1.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
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France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
3.
Santa Monica, California
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Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. The Census Bureau population for Santa Monica in 2010 was 89,736, due in part to an agreeable climate, Santa Monica became a famed resort town by the early 20th century. The city has experienced a boom since the late 1980s through the revitalization of its core, significant job growth. The Santa Monica Pier remains a popular and iconic destination, Santa Monica was long inhabited by the Tongva people. Santa Monica was called Kecheek in the Tongva language, the first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorer Gaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present-day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3,1769. Named after the Christian saint Monica, there are two different accounts of how the name came to be. One says it was named in honor of the feast day of Saint Monica, another version says it was named by Juan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, the Kuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears Saint Monica shed over her sons early impiety. In Los Angeles, several battles were fought by the Californios, following the Mexican–American War, Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which gave Mexicans and Californios living in state certain unalienable rights. US government sovereignty in California began on February 2,1848, in the 1870s the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, connected Santa Monica with Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall and it is Santa Monicas oldest extant structure. By 1885, the towns first hotel was the Santa Monica Hotel, around the start of the 20th century, a growing population of Asian Americans lived in and around Santa Monica and Venice. A Japanese fishing village was near the Long Wharf while small numbers of Chinese lived or worked in Santa Monica, the two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community. Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field for the Douglas Aircraft Company, in 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes returned after covering 27,553 miles in 175 days, the Douglas Company kept facilities in the city until the 1960s. The Great Depression hit Santa Monica deeply, one report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt, in the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica. The federal Works Project Administration helped build several buildings, most notably City Hall, the main Post Office and Barnum Hall were also among other WPA projects
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Louis Feuillade
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Louis Feuillade was a prolific and prominent French film director from the silent era. Between 1906 and 1924 he directed over 630 films and he is primarily known for the serials Fantômas, Les Vampires and Judex. Feuillade was born in Lunel to Barthélémy Feuillade, a modest wine merchant, just beyond adolescence, he showed a deep interest in literature and created numerous drama and vaudeville projects. His excessively academic poems were published in local newspapers. At twelve he was sent by his parents to a Catholic seminary in Carcassonne and he then began his compulsory military service in 1891 until 1895, when he married Jeanne-Leontine Jaujou on 31 October 1895. After the deaths of his parents, he went to Paris in 1902 seeking literary success, at the beginning of 1905, he started to submit screenplays to Gaumont, and Gaumonts artistic director Alice Guy-Blaché both bought his scripts and invited Feuillade to direct them himself. Concerned about his difficulties and family to support, Feuillade declined the directing job in order to continue working as a journalist. At his suggestion Guy-Blaché hired Étienne Arnaud to direct Feuillades early screenplays at Gaumont, but by 1906 he had gained enough confidence to start directing his own scripts, which were mostly comedies. In 1907 Guy-Blaché moved to the United States and upon her suggestion Feuillade was made Artistic Director of Gaumont. He would work for Gaumont until 1918, while at the time producing his own films, so that by 1925. The Fantômas serial in 1913 was his first masterpiece, the result of a long apprenticeship—during which the series with realistic ambitions, Life as it is, played a major role. It is also the first masterpiece in what the modern critic and he is credited with developing many of the thriller techniques used famously by Fritz Lang, Alfred Hitchcock, and others. 1906 The Magnitized Man, Le Coup de vent, Le Thé chez la concierge 1907 Tea at the Porters House 1908 The Legend of the Spinner 1910-13 Baby serial, louis Feuillade at the Internet Movie Database
6.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
7.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
8.
Marx Brothers
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The Marx Brothers were an American family comedy act that was successful in vaudeville, on Broadway, and in motion pictures from 1905 to 1949. Five of the Marx Brothers thirteen feature films were selected by the American Film Institute as among the top 100 comedy films and they are widely considered by critics, scholars, and fans to be among the greatest and most influential comedians of the 20th century. The brothers were included in AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars list of the 25 greatest male stars of Classic Hollywood cinema, the group are almost universally known today by their stage names, Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo, and Zeppo Marx. The core of the act was the three brothers, Chico, Harpo, and Groucho. Each developed a highly distinctive stage persona, Harpo and Chico more or less retired after 1949, while Groucho went on to begin a second career in television. The two younger brothers, Gummo and Zeppo, did not develop their characters to the same extent. The two eventually left the act to pursue careers at which they were successful, as well as a large theatrical agency for a time. Gummo was not in any of the movies, Zeppo appeared in the first five films in relatively straight roles, the performing lives of the brothers were brought about by their mother Minnie Marx, who also acted as their manager. The Marx Brothers were five brothers born to U. S. immigrants Miene Minnie Schoenberg, the brothers are best known by their stage names, Another brother, Manfred, the first-born son of Sam and Minnie, was born in 1886 and died in infancy. Family lore told privately of the son, Manny, born in 1886. Even some members of the Marx family wondered if he was pure myth. A death certificate of the Borough of Manhattan reveals that he died, aged seven months, on 17 July 1886, of enterocolitis, with asthenia contributing, i. e. probably a victim of influenza. He is buried at New Yorks Washington Cemetery, beside his grandmother, Fanny Sophie Schönberg, the Marx Brothers also had an older sister, actually a cousin, born in January 1885 who had been adopted by Minnie and Frenchie. Her name was Pauline, or Polly, Groucho talked about her in his 1972 Carnegie Hall concert. Minnie Marx came from a family of performers and her mother was a yodeling harpist and her father a ventriloquist, both were funfair entertainers. Around 1880, the family emigrated to New York City, where Minnie married Sam in 1884, Minnie also acted as the brothers manager, using the name Minnie Palmer so that agents did not realize that she was also their mother. Gummo and Zeppo both became successful businessmen, Gummo gained success through his activities and a raincoat business. The Marx Brothers were born in New York City, the sons of Jewish immigrants from Germany and their mother Minnie Schönberg was from Dornum in East Frisia, and their father Simon Marx was a native of Alsace and worked as a tailor
9.
The Cocoanuts
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The Cocoanuts is the Marx Brothers first feature-length film. Produced for Paramount Pictures by Walter Wanger, who is not credited, the musical comedy stars the four Marx Brothers, Oscar Shaw, Mary Eaton, and Margaret Dumont. It was the first sound film to more than one director. Five of the tunes were composed by Irving Berlin, including When My Dreams Come True, sung by Oscar Shaw. The Cocoanuts is set in the Hotel de Cocoanut, a resort hotel, mr. Hammer runs the place, assisted by Jamison, who would rather sleep at the front desk than actually help him run it. Chico and Harpo arrive with empty luggage, which they plan to fill by robbing and conning the guests. Mrs. Potter is one of the few paying customers and her daughter Polly is in love with struggling young architect Bob Adams. He works to support himself as a clerk at the hotel, Mrs. Potter wants her daughter to marry Harvey Yates, whom she believes to be of higher social standing than the clerk. This suitor is actually a con man out to steal the diamond necklace with the help of his conniving partner Penelope. The plot is almost beside the point, and the story, the film is notable for its musical production numbers, including techniques which were soon to become standard, such as overhead shots of dancing girls imitating the patterns of a kaleidoscope. The musical numbers were recorded live on the soundstage as they were shot, rather than pre-recorded, the main titles are superimposed over a negative image of the Monkey-Doodle-Do number photographed from an angle that does not appear in the body of the film. One of the more famous gags in the film has Groucho giving directions to Chico, in another sequence Groucho is the auctioneer for some land of possibly questionable value He has hired Chico to inflate the sale prices by making phony bids. To Grouchos frustration, Chico keeps outbidding everyone, even himself, during the auction, Mrs. Potter announces that her necklace has been stolen and offers a thousand dollar reward, whereupon Chico offers two thousand. Still another sequence has Groucho, Mrs. Potter and Harvey Yates make formal speeches, Harpo repeatedly walks off, with a grimace on his face, to the punch bowl. Another highlight is when the cast, already dressed in traditional Spanish garb for a theme party, an earlier scene shows Harpo and Chico abusing a cash register while whistling the Anvil Chorus from Il trovatore, a piece also referenced in several other Marx Brothers films. In fact, this did not occur to director Florey until 27 takes had been made, Florey finally got the idea to soak the paper in water, the 28th take of the Viaduct scene used soaked paper, and this take was quiet and used in the film. The ink that Harpo drank from the hotel lobby inkwell was actually Coca-Cola, filming took place at Paramounts Astoria Studios in Astoria, Queens. Their second film, Animal Crackers, was shot there
10.
Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932 film)
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Murders in the Rue Morgue is a 1932 American Pre-Code horror film, very loosely based on Edgar Allan Poes short story The Murders in the Rue Morgue. Bela Lugosi, one year after his performance as Dracula, portrays a lunatic scientist who abducts women, karl Freunds cinematography and Robert Floreys direction have been praised by critics and characterized as expressionistic by Leonard Maltin. Despite the film being pre-Code, violent sequences prompted Universal to cut its running time from 80 minutes to 61 minutes and this film was produced as a compensatory package for Lugosi and Florey, after both were dropped from 1931s Frankenstein. Lugosi had originally been cast as Dr. Frankenstein, and the film was to be directed by Florey, Lugosi was subsequently demoted to play the mute monster, however, which he claimed to have turned down. Florey was replaced as director by James Whale, as producer Carl Laemmle was both unsatisfied with Floreys work on the project, and had given Whale first choice of any Universal property at the time. The box office results for Murders in the Rue Morgue were disappointing, today, however, the film is generally well-regarded by critics and is considered a cult classic. In Paris in 1845, a mad scientist, Dr. Mirakle, abducts young virgin women and injects them with ape blood, both master and servant are enchanted by Camille, whom Mirakle plans to become Eriks mate. He invites her to come and take a look at Erik. Dupin tries to get it back, when Erik tries to strangle him, Mirakle backs him off and offers Camille to replace the bonnet. But Camille is reluctant and suspicious to give the doctor her address, so, one of Mirakles victims, a prostitute, is found dead in a river, and is fished out and taken to the police station. Dupin wants to examine the blood, but the morgue keeper wont allow. A bribe convinces him to some of the blood himself. Dupin discovers in the blood a foreign substance, also found in the blood of other victims, Mirakle visits Camille and asks her to visit Erik again, but when she refuses, he sends Erik to kidnap her. Dupin happens to be passing out of the flat, hears her screams, the police arrive when the ape has already retreated and Dupin is arrested. Neither Madame LEspanaye nor her daughter are found, the police prefect interviews three witnesses, Italian Alberto Montani, German Franz Odenheimer and a Dane. All of them state that they had heard Camille screaming and also someone else talking in a strange language, Camilles mother is found dead, stuffed in the chimney, and her hand clutching ape fur. Dupin points out from the fur that Erik himself may be involved, the police, along with Dupin, run to Mirakles hideout. Before they arrive, Erik turns against his master and strangles him and he grabs Camille when the police arrive and they chase him
11.
Expressionism
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Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality. Expressionism was developed as an avant-garde style before the First World War and it remained popular during the Weimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a range of the arts, including expressionist architecture, painting, literature, theatre, dance, film. The term is sometimes suggestive of angst, in a general sense, painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco are sometimes termed expressionist, though in practice the term is applied mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on individual perspective has been characterized as a reaction to positivism, though an alternate view is that the term was coined by the Czech art historian Antonin Matějček in 1910, as the opposite of impressionism, An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself. Immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures, in 1905, a group of four German artists, led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, formed Die Brücke in the city of Dresden. This was arguably the founding organization for the German Expressionist movement, a few years later, in 1911, a like-minded group of young artists formed Der Blaue Reiter in Munich. The name came from Wassily Kandinskys Der Blaue Reiter painting of 1903, among their members were Kandinsky, Franz Marc, Paul Klee, and Auguste Macke. However, the term Expressionism did not firmly establish itself until 1913, though mainly a German artistic movement initially and most predominant in painting, poetry and the theatre between 1910–30, most precursors of the movement were not German. Expressionism is notoriously difficult to define, in part because it overlapped with other major isms of the modernist period, with Futurism, Vorticism, Cubism, Surrealism, more explicitly, that the expressionists rejected the ideology of realism. The term refers to a style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions. It is arguable that all artists are expressive but there are examples of art production in Europe from the 15th century onward which emphasize extreme emotion. Expressionism has been likened to Baroque by critics such as art historian Michel Ragon, according to Alberto Arbasino, a difference between the two is that Expressionism doesnt shun the violently unpleasant effect, while Baroque does. Expressionism throws some terrific fuck yous, Baroque doesnt, brazil, Anita Malfatti, Cândido Portinari, Di Cavalcanti, Iberê Camargo and Lasar Segall. Estonia, Konrad Mägi, Eduard Wiiralt Finland, Tyko Sallinen, Alvar Cawén, Juho Mäkelä, there were a number of groups of expressionist painters, including Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke. Der Blaue Reiter was based in Munich and Die Brücke was based originally in Dresden, Die Brücke was active for a longer period than Der Blaue Reiter, which was only together for a year. The Expressionists had many influences, among them Edvard Munch, Vincent van Gogh and they were also aware of the work being done by the Fauves in Paris, who influenced Expressionisms tendency toward arbitrary colours and jarring compositions
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Daughter of Shanghai
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Daughter of Shanghai is a 1937 American motion picture directed by Robert Florey, written by Gladys Unger and Garnett Weston, and starring Anna May Wong and Philip Ahn. The film was unusual in that Asian American actors played the lead roles and it was also one of the first films in which Anthony Quinn appeared. Lan Ying Lin and government agent Kim Lee battle alien smugglers, Anna May Wong as Lan Ying Lin Philip Ahn as Kim Lee Charles Bickford as Otto Hartman Buster Crabbe as Andrew Sleete Cecil Cunningham as Mrs. Mary Hunt J. This was truly unusual in a time when white actors typically played Asian characters in the cinema. At best, Hollywood assigned some Asian roles to Asian performers and some to whites stars in the same film, Daughter of Shanghai was prepared as a vehicle for Anna May Wong, the first Asian-American woman to become a star of the Hollywood cinema. Appearing in some 60 movies during her life, she was a top billed player for twenty years, working not only in Hollywood. Combine with effective sets to reduce the odds against any pictures in the Daughter of Shanghai tradition. In 2006, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In a press release, the Library of Congress said, B-films during the era often resonate decades later because they explore issues and themes not found in higher-budget pictures. Robert Florey, widely acclaimed as the best director working in major studio B-films during this period, crafted an intriguing, taut thriller. Anna May Wong overcame Hollywood’s practice at the time of casting actors to play Asian roles and became its first. Daughter of Shanghai was more truly Wong’s personal vehicle than any of her other films, in the story she uncovers the smuggling of illegal aliens through San Francisco’s Chinatown, cooperating with costar Philip Ahn as the first Asian G-man of the American cinema. Daughter of Shanghai at the Internet Movie Database Daughter of Shanghai at the American Film Institute Catalog Daughter of Shanghai at AllMovie
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National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
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Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
15.
Josef von Sternberg
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Josef von Sternberg, born Jonas Sternberg was an Austrian-American film director. His family emigrated permanently to the United States when he was fourteen and he started working at World Film Company in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where he was mentored by French director Emile Chautard. Sternberg started in Hollywood after making his first film as a director in 1925, charlie Chaplin became interested in him, and had him direct a film. Sternberg worked on silent films in the late 1920s, by which time he had adopted the use of von in his name. His encouragement of the latters performances helped to create the Dietrich legend in the six additional films they made together in Hollywood and he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for two of these, Morocco and Shanghai Express. Josef von Sternberg was born Jonas Sternberg in 1894 to a Jewish family in Vienna, when he was two years old, his father Moses Sternberg, a former soldier in the army of Austria-Hungary, moved to the United States in search of work. The rest of the family emigrated and rejoined his father when Jonas was seven, three years later, the entire family returned to Vienna. After Sternberg had turned fourteen, the family emigrated again to the United States and his father found work there as a lace worker, but they struggled to survive. Sternberg learned English in public schools in New York, which were filled with immigrants, Sternberg dropped out of Jamaica High School and worked as an errand boy in a lace warehouse. He later obtained a job cleaning and repairing movie prints, by about 1915 he was working for William A. Brady at the World Film Company at Fort Lee, New Jersey. There he was mentored by Emile Chautard and other French-speaking directors and cinematographers at World, Chautard hired Sternberg as an assistant director in 1919 for a version of The Mystery of the Yellow Room. Sternberg made his debut in 1925 with The Salvation Hunters. Actor/co-producer Elliott Dexter added the particle von to Sternbergs name in 1925 during the production of By Divine Right. Sternberg did not protest, as he liked the suggestion of comparison with director Erich von Stroheim, charlie Chaplin was impressed by The Salvation Hunters, and encouraged Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford to acquire the rights to it. Pickford asked Sternberg to direct a film with her as star, Chaplin commissioned him to write and direct A Woman of the Sea, starring his former star and lover Edna Purviance, but later destroyed the film. Still photographs from A Woman of the Sea were published by Purviances family in 2008, Sternberg had some commercial success later in the 1920s at Paramount Pictures with the late-period silent films The Last Command and The Docks of New York. These were both noted for their influential cinematography and his reputation was also advanced by a series of early gangster films including Underworld and Thunderbolt. Sternbergs career suffered a decline after Thunderbolt and he accepted an invitation to make a film in Germany, in 1929, Sternberg worked in Berlin, where he directed Der blaue Engel in both German and English versions simultaneously
16.
Frankenstein (1931 film)
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The resultant monster is portrayed by Boris Karloff in the film. The movie stars Colin Clive, Mae Clarke, John Boles and Karloff, the Webling play was adapted by John L. Balderston and the screenplay written by Francis Edward Faragoh and Garrett Fort with uncredited contributions from Robert Florey and John Russell. The make-up artist was Jack Pierce, a hit with both audiences and critics, the film was followed by multiple sequels and has become arguably the most iconic horror film. In 1991, the Library of Congress selected Frankenstein for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. In a European village, a young scientist, named Henry Frankenstein, and his assistant Fritz, a hunchback, piece together a human body, Frankenstein desires to create human life through electrical devices which he has perfected. Elizabeth, his fiancée, is worried over his peculiar actions and she cannot understand why he secludes himself in an abandoned watch tower, which he has equipped as a laboratory, refusing to see anyone. She and a friend, Victor Moritz, go to Dr. Waldman, Henrys old medical professor, Waldman tells them that Frankenstein has been working on creating life. Elizabeth, intent on rescuing Frankenstein, arrives just as Henry is making his final tests and he tells them to watch, claiming to have discovered the ray that brought life into the world. They watch Frankenstein and the hunchback as they raise the dead creature on a table, high into the room. Then a terrific crash of thunder, the crackling of Frankensteins electric machines, through the incompetence of Fritz, a criminal brain was secured for Frankensteins experiments instead of the desired normal one. The manufactured monster, despite its grotesque form, initially appears to be a simple, Frankenstein welcomes it into his laboratory and asks his creation to sit, which it does. He then opens up the roof, causing the monster to reach out towards the sunlight, Fritz enters with a flaming torch, which frightens the monster. Its fright is mistaken by Frankenstein and Waldman as an attempt to attack them, thinking that it is not fit for society and will wreak havoc at any chance, they leave the monster locked up, where Fritz antagonizes it with a torch. As Henry and Waldman consider the fate, they hear a shriek from the dungeon. Frankenstein and Waldman find the monster has strangled Fritz, the monster lunges at the two but they escape, locking the monster inside. Realizing that the creature must be destroyed, Henry prepares an injection of a powerful drug, when the door is unlocked the creature lunges at Frankenstein as Waldman injects the drug into the creatures back. The monster falls to the floor unconscious, Henry leaves to prepare for his wedding while Waldman examines the creature. As he is preparing to dissect it, the creature awakens and it escapes from the tower and wanders through the landscape
17.
Frankenstein
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Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London in 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared on the edition, published in France in 1823. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for days, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made, Frankenstein is infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement. At the same time, it is an example of science fiction. It has had an influence in literature and popular culture and spawned a complete genre of horror stories, films. Since the novels publication, the name Frankenstein has often used to refer to the monster itself. This usage is considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard it as well-established. In the novel, the monster is identified by such as creature, monster, demon, wretch, abortion. Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the wretch refers to himself as the Adam of your labours, and elsewhere as someone who would have been your Adam, Frankenstein is written in the form of a frame story that starts with Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister. It takes place at a time in the 18th century. The novel Frankenstein is written in form, documenting a fictional correspondence between Captain Robert Walton and his sister, Margaret Walton Saville. Walton is a writer and captain who sets out to explore the North Pole. During the voyage, the spots an dog sled driven by a gigantic figure. A few hours later, the crew rescues a nearly frozen, Frankenstein has been in pursuit of the gigantic man observed by Waltons crew. Frankenstein starts to recover from his exertion, he sees in Walton the same obsession that has destroyed him, the recounted story serves as the frame for Frankensteins narrative. Victor begins by telling of his childhood, as a young boy, Victor is obsessed with studying outdated theories that focus on simulating natural wonders. When Victor is five years old, his parents adopt Elizabeth Lavenza, weeks before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt in Germany, his mother dies of scarlet fever, Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief
18.
Bela Lugosi
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Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó, better known as Bela Lugosi, was a Hungarian-American actor, famous for portraying Count Dracula in the 1931 film and for his roles in various other horror films. He had been playing small parts on the stage in his native Hungary before making his first film in 1917 and he had roles in several films in Weimar Germany before arriving in the United States as a seaman on a merchant ship. In 1927, he appeared as Count Dracula in a Broadway adaptation of Bram Stokers novel and he later appeared in the classic 1931 film Dracula by Universal Pictures. Meanwhile, he was paired with Boris Karloff, who was able to demand top billing. To his frustration, Lugosi was increasingly restricted to minor parts, by this time, Lugosi had been receiving regular medication for sciatic neuritis, and he became addicted to morphine and methadone. This drug dependence was noted by producers, and the offers eventually dwindled down to a few parts in Ed Woods low-budget movies, Lugosi was married five times, and had one son, Bela George Lugosi. Lugosi was a member of the American Screen Actors Guild. Lugosi, the youngest of four children, was born Béla Ferenc Dezső Blaskó in Lugos in the Kingdom of Hungary, not far from Transylvania, to István Blaskó, a banker and he later based his last name on his hometown. He and his sister Vilma were raised in a Roman Catholic family, at the age of 12, Lugosi dropped out of school. He began his career probably in 1901 or 1902. His earliest known performances are from provincial theatres in the 1903–04 season, playing roles in several plays. He went on to Shakespeare plays and other major roles, moving to Budapest in 1911, he played dozens of roles with the National Theatre of Hungary between 1913–19. Although Lugosi would later claim that he became the actor of Hungarys Royal National Theatre. During World War I, he served as an infantryman in the Austro-Hungarian Army from 1914-16, There he rose to the rank of captain in the ski patrol and was awarded the Wound Medal for wounds he suffered while serving on the Russian front. Due to his activism in the union in Hungary during the time of the Hungarian Revolution of 1919. He first went to Vienna and then settled in Berlin in the Langestrasse where he continued acting, eventually, he travelled to New Orleans, Louisiana, US as a crewman aboard a merchant ship. He took the name Lugosi, in 1903, to honor his birthplace, Lugosis first film appearance was in the movie Az ezredes. When appearing in Hungarian silent films, he used the stage name Arisztid Olt, Lugosi made 12 films in Hungary between 1917 and 1918 before leaving for Germany
19.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
20.
Cinematographer
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The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. The cinematographer selects the camera, film stock, lens, filters, in the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator began to emerge, with the advent of artificial lighting and faster film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area. Cinematography was key during the silent movie era, with no sound apart from music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries too, there are a number of national associations of cinematographers which represent members and which are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography. S. C. Defines cinematography as, A creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of a work of art rather than the simple recording of a physical event. Cinematography is not a subcategory of photography
21.
Karl Freund
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Karl W. Freund, A. S. C. was a cinematographer and film director best known for photographing Metropolis, Dracula, and televisions I Love Lucy. Karl Freund was born to Jewish parents in Dvůr Králové, Bohemia and his career began in 1905 when, at age 15, he was hired as an assistant projectionist for a film company in Berlin, where his family had moved in 1901. Freund worked as a cinematographer on over 100 films, including the German Expressionist films The Golem, The Last Laugh, Freund co-wrote, and was cinematographer on, Berlin, Symphony of a Metropolis, directed by Walter Ruttmann. Freund emigrated to the United States in 1929, where he continued to shoot well-remembered films such as Dracula and he won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for The Good Earth. Freunds only known film as an actor is Carl Theodor Dreyers Michael in which he appears as an art dealer who saves the tobacco ashes dropped by a famous painter. At the beginning of the 1950s, he was persuaded by Desi Arnaz at Desilu to be the cinematographer for the television series I Love Lucy from 1951. Critics have credited Freund for the shows black and white cinematography. This system covers the set in light, thus eliminating shadows, while Freund did not invent the three-camera shooting system, he did perfect it for use with film cameras in front of a live audience. Freund and his team also worked on other sitcoms produced at/through Desilu. In 1937, he visited Germany to bring to the United States his only daughter, Gerda Maria Freund and his ex-wife, Susette Freund, remained in Germany, where she was interned at the Ravensbrück concentration camp. List of German-speaking Academy Award winners and nominees Karl Freund at the Internet Movie Database Karl Freund at Find a Grave The Life and Films of Karl Freund, Hollywood Innovator
22.
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
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The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari is a 1920 German silent horror film, directed by Robert Wiene and written by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer. Considered the quintessential work of German Expressionist cinema, it tells the story of an insane hypnotist who uses a somnambulist to commit murders, the films design was handled by Hermann Warm, Walter Reimann and Walter Röhrig, who recommended a fantastic, graphic style over a naturalistic one. The film presents themes on brutal and irrational authority, Dr. Caligari represents the German war government, and Cesare is symbolic of the common man conditioned, like soldiers, to kill. He says the film is a premonition of the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, other themes of the film include the destabilized contrast between insanity and sanity, the subjective perception of reality, and the duality of human nature. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari was released just as foreign film industries were easing restrictions on the import of German films following World War I, so it was screened internationally. Accounts differ as to its financial and critical success upon release, critic Roger Ebert called it arguably the first true horror film, and film reviewer Danny Peary called it cinemas first cult film and a precursor to arthouse films. Considered a classic, it helped draw attention to the artistic merit of German cinema and had a major influence on American films, particularly in the genres of horror. As Francis sits on a bench with a man who complains that spirits have driven him away from his family and home. Francis explains she is his fiancée and that they have suffered a great ordeal, most of the rest of the film is a flashback of Franciss story, which takes place in Holstenwall, a shadowy village of twisted buildings and spiraling streets. Francis and his friend Alan, who are competing for Janes affections. Meanwhile, a man named Dr. Caligari seeks a permit from the rude town clerk to present a spectacle at the fair. The clerk mocks and berates Dr. Caligari, but ultimately approves the permit and that night, the clerk is found stabbed to death in his bed. The next morning, Francis and Alan visit Dr. Caligaris spectacle, upon Dr. Caligaris orders, Cesare awakens and answers questions from the audience. Despite Franciss protests, Alan asks, How long will I live, to Alans horror, Cesare answers, Until dawn. Later that night, a figure breaks into Alans home and stabs him to death in his bed, a grief-stricken Francis investigates Alans murder with help from Jane and her father, Dr. Olsen, who obtains police authorization to investigate the somnambulist. That night, the police apprehend a criminal in possession of a knife who is attempting to murder an elderly woman. When questioned by Francis and Dr, at night, Francis spies on Dr. Caligari and observes what appears to be Cesare sleeping in his box. However, the real Cesare sneaks into Janes home as she sleeps and he raises a knife to stab her, but instead abducts her after a struggle, dragging her through the window onto the street
23.
Warren William
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Warren William was a Broadway and Hollywood actor, immensely popular during the early 1930s, he was later nicknamed the King of Pre-Code. Warren William Krechs family originated in Tennstedt, Saxony, Germany and his grandfather, Ernst Wilhelm Krech, fled Germany in 1848 during the Revolution, going first to France and later immigrating to the United States. He wed Mathilde Grow in 1851, and had six children, Freeman E. Krech, Warrens father, was born in 1856. Around the age of 25, Freeman moved to Aitkin, a town in Minnesota. He married Frances Potter, daughter of a merchant, September 18,1890 and their son Warren was born December 2,1894. Warren Williams interest in acting began in 1903, when a house was built in Aitkin. He was also an avid and lifelong amateur inventor, a pursuit that may have contributed to his death, after high school, William auditioned for, and was enrolled in, the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City in October 1915. As his senior year at AADA was coming to an end, the First World War had begun, and William enlisted in the United States Army. He was assigned from base to base, in charge of training new men at various locations, while in New York, he met his future wife, Helen Barbara Nelson, who was 17 years his senior. In October 1918 he left for France, to enter the war, William left the army in early 1919, after which he began working on his acting career. In 1923, he and Helen were married, William appeared in his first Broadway play in 1920, and had soon made a name for himself in New York. William appeared in 22 plays on Broadway between 1920 and 1931, during this period he also appeared in two silent films, The Town That Forgot God and Plunder. William moved from New York City to Hollywood in 1931 and he began as a contract player at Warner Bros. and quickly became a star during what is now known as the Pre-Code period. He developed a reputation for portraying ruthless, amoral businessmen, crafty lawyers, deMilles Cleopatra, and with Colbert again the same year as her characters love interest in Imitation of Life. He played the swashbuckling musketeer dArtagnan in The Man in the Iron Mask, William was the first to portray Erle Stanley Gardners fictional defense attorney Perry Mason on the big screen and starred in four Perry Mason mysteries. He also starred as Sam Spade in Satan Met a Lady, on radio, William starred in the transcribed series Strange Wills, which featured stories behind strange wills that run the gamut of human emotion. Although on-screen William was an actor audiences loved to hate, off-screen William was a private man, Warren and Helen remained a couple throughout his entire adult life. He was often described as having been shy in real life, was an old man – even when he was a young man
24.
Guy Kibbee
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Guy Bridges Kibbee was an American stage and film actor. Kibbee was born in El Paso, Texas and began his entertainment career on Mississippi riverboats and he eventually became a successful Broadway actor. In the 1930s, Kibbee moved to California and became part of Warner Bros. stock company, Kibbee died from complications arising from Parkinsons disease in Long Island, New York in 1956. His younger brother was actor Milton Kibbee, Guy Kibbee eggs is the name for a breakfast dish which consists of a hole cut out of the center of a slice of bread, and an egg cracked into it, all of which is fried in a skillet. The actor prepared this dish in the 1935 Warner Bros. film Mary Janes Pa and this dish is also known by other names, such as egg in a basket. Guy Kibbee is also mentioned in the iconic Hot August Night concert/album performed by Neil Diamond in 1972 at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles, thank you people in the audience. Tree people out there, God bless ya, Im singin for you too, are you still there tree people. This is, this is the Greek Theatre and this is the place that God made for performers when they die, they go to a place called the Greek Theatre. And youre met there by an MC, wearing a robe and smoking a cigar, looks like Guy Kibbee. Guy Kibbee at the Internet Movie Database Guy Kibbee at the Internet Broadway Database Guy Kibbee at the TCM Movie Database
25.
Akim Tamiroff
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Akim Mikhailovich Tamiroff was an ethnic Armenian actor. Tamiroff was born in Tiflis, Russian Empire, of Armenian ancestry and he trained at the Moscow Art Theatre drama school. He arrived in the U. S. in 1923 on a tour with a troupe of actors, Tamiroff managed to develop a career in Hollywood despite his thick Russian accent. Tamiroffs film debut came in 1932 in a role in Okay. He performed in several uncredited roles until 1935, when he co-starred in The Lives of a Bengal Lancer. He also appeared in the lavish epic China Seas in 1935 with Clark Gable, Wallace Beery, Jean Harlow, Rosalind Russell and Robert Benchley. The following year, he was cast in the role in The General Died at Dawn with Gary Cooper. He was also spoofed in a 1969 episode of the TV show H. R. Pufnstuf entitled The Stand-in in which a frog named Akim Toadanoff directs a movie on Living Island, Tamiroff died on September 17,1972 from cancer. He was mentioned in J. D. Salingers Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut He is also mentioned in Walker Percys 1961 novel The Moviegoer
26.
B movie
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A B movie is a low-budget commercial movie, but one that is not an arthouse film. In its original usage, during the Golden Age of Hollywood, although the U. S. production of movies intended as second features largely ceased by the end of the 1950s, the term B movie continues to be used in the broader sense it maintains today. In either usage, most B movies represent a particular genre—the Western was a Golden Age B movie staple, while low-budget science-fiction, early B movies were often part of series in which the star repeatedly played the same character. Almost always shorter than the films they were paired with. The term connoted a general perception that B movies were inferior to the more handsomely budgeted headliners, latter-day B movies still sometimes inspire multiple sequels, but series are less common. As the average running time of top-of-the-line films increased, so did that of B pictures, the term is also now used loosely to refer to some higher-budgeted, mainstream films with exploitation-style content, usually in genres traditionally associated with the B movie. From their beginnings to the present day, B movies have provided both for those coming up in the profession and others whose careers are waning. Celebrated filmmakers such as Anthony Mann and Jonathan Demme learned their craft in B movies and they are where actors such as John Wayne and Jack Nicholson first became established, and they have provided work for former A movie actors, such as Vincent Price and Karen Black. Some actors, such as Bela Lugosi, Eddie Constantine and Pam Grier, the term B actor is sometimes used to refer to a performer who finds work primarily or exclusively in B pictures. In 1927–28, at the end of the silent era, the production cost of a feature from a major Hollywood studio ranged from $190,000 at Fox to $275,000 at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. That average reflected both specials that might cost as much as $1 million and films made quickly for around $50,000. These cheaper films allowed the studios to derive value from facilities. Studios in the leagues of the industry, such as Columbia Pictures and Film Booking Offices of America. Their movies, with short running times, targeted theaters that had to economize on rental and operating costs, particularly small-town and urban neighborhood venues. A new programming scheme developed that would become standard practice, a newsreel, a short and/or serial. The second feature, which screened before the main event. The majors clearance rules favoring their affiliated theaters prevented the independents timely access to top-quality films, the low-budget picture of the 1920s thus evolved into the second feature, the B movie, of Hollywoods Golden Age. The major studios, at first resistant to the double feature, all established B units to provide films for the expanding second-feature market
27.
Dutch angle
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This produces a viewpoint akin to tilting ones head to the side. In cinematography, the Dutch angle is one of cinematic techniques often used to portray psychological uneasiness or tension in the subject being filmed. Dutch refers to a bastardisation of the word Deutsch, which means German in German and it is not related to the Dutch people or language. It originated in the First World War, as Navy blockades made the import of movies impossible, the German movie scene was part of the expressionist movement, which used the Dutch angle extensively. A Dutch angle is a shot in which the camera has been rotated relative to the horizon or vertical lines in the shot. The primary use of angles is to cause a sense of unease or disorientation for the viewer. Many Dutch angles are static shots, but in a moving Dutch angle shot the camera can pivot, dziga Vertovs 1929 experimental documentary Man with a Movie Camera contains uses of the Dutch angle as well, among other innovative techniques discovered by Vertov himself. The 1949 film The Third Man makes extensive use of Dutch angle shots, an anecdote of cinema lore alleges that once filming was completed, the crew presented director Carol Reed with a spirit level, to sardonically encourage him to use more traditional shooting angles. Dutch angles were used extensively in the 1960s Batman TV series and 1966 film, satires in which each villain had his or her own angle, as they were Crooked. The fourth season premiere of Charmed uses dutch angles in a few scenes to emphasize the imbalance felt by the characters after Prue Halliwells death. Dutch angles are used by film directors who have a background in the visual arts, such as Tim Burton. In his Evil Dead trilogy, Sam Raimi used Dutch angles to show that a character had become possessed, the Dutch angle is an overt cinematographical technique that can easily be overused. The science-fiction film Battlefield Earth, in particular, drew criticism for its pervasive use of the Dutch angle. In the words of film critic Roger Ebert, the director, Roger Christian, has learned from better films that directors sometimes tilt their cameras, but he has not learned why. Dutch angles are used in horror video games, particularly those with static camera angles such as early entries in the Resident Evil. Similar to their use in movies, these angles are used to bring about a feeling of unease in the player
28.
Charlie Chaplin
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Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19 he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry, and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage, and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the best known figures in the world, in 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times. Charles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin, there is no official record of his birth, although Chaplin believed he was born at East Street, Walworth, in South London
29.
Monsieur Verdoux
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Monsieur Verdoux is a 1947 black comedy film directed by and starring Charles Chaplin, who plays a bigamist wife killer inspired by serial killer Henri Désiré Landru. The supporting cast includes Martha Raye, William Frawley, and Marilyn Nash, Henri Verdoux had been a bank teller for thirty years before being laid off. To support his wife and child, he turns to the business of marrying and murdering wealthy widows, the Couvais family becomes suspicious when Thelma Couvais draws all her money and disappears, only two weeks after marrying a man named Varnay, whom they only know through a photograph. As Verdoux prepares to sell the residence of the murdered Thelma, Verdoux sees her as another business opportunity and attempts to charm her, but she refuses. In the following weeks, Verdoux has a flower girl repeatedly send Grosnay flowers, in need of money to invest, Verdoux, as M. Floray, visits widow Lydia Floray, who complains that his engineering job has kept him away too long. That night, Verdoux murders her for her money, Verdoux develops a poison untraceable by autopsy to use as a better means to kill. He meets The Girl on a night on the street, takes her in. She thanks him for his kindness, remarks about love, her dead husband, Verdoux changes his mind as she is about to sip the wine, and he spares the girl. She leaves unknowing of his cynical intentions, Grosnay eventually relents to the continual flowers from Verdoux and invites him to her residence. Verdoux convinces her to him, and Grosnays friends hold a large public wedding to Verdouxs disapproval. Unexpectedly, Bonheur shows up to the wedding, panicking, Verdoux fakes a cramp to avoid being seen and eventually deserts the wedding. Before the Second World War breaks out, the European markets collapse, the Girl, now well-dressed and chic, once again finds Verdoux on the street. She invites him to an elegant dinner at a restaurant as a gesture of gratitude for his actions earlier. The girl has married a man she doesnt love to be well-off, Verdoux reveals that he has lost his family. At the restaurant, members of the Couvais family recognize Verdoux, Verdoux is able to bid the girl farewell before being captured by investigators. Verdoux is exposed and convicted of murder, before being led to the guillotine, he dismisses his killing of a few, for which he has been condemned, as no worse than the killing of many in war, for which others are honored. His aliases, Monsieur Varnay Monsieur Bonheur Monsieur Floray Martha Raye as Annabella Bonheur, who believes Verdoux to be Bonheur, isobel Elsom as Marie Grosnay, an aged widow who is interested in purchasing Thelmas residence, who Verdoux attempts to court. Margaret Hoffman as Lydia Floray, who believes Verdoux to be Floray, Marilyn Nash as The Girl, a young woman who Verdoux meets and attempts to poison before her views on society change his mind
30.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
31.
The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)
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The Outer Limits is an American television series that aired on ABC from 1963 to 1965 at 7,30 PM Eastern Time on Mondays. The series is compared to The Twilight Zone, but with a greater emphasis on science fiction stories. The Outer Limits is an anthology of self-contained episodes, sometimes with a plot twist at the end, the series was revived in 1995, airing on Showtime from 1995 to 2000, then on Sci-Fi Channel from 2001 until its cancellation in 2002. In 1997, the episode The Zanti Misfits was ranked #98 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time, each show would begin with either a cold open or a preview clip, followed by a Control Voice narration that was mainly run over visuals of an oscilloscope. Until next week at the time, when the control voice will take you to – The Outer Limits. Later episodes used one of two shortened versions of the introduction, the first few episodes began simply with the title screen followed by the narration and no cold open or preview clip. The Control Voice was performed by actor Vic Perrin, the Outer Limits was originally broadcast on the American television network ABC. In total,49 episodes were produced and it was one of many series influenced by The Twilight Zone and Science Fiction Theatre, though it ultimately proved influential in its own right. In the un-aired pilot, the series was called Please Stand By, Series creator Leslie Stevens retitled it The Outer Limits. With a few changes, the pilot aired as the premiere episode, Writers for The Outer Limits included creator Stevens and Joseph Stefano, who was the Season 1 producer and creative guiding force. Stefano wrote more episodes of the show any other writer. Future Oscar-winning screenwriter Robert Towne wrote The Chameleon, which was the episode filmed for Season 1. Two especially notable Season 2 episodes Demon with a Glass Hand and Soldier were written by Harlan Ellison, the former was for several years the only episode of The Outer Limits available on laser-disc. Season 1 combined science-fiction and horror, while Season 2 was more focused on science fiction stories. Each show in Season 1 was to have a monster or creature as a part of the story line. Season 1 writer and producer Joseph Stefano believed that element was necessary to provide fear, suspense. This kind of story element became known as the bear and this device was, however, mostly dropped in Season 2 when Stefano left. In other parts of the United States, the Thetan footage was tape-delayed until after the 11 oclock evening news, in still others, it was not shown at all
32.
Alfred Hitchcock Presents
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Alfred Hitchcock Presents is an American television anthology series hosted and executive produced by Alfred Hitchcock, which aired on CBS and NBC between 1955 and 1965. It featured dramas, thrillers, and mysteries, by the time it premiered on October 2,1955, Hitchcock had been directing films for over three decades. Time magazine named it one of The 100 Best TV Shows of all time, the Writers Guild of America ranked it #79 on their list of the 101 Best-Written TV Series tying it with Monty Pythons Flying Circus, Star Trek, The Next Generation and Upstairs, Downstairs. A series of anthologies with the running title Alfred Hitchcock Presents were issued to capitalize on the success of the television series. Alfred Hitchcock Presents is well known for its title sequence, the camera fades in on a simple line-drawing caricature of Hitchcocks rotund profile. He then almost always says Good evening, the caricature drawing, which Hitchcock created, and the use of Gounods Funeral March of a Marionette as theme music have become indelibly associated with Hitchcock in popular culture. At least two versions of the opening were shot for every episode, a version intended for the American audience would often spoof a recent popular commercial or poke fun at the sponsor, leading into the commercial. An alternative version for European audiences would instead include jokes at the expense of Americans in general, for later seasons, opening remarks were also filmed with Hitchcock speaking in French and German for the shows international presentations. Hitchcock closed the show in much the way as it opened. He told TV Guide that his reassurances that the criminal had been apprehended were a necessary gesture to morality, Alfred Hitchcock Presents finished at #6 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1956–57 season, and at #12 in 1957–58, #24 in 1958–59 and #25 in 1959–60. Originally 25 minutes per episode, the series was expanded to 50 minutes in 1962, Hitchcock directed 17 of the 267 filmed episodes of Alfred Hitchcock Presents and one of the 50-minute episodes, I Saw the Whole Thing with John Forsythe. The last new episode aired on June 26,1965, in 1985, NBC aired a new TV movie pilot based upon the series, combining four newly filmed stories with colorized footage of Hitchcock from the original series to introduce each segment. The movie was a ratings success. Alfred Hitchcock Presents revival series debuted in the fall of 1985 and retained the format as the pilot. The new series lasted one season before NBC cancelled it. Other notable directors included Robert Altman, Ida Lupino, Stuart Rosenberg, Robert Stevenson, David Swift and William Friedkin, who ended up directing what would be the last episode. Alfred Hitchcock Presents,25 minutes long, aired weekly at 9,30 on CBS on Sunday nights from 1955 to 1960, and then at 8,30 on NBC on Tuesday nights from 1960 to 1962. It was followed by The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, which lasted for three seasons, September 1962 to June 1965, adding another 93 episodes to the 268 already produced for Alfred Hitchcock Presents
33.
The Twilight Zone
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The Twilight Zone is an American television anthology series created by Rod Serling. A popular and critical success, it introduced many Americans to common science fiction, the original series, shot entirely in black and white, ran for five seasons from 1959 to 1964. The success of the led to a feature film, a radio series, a comic book, a magazine. The first revival ran on CBS and in syndication in the 1980s, TV Guide ranked the original TV series #5 in their 2013 list of the 60 greatest dramas of all time. As a boy, Rod Serling was a fan of pulp fiction stories, as an adult, he sought topics with themes such as racism, government, war, society, and human nature in general. Serling decided to combine these two interests as a way to broach these subjects on television at a time such issues were not commonly addressed. Throughout the 1950s, Serling established himself as one of the most popular names in television and he was as famous for writing televised drama as he was for criticizing the mediums limitations. His most vocal complaints concerned censorship, which was practiced by sponsors. I was not permitted to have my senators discuss any current or pressing problem, he said of his 1957 production The Arena, to talk of tariff was to align oneself with the Republicans, to talk of labor was to suggest control by the Democrats. To say a single thing germane to the current political scene was absolutely prohibited, CBS purchased a teleplay in 1958 that writer Rod Serling hoped to produce as the pilot of a weekly anthology series. The Time Element marked Serlings first entry in the field of science fiction, several years after the end of World War II, a man named Peter Jenson visits a psychoanalyst, Dr. Gillespie. Jenson tells him about a dream in which he tries to warn people about the sneak attack on Pearl Harbor before it happens. Jenson believes the events of the dream are real, and each night he travels back to 1941, Dr. Gillespie insists that time travel is impossible given the nature of temporal paradoxes. While on the couch, Jenson falls asleep again and dreams that the Japanese planes shoot. In Dr. Gillespies office, the couch Jenson was lying on is now empty, Dr. Gillespie goes to a bar where he finds Jensons picture on the wall. The bartender tells him that Jenson had tended there, but he was killed during the Pearl Harbor attack, the Time Element was purchased immediately, but shelved indefinitely. The Time Element debuted on November 24,1958, to an overwhelmingly delighted audience of television viewers, the humor and sincerity of Mr. Serlings dialogue made The Time Element consistently entertaining, offered Jack Gould of The New York Times. Over 6000 letters of praise flooded Granets offices, convinced that a series based on such stories could succeed, CBS again began talks with Serling about the possibilities of producing The Twilight Zone
34.
Telephone Time
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Telephone Time is an American anthology drama series that aired on CBS in 1956, and on ABC from 1957 to 1958. The series features plays by John Nesbitt who hosted the first season, baxter hosted the 1957 and 1958 seasons. The program was directed by Arthur Hiller, Robert Florey, a total of 81 episodes aired from April 1956 to March 1957 on CBS and from April 1957 to April 1958 on the American Broadcasting Company. Boris Karloff, John Carradine, Helen Wallace, and Michael Winkelman, famed circus performer Emmett Kelly made his dramatic debut in the presentation Captain from Kopenick. Famed radio star Michael Raffetto appeared in the Vicksburg,5,35 PM episode as Joe Palermo, John Nesbitt was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1957 for Best Teleplay Writing - Half Hour or Less
35.
Pola Negri
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Pola Negri was a Polish stage and film actress who achieved worldwide fame during the silent and golden eras of Hollywood and European film for her tragedienne and femme fatale roles. She was the first European film star to be invited to Hollywood and her varied career included work as an actress in theater and vaudeville, as a recording artist, as a ballerina, and as an author. After her father was arrested by the Russian authorities for activities and sent to Siberia, she and her mother moved to Warsaw. Young Apolonia was accepted into Warsaws Imperial Ballet Academy and her first dance performance was in the chorus of baby swans in Tchaikovskys Swan Lake, she worked her way up to a solo role in the Saint-Léon ballet Coppélia. After Negri returned from her stay at the sanatorium, she auditioned for the Warsaw Imperial Academy of Dramatic Arts. Alongside her formal schooling at the Academy, she took private classes outside with renowned Polish stage actress and she made her theatrical debut before her graduation at The Small Theatre in Warsaw on 2 October 1912. She made her debut in 1913 in Gerhardt Hauptmanns Hannele in Warsaw and appeared the following year in her first film. She continued to perform there while finishing her studies at the Academy and her graduating performance was as Hedwig in Ibsens The Wild Duck, which resulted in offers to join a number of the prominent theatres in Warsaw. By the end of World War I, Negri had established herself as a stage actress. She made an appearance at the Grand Theatre in Sumurun, as well as in the Small Theatre (Aleksander Fredros Śluby panieńskie and she debuted in film in 1914 in Slave to her Senses. She appeared in a variety of made by the Warsaw film industry, including Bestia. 13, His Last Gesture, Students, and The Wife, Negris popularity in Poland provided her with an opportunity to move to Berlin, Germany, in 1917, to appear as the dancing girl in a German revival of Max Reinhardts theatre production of Sumurun. In this production, she met Ernst Lubitsch, who at the time was producing comedies for the German Film studio UFA, Negri was first signed with Saturn Films, making six films with them, including Wenn das Herz in Haß erglüht. After this, she signed to UFAs roster, some of the films that she made with UFA include Mania, Der Gelbe Schein, in 1918, Lubitsch convinced UFA to let him create a large-scale film with Negri as the main character. The result was Die Augen der Mumie Ma, which was a success and led to a series of Lubitsch/Negri collaborations. The next was Carmen, which was followed by Madame Dubarry, Hollywood responded to this new threat by buying out key German talent, beginning with the procuration of the services of Lubitsch and Negri. Lubitsch was the first director to be brought to Hollywood, with Mary Pickford calling for his services in her costume film Rosita, Paramount Pictures mogul Jesse Lasky saw the premiere of Madame DuBarry in Berlin in 1919, and Paramount invited Negri to come to Hollywood in 1921. She signed a contract with Paramount and arrived in New York in a flurry of publicity on 12 September 1922, while in Hollywood, she started several ladies fashion trends, some of which are still fashion staples today, including red painted toenails, fur boots, and turbans
36.
Legion of Honour
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The Legion of Honour, full name National Order of the Legion of Honour, is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte. The order is divided into five degrees of increasing distinction, Chevalier, Officier, Commandeur, Grand Officier and Grand-Croix. The orders motto is Honneur et Patrie and its seat is the Palais de la Légion dHonneur next to the Musée dOrsay, in the French Revolution, all French orders of chivalry were abolished, and replaced with Weapons of Honour. The Légion however did use the organization of old French orders of chivalry, the badges of the legion also bear a resemblance to the Ordre de Saint-Louis, which also used a red ribbon. Napoleon originally created this to ensure political loyalty, the organization would be used as a facade to give political favours, gifts, and concessions. The Légion was loosely patterned after a Roman legion, with legionaries, officers, commanders, regional cohorts, the highest rank was not a grand cross but a Grand Aigle, a rank that wore all the insignia common to grand crosses. The members were paid, the highest of them extremely generously,5,000 francs to an officier,2,000 francs to a commandeur,1,000 francs to an officier,250 francs to a légionnaire. Napoleon famously declared, You call these baubles, well, it is with baubles that men are led, do you think that you would be able to make men fight by reasoning. That is good only for the scholar in his study, the soldier needs glory, distinctions, rewards. This has been quoted as It is with such baubles that men are led. The order was the first modern order of merit, under the monarchy, such orders were often limited to Roman Catholics, and all knights had to be noblemen. The military decorations were the perks of the officers, the Légion, however, was open to men of all ranks and professions—only merit or bravery counted. The new legionnaire had to be sworn in the Légion and it is noteworthy that all previous orders were crosses or shared a clear Christian background, whereas the Légion is a secular institution. The jewel of the Légion has five arms, in a decree issued on the 10 Pluviôse XIII, a grand decoration was instituted. This decoration, a cross on a sash and a silver star with an eagle, symbol of the Napoleonic Empire, became known as the Grand Aigle. After Napoleon crowned himself Emperor of the French in 1804 and established the Napoleonic nobility in 1808, the title was made hereditary after three generations of grantees. Napoleon had dispensed 15 golden collars of the legion among his family and this collar was abolished in 1815. The Légion dhonneur was prominent and visible in the French Empire, the Emperor always wore it and the fashion of the time allowed for decorations to be worn most of the time
37.
Anna May Wong
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Anna May Wong was an American actress. She is considered to be the first Chinese American movie star and her long and varied career spanned silent film, sound film, television, stage and radio. Born in Los Angeles to second-generation Chinese-American parents, Wong became infatuated with the movies, during the silent film era, she acted in The Toll of the Sea, one of the first movies made in color and Douglas Fairbanks The Thief of Bagdad. Wong became an icon and had achieved international stardom in 1924. She spent the first half of the 1930s traveling between the United States and Europe for film and stage work. Wong was featured in films of the sound era, such as Daughter of the Dragon and Daughter of Shanghai. Bucks The Good Earth, choosing instead the German actress Luise Rainer to play the leading role, Wong spent the next year touring China, visiting her familys ancestral village and studying Chinese culture. In the late 1930s, she starred in several B movies for Paramount Pictures and she paid less attention to her film career during World War II, when she devoted her time and money to helping the Chinese cause against Japan. Wong returned to the eye in the 1950s in several television appearances. In 1951, Ms. Wong made history with her TV show The Gallery of Madame Liu-Tsong and she had been planning to return to film in Flower Drum Song when she died in 1961, at the age of 56. For decades after her death, Wong was remembered principally for the stereotypical Dragon Lady and her life and career were re-evaluated in the years around the centennial of her birth, in three major literary works and film retrospectives. Interest in her story continues and another biography, Shining Star. Anna May Wong was born Wong Liu Tsong on January 3,1905, on Flower Street in Los Angeles, one north of Chinatown, in an integrated community of Chinese, Irish, German. She was the second of seven born to Wong Sam Sing, owner of the Sam Kee Laundry in Los Angeles. Anna May Wongs parents were second-generation Chinese Americans, her maternal and paternal grandparents had resided in the U. S. since at least 1855. Her paternal grandfather, A Wong Wong, was a merchant who owned two stores in Michigan Hills, an area in Placer County. He had come from Chang On, a village near Taishan, Guangdong Province, Anna Mays father spent his youth traveling between the U. S. and China, where he married his first wife and fathered a son in 1890. He returned to the U. S. in the late 1890s and in 1901, while continuing to support his family in China, he married a second wife, Anna Mays mother
38.
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
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Forest Lawn Memorial Park — Hollywood Hills is one of the six Forest Lawn Southern California cemeteries. It is located at 6300 Forest Lawn Dr, Los Angeles, CA90068, in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Forest Lawn — Hollywood Hills is a dedicated to the preservation of American history and hosts high-profile events such as an annual Veterans Day ceremony attended by dignitaries. The park features such sights as, The Court of Liberty features statues of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, at 162 feet long and 28 feet high, Birth of Liberty is the largest historical mosaic in the United States. It is composed of ten pieces of Venetian glass and depicts twenty-five scenes from early America. The Old North Church, a replica of Bostons historic church. The historical rooms have documents and mementos of the colonial period, the Hall of Liberty American History Museum has a copy of the Liberty Bell and other exhibits. The museum has a 1, 200-seat auditorium, monument to Washington, a marble and bronze tribute to Americas first president, created by sculptor Thomas Ball. Four of Washingtons generals are honored in the memorial, the Lincoln Terrace features a 16-foot bronze statue of the 16th president by Augustus St. Gaudens, flanked by a panoramic mosaic depicting key scenes from Lincolns life. The Plaza of Mesoamerican Heritage has indigenous/non-Christian sculptures by Meliton Salas Rodriguez, of Guadalajara, the first Forest Lawn, in Glendale, was founded in 1906 by businessmen who hired Dr. Hubert Eaton, a firm believer in a joyous life after death. Before it was a cemetery, Forest Lawn was a location used by directors such as Carl Laemmle. The climactic battle scenes for D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation were filmed there. The alternate names of the site are Providencia Flats, Nestor Ranch, Oak Ranch, Oak Crest Ranch, Universal Ranch/Universal City, Lasky Ranch. When Eaton made known his desire to open a second Forest Lawn location in the Hollywood Hills, the local residents protested vehemently. To circumvent the protesters, Mr. Eaton sent his staff to the county morgue to claim 6 John Does, in the morning, the protesters had no power because, by law, the property was now a cemetery. A mausoleum, for crypt or vault interments, a crematory and columbarium, for cinerary interments. A place where six or more bodies are buried. The new mortuary and cemetery opened in 1952, interred or entombed in the Hollywood Hills cemetery are many famous people, particularly from the entertainment industry
