1.
Sale, Greater Manchester
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Sale is a town in Trafford, Greater Manchester, England. Historically in Cheshire, it is on the bank of the River Mersey,1.9 miles south of Stretford,2.5 miles northeast of Altrincham. In 2011, it had a population of 134,122, according to a 2017 study commissioned by the Royal Mail, Sale was found to be the 4th most desirable town to live in in England. Evidence of Stone Age, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon activity has been discovered locally, in the Middle Ages, Sale was a rural township, linked ecclesiastically with neighbouring Ashton upon Mersey, whose fields and meadows were used for crop and cattle farming. By the 17th century, Sale had an industry manufacturing garthweb. The Bridgewater Canal reached the town in 1765, stimulating Sales urbanisation, agriculture gradually declined as service industries boomed. Sales urban growth resulted in a merger with neighbouring Ashton upon Mersey, the increase in population led to the granting of a charter in 1935, giving Sale honorific borough status. Since then, Sale has continued to thrive as a town, supported by its proximity to the M60 motorway. Sale Water Park contains a lake used for water sports. Sale FC and Sale Sharks rugby union clubs and Sale Harriers athletics club were founded in Sale, a flint arrowhead discovered in Sale suggests a prehistoric human presence at the location, but there is no further evidence of activity in the area until the Roman period. A 4th-century hoard of 46 Roman coins was discovered in Ashton upon Mersey, Sale lies along the line of the Roman road which runs between the fortresses at Chester and York, via the fort at Manchester, the present-day A56 follows the route of the road through the town. After the Roman departure from Britain in the century, Britain was invaded by the Anglo-Saxons. Some local field and road names, and the name of Sale itself, are Anglo-Saxon in origin, the Old English salh, from which Sale is derived, means at the sallow tree, and Ashton upon Mersey means village or farm near the ash trees. Although the townships of Sale and Ashton upon Mersey were not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, the first recorded occurrences of Sale and Ashton upon Mersey are in 1199–1216 and 1260 respectively. The settlements were referred to as townships rather than manors, which suggests evidence of Anglo-Saxon origins as townships were developed by the Saxons. The manor of Sale was one of 30 held by William FitzNigel and he divided it between Thomas de Sale and Adam de Carrington, who acted as Lords of the Manor on FitzNigels behalf. On de Sales death, his passed to his son-in-law, John Holt, de Carringtons land passed into the ownership of Richard de Massey. Sale descended through the Holt and Massey families until the 17th century, Sale Old Hall was built in about 1603 for James Massey, probably to replace a medieval manor house, and was one of the first buildings in northwest England to be made of brick
2.
Cheshire
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Cheshire is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Wales to the west. Cheshires county town is Chester, the largest town is Warrington, other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Northwich, Runcorn, Widnes, Wilmslow, and Winsford. The county covers 905 square miles and has a population of around 1 million and it is mostly rural, with a number of small towns and villages supporting the agricultural and other industries which produce Cheshire cheese, salt, chemicals and silk. Cheshires name was derived from an early name for Chester. Although the name first appears in 980, it is thought that the county was created by Edward the Elder around 920, in the Domesday Book, Chester was recorded as having the name Cestrescir, derived from the name for Chester at the time. A series of changes occurred as English itself changed, together with some simplifications and elision, resulted in the name Cheshire. Because of the close links with the land bordering Cheshire to the west. The Domesday Book records Cheshire as having two complete Hundreds that later became the part of Flintshire. Additionally, another portion of the Duddestan Hundred later became known as Maelor Saesneg when it was transferred to North Wales. For this and other reasons, the Welsh name for Cheshire is sometimes used within Wales, after the Norman conquest of 1066 by William I, dissent and resistance continued for many years after the invasion. In 1069 local resistance in Cheshire was finally put down using draconian measures as part of the Harrying of the North, the ferocity of the campaign against the English populace was enough to end all future resistance. Examples were made of major landowners such as Earl Edwin of Mercia, William I made Cheshire a county palatine and gave Gerbod the Fleming the new title of Earl of Chester. When Gerbod returned to Normandy in about 1070, the king used his absence to declare the earldom forfeit, due to Cheshires strategic location on Welsh Marches, the Earl had complete autonomous powers to rule on behalf of the king in the county palatine. Cheshire in the Domesday Book is recorded as a larger county than it is today. It included two hundreds, Atiscross and Exestan, that became part of North Wales. At the time of the Domesday Book, it included as part of Duddestan Hundred the area of land later known as English Maelor in Wales. The area between the Mersey and Ribble formed part of the returns for Cheshire, an example is the barony of Halton. One of Hugh dAvranches barons has been identified as Robert Nicholls, Baron of Halton, in 1182 the land north of the Mersey became administered as part of the new county of Lancashire, thus resolving any uncertainty about the county in which the land Inter Ripam et Mersam was
3.
Petersfield
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Petersfield is a market town and civil parish in the East Hampshire district of Hampshire, England. It is 17 miles north of Portsmouth, via the A3 road, the town has its own railway station on the Portsmouth Direct Line, the mainline rail link connecting Portsmouth and London. Situated on the slopes of the South Downs, Petersfield lies wholly within the South Downs National Park. The town is on the crossroads of well-used north–south and east–west routes, Petersfield is twinned with Barentin in France, and Warendorf in Germany. Petersfield Heaths burial mounds may be up to 4,000 years old, their distribution is mainly to the east and these are considered to be one of the more important lowland barrow groups in this country. The barrows indicate that the area of the Heath was occupied by people who may have come to regard this area as sacred to their religion. In 1415 King Henry V granted the burgesses of Petersfield freedom from toll, stallage, picage, pannage, murage, all charters are preserved in the archive files at Petersfield Town Council. The town grew in prosperity due to its position on frequently travelled routes, local sheep farming, there were weekly markets in the town square for sheep, horse and cattle trading, and two annual fairs, in June and November. An autumn fair which began in the early 19th century was held in October on The Heath, the towns market square has an 18th-century statue of King William III by Henry Cheere. The king is mounted and the statue is on an engraved plinth, Petersfield is situated in the valley of the Western Rother, on the Lower Greensand at the northern edge of the South Downs. The town lies at the end of the Greensand Ridge. The town is surrounded on all sides by farmed countryside, with the South Downs south of the town, the Hampshire Downs to the west, the town is a centre for exploring the South Downs National Park. Close to the town and situated on the South Downs is Queen Elizabeth Country Park, which incorporates Butser Hill, the Hangers Way footpath starts from the country park, goes to Buriton, through Petersfield and on to Alton. On the south east side of the town is Petersfield Heath,95 acres of heathland including woodland, grassland, a pond, Petersfield Heath is a Site of Nature Conservation Interest. It also contains 21 Bronze Age barrows which have resulted in the site being given Scheduled Ancient Monument status, heathland is very rare throughout Europe and Petersfield Heath is a typical heathland mosaic of micro habitats. Across the site are sandy heath and acid heath areas, grassland and scrub which gives the area diverse zones for insects, reptiles, birds and small mammals. Petersfield Heath is at one end of The Serpent Trail, a 65-mile walk though heath and downland of Hampshire, on the nearest week-end to 6 October every year the Taro Fair is held on Petersfield Heath, a reminder of cattle fairs that were held annually until the 1950s. Free festivals are held throughout the year, Petersfields market square holds markets, and there are also monthly Farmers markets
4.
Hampshire
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Hampshire is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the capital city of England. The larger South Hampshire metropolitan area has a population of 1,547,000, Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. It is bordered by Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, the southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and the Solent, facing the Isle of Wight. At its greatest size in 1890, Hampshire was the fifth largest county in England and it now has an overall area of 3,700 square kilometres, and measures about 86 kilometres east–west and 76 kilometres north–south. Hampshires tourist attractions include many seaside resorts and two parks, the New Forest and the South Downs. Hampshire has a maritime history and two of Europes largest ports, Portsmouth and Southampton, lie on its coast. The county is famed as home of writers Jane Austen and Charles Dickens, Hampshire takes its name from the settlement that is now the city of Southampton. Southampton was known in Old English as Hamtun, roughly meaning village-town, the old name was recorded in the Domesday book as Hantescire, and it is from this spelling that the modern abbreviation Hants derives. From 1889 until 1959, the county was named the County of Southampton and has also been known as Southamptonshire. The region is believed to have continuously occupied since the end of the last Ice Age about 12,000 BCE. At this time Britain was still attached to the European continent and was covered with deciduous woodland. The first inhabitants came overland from Europe, these were anatomically and behaviourally modern humans, notable sites from this period include Bouldnor Cliff. Agriculture had arrived in southern Britain by 4000 BCE, and with it a neolithic culture, some deforestation took place at that time, although it was during the Bronze Age, beginning in 2200 BCE, that this became more widespread and systematic. Hampshire has few monuments to show from early periods, although nearby Stonehenge was built in several phases at some time between 3100 BCE and 2200 BCE. It is maintained that by this period the people of Britain predominantly spoke a Celtic language, hillforts largely declined in importance in the second half of the second century BCE, with many being abandoned. Julius Caesar invaded southeastern England briefly in 55 and again in 54 BCE, notable sites from this period include Hengistbury Head, which was a major port. There is a Museum of the Iron Age in Andover, the Romans invaded Britain again in 43 CE, and Hampshire was incorporated into the Roman province of Britannia very quickly
5.
Sarah Miles
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Sarah Miles is an English theatre and film actress. Her best known films include The Servant, Blowup, Ryans Daughter and Hope, Sarah Miles was born in the small town of Ingatestone, Essex, in South East England, her brother is film director, producer and screenwriter Christopher Miles. Miless parents were Clarice Vera Remnant and Frank Remnant, through her maternal grandfather Francis Remnant, Miles claims to be the great-granddaughter of Prince Francis of Teck and thus a second cousin once removed of Elizabeth II. Unable to speak until the age of nine because of a stammer and dyslexia, she attended Roedean, Miles enrolled at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art at the age of 15. Shortly after finishing at RADA, Miles debuted as Shirley Taylor, a husky wide-eyed nymphet in Term of Trial, soon afterwards, Miles had a role as Vera from Manchester in Joseph Loseys The Servant, and thrust sexual appetite into British films according to David Thomson. She gained another BAFTA nomination, this time as Best Actress and she had a peripheral part in Michelangelo Antonionis Blowup. A director she thought was a rogue and a tyrant and a brilliant man, after acting in several plays from 1966 to 1969, Miles was cast as Rosy in the leading title role of David Leans Ryans Daughter. In Terence Pettigrews biography of Trevor Howard, Miles describes the filming of Ryans Daughter in Ireland in 1969 and she recalls, My main memory is of sitting on a hilltop in a caravan at six in the morning in the rain. There was no other actor or member of the crew around me, I would sit there getting mad, waiting for either the rain to stop or someone to arrive. On 11 February 1973, while filming The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing, David Whiting and she was acquitted of culpability in his death. Miles later commented, It went on for six months, and, gradually, the truth came out, which Im not going to speak about, but it certainly wasnt me. I had actually saved the man from three suicide attempts so why would I want to murder him and her performance as Anne Osborne in The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea was nominated for a Golden Globe. Filming White Mischief on location in Kenya in 1987, Miles worked for the second and last time with Trevor Howard, the company wanted to fire him, but Miles was determined that Howards distinguished film career would not end that way. In an interview with Terence Pettigrew for his biography of Howard, she describes how she gave an ultimatum to the executives and it was to be his last major film. She most recently appeared in Well at the Trafalgar Studios and the Apollo Theatre opposite Natalie Casey, Miles was married twice to the British playwright Robert Bolt, 1967–1975 and 1988–1995. He wrote and directed the film Lady Caroline Lamb, in which Miles played the eponymous heroine, after his stroke, the couple reunited and Miles cared for him. I would be dead without her, Bolt said in 1987, When shes away, when she returns, my life soars. The couple had a son Tom, who is now a watch dealer, Miles stated, in 2012, that she’s been drinking her own urine for over 30 years, as she feels it positively affects her health in a variety of ways
6.
Masterpiece
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Historically, a masterpiece was a work of a very high standard produced in order to obtain membership of a guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts. The word masterpiece probably derives from the Dutch meesterstuk or German meisterstück via loan translation, masterprize was another early variant in English. In English, the term became used in a variety of contexts for an exceptionally good piece of creative work. Originally, the term referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. His fitness to qualify for membership was judged partly by the masterpiece, and if he was successful. Great care was taken to produce a fine piece in whatever the craft was, whether confectionery, painting, goldsmithing, knifemaking. In the 17th century, the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, for instance, the workhouse had been set up as part of a tightening of standards after the company became concerned that the level of skill of goldsmithing was being diluted. The same goldsmithing organization still requires the production of a masterpiece, if they failed to be admitted, then they could continue to work for other goldsmiths but not as a master themselves. In some guilds, apprentices were not allowed to marry until they had obtained full membership, the practice of producing a masterpiece has continued in some modern academies of art, where the general term for such works is now reception piece. The Royal Academy in London uses the term work and it has acquired a fine collection of diploma works received as a condition of membership. Painting the Century,101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000 Virtual Collection of Masterpieces Masterpieces at the Louvre
7.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
8.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
9.
Lawrence of Arabia (film)
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Lawrence of Arabia is a 1962 epic historical drama film based on the life of T. E. Lawrence. It was directed by David Lean and produced by Sam Spiegel through his British company Horizon Pictures, with the screenplay by Robert Bolt, the film stars Peter OToole in the title role. It is widely considered one of the greatest and most influential films in the history of cinema, the dramatic score by Maurice Jarre and the Super Panavision 70 cinematography by Freddie Young are also highly acclaimed. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama, the film depicts Lawrences experiences in the Arabian Peninsula during World War I, in particular his attacks on Aqaba and Damascus and his involvement in the Arab National Council. As well as OToole, the film stars Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, Anthony Quinn, Omar Sharif, Anthony Quayle, Claude Rains and Arthur Kennedy. In 1991, Lawrence of Arabia was deemed culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, the film is presented in two parts, divided by an intermission. The film opens in 1935 when Lawrence is killed in a motorcycle accident, at his memorial service at St Pauls Cathedral, a reporter tries to gain insights into this remarkable, enigmatic man from those who knew him. The story then moves backward to the First World War, where Lawrence is a misfit British Army lieutenant, notable for his insolence and education. Over the objections of General Murray, Mr. Dryden of the Arab Bureau sends him to assess the prospects of Prince Faisal in his revolt against the Turks, on the journey, his Bedouin guide is killed by Sherif Ali for drinking from his well without permission. Lawrence later meets Colonel Brighton, who orders him to quiet, make his assessment. Lawrence ignores Brightons orders when he meets Faisal and his outspokenness piques the princes interest. The town is strongly fortified against an assault but only lightly defended on the landward side. He convinces Faisal to provide fifty men, led by a sceptical Sherif Ali, teenage orphans Daud and Farraj attach themselves to Lawrence as servants. They cross the Nefud Desert, considered even by the Bedouins, travelling day. One of Alis men, Gasim, succumbs to fatigue and falls off his camel unnoticed during the night, when Lawrence discovers him missing, he turns back and rescues Gasim—and Sherif Ali is won over. He gives Lawrence Arab robes to wear, Lawrence persuades Auda abu Tayi, the leader of the powerful local Howeitat tribe, to turn against the Turks. Lawrences scheme is almost derailed when one of Alis men kills one of Audas because of a blood feud, Howeitat retaliation would shatter the fragile alliance, so Lawrence declares that he will execute the murderer himself. He is then stunned to discover that the culprit is Gasim, the man whom he risked his own life to save in the desert
10.
Doctor Zhivago (film)
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Doctor Zhivago is a 1965 British-Italian epic romantic drama film directed by David Lean. It is set in Russia between the prior to World War I and the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and is based on the Boris Pasternak novel of the same name. While immensely popular in the West, the book was banned in the Soviet Union for decades, for this reason, the film could not be made in the Soviet Union and was instead filmed mostly in Spain. The film stars Omar Sharif in the role as Yuri Zhivago. The supporting cast includes Geraldine Chaplin, Rod Steiger, Alec Guinness, Tom Courtenay, Ralph Richardson, Siobhán McKenna, over time, however, the films reputation has improved greatly. It also won five awards at the 23rd Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture - Drama, as of 2016, it is the eighth highest-grossing film of all time in the United States and Canada, adjusted for ticket-price inflation. The film takes place mostly against a backdrop of the pre-World War I years, World War I itself, the Russian Revolution of 1917, Yevgraf believes a young woman, Tanya Komarova, may be his niece and tells her the story of her fathers life. When Yuri Zhivago is orphaned after his mothers death in rural Russia, he is taken in by his mothers friends, Alexander and Anna Gromeko, and grows up with their daughter Tonya in Moscow. In 1913, Zhivago, as a student in training. Lara, only 17, is involved in an affair with the older and well-connected Victor Ipolitovich Komarovsky, one night, the idealistic reformer Pavel Pavlovich Antipov drifts into left-wing extremism after being wounded by sabre-wielding Cossacks during a peaceful demonstration. Pasha runs to Lara, whom he wants to marry, to treat his wound and he asks her to hide a gun he picked up at the demonstration. Laras mother discovers her affair with Komarovsky and attempts suicide, Komarovsky summons help from his physician, Zhivagos former professor, whom he accompanies back to Laras home to treat her mother. When Komarovsky learns of Laras intentions to marry Pasha, he tries to dissuade Lara, in revenge, the humiliated Lara takes the pistol she has been hiding for Pasha and shoots Komarovsky at a Christmas Eve party, wounding him. Komarovsky insists no action be taken against Lara, who is escorted out by Pasha, although enraged and devastated by Laras affair with Komarovsky, Pasha marries Lara, and they have a daughter named Katya. During World War I, Yevgraf Zhivago is sent by the Bolsheviks to subvert the Imperial Russian Army, Pasha is reported missing in action following a daring charge attack on German forces. Lara enlists as a nurse to search for him, Yuri Zhivago is drafted and becomes a battlefield doctor. During the February Revolution in 1917, Zhivago enlists Laras help to tend to the wounded, together they run a field hospital for six months, during which time radical changes ensue throughout Russia as Vladimir Lenin arrives in Moscow. Before their departure, Yuri and Lara fall in love, but Yuri remains true to Tonya, after the war, Yuri returns to his wife Tonya, son Sasha, and Alexander, whose house in Moscow has been divided into tenements by the new Soviet government
11.
Manchester Grammar School
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The Manchester Grammar School is the largest independent day school for boys in the United Kingdom and is located in Manchester, England. Founded in 1515 as a grammar school, it was formerly adjacent to Manchester Parish Church until 1931 when it moved to its present 28-acre site at Fallowfield. In accordance with its founders wishes, MGS has remained an academic school and belongs to the Headmasters. In the post-war period, MGS was a direct-grant grammar school and it chose to become an independent school in 1976 after the Labour government abolished the Direct Grant System. Fees for 2016–2017 were £11,970 per annum, the schools motto is Sapere Aude, which was also the motto of the council of the former County Borough of Oldham, granted on 7 November 1894. Sapere aude is a quotation from Horace, famously used by Immanuel Kant, the MGS coat of arms, which the school displays in the Memorial Hall, were the arms borne by Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter. It consists of the arms of the Bishopric of Exeter and Oldhams personal arms side by side, the Exeter arms depict the keys and sword, emblems of St Peter and St Paul, to whom Exeter Cathedral is dedicated. Oldhams family arms display owls, which it is assumed were chosen as a pun on the first syllable of his surname, and red roses, indicative of his Lancastrian ancestral origins. During a visit by the Queen to MGS in 1965 it was discovered that the school had, in all innocence, heraldically, this is improper practice, though such use of a founders arms by scholastic establishments is not uncommon. As a consequence the Old Mancunians undertook to finance an application by the school to the College of Arms for a grant of arms particular to itself. Arms are honours and all honours in the United Kingdom stem from the monarch, heraldic matters come under the jurisdiction of the Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk, and he is approached in such matters through the College of Arms in London. The officer of the college who dealt with the petition for a grant of arms was Colonel J. R. B. The Senior School Badge is an outline of an owl, carrying a banner with the word dom on it and this is a heraldic canting reference to its founder, Hugh Oldham, and the badge should be read as owl-dom. This suggests that he pronounced his name, as the accent in Oldham still tends to do. Owls are also to be seen in the shield of the Borough of Oldham, there is possibly a second significance to the dom of which Hugh Oldham, as a bishop, would have been very well aware. This badge replaced the one when the School colours changed from red, black and yellow to dark and light blue to reflect its connection with the universities of Oxford. The Junior School badge, which depicts the face of an owl, was introduced to blazers and ties in 2008. The founder, Hugh Oldham, a Manchester-born man, attended Exeter College, Oxford and Queens College, Cambridge, after having been tutored in the house of Thomas Stanley and he was appointed Bishop of Exeter in 1505
12.
Thomas More
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Sir Thomas More, venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532 and he also wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation. More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther, More also opposed the Kings separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason, of his execution, he was reported to have said, I die the Kings good servant, but Gods first. Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr, Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians. Since 1980, the Church of England has remembered More liturgically as a Reformation martyr, the Soviet Union honoured him for the Communist attitude toward property rights expressed in Utopia. From 1490 to 1492, More served John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, Morton enthusiastically supported the New Learning, and thought highly of the young More. Believing that More had great potential, Morton nominated him for a place at the University of Oxford, More began his studies at Oxford in 1492, and received a classical education. Studying under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn, he became proficient in both Latin and Greek, More left Oxford after only two years—at his fathers insistence—to begin legal training in London at New Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery. In 1496, More became a student at Lincolns Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he remained until 1502, according to his friend, theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk. Between 1503 and 1504 More lived near the Carthusian monastery outside the walls of London, although he deeply admired their piety, More ultimately decided to remain a layman, standing for election to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year. In spite of his choice to pursue a career, More continued ascetic practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to his skin. A tradition of the Third Order of Saint Francis honours More as a member of that Order on their calendar of saints, More married Jane Colt in 1505. She was five years younger than her husband, quiet and good-natured, Erasmus reported that More wanted to give his young wife a better education than she had previously received at home, and tutored her in music and literature. The couple had four children before Jane died in 1511, Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely, going against friends advice and common custom, within thirty days More had married one of the many eligible women among his wide circle of friends. He certainly expected a mother to care of his little children and, as the view of his time considered marriage as an economic union, he chose a rich widow. More was not viewed as being in haste to remarry for the gratification of sexual pleasure, as Alice was older than he, and their marriage was possibly not consummated. The speed of the marriage was so unusual that More had to get a dispensation of the banns, Alice More lacked Janes docility, Mores friend Andrew Ammonius derided Alice as a hook-nosed harpy
13.
University of Manchester
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The University of Manchester is a red brick university, a product of the civic university movement of the late-19th century. The main campus is south of Manchester city centre on Oxford Road, in 2015/16, the university had 39,700 students and 10,400 staff, making it the second largest university in the UK, and the largest single-site university. The university had an income of £987.2 million in 2015–16 and it has the third largest endowment of any university in England, after the universities of Cambridge and Oxford. It is a member of the worldwide Universities Research Association, the Russell Group of British research universities, the University of Manchester is ranked 29th in the world by QS World University Rankings 2016. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Manchester was ranked 35th in the world, the Global Employability University Ranking conducted by THE places Manchester at 27th worldwide and 10th in Europe, ahead of academic powerhouses such as Cornell, UPenn and LSE. It is ranked joint 55th in the world and 8th in the UK in the 2016 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, in the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, Manchester came fifth in terms of research power and seventeenth for grade point average quality when including specialist institutions. More students try to gain entry than to any university in the country. According to the 2015 High Fliers Report, Manchester is the most targeted university by the largest number of leading graduate employers in the UK. The university owns and operates major cultural assets such as the Manchester Museum, Whitworth Art Gallery, John Rylands Library and Jodrell Bank Observatory and its Grade I listed Lovell Telescope. The University of Manchester has 25 Nobel laureates among its past and present students and staff, four Nobel laureates are currently among its staff – more than any other British university. The University of Manchester traces its roots to the formation of the Mechanics Institute in 1824, the English chemist John Dalton, together with Manchester businessmen and industrialists, established the Mechanics Institute to ensure that workers could learn the basic principles of science. John Owens, a merchant, left a bequest of £96,942 in 1846 to found a college to educate men on non-sectarian lines. He also campaigned and helped fund the chair, the first applied science department in the north of England. He left the college the equivalent of £10 million in his will in 1876, Beyer funded the total cost of construction of the Beyer building to house the biology and geology departments. His will also funded Engineering chairs and the Beyer Professor of Applied mathematics, the university has a rich German heritage. The Owens College Extension Movement based their plans after a tour of mainly German universities, Manchester mill owner, Thomas Ashton, chairman of the extension movement had studied at Heidelberg University. Sir Henry Roscoe also studied at Heidelberg under Robert Bunsen and they collaborated for many years on research projects, Roscoe promoted the German style of research led teaching that became the role model for the redbrick universities. Charles Beyer studied at Dresden Academy Polytechnic, there were many Germans on the staff, including Carl Schorlemmer, Britains first chair in organic chemistry, and Arthur Schuster, professor of Physics
14.
Royal Air Force
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The Royal Air Force is the United Kingdoms aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world. The RAF describe its mission statement as, an agile, adaptable and capable Air Force that, person for person, is second to none, and that makes a decisive air power contribution in support of the UK Defence Mission. The mission statement is supported by the RAFs definition of air power, Air power is defined as the ability to project power from the air and space to influence the behaviour of people or the course of events. Today the Royal Air Force maintains a fleet of various types of aircraft. The majority of the RAFs rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces, most of the RAFs aircraft and personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on operations or at long-established overseas bases. It was founded on 1 April 1918, with headquarters located in the former Hotel Cecil, during the First World War, by the amalgamation of the Royal Flying Corps, at that time it was the largest air force in the world. The RAFs naval aviation branch, the Fleet Air Arm, was founded in 1924, the RAF developed the doctrine of strategic bombing which led to the construction of long-range bombers and became its main bombing strategy in the Second World War. The RAF underwent rapid expansion prior to and during the Second World War, under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan of December 1939, the air forces of British Commonwealth countries trained and formed Article XV squadrons for service with RAF formations. Many individual personnel from countries, and exiles from occupied Europe. By the end of the war the Royal Canadian Air Force had contributed more than 30 squadrons to serve in RAF formations, additionally, the Royal Australian Air Force represented around nine percent of all RAF personnel who served in the European and Mediterranean theatres. In the Battle of Britain in 1940, the RAF defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe, the largest RAF effort during the war was the strategic bombing campaign against Germany by Bomber Command. Following victory in the Second World War, the RAF underwent significant re-organisation, during the early stages of the Cold War, one of the first major operations undertaken by the Royal Air Force was in 1948 and the Berlin Airlift, codenamed Operation Plainfire. Before Britain developed its own nuclear weapons the RAF was provided with American nuclear weapons under Project E and these were initially armed with nuclear gravity bombs, later being equipped with the Blue Steel missile. Following the development of the Royal Navys Polaris submarines, the nuclear deterrent passed to the navys submarines on 30 June 1969. With the introduction of Polaris, the RAFs strategic nuclear role was reduced to a tactical one and this tactical role was continued by the V bombers into the 1980s and until 1998 by Tornado GR1s. For much of the Cold War the primary role of the RAF was the defence of Western Europe against potential attack by the Soviet Union, with many squadrons based in West Germany. With the decline of the British Empire, global operations were scaled back, despite this, the RAF fought in many battles in the Cold War period
15.
University of Exeter
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The University of Exeter is a public research university located in Exeter, Devon, South West England, United Kingdom. In post-nominals, the University of Exeter is abbreviated as Exon. and is the given to honorary. The university has four campuses, Streatham and St Lukes, and Truro, the university is centred in the city of Exeter, Devon, where it is the principal higher education institution. Streatham is the largest campus containing many of the administrative buildings. The Penryn campus is maintained in conjunction with Falmouth University under the Combined Universities in Cornwall initiative, the university was named the Sunday Times University of the Year in 2013 and was the Times Higher Education University of the Year in 2007. Exeter has maintained a top ten position in the National Student Survey since the survey was launched in 2005, for 2015-16, Exeter had a turnover of £371.5 million, including £61.4 million from research grants and contracts. Exeter is a member of the Russell Group of leading research-intensive UK universities, the university is also a member of Universities UK, the European University Association, and the Association of Commonwealth Universities and is an accredited institution of the Association of MBAs. The universitys origins can be traced back to three educational institutions that existed in the city of Exeter and in Cornwall in the middle of the nineteenth century. To celebrate the educational and scientific work of Prince Albert, and inspired by the Great Exhibition of 1851, Exeter School of Art in 1855, in 1900 its official title was changed to the Royal Albert Memorial College and the college moved to Bradninch Place in Gandy Street. As was customary for new university institutions in England in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, alderman W H Reed, a former mayor of Exeter, donated Streatham Hall on the Streatham Estate to the new University College in 1922. Streatham Hall was renamed to Reed Hall after its benefactor, at the same time, the first principal of the University College, later Sir Hector Hetherington, persuaded the Council of the College to buy a major portion of the Streatham Estate. A slow move to the Streatham Estate from the centre of the city occurred over time, the building was opened in 1931. The first of the halls of residence, Mardon Hall. Roborough Library was completed around 1939, Queen Elizabeth II presented the Charter to the university on a visit to Streatham the following year. The university underwent a period of expansion in the 1960s. These included homes for the Chemistry and Physics departments, the Newman, Laver and Engineering Buildings, queens Building had been opened for the Arts Faculty in 1959 and the Amory Building, housing Law and Social Sciences, followed in 1974. In the following two decades, considerable investment was made in developing new self-catering accommodation for students, gifts from the Gulf States made it possible to build a new university library in 1983 and more recently have allowed for the creation of a new Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies. A further major donation enabled the completion of the Xfi Centre for Finance, since 2009, significant further investment has been made into new student accommodation, new buildings in The Business School, and the Forum, a new development for the centre of Streatham Campus
16.
Millfield School
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Founded in 1935, Millfield is a co-educational Independent school for ages 13-18 years based in Street, Somerset, England. The school is the largest co-educational boarding school in the UK with approximately 1,240 pupils, Millfield Development and the Millfield Foundation, raises money to fund scholarships and bursaries. The school is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Millfield has its own pre-prep and preparatory school, Millfield Preparatory School in nearby Glastonbury which takes children from 2 to 13 years old. The prep school shares some of Millfields facilities and over 90% of its pupils typically move up to Millfield each year, meyer, educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College, adhered to the philanthropic aim. In 1939, the school one of the first independent schools to become co-educational. Over recent years, many of houses have been sold. There are currently three country boarding houses occupied by male pupils, the Millfield campus is based over 240 acres in Somerset, in Street, in the South West of England. Millfield is predominantly a boarding school with around 75% of its pupils as boarders. The house system is based on gender and status as a day pupil or boarder, with the introduction of Nine at Millfield in 2014, year 9 is now treated as a transitional year with Year 9 only day and boarding houses. All other houses are Year 10-Upper Sixth boarders and two are exclusively for Sixth Formers, the boarding houses are supervised by house parents and assisted by assistant house parents, tutors, and matrons. Each house generally has around 40-50 pupils, there are fourteen boys and nine girls houses, the oldest house is Millfield House, which is the original building the school first began operating in. The house opened when the school was established in 1935 and is now one of Year 9 boarding houses, the houses have kitchens, common rooms and spaces for prep work. Houses are equipped with Wi-Fi networks, girls Boys Mixed 1 Senior denotes Year 9 to Upper Sixth, Sixth Form denotes Lower and Upper Sixth only. Millfield produced international and Olympic athletes, its campus houses a range of sports facilities. Millfield has been represented at every Olympic Games since 1956, at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Millfield was the most represented British school. At Rio in 2016, eight Millfieldians took part and won a total of four medals in rowing, swimming, Millfield appeared in the official London 2012 Pre-Games Training Camp Guide. The Russian swimming team used the school as its base before the London Olympics. Alumni become life members of the Society when they leave the school, the principle aim of the Society is to keep members of the worldwide Millfield family in touch with each other
17.
Celia Johnson
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Dame Celia Elizabeth Johnson DBE was an English actress. She began her acting career in 1928, and subsequently achieved success in West End. She also appeared in films, including the romantic drama Brief Encounter. Much of her work was for television, and she continued performing in theatre for the rest of her life. She suffered a stroke and died soon after at the age of 73, born in Richmond, Surrey, and nicknamed Betty, Johnson was the second daughter of Robert and Ethel Johnson. Her first public performance was in 1916, when she played a role in a charity performance of King Cophetua and she attended St Pauls Girls School in London from 1919 until 1926, and played in the schools orchestra under Gustav Holst. She acted in productions, but had no other acting experience, when she was accepted to study at Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1926. She later spent a term in Paris, studying under Pierre Fresnay at the Comédie Française and she later recalled her choice of an acting career with the comment, I thought Id rather like it. It was the only thing I was good at, and I thought it might be rather wicked. ”Her stage début, and first professional role, was as Sarah in George Bernard Shaws Major Barbara at the Theatre Royal, Huddersfield in 1928. She went to London the following year to take the place of Angela Baddeley in the part of Currita in A Hundred Years Old, in 1930 Johnson played in Cynara with Sir Gerald Du Maurier and Dame Gladys Cooper. She made her first trip to the United States the following year to star as Ophelia in a New York production of Hamlet. She returned to London, where she appeared in a number of productions, before establishing herself with a two-year run in The Wind. She married the journalist Peter Fleming in 1935, and in 1939 gave birth to their first child, during the Second World War, Johnson lived with her widowed sister and sister-in-law and helped care for their combined seven children. She appeared in In Which We Serve and This Happy Breed, Lean and Coward sought Johnson for the next production, Brief Encounter. I have found myself already planning how I should play bits, Johnson was awarded the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. After the war, Johnson concentrated on her life, which included two daughters born in 1946 and 1947 and her occasional acting work was secondary for the following decade. In 1952, she opened The Grass is Greener, in 1957 she acted with Ralph Richardson in The Flowering Cherry. As a member of Laurence Oliviers National Theatre Company, Johnson appeared in the plays The Master Builder with Olivier and Hay Fever, for her role in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, she received the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
18.
Ralph Richardson
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Sir Ralph David Richardson was an English actor who, along with his contemporaries John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He worked in films throughout most of his career, and played more than sixty cinema roles, from an artistic but not theatrical background, Richardson had had no thought of a stage career until a production of Hamlet in Brighton inspired him to become an actor. He learned his craft in the 1920s with a touring company, in 1931 he joined the Old Vic, playing mostly Shakespearean roles. He led the company the following season, succeeding Gielgud, who had him much about stage technique. After he left the company, a series of leading roles took him to stardom in the West End, in the 1940s, together with Olivier and John Burrell, Richardson was the co-director of the Old Vic company. There, his most celebrated roles included Peer Gynt and Falstaff, in the 1950s, in the West End and occasionally on tour, Richardson played in modern and classic works including The Heiress, Home at Seven, and Three Sisters. He continued on stage and in films until shortly before his death at the age of eighty. He was celebrated in later years for his work with Peter Halls National Theatre and he was not known for his portrayal of the great tragic roles in the classics, preferring character parts in old and new plays. Richardsons film career began as an extra in 1931 and he was soon cast in leading roles in British and American films including Things to Come, The Fallen Idol, Long Days Journey into Night and Doctor Zhivago. He received nominations and awards in the UK, Europe and the US for his stage and screen work from 1948 until his death. Richardson was twice nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, first for The Heiress and again for his film, Greystoke, The Legend of Tarzan. Throughout his career, and increasingly in later years, Richardson was known for his behaviour on. He was often seen as detached from conventional ways of looking at the world, Richardson was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, the third son and youngest child of Arthur Richardson and his wife Lydia. The couple had met while both were in Paris, studying with the painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau, Arthur Richardson had been senior art master at Cheltenham Ladies College from 1893. In 1907 the family split up, there was no divorce or formal separation, the ostensible cause of the couples separation was a row over Lydias choice of wallpaper for her husbands study. According to John Millers biography, whatever underlying causes there may have been are unknown, an earlier biographer, Garry OConnor, speculates that Arthur Richardson might have been having an extramarital affair. Mother and son had a variety of homes, the first of which was a converted from two railway carriages in Shoreham-by-Sea on the south coast of England. Lydia wanted Richardson to become a priest, in Brighton he served as an altar boy, which he enjoyed, but when sent at about fifteen to the nearby Xaverian College, a seminary for trainee priests, he ran away
19.
A Man for All Seasons
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A Man For All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt. It was first performed in London opening at the Globe Theatre on 1 July 1960 and it later found its way to Broadway, enjoying a critically and commercially successful run of over a year. It has had several revivals, and was made into a multi-Academy Award-winning 1966 feature film. The play portrays More as a man of principle, envied by rivals such as Thomas Cromwell and loved by the common people, the title reflects 20th century agnostic playwright Robert Bolt’s portrayal of More as the ultimate man of conscience. As one who remains true to himself and his beliefs while adapting to all circumstances and times, despite external pressure or influence, More represents a man for all seasons. Bolt borrowed the title from Robert Whittington, a contemporary of More, for where is the man of that gentleness, lowliness and affability. And, as time requireth, a man of marvelous mirth and pastimes, a Man for All Seasons struggles with ideas of identity and conscience. More argues repeatedly that a person is defined by his conscience and his own position is depicted as almost indefensible, the Pope is described as a bad and corrupt individual, forced by the Emperor Charles V to act according to his will. But as More says to Norfolk, What matters is not that its true, but that I believe it, or no, not that I believe it, but that I believe it. More fears that if he breaks with his conscience, he will be damned to hell, while his associates and friends are more concerned with holding onto their own temporal power. At another key point of the play, More testifies before a committee and Norfolk attempts to persuade him to sign the Succession to the Crown Act 1534, Norfolk, Oh. Im not a scholar, as Master Cromwell never tires of pointing out, but damn it, Thomas, look at those names. Cant you do what I did, and come with us, for fellowship. More, And when we stand before God, and you are sent to Paradise for doing according to your conscience, Mores persecution is made to seem even more unjust by the inclusion of Eustace Chapuys, the long-time Imperial ambassador to England, into the story. Instead, More informs Norfolk of the plot, showing him to be patriotic, Bolt also establishes an anti-authoritarian theme which recurs throughout his works. All people in positions of power – King Henry, Cromwell, Wolsey, Cranmer, Chapuys, even Norfolk – are depicted as being corrupt, evil, or at best expedient. Bolts later plays and film screenplays also delve into this theme, although it is the law that eventually forces Mores execution, the play also makes several powerful statements in support of the rule of law. At one point Mores future son-in-law, Roper, urges him to arrest Richard Rich, More answers that Rich has broken no law, And go he should if he were the Devil himself until he broke the law
20.
Henry VIII of England
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Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII, Henry is best known for his six marriages and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage, to Catherine of Aragon, annulled. Despite his resulting excommunication, Henry remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, domestically, Henry is known for his radical changes to the English Constitution, ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings to England. Besides asserting the supremacy over the Church of England, he greatly expanded royal power during his reign. Charges of treason and heresy were commonly used to quash dissent, and he achieved many of his political aims through the work of his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Richard Rich and his contemporaries considered Henry in his prime to be an attractive, educated, and accomplished king, and he has been described as one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne. He was an author and composer, as he aged, Henry became severely obese and his health suffered, contributing to his death in 1547. He is frequently characterised in his life as a lustful, egotistical, harsh. He was succeeded by his son Edward VI, born 28 June 1491 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. Of the young Henrys six siblings, only three – Arthur, Prince of Wales, Margaret, and Mary – survived infancy and he was baptised by Richard Fox, the Bishop of Exeter, at a church of the Observant Franciscans close to the palace. In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed Constable of Dover Castle and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. He was subsequently appointed Earl Marshal of England and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland at age three, and was inducted into the Order of the Bath soon after. The day after the ceremony he was created Duke of York, in May 1495, he was appointed to the Order of the Garter. Henry was given an education from leading tutors, becoming fluent in Latin and French. Not much is known about his early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king, as Duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15 of sweating sickness, Arthurs death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother, the 10-year-old Henry. After a little debate, Henry became the new Duke of Cornwall in October 1502, Henry VII gave the boy few tasks. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public, as a result, the young Henry would later ascend the throne untrained in the exacting art of kingship
21.
Catherine of Aragon
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The daughter of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, Catherine was three years old when she was betrothed to Arthur, Prince of Wales, heir apparent to the English throne. They married in 1501, but Arthur died five months later on 2 April 1502, in 1507, she held the position of ambassador of the Aragonese Crown in England, the first female ambassador in European history. Catherine subsequently married Arthurs younger brother, the recently ascended Henry VIII, for six months in 1513, she served as regent of England while Henry VIII was in France. During that time the English won the Battle of Flodden, an event in which Catherine played an important part with a speech about English courage. He sought to have their marriage annulled, setting in motion a chain of events led to Englands schism with the Catholic Church. When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters, in 1533 their marriage was consequently declared invalid and Henry married Anne on the judgement of clergy in England, without reference to the Pope. Catherine refused to accept Henry as Supreme Head of the Church in England and considered herself the Kings rightful wife and queen, despite this, she was acknowledged only as Dowager Princess of Wales by Henry. After being banished from court, she lived out the remainder of her life at Kimbolton Castle, English people held Catherine in high esteem, and her death set off tremendous mourning. The controversial book The Education of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives, such was Catherines impression on people that even her enemy, Thomas Cromwell, said of her, If not for her sex, she could have defied all the heroes of History. She successfully appealed for the lives of the involved in the Evil May Day. Catherine also won widespread admiration by starting an extensive programme for the relief of the poor and she was a patron of Renaissance humanism, and a friend of the great scholars Erasmus of Rotterdam and Thomas More. Catherine was born at the Archbishops Palace in Alcalá de Henares near Madrid and she was the youngest surviving child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Catherine was quite short in stature with red hair, wide blue eyes, a round face. Consequently, she was cousin of her father-in-law, Henry VII of England. Catherine was educated by a tutor, Alessandro Geraldini, who was a clerk in Holy Orders and she studied arithmetic, canon and civil law, classical literature, genealogy and heraldry, history, philosophy, religion, and theology. She had a religious upbringing and developed her Roman Catholic faith that would play a major role in later life. She learned to speak, read and write in Spanish and Latin and she was also taught domestic skills, such as cooking, dancing, drawing, embroidery, good manners, lace-making, music, needlepoint, sewing, spinning, and weaving. The great scholar Erasmus later said that Catherine loved good literature which she had studied with success since childhood
22.
T. E. Lawrence
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Thomas Edward Lawrence, CB, DSO was a British archaeologist, military officer, diplomat, and writer. He was renowned for his role during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign. Chapman had left his wife and first family in Ireland to live with Junner, in 1896, the Lawrences moved to Oxford, where Lawrence attended high school, then in 1907–1910 studied History at Jesus College. Between 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist, chiefly at Carchemish, soon after the outbreak of war he joined the British Army and was stationed in Egypt. In 1916, he was sent to Arabia on a mission and quickly became involved with the Arab Revolt, serving, along with other British officers. After the war, Lawrence served until 1922 as a diplomat, in 1922, he retreated from public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, mostly in the Royal Air Force, with a brief stint in the Army. During this time, he wrote and published his work, Seven Pillars of Wisdom. He also translated books into English and completed The Mint, which was published posthumously and he corresponded extensively and was friendly with well-known artists, writers, and politicians. For the RAF, he participated in the design of rescue motorboats, Lawrences public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab revolt by American journalist Lowell Thomas, as well as from Seven Pillars of Wisdom. In 1935, Lawrence was fatally injured in a accident in Dorset. Lawrence was born on 16 August 1888 in Tremadog, Carnarvonshire, Wales in a house named Gorphwysfa, now known as Snowdon Lodge. His Anglo-Irish father Thomas Chapman had left his wife Edith after he fell in love and had a son with Sarah Junner, a young Scotswoman who had been engaged as governess to his daughters. Sarah was the daughter of Elizabeth Junner and John Lawrence, who worked as a carpenter and was a son of the household in which Elizabeth had been a servant. She was dismissed four months before Sarah was born, Sarah and Thomas did not marry, but lived together under the name Lawrence. In 1914, Sir Thomas inherited the Chapman baronetcy based at Killua Castle, the family home in County Westmeath, Ireland. They had five sons, Thomas Edward was the second eldest, from Wales the family moved to Kirkcudbright, Galloway in southwestern Scotland, then Dinard in Brittany, then to Jersey. In 1894–96, the family lived at Langley Lodge, set in woods between the eastern borders of the New Forest and Southampton Water in Hampshire. The residence was isolated, and young Ned Lawrence had many opportunities for outdoor activities, in the summer of 1896, the Lawrences moved to 2, Polstead Road in Oxford, where they lived under the names of Mr and Mrs Lawrence until 1921
23.
Seven Pillars of Wisdom
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The title comes from the Book of Proverbs, Wisdom hath builded her house, she hath hewn out her seven pillars. Prior to the First World War, Lawrence had begun work on a book about seven great cities of the Middle East. The book had to be three times, once following the loss of the manuscript on a train at Reading. From Seven Pillars. and then lost all but the Introduction and drafts of Books 9 and 10 at Reading Station, while changing trains. Seven Pillars of Wisdom is an account of his experiences during the Arab Revolt of 1916–18. With the support of Emir Faisal and his tribesmen, he helped organise, speculation surrounds the books dedication, a poem written by Lawrence and edited by Robert Graves, concerning whether it is to an individual or to the whole Arab race. It begins, To S. A. possibly meaning Selim Ahmed, Ahmed died, probably from typhus, aged 19, a few weeks before the offensive to liberate Damascus. Lawrence received the news of his death days before he entered Damascus. A variant last line of that first stanza—reading, When we came—appears in some editions, however, the poem originated as prose, submitted by letter to Graves, who edited the work heavily into its current form, rewriting an entire stanza and correcting the others. Lawrence kept extensive notes throughout the course of his involvement in the Revolt and he began work on a clean narrative in the first half of 1919 while in Paris for the Peace Conference and, later that summer, while back in Egypt. By December 1919, he had a draft of most of the ten books that make up the Seven Pillars of Wisdom. National newspapers alerted the public to the loss of the manuscript, but to no avail. Lawrence refers to this version as Text I and says that had it been published, in early 1920, Lawrence set about the daunting task of rewriting as much as he could remember of the first version. Working from memory alone, he was able to complete this Text II,400,000 words long, Lawrence described this version as hopelessly bad in literary terms, but historically it was substantially complete and accurate. With Text II in front of him, Lawrence began working on a version in London, Jeddah. Lawrence completed this text comprising 335,000 words in February 1922, to eliminate any risk of losing the manuscript again, and to have copies that he could show privately to critics, he considered having the book typed out. However, he discovered that it would be cheaper to get the text typeset, just eight copies were produced, of which six survive. In bibliographical terms the result was the first edition of Seven Pillars, in legal terms, however, these substitutes for a typescript were not published
24.
Committee of 100 (United Kingdom)
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The Committee of 100 was a British anti-war group. It was set up in 1960 with a hundred public signatories by Bertrand Russell, Ralph Schoenman and Reverend Michael Scott and its supporters used mass nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience to achieve their aims. Schoenman approached Bertrand Russell, the president of CND, with the idea, Russell resigned from the presidency of CND in order to form the Committee of 100, which was launched at a meeting in London on 22 October 1960 with a hundred signatures. Russell was elected as president and Michael Randle of the Direct Action Committee was appointed secretary and it has been suggested that this separation weakened the campaign against nuclear weapons. The Committees campaign tactic was to organise demonstrations, which were not to be undertaken without at least 2,000 volunteers pledging to take part. Many eminent people participated in the sit-downs but few of the 100 signatories took part in the Committees activities, demonstrators were required to adopt a discipline of non-violence. In a briefing document the Committee of 100 said, We ask you not to shout slogans, the demonstrations must be carried out in a quiet, orderly way. Although we want massive support for demonstrations, we ask you to come only if you are willing to accept this non-violent discipline. Demonstrators were recommended to remain limp if arrested and to refuse to co-operate in any way until inside the police station, at first, the Committee of 100 differed from CND only in its methods, and they had the same objectives. Within the Committee, however, there were different ideas about civil disobedience, direct action, Bertrand Russell saw mass civil disobedience merely as a way of getting publicity for the unilateralist cause. Those from the Direct Action Committee were absolute pacifists who followed Gandhi, Ralph Schoenman and others, including the anarchists who later led the organisation, saw direct action as a sort of insurrection that could force the state to give up nuclear weapons. Nicolas Walter, a prominent member of the Committee, said later that it had been an anarchist organisation from its inception and that the signatories were, in effect. Between 1,000 and 6,000 people took part, somewhat to the surprise of the Committee, there were no arrests. At the next demonstration, on 29 April in Parliament Square. There were also marches and sit-downs against nuclear testing and demonstrations at the US and Soviet embassies in London, on 17 September, Battle of Britain Day, supporters blocked the pierheads at Holy Loch and the approaches to Trafalgar Square. The September demonstration is regarded as the mark of the Committee of 100. The court bound them to a promise of good behaviour for twelve months, thirty-two, including Bertrand Russell, then aged 89, refused and chose to go to prison instead. It is estimated that 12,000 to 15,000 attended the demonstration despite the invocation of the Public Order Act, several thousand sat down and there were 1,314 arrests, but no violence from demonstrators despite allegations of police brutality
25.
Boris Pasternak
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Boris Leonidovich Pasternak was a Soviet Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. In his native Russian, Pasternaks first book of poems, My Sister, Pasternaks translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Calderón and Shakespeare remain very popular with Russian audiences. Outside Russia, Pasternak is best known as the author of Doctor Zhivago, Doctor Zhivago was rejected for publication in the USSR. At the instigation of Giangiacomo Feltrinelli, Doctor Zhivago was smuggled to Milan and published in 1957, Pasternak was born in Moscow on 10 February,1890 into a wealthy assimilated Ukrainian Jewish family. His father was the Post-Impressionist painter, Leonid Pasternak, professor at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and his mother was Rosa Kaufman, a concert pianist and the daughter of Odessa industrialist Isadore Kaufman and his wife. Pasternak had a younger brother Alex and sisters Lydia and Josephine, sometimes willful boys were recommended after a incident of insubordination to some civil as well as religious authority, which were often the same. From 1904 to 1907 Boris Pasternak was the cloister-mate of Peter Minchakievich, Minchakievich came from an Orthodox Ukrainian family and Pasternak came from a Jewish Ukrainian family. Some confusion has arisen as to Pasternak attending an academy in his boyhood years. The uniforms of their monastery Cadet Corp were only similar to those of The Czar Alexander the Third Military Academy, as Pasternak, most schools used a distinctive military looking uniform particular to them as was the custom of the time in Eastern Europe and Russia. Boyhood friends, they parted in 1908, friendly but with different politics, Pasternak went to the Moscow Conservatory to study music, and Minchakievich went to Lviv University to study history and philosophy. The character of Strelnikov in Dr. Zhivago is a character, his bad dimension is based upon Leon Trotsky. Several of Pasternaks characters are composites, I believe that this is at the root of my distinctiveness. Most intensely of all my mind was occupied by Christianity in the years 1910–12, when the foundations of this distinctiveness – my way of seeing things. Shortly after his birth, Pasternaks parents had joined the Tolstoyan Movement, novelist Leo Tolstoy was a close family friend, as Pasternak recalled, my father illustrated his books, went to see him, revered him, and. the whole house was imbued with his spirit. In a 1956 essay, Pasternak recalled his fathers feverish work creating illustrations for Tolstoys novel Resurrection, the novel was serialized in the journal Niva by the publisher Fyodor Marx, based in St Petersburg. The sketches were drawn from observations in such places as courtrooms, prisons and on trains, to ensure that the sketches met the journal deadline, train conductors were enlisted to personally collect the illustrations. Joiners glue was boiling on the stove, the illustrations were hurriedly wiped dry, fixed, glued on pieces of cardboard, rolled up, tied up. The parcels, once ready, were sealed with sealing wax, regular visitors to the Pasternaks home also included Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Lev Shestov, Rainer Maria Rilke
26.
The Bounty (1984 film)
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The Bounty is a 1984 British historical drama film directed by Roger Donaldson, starring Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins, and produced by Bernard Williams with Dino De Laurentiis as executive producer. It is the film version of the story of the mutiny on the Bounty. The screenplay was by Robert Bolt and it was based on the book Captain Bligh and it was made by Dino De Laurentiis Productions and distributed by Orion Pictures Corporation and Thorn EMI Screen Entertainment. The music score was composed by Vangelis and the cinematography was by Arthur Ibbetson, the attempt to round Cape Horn fails due to harsh weather, and the ship is obliged to take the longer eastern route. During their stay in Tahiti, ship discipline becomes problematic, many of the develop a taste for the easy pleasures that island life offers. Bligh, at the time, subjects the crew to pressure. When the ship leaves Tahiti, Fletcher is forced to leave his wife, Mauatua. The resumption of naval discipline on the return voyage turns Bligh into a tyrant not willing to tolerate any disobedience whatsoever, creating an atmosphere of tension, Bligh insists that the ship is dirty and orders the crew to clean up several times a day. Many of the men, including Christian, are singled out for tongue-lashings by Bligh, playing on Christians resentment against Blighs treatment of both him and the men, the more militant members of the crew finally persuade Christian to take control of the ship. Bligh is roused from his bed and arrested, along with those loyal to him, and they are forced into a ships boat, minimally supplied. One man, however, is killed by natives as the stop for supplies on a hostile island. The mutineers sail back to Tahiti to collect their wives, girlfriends, King Tynah, however, is concerned that their presence on the island could incite King George to declare war against Tahiti and his people. Realising the folly of staying, they gather supplies and sail away to try to find a safe refuge, Christian pleads with Tynah to allow Mauatua to decide her own destiny. Tynah concedes, and Mauatua chooses the uncertainty of a life with Christian over remaining with her father, the search for a safe haven is long and seemingly impossible, as they realise that any pursuing Royal Navy vessels will search all known islands and coastlines to find them. At this point, those who remained on board the Bounty are so frustrated that they are ready to rebel against Christian to turn the back towards Tahiti. After Christian forces the crew to continue on, they eventually find Pitcairn Island, meanwhile, Fletcher Christian and his men realise that they will never go back home to Britain. Melvyn Bragg ended up writing a considerable portion of the script, Anthony Hopkins was one of two actors considered for the role of Captain Bligh by David Lean. Christopher Reeve, Sting and David Essex were considered for the role of Fletcher Christian, the role of Peter Heywood was originally intended to be played by Hugh Grant
27.
The Mission (1986 film)
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The Mission is a 1986 British drama film about the experiences of a Jesuit missionary in 18th century South America. Written by Robert Bolt and directed by Roland Joffé, the film stars Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, Ray McAnally, Aidan Quinn, Cherie Lunghi and it won the Palme dOr and the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. In April 2007, it was elected number one on the Church Times Top 50 Religious Films list, furthermore, it is one of fifteen films listed in the category Religion on the Vatican film list. The music, scored by Italian composer Ennio Morricone, ranked 1st on the Australian Broadcasting Corporations Classic 100 Music in the Movies, following mixed to positive reviews from critics, the film bombed at the box office and caused the deterioration of Goldcrest Films. Father Gabriel travels to the falls, climbs to the top, the Guaraní warriors, captivated by the music, allow him to live. After returning from another kidnapping trip Mendoza is told by his assumed fiancée, Carlotta, Mendoza later finds them in bed together and in a fit of rage kills Felipe in a duel. Although he is acquitted of the killing by Cabeza, Mendoza spirals into depression, Father Gabriel visits and challenges Mendoza to undertake a suitable penance. Mendoza accompanies the Jesuits on their return to the Guaraní village, scaling a cliff while dragging a heavy bundle containing his armour, Father Gabriels mission is depicted as a place of sanctuary and education for the Guaraní. Moved by the Guaranís acceptance, Mendoza wishes to help at the mission, in time, Mendoza takes vows and becomes a Jesuit under Father Gabriel and his colleague Father Fielding. The Jesuit missions were safe because they were protected under Spanish law, the Treaty of Madrid reapportioned South American land the Jesuit missions were located on, transferring the area to the Portuguese who allowed slavery. Under pressure from both Cabeza and Portuguese Governor Don Hontar, Cardinal Altamirano is forced to choose between two evils, Altamirano visits the missions and is amazed at their industry and success, both in converting the Indians and, in some cases, economically. At Father Gabriels mission of San Carlos he tries to explain the reasons behind closing the mission, the Guaraní question the validity of his claim, and argue Gods will was to settle and develop the mission. Father Gabriel and Mendoza, under threat of excommunication, state their intention to defend the mission alongside the Guaraní if the plantation owners and they are, however, divided on how to do this, and they debate how to respond to the impending military attack. Father Gabriel believes that violence is a crime against God. Mendoza, however, decides to break his vows to defend the Mission. Against Father Gabriels wishes, he teaches the natives the European art of war, when a joint Portuguese and Spanish force attack, the mission is initially defended by Mendoza, Fielding and the Guaraní. They are no match for the force and Mendoza is shot and fatally wounded after the soldiers destroy a trap. Fielding sacrifices himself by killing the Portuguese commander before he is killed, upon seeing the Church at the mission village the soldiers become reluctant to fire
28.
Society of Jesus
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The Society of Jesus Latin, Societas Iesu, S. J. SJ or SI) is a religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in Spain. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents, Jesuits work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice, Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, ignatiuss plan of the orders organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by a bull containing the Formula of the Institute. Ignatius was a nobleman who had a background, and the members of the society were supposed to accept orders anywhere in the world. The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council, the Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General. The Society of Jesus on October 3,2016 announced that Superior General Adolfo Nicolás resignation was officially accepted, on October 14, the 36th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus elected Father Arturo Sosa as its thirty-first Superior General. The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome, the historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church. In 2013, Jorge Mario Bergoglio became the first Jesuit Pope, the Jesuits today form the largest single religious order of priests and brothers in the Catholic Church. As of 1 January 2015, Jesuits numbered 16,740,11,986 clerics regular,2,733 scholastics,1,268 brothers and 753 novices. In 2012, Mark Raper S. J. wrote, Our numbers have been in decline for the last 40 years—from over 30,000 in the 1960s to fewer than 18,000 today. The steep declines in Europe and North America and consistent decline in Latin America have not been offset by the significant increase in South Asia, the Society is divided into 83 Provinces with six Independent Regions and ten Dependent Regions. On 1 January 2007, members served in 112 nations on six continents with the largest number in India and their average age was 57.3 years,63.4 years for priests,29.9 years for scholastics, and 65.5 years for brothers. The current Superior General of the Jesuits is Arturo Sosa, the Society is characterized by its ministries in the fields of missionary work, human rights, social justice and, most notably, higher education. It operates colleges and universities in countries around the world and is particularly active in the Philippines. In the United States it maintains 28 colleges and universities and 58 high schools and he ensured that his formula was contained in two papal bulls signed by Pope Paul III in 1540 and by Pope Julius III in 1550. The formula expressed the nature, spirituality, community life and apostolate of the new religious order, the meeting is now commemorated in the Martyrium of Saint Denis, Montmartre
29.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
30.
James Brady
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James Scott Jim Brady was an assistant to the U. S. President and White House Press Secretary under President Ronald Reagan. In 1981, Brady became permanently disabled from a wound during the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan. Brady became an ardent supporter of gun control as a result of this event, Brady died on August 4,2014,33 years after the shooting. His death was ruled a homicide, caused by the wound he received in 1981. Brady began his career in service as a staff member in the office of Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen. In 1964, he was the manager for Wayne Jones of Paris, Illinois in the race for US Congressman in the 23rd District. In 1970, Brady directed a campaign in the 23rd Illinois Congressional District for Phyllis Schlafly and he also served as Press Secretary to then-presidential candidate John Connally in 1979. After Connally withdrew his candidacy from the race, Brady became Director of Public Affairs and Research for the Reagan-Bush Committee, after Reagan took office, Brady became White House Press Secretary. On March 30,1981,69 days into his presidency, Ronald Reagan and his cabinet members, the first of six bullets hit Brady. The gunman was 25 year old John Hinckley, Jr, Secret Service and police officers forced the suspect to the ground and arrested him. Hinckley fired 6 shots from a.22 caliber Röhm RG-14 revolver, Brady was hit above his left eye. President Reagan, Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy and Washington police officer Thomas Delahanty were also injured from the shooting, Brady, Reagan and McCarthy were taken to George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D. C. During the confusion that followed the shooting, all media outlets erroneously reported that Brady had died. When ABC News anchorman Frank Reynolds, a friend of Brady, was forced to retract the report, he angrily said on-air to his staff, Cmon. As a result of the miscommunication, although Brady survived, the wound left him with slurred speech and partial paralysis that required the full-time use of a wheelchair. However, Kobrine said that 30 years later, Brady could walk and had recovered almost all speech, with his wife Sarah Brady, who served as Chair of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, Brady subsequently lobbied for stricter handgun control and assault weapon restrictions. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, also known as the Brady Bill, was named in his honor, Brady received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from McKendree College, Lebanon, Illinois, in 1982. Sarah and James Brady were each awarded a degree by Drexel University in 1993
31.
David Douglas, 12th Marquess of Queensberry
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David Harrington Angus Douglas, 12th Marquess of Queensberry is an Anglo-Scottish aristocrat and noted pottery designer. Queensberry is the son of the 11th Marquess, and his only son by his second wife. His maternal grandparents were interior decorator Dolly Mann and artist Harrington Mann and he succeeded his father in 1954. Educated at Eton College, he served in the Royal Horse Guards, in the 1950s he worked in the pottery industry. He was Professor of Ceramics at the Royal College of Art from 1959-83, as a hereditary peer, he spoke in the House of Lords in the 1960s. Under the Peerage Act 1963 which came into effect in August that year and this right was lost under the House of Lords Act 1999 which provided that o-one shall be a member of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage. He said in 2016 that he had been delighted to associate his family with a liberalising measure, the Queensberry name had become so associated with the way Oscar Wilde was pilloried in 1895. Carey is married since 1995 to Christina Weir, a daughter of the late Sir Michael Scott Weir KCMG and his first wife and they have two sons, Angus Carey-Douglas and James Carey-Douglas. As Ambrose is illegitimate, he and his two sons are not in remainder to the Marquessate and subsidiary titles. By his fathers first wife, he has an elder half-sister, Lady Patricia Douglas and he has a late sister, Lady Jane Cory-Wright, twice married to David Arthur Cory-Wright, of the Cory-Wright baronets. He has a younger half-brother, Lord Gawain Douglas, who is married with issue, one son, the heir apparent to the marquessate is Viscount Drumlanrig, followed by his brother Lord Torquil Douglas. The next heir is their half-uncle Lord Gawain Douglas, who has a son, Jamie Douglas, the next two elderly heirs are grandsons of Lord Sholto Douglas, fourth and youngest son of the 9th Marquess. A third brother, Robert Douglas, married with one daughter and these represent all the male-line heirs of John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry, himself only grandson of the 7th Marquess. Memorial Service, Sir Michael Weir, The Times,22 September 2006, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Queensberry
32.
BBC Radio
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BBC Radio is an operational business division and service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The service provides national radio stations covering the majority of genres, as well as local radio stations covering local news, affairs. It also oversees online audio content, of the national radio stations, BBC Radio 1,2,3,4 and 5 Live are all available through analogue radio as well as on DAB Digital Radio and internet services through RealMedia, WMA and BBC iPlayer. The remaining stations, BBC Radio 1Xtra,4 Extra,5 Live Sports Extra and 6 Music, all of the BBCs national radio stations broadcast from bases in London, usually in or near to Broadcasting House in Marylebone. However, the BBCs network production units located in Belfast, Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff, Glasgow, the BBCs radio services began in 1922. Today radio broadcasting still makes up a part of the corporations output - the title of the BBCs listings magazine, Radio Times. On 1 January 1927 the British Broadcasting Company was succeeded in control of the airwaves by the British Broadcasting Corporation. John Reith, who had been the managing director of the commercial company. He expounded firm principles of centralised, all-encompassing radio broadcasting, stressing programming standards and these he set out in his autobiography, Broadcast Over Britain, influencing modern ideas of public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom. To this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate, although no other broadcasting organisation was licensed in the UK until 1973, commercial competition soon opened up from overseas. The English language service of Radio Luxembourg began in 1933 as one of the earliest commercial radio broadcasting to Britain. The IBC began leasing time on transmitters in continental Europe and then reselling it as sponsored English-language programming aimed at audiences in Britain and it was an important forerunner of pirate radio and modern commercial radio in the United Kingdom. The onset of World War II silenced all but one of the original IBC stations, at the start of the Second World War it was renamed The Overseas Service but is now known as the BBC World Service. Beginning in 1964 the first in what became a fleet of 10 offshore pirate radio stations began to ring the British coastline, by 1967 millions were tuning into these commercial operations and the BBC was rapidly losing its radio listening audience. The British government reacted by passing the Marine Offences Act, which all, One of the stations called Radio London was so successful that the BBC was told to copy it as best they could. This led to an overhaul by Frank Gillard the BBCs Director of Radio of the BBC output creating the four analogue channels that still form the basis of its broadcasting today. The creator of BBC Radio One told the press that his family had been fans of Radio London, the BBC hired many out-of-work broadcasting staff who had come from the former offshore stations. Tony Blackburn who presented the very first BBC Radio One morning show had previously presented the morning show on Radio Caroline
33.
Oxford Playhouse
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Oxford Playhouse is an independent theatre designed by Sir Edward Maufe. It is situated in Beaumont Street, Oxford, opposite the Ashmolean Museum, the Playhouse was founded as The Red Barn at 12 Woodstock Road, North Oxford, in 1923 by J. B. The early history of the theatre is documented by the director, Norman Marshall in his 1947 book. Don Chapman has also provided a comprehensive study of the theatre in his 2008 book, Oxford Playhouse, High, the current theatre building on the south side of Beaumont Street was designed by Sir Edward Maufe and was completed in 1938. It is faced with stone, in keeping with other early 19th century Regency buildings in the street, susannah York gave her final performance at The Playhouse in August 2010 in Ronald Harwoods Quartet. The Oxford Playhouse was the crucible from which Prospect Theatre Company was created by Manager Elizabeth Sweeting, the Greek theatre director Minos Volanakis was an associate director at the theatre, his productions included Jean Genets The Maids and The Balcony, and Jean Giraudouxs Madwoman of Chaillot. A charitable trust owns and runs the Playhouse, through a management and direction team. It was closed for a number of years due to lack of funding, Oxford Playhouse has close relations with Oxford University and is the home stage of the Oxford University Dramatic Society. The Playhouse also manages on behalf of the university the nearby Burton Taylor Studio, named in honour of Richard Burton, the BT is a 50-seat studio theatre on Gloucester Street, close to the Oxford Playhouse. It originated in 1966, when Richard Burton donated money towards the creation of a space, also occasionally used for performance. A couple of later, students from the Oxford University Dramatic Society established the current tradition of the venue as a home for regular student productions. The Burton Taylor Studio programs a mix of student and professional productions throughout the year, New Theatre Oxford Old Fire Station Theatre Anonymous. Obituary in The New York Times, November 20,1999, Oxford Playhouse, High and Low Drama in a University City
34.
Flora Robson
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Dame Flora McKenzie Robson, DBE was an English actress and star of the theatrical stage and cinema, particularly renowned for her performances in plays demanding dramatic and emotional intensity. Her range extended from queens to murderesses, Robson was born in South Shields, County Durham, of Scottish descent to a family of six siblings. Many of her forebears were engineers, mostly in shipping and her father was a ships engineer who moved from Wallsend near Newcastle to Palmers Green in 1907 and Southgate in 1910, both in north London, and later to Welwyn Garden City. She was educated at the Palmers Green High School and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and her father discovered that Flora had a talent for recitation and, from the age of five, she was taken around by horse and carriage to recite, and to compete in recitations. This established a pattern that remained with her, Robson made her stage debut in 1921. In films, her most notable role was that of Queen Elizabeth I in both Fire Over England and The Sea Hawk, in 1934, Robson played the Empress Elizabeth in Alexander Kordas Catherine the Great. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Ingrid Bergmans servant and that same year audiences in the U. K. and the U. S. It was the making of her. Her acting – as the stepdaughter in Pirandellos Six Characters in Search of an Author – made her the talk of Cambridge. These performances signalled the arrival of an actress who could either transmit emotional stress or simply hint at it, never again, in a career which was a constant struggle to achieve the roles worthy of her talents, would she have such a run of opportunities. In her second season, though, she had few dramatic opportunities, in the little club theatre, The Gate, near Charing Cross, she scored a direct hit with audiences and critics alike. It was, though, her brief, shocking appearance as the prostitute in James Bridies play The Anatomist that put her firmly on the road to success. If you are not moved by this performance, then you are immovable the Observer critic wrote. This success would lead to her famous 1933 season as leading lady at the Old Vic, by the end of it she was caught in the theatrical firmament as a star. She also performed for British television, including The Shrimp and the Anemone, in the 1960s she continued to act in the West End, in such plays as Ring Round the Moon, The Importance of Being Earnest and Three Sisters. Dame Floras career ran down after her curious decision to leave the stage after The Old Ladies, however she continued to act on film and television, though the roles were often not rewarding at all. She was last briefly seen a Stygian Witch in the fantasy adventure Clash of the Titans in 1981, both the BBC and ITV made special programmes to celebrate her 80th birthday in 1982 and the BBC ran a short season of her best films. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as Angelique Buiton and she was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1952, and raised to Dame Commander in 1960
35.
Flowering Cherry
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The Flowering Cherry is a 1958 play written by Robert Bolt. The play was performed on Broadway in 1959, the play was adapted for British television in 1963. It was filmed for Australian TV in 1963, directed by Colin Dean and starring Grant Taylor, Peter Adams, Don Pascoe, Elizabeth Ferris, Margo Lee, Frank Taylor and it was the first drama to be simultaneously presented in Sydney and Melbourne via coaxial cable. Val Marshall of the paper called it a first rate production in which Taylor
36.
Wendy Hiller
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Dame Wendy Margaret Hiller DBE was an English film and stage actress, who enjoyed a varied acting career that spanned nearly sixty years. The writer Joel Hirschorn, in his 1984 compilation Rating the Movie Stars, despite many notable film performances, she chose to remain primarily a stage actress. She first found success as slum dweller Sally Hardcastle in the version of Love on the Dole in 1934. The play was a success and toured the regional stages of Britain. This play saw her West End debut in 1935 at the Garrick Theatre and she married the plays author Ronald Gow, fifteen years her senior, in 1937. The huge popularity of Love on the Dole took the production to New York in 1936, Shaw recognised a spirited radiance in the young actress, which was ideally suited for playing his heroines. Shaw cast her in several of his plays, including Saint Joan, Pygmalion and Major Barbara and she was reputed to be Shaws favourite actress of the time. In the course of her career, Hiller won popular. She excelled at rather plain but strong willed characters, after touring Britain as Viola in Twelfth Night she returned to the West End to be directed by John Gielgud as Sister Joanna in The Cradle Song. In 1947, Hiller originated the role of Catherine Sloper, the painfully shy, the play, based on the Henry James novel Washington Square, also featured Basil Rathbone as her emotionally abusive father. The production enjoyed a run at the Biltmore Theatre in New York. On returning to London, Hiller again played the role in the West End production in 1950 and her stage work remained a priority and continued with Ann Veronica, which was adapted by Gow from the novel by H. G. Wells with his wife in the leading role. She did a run in N. C. Hunters Waters of the Moon, alongside Sybil Thorndike and Edith Evans, a season at the Old Vic in 1955–56 produced a notable performance as Portia in Julius Caesar among others. In 1957, Hiller returned to New York to star as Josie Hogan in Eugene ONeills A Moon for the Misbegotten, the production also featured Cyril Cusack and Franchot Tone. Her final appearance on Broadway was as Miss Tina in the 1962 production of Michael Redgraves adaptation of The Aspern Papers, later West End successes such as Queen Mary in Crown Matrimonial proved she was not limited to playing dejected, emotionally deprived women. She later revisited some earlier plays playing older characters, as in West End revivals of Waters of the Moon with Ingrid Bergman and she was scheduled to return to the American stage in a 1982 revival of Anastasia with Natalie Wood, until Woods death just weeks before rehearsals. Hiller made her final West End performance in the role in Driving Miss Daisy
37.
Arthur Miller
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Arthur Asher Miller was an American playwright, essayist, and figure in twentieth-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons, Death of a Salesman, The Crucible and he also wrote several screenplays and was most noted for his work on The Misfits. The drama Death of a Salesman has been numbered on the short list of finest American plays in the 20th century alongside Long Days Journey into Night, Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, in 1980, Miller received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Prince of Asturias Award and the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2002, Miller was born on October 17,1915, in Harlem, in the New York City borough of Manhattan, the second of three children of Augusta and Isidore Miller. His father was born in Radomyśl Wielki, Galicia, and his mother was a native of New York whose parents arrived from that town. Isidore owned a clothing manufacturing business employing 400 people. He became a wealthy and respected man in the community, the family, including his younger sister Joan Copeland, lived on West 110th Street in Manhattan, owned a summer house in Far Rockaway, Queens, and employed a chauffeur. In the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the family lost almost everything and moved to Gravesend, as a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family. After graduating in 1932 from Abraham Lincoln High School, he worked at menial jobs to pay for his college tuition. At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in journalism and worked for the student paper and it was during this time that he wrote his first play, No Villain. Miller switched his major to English, and subsequently won the Avery Hopwood Award for No Villain, the award brought him his first recognition and led him to begin to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. Rowe provided realistic feedback along with much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend, in 1937, Miller wrote Honors at Dawn, which also received the Avery Hopwood Award. After his graduation in 1938, he joined the Federal Theater Project and he chose the theater project despite the more lucrative offer to work as a scriptwriter for 20th Century Fox. However, Congress, worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939, Miller began working in the Brooklyn Navy Yard while continuing to write radio plays, some of which were broadcast on CBS. In 1940, Miller married Mary Grace Slattery, the couple had two children, Jane and Robert. Miller was exempted from service during World War II because of a high-school football injury to his left kneecap. 1940 was also the year his first play was produced, The Man Who Had All the Luck won the Theatre Guilds National Award, the play closed after four performances with disastrous reviews
38.
Death of a Salesman
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Death of a Salesman is a 1949 play written by American playwright Arthur Miller. It was the recipient of the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, the play premiered on Broadway in February 1949, running for 742 performances, and has been revived on Broadway four times, winning three Tony Awards for Best Revival. It is widely considered to be one of the greatest plays of the 20th century and he is 63 years old and very unstable, insecure, and self-deluded. Willy tends to re-imagine events from the past as if they are real and he vacillates between different perceptions of his life. Willy seems childlike and relies on others for support and his first name, Willy, reflects this childlike aspect as well as sounding like the question Will he. His last name gives the feel of Willys being a low man, someone low on the ladder and unlikely to succeed, however. Linda Loman, Willys loyal and loving wife, Linda is passively supportive and docile when Willy talks unrealistically about hopes for the future, although she seems to have a good knowledge of what is really going on. She chides her sons, particularly Biff, for not helping Willy more and she is the first to realize that Willy is contemplating suicide at the beginning of the play, and urges Biff to make something of himself, while expecting Happy to help Biff do so. Biff was a star with lots of potential in high school. He wavers between going home to try to fulfill Willys dream for him as a businessman or ignoring his father by going out West to be a farmhand where he is happiest. He likes being outdoors and working with his hands, yet wants to do something worthwhile so Willy will be proud. Biff steals because he wants evidence of success, even if it is false evidence, harold Happy Loman, Willys younger son. Hes lived in the shadow of his older brother Biff most of his life and seems to be almost ignored, but he still tries to be supportive towards his family. He is always looking for approval from his parents, but rarely gets any, Charley, Willys somewhat wise-cracking yet kind and understanding neighbor. He pities Willy and frequently lends him money and comes over to play cards with him, Willy is jealous of him because his son is more successful than Willys. Charley offers Willy a job many times during visits to his office, yet Willy declines every time, in Willys flashbacks, he is a nerd, and Willy forces him to give Biff test answers. He worships Biff and does anything for him, later, he is a very successful lawyer, married, and expecting a second son ‒ the same successes that Willy wants for his sons, in particular Biff. Bernard makes Willy contemplate where he has gone wrong as a father, uncle Ben, Willys older brother who became a diamond tycoon after a detour to Africa
39.
Eric Portman
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Eric Portman was an English stage and film actor. He is probably best remembered for his roles in films for Michael Powell. He started work in 1922 as a salesman in the department at Marshall and Snelgroves department store in Leeds. He made his stage debut in 1924 with Henry Bayntons company. In 1928, he starred as Romeo in the rebuilt Old Vic, in the 1930s, he began appearing in films. In 1935, he appeared in four films, including Maria Marten or Murder in the Red Barn, in 1945, exhibitors voted him the 10th most popular star at the British box office. He maintained that ranking the following year, in the semi-autobiographical play Dinner with Ribbentrop by screenwriter Norman Hudis, a former personal assistant to Portman, Hudis relates a claim made often by Portman. According to Portman, in 1937, before the start of the Second World War, Portman claimed that Ribbentrop had told him that when Germany wins the war, Portman would be installed as the greatest English star in the New Europe at a purpose-built film studio in Berlin. He played the bogus Major in Terence Rattigans play Separate Tables in 1957 on Broadway, for this performance, he was nominated for a Tony Award. Portman was probably homosexual, although newspapers never reported this during the mid-1950s when homosexuality was illegal in the UK, newspapers refrained from identifying his sexuality throughout the 1960s when it could still have damaged his career. Portman died at age 68 at his home in St Veep and our Eric, A Portrait of Eric Portman. ISBN 1-850-5898-1-X Eric Portman at the Internet Movie Database Eric Portman at the Internet Broadway Database Performances in Theatre Archive University of Bristol Photographs and literature
40.
Michael Redgrave
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Sir Michael Scudamore Redgrave CBE was an English stage and film actor, director, manager and author. Redgrave was born in Bristol, England, the son of the silent film actor Roy Redgrave and he never knew his father, who left when the boy was six months old to pursue a career in Australia. He died when Redgrave was fourteen and his mother subsequently married Captain James Anderson, a tea planter. He studied at Clifton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge, Clifton Colleges theatre, The Redgrave Theatre, was later named after him. He was a schoolmaster at Cranleigh School in Surrey before becoming an actor in 1934 and he directed the boys in Hamlet, King Lear and The Tempest, but played all the leading roles himself. The Redgrave Room at the school was named after him, in the new Guildford School of Acting building, which opened in January 2010, the Sir Michael Redgrave Studio was named for him. They married on 18 July 1935, offered a job by Tyrone Guthrie, Redgrave made his first professional debut in London at the Old Vic on 14 September 1936, playing Ferdinand in Loves Labours Lost. During 1936–37 he also played Mr Horner in The Country Wife, Orlando in As You Like It, Warbeck in The Witch of Edmonton and his hit of the season was Orlando. Edith Evans was his Rosalind and the two fell very much in love, as he later explained, Edith always had a habit of falling in love with her leading men, with us it just went rather further. As You Like It transferred to the New Theatre in February 1937 and Redgrave again played Orlando. At the Apollo in June 1955 he played Hector in Tiger at the Gates, appearing in the role at the Plymouth Theatre. While in New York he directed A Month in the Country at the Phoenix Theatre in April 1956, returning to London in January 1958, Redgrave appeared as Philip Lester in A Touch of the Sun at the Saville Theatre. He won Best Actor in the Evening Standard Awards 1958 for this role and he rejoined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company in June 1958, to play Hamlet and Benedick, also playing Hamlet with the company in Leningrad and Moscow in December 1958. At the Queens Theatre in London in August 1959, he played H. J. in his own adaptation of the Henry James novella The Aspern Papers and his play was later successfully revived on Broadway in 1962, with Dame Wendy Hiller and Maurice Evans. The 1984 London revival featured his daughter, Vanessa Redgrave, along with Christopher Reeve and Hiller, while still at the National in June 1964 he also played Halvard Solness in The Master Builder, which he said went wrong. At this time he had incipient Parkinsons disease, although he did not know it and he again played Rakitin in September 1965, when his production transferred to the Cambridge Theatre in London. For the Glyndebourne Festival Opera he directed Werther in 1966 and La bohème in 1967, nevertheless, he successfully took over the part of Father in John Mortimers A Voyage Round My Father at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket, also touring Canada and Australia in the role in 1972–73. Redgraves final theatre appearance came in May 1979 when he portrayed Jasper in Simon Grays Close of Play and it was a silent, seated role, based on Grays own father, who had died a year before he wrote the play
41.
Vanessa Redgrave
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Vanessa Redgrave, CBE is an English actress of stage, screen and television, as well as a political activist. She is a 2003 American Theatre Hall of Fame inductee, and she also received Tony nominations for The Year of Magical Thinking and Driving Miss Daisy. On screen, she has starred in scores of films and is a six-time Oscar nominee and her other nominations were for Morgan, A Suitable Case for Treatment, Isadora, Mary, Queen of Scots, The Bostonians and Howards End. Among her other films are A Man for All Seasons, Blowup, Camelot, The Devils, Murder on the Orient Express, Prick Up Your Ears, Mission, Impossible, Atonement, Coriolanus and The Butler. Redgrave was born in Greenwich, London, the daughter of actors Sir Michael Redgrave, laurence Olivier announced her birth to the audience at a performance of Hamlet at the Old Vic, when he said that Laertes had a daughter. She was educated at the Alice Ottley School, Worcester, and Queens Gate School, London and her siblings, Lynn Redgrave and Corin Redgrave, were also acclaimed actors. Vanessa Redgrave entered the Central School of Speech and Drama in 1954 and she first appeared in the West End, playing opposite her brother, in 1958. In 1960, Redgrave had her first starring role in Robert Bolts The Tiger, in 1961, she played Rosalind in As You Like It for the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 1962, she played Imogen in William Gaskills production of Cymbeline for the RSC. In 1966, Redgrave created the role of Jean Brodie in the Donald Albery production of The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie and she won four Evening Standard Awards for Best Actress in four decades. In 2003 she won a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in the Broadway revival of Eugene ONeills Long Days Journey Into Night. In January 2006, Redgrave was presented the Ibsen Centennial Award for her work in interpreting many of Henrik Ibsens works over the last decades. Previous recipients of the award include Liv Ullmann, Glenda Jackson, for this, she won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Play. She reprised the role at the Lyttelton Theatre at the Royal National Theatre in London to mixed reviews and she also spent a week performing the work at the Theatre Royal in Bath in September 2008. She once again performed the role of Joan Didion for a benefit at New Yorks Cathedral of Saint John the Divine on 26 October 2009. The performance was originally slated to debut on 27 April, but was pushed due to the death of Redgraves daughter Natasha, the proceeds for the benefit were donated to the United Nations Childrens Fund and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency. Both charities work to help for the children of Gaza. In October 2010, she starred in the Broadway premiere of Driving Miss Daisy starring in the role opposite James Earl Jones
42.
Bertolt Brecht
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Eugen Bertolt Friedrich Brecht was a German poet, playwright, and theatre director of the 20th century. Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht was born in February 1898 in Augsburg, Bavaria, Brechts mother was a devout Protestant and his father a Catholic. The modest house where he was born is preserved as a Brecht Museum. His father worked for a mill, becoming its managing director in 1914. Thanks to his mothers influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would have an effect on his writing. From her, too, came the image of the self-denying woman that recurs in his drama. Brechts home life was comfortably middle class, despite what his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins implied, at school in Augsburg he met Caspar Neher, with whom he formed a lifelong creative partnership. Neher designed many of the sets for Brechts dramas and helped to forge the distinctive visual iconography of their epic theatre, when Brecht was 16, the First World War broke out. Initially enthusiastic, Brecht soon changed his mind on seeing his classmates swallowed by the army and his expulsion was only prevented through the intervention of his religion teacher. On his fathers recommendation, Brecht sought a loophole by registering for a course at Munich University. There he studied drama with Arthur Kutscher, who inspired in the young Brecht an admiration for the iconoclastic dramatist, from July 1916, Brechts newspaper articles began appearing under the new name Bert Brecht. Brecht was drafted into service in the autumn of 1918, only to be posted back to Augsburg as a medical orderly in a military VD clinic. In July 1919, Brecht and Paula Banholzer had a son, some time in either 1920 or 1921, Brecht took a small part in the political cabaret of the Munich comedian Karl Valentin. Brechts diaries for the few years record numerous visits to see Valentin perform. Brecht compared Valentin to Charlie Chaplin, for his virtually complete rejection of mimicry and he did short sketches in which he played refractory employees, orchestral musicians or photographers, who hated their employers and made them look ridiculous. The employer was played by his partner, Liesl Karlstadt, a popular woman comedian who used to pad herself out, anyone can be creative, he quipped, its rewriting other people thats a challenge. Brecht completed his second play, Drums in the Night. Between November 1921 and April 1922 Brecht made acquaintance with many people in the Berlin cultural scene
43.
Paul Scofield
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David Paul Scofield CH CBE was an English actor of stage and screen who was known for his striking presence, distinctive voice, and for the clarity and effortless intensity of his delivery. Regarded as one of the greatest Shakespearean actors of all time and this, and his decision to put his family first, has meant that he has never been as well known outside the United Kingdom as some other actors. Outside his homeland, Scofield is best known for his Academy, Golden Globe, Scofield had originally played the same part on stage in the West End and in a Tony Award-winning performance on Broadway. Actress Helen Mirren, who appeared with Scofield in the 1989 film When the Whales Came, said of him and he has no sense of personal ambition. Hes one of our great, great actors, in 1990, actor and filmmaker Mel Gibson, who played Scofields son in Franco Zeffirellis Hamlet, compared the experience to being thrown into the ring with Mike Tyson. Paul Scofield was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, the son of Mary, when Scofield was a few weeks old, his family moved to Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, where his father served as the headmaster at the Hurstpierpoint Church of England School. Scofield told his biographer, Garry OConnor, that his upbringing was divided and his father was an Anglican and his mother a Roman Catholic. Baptised into his mothers faith, Scofield said, some days we were little Protestants and, on others and he added, A lack of direction in spiritual matters is still with me. Scofield recalls, I was a dunce at school, but at the age of twelve I went to Varndean School at Brighton where I discovered Shakespeare. They did one of his plays every year, and I lived just for that, in 1939, Scofield left school at the age of seventeen and began training at the Croydon Repertory Theatre. Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, Scofield arrived for an examination and was ruled unfit for service in the British Army. He later recalled, They found I had crossed toes, I was unable to wear boots. He played at the Old Rep in Birmingham, from there he went to the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford, where he starred in Walter Nugent Moncks 1947 revival of Pericles, Prince of Tyre. Also in 1947, Scofield appeared as Hamlet at the Royal National Theatre alongside a then unknown Claire Bloom as Ophelia, in her later book, Leaving a Dolls House, A Memoir, Bloom recalls that during the production she had a serious crush on Scofield. As Scofield was happily married and the father of a son, Bloom hoped only to be flirted with and taken some notice of. She later recalled, I could never make up my mind which of my two Hamlets I found the more devastating, the homosexual, charismatic Helpmann, or the charming. She was a very good Ophelia, in his memoir Threads of Time, director Peter Brook wrote about Scofields versatility, The door at the back of the set opened, and a small man entered. He was wearing a suit, steel-rimmed glasses and holding a suitcase
