on September 10,2001. The PC-DR initiative collapsed in April 2002, raising questions about Clarks leadership, Clark announced his impending resignation as party leader at the PC Partys bi-annual convention held in Edmonton, Alberta in August 2002. MacKays name was one of the first to be raised as a leadership contender. MacKay was largely seen as the victor of the race from the outset of the leadership contest. MacKay formally launched his campaign in his hometown of New Glasgow in January 2003
11.
Jason Kenney
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Jason Thomas Kenney, PC is a Canadian politician and leader of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta. He previously represented the riding of Calgary Southeast in the Canadian House of Commons from 1997 until 2015, following the Conservative victory in the 2006 general election, Kenney was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for the Prime Minister of Canada. On January 4,2007, he was sworn into the Privy Council as the Secretary of State for Multiculturalism, on February 9,2015, he was named Minister of National Defence. Kenney was considered a party leader following the defeat of the Conservative government in October 2015. On July 6,2016, he announced his intention to run for the leadership of the Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta in that partys 2017 leadership election, Kenney resigned his seat in parliament on September 23,2016, after sitting in the House of Commons for 19 years. He was elected leader of the Alberta Progressive Conservatives on March 18,2017, Kenney was born in Oakville, Ontario, the son of Lynne and Robert Martin Kenney, a fighter pilot and teacher, who was of Irish heritage. He was raised in Wilcox, Saskatchewan and he is the grandson of jazz musician and big band leader Mart Kenney. He went to school in Wilcox, Saskatchewan, at the Athol Murray College of Notre Dame. He then studied philosophy at the University of San Francisco, a Jesuit university in San Francisco and he left university without graduating to begin work for the Saskatchewan Liberal Party. He was very involved in the young Liberals as a man, and in 1988 served as executive assistant to Ralph Goodale. But as a university student, he says he began studying political theory, classical theory and started reading much more broadly. Not long after, in 1989, Kenney was hired as the first executive director of the Alberta Taxpayers Association, in 1990, Kenney was named president and chief executive officer of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, a national organisation that scrutinises governmental expenditures. Kenney was first elected to the House of Commons in 1997 and he was a member of the Reform Party of Canada. The Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance and Kenney co-chaired the United Alternative Task Force and he served as the national co-chairman of Stockwell Days campaign for the leadership of the Canadian Alliance and National Co-Chair of the Canadian Alliance 2000 election campaign. Kenney supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq and suggested that the Chrétien governments refusal to support the war would damage Canadas relationship with the United States, Kenney is a member of Parliaments Canada-Tibet Committee, and has hosted the Dalai Lama. On February 6,2006, he was appointed to be Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper and he rebuked Prime Minister of Lebanon Fuad Saniora for having criticized Canada, reminding him of the $25 million in reconstructive assistance aid given by Canada to Lebanon. On January 4,2007, he was sworn in as the Secretary of State for Multiculturalism and Canadian Identity, in this capacity, Kenney was the Harper governments representative to ethnic communities in Canada. The Toronto Star has noted some of the frequently visited groups in the GTA, which also include the Caribbean community, Persians, Filipinos
12.
Vic Toews
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Victor Vic Toews, PC, QC is a Canadian jurist and former politician. Toews is a judge of the Court of Queens Bench of Manitoba and he previously served in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba from 1995 to 1999, and was a senior cabinet minister in the government of Gary Filmon. Prior to his appointment to the judiciary, Toews was a member of the Conservative Party of Canada, Toews was born September 10,1952, in Filadelfia, Boquerón Department, Paraguay, son of Reverend Victor David Toews and Anna Peters. Vic Toews has five siblings, Bernhard, Clara, Marlene, Edward and his family left Paraguay in 1956 for Canada and settled in Winnipeg. Toews speaks Mennonite Low German, Spanish and English and he holds a Bachelor of Arts degree in History from the University of Winnipeg, and a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Manitoba. Toews was called to the Manitoba Bar in 1977 and he joined the provincial Ministry of Justice in 1976 and became a Crown attorney the following year. Vic Toews great grand parents were killed in a bomb blast in Molotschna, Toews divorced from his wife of 30 years, Lorraine Kathleen Fehr, after it was discovered that he had fathered a child with a young Conservative Party staffer. In divorce documents, Fehr claimed Toews had an earlier relationship with the familys child care provider. This incident later became publicized in February 2012, when an anonymous Twitter account began posting information from Toews divorce affidavit as reaction to the introduction of Bill-30, in 2005, Toews was charged with violating Manitobas Election Finances Act in the 1999 provincial election. During the election cycle, it was discovered that his campaign had spent $7,500 more than the allowed limit. Toews pleaded guilty, and was convicted and fined $500. In 1999, the Progressive Conservatives were defeated in the 1999 provincial election, Toews was appointed to the cabinet of Premier Gary Filmon after the election, becoming Minister of Labour on May 9,1995. In his debut speech to the legislature, he said that his philosophy was partly influenced by leaders of Canadas social democratic movement. Toewss tenure as Labour Minister was marked by a relationship with organized labour. Several labour leaders described the bill as anti-union, Toews rejected these criticisms, and argued that Bill 26 provided greater autonomy to individual workers. Toewss department proposed the privatization of home-care delivery services in 1996, drawing opposition from many in the field, Toews blamed unions for provoking the strikes, saying they were conducted for political, not economic, reasons. Toews canceled the provincial Payment of Wages Fund in July 1996, the stated intention of the fund was to allow workers to collect revenues from employers who entered bankruptcy or receivership. On January 6,1997, Toews was promoted to Minister of Justice, Attorney General and Keeper of the Great Seal, as Justice Minister, Toews earned a reputation for focusing on law and order issues
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Peter Van Loan
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Peter Van Loan, PC MP is a Canadian politician who is the Member of Parliament for the electoral district of York—Simcoe. He was the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons from 2007 to 2008, born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Van Loan is of Estonian heritage. His mother and grandparents fled Estonia during World War II and emigrated to Canada, Van Loan was educated at the University of Toronto and York University and holds a bachelors degree, a Masters in International Relations and an additional masters degree in geography. Van Loan graduated from York Universitys Osgoode Hall Law School and was admitted to the Bar of Ontario in 1989. Prior to his election to office, Van Loan was a partner and Chair of the Planning and Development Law Group at the law firm of Fraser Milner Casgrain LLP in Toronto. Van Loan was also an Adjunct Professor of Planning at the University of Toronto and he served as president of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario during Mike Harris term of office and then of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada for a brief period. He resigned from the latter post in 2000 after a series of disagreements with its leader, Van Loan was a key figure in the unsuccessful attempt to convince Premier of New Brunswick Bernard Lord to run for the leadership of the federal Progressive Conservatives in late 2002. Van Loan then again attempted to recruit Lord to run for the leadership of the new party, in an article from January 24,2008, Van Loan was classified as one of Harpers 12, the twelve most influential people in Ottawa, by Macleans Magazine. Other cabinet ministers included were Jim Prentice, John Baird, on October 30,2008, Jay Hill replaced Van Loan as Government House Leader and Steven John Fletcher took over the Minister for Democratic Reform post. Van Loan became the Minister for Public Safety, as Stockwell Day became the Minister of International Trade, on January 19,2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper designated Van Loan as the next Minister of International Trade. It has been suggested that Harper removed the MP from his post as Public Safety Minister because of dissatisfaction with his leadership pertaining to the correctional system. On December 5,2012, on the floor of the House of Commons Van Loan was involved in an altercation with NDP Leader Tom Mulcair, Van Loan crossed the aisle and used an inappropriate word during the confrontation. He was restrained by Defence Minister Peter MacKay, Van Loan was one of thirteen Canadians banned from travelling to Russia under retaliatory sanctions imposed by Russian President Vladimir Putin in March 2014. In response to the ban, Van Loan said that the ban was not of serious consequence and that he would not be losing sleep over being on the list
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Minister of Democratic Institutions
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The Minister of Democratic Institutions is a Minister of the Crown in the Canadian Cabinet, associated with the Privy Council Office. The portfolio was held by the Government House Leader, Jacques Saada. After the 2004 election, the portfolio was given to Mauril Bélanger, at this point the title was changed from Democratic Reform to Democratic Renewal. Under the premiership of Stephen Harper, the post was first held by his first two House Leaders as Leader of the House of Commons and Minister for Democratic Reform. In 2008, the role was taken up by Steven Fletcher as Minister of State and she oversaw the formation of the all-party Special Committee on Electoral Reform and appeared as its first witness. Following criticism of her handling of the portfolio, Monsef was named Minister of Status of Women on January 10,2017, on February 1,2017 Gould announced that her mandate would no longer include exploring potential changes to the Canadian electoral system. Key, Government of Canada - Democratic Reform
15.
Belinda Stronach
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Belinda Caroline Stronach, PC is a Canadian businesswoman, philanthropist and former politician. Long recognized as a leader with vision, the National Post identified her in 2001 as the most powerful businesswoman in Canada. That same year, the World Economic Forum named her a Global Leader of Tomorrow and she was a Member of Parliament in the Canadian House of Commons from 2004 to 2008. Originally elected as a Conservative, she crossed the floor to join the Liberals. From May 17,2005 to February 6,2006, she was the Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development, after leaving politics, she served as the executive vice-chairman of Magna International, Canadas largest automotive parts manufacturer until December 31,2010. Currently she is the chairman and president of The Stronach Group and she is also the founder and chair of The Belinda Stronach Foundation, a Canadian charitable organization. She graduated from Newmarket High School and attended York University in 1985, where she studied business and economics and she speaks English and German fluently. Stronach was a member of the board of directors of Magna from 1988 until 2004 and she became a vice-president of the company in 1995 and executive vice-president in 1999, until her appointment as president and chief executive officer. She has chaired the boards of Decoma International Inc, tesma International Inc. and Intier Automotive Inc. all in the auto parts sector. She was a member of the Canadian Automotive Partnership Council and served on the Ontario Task Force on Productivity, Competitiveness. She is a director of the Yves Landry Foundation, which furthers technological education, in February 2001, she was appointed chief executive officer of Magna, succeeding Donald J. Walker, and in January 2002, she also became its president. While CEO, the company added 3,000 jobs in Canada,1,000 of them being in the Newmarket-Aurora area she would represent in Parliament. Under her leadership Magna had record sales and profits each year, though he held no formal operational role during that time, Frank Stronach remained as Chairman of the Board. As a CEO, Stronach was widely viewed as more conciliatory to organized labour than her father, while head of Magna, she ceased fighting the United Auto Workers in a dispute before the National Labor Relations Board, and the union organized numerous Magna workers in the United States. After leaving Magna, together with her father, they created the Stronach Group in mid 2011, the Stronach Group is the one of the worlds largest horse track operators and suppliers of pari-mutuel wagering technology. In May 2012, Dr. Anthony Melman and Stronach announced a partnership, long recognized as an emerging leader with vision, the National Post identified Stronach in 2001 as the most powerful businesswoman in Canada. That same year, the World Economic Forum named her a Global Leader of Tomorrow, in 2004, Time Magazine ranked her as one of the worlds 100 most influential people and in 2005 the World Economic Forum named her a member of its global network of young leaders. In addition, the Womens Executive acclaimed her as a trailblazer, Stronach is an honorary Patron of the Southlake Regional Health Centre and a former honorary chair of the Magna Hoedown
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Canadian Parliament
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The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the general, an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house. Each element has its own officers and organization, by constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and the monarch or viceroy provides the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law. The governor general also summons parliament, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue or dissolve parliament, either will read the Throne Speech. The most recent parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston in 2015, is the 42nd since Confederation in 1867, the Parliament of Canada is composed of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Each has a role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. Only those who sit in the House of Commons are called members of parliament, though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the national order of precedence. No individual may serve in more than one chamber of parliament at the same time, the sovereigns place in the legislature, formally called the Queen-in-Parliament, is defined by the Constitution Act,1867, and various conventions. All federal bills begin with the phrase Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. And, as such, the Crown is immune from acts of parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself. As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a mace, which indicate the authority of the Queen-in-Parliament, following the burning of the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, the City of London, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is carried into the Senate each 3 February. The Senates 1. 6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold, senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, the Senate is divided equally amongst four geographic regions,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritimes, and 24 for the Western provinces. Newfoundland and Labrador, which became a Canadian province in 1949, is represented by six senators, further, Canadas three territories—the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut—are allocated one senator each. The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the countrys federal electoral districts
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