1.
Robert M. La Follette Jr.
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Robert Marion Young Bob La Follette Jr. was a U. S. senator from Wisconsin from 1925 to 1947. As an outspoken son of Representative, Senator, and Wisconsin Governor Robert M, La Follette was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of Robert M. La Follette Sr. and Belle Case La Follette and he attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1913 to 1917 but he did not graduate because of illness. The same illness kept him out the military during World War I, La Follette served as his fathers private secretary between 1919 and 1925. He married Rachel Wilson Young in 1930, they had two children, Joseph Oden La Follette and Bronson Cutting La Follette, La Follette had two siblings, Philip La Follette and Fola La Follette. La Follette was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate on September 29,1925, Young Bob, as he was called, was a champion of organized labor. He was chairman of the Committee on Manufactures in the 71st and he supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt and most New Deal legislation until the passage of the 1938 naval expansion bill. He was re-elected as a Republican in 1928, with his brother Philip, he formed the Wisconsin Progressive Party in 1934, and for a time the party was dominant in Wisconsin. He was reelected with the Progressive Party in 1934 and 1940 and he is a very eccentric and unpredictable political figure who continues to be radical in internal issues and obscurantist in foreign affairs. He is said to be prepared to approve of Britain after she had expiated her past errors by more suffering than she had already endured and he is entirely independent of business interests and pressure groups, and his strength comes from the traditional place occupied by his family in Wisconsin. On the whole an ally of the Isolationists, the Wisconsin Progressive Party dissolved, and La Follette returned to the Republican Party in 1946. La Follette was one of the Senates leading isolationists and helped found the America First Committee in 1940 and he helped to draft and win passage of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 that modernized the legislative process in Congress. La Follette was a candidate for reelection as a Republican in 1946. La Follette sent a telegram saying Congratulations to McCarthy. La Follette made several decisions that hurt his primary campaign, La Follette faced an aggressive campaign by McCarthy and failed to refute the latters charges, several of which were false. McCarthy attacked La Follette for not enlisting during the war, although La Follette had been 46 when Pearl Harbor was bombed, McCarthy played up his own wartime service, using his wartime nickname, Tail-Gunner Joe, and the slogan Congress needs a tail-gunner. This charge, however, has never been proved, after his defeat by McCarthy, La Follette was a foreign aid advisor to the Truman administration. In a February 8,1947, Colliers Weekly article, La Follette reported infiltration of Communists onto Congressional committee staffs, the Venona project materials revealed that four agents of Soviet intelligence had served on La Follettes Civil Liberties Subcommittee, including the chief counsel, John Abt
2.
Robley D. Evans
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Robley Dunglison Evans, born in Floyd County, Virginia, served in the United States Navy from the American Civil War to the Spanish–American War, attaining the rank of rear admiral. In 1907–1908, he commanded the Great White Fleet on its worldwide cruise from the Atlantic Ocean through the Straits of Magellan to the Pacific Ocean, in 1859, Utah Territory delegate William Henry Hooper offered Evans the territorys nomination to the United States Naval Academy. After establishing residency in Utah, he entered the academy in 1860, Evans was ordered to active duty in September 1863 and graduated from the academy in the class of 1864. In the attacks on Fort Fisher, North Carolina, during the Second Battle of Fort Fisher and he led his landing party of United States Marines through heavy fire to charge the Confederate defenses. Evans continued to fight even after his wound, drawing his pistol. Evans held numerous important sea commands during the 1890s, in 1891 and 1892, commanding Yorktown on the Pacific Squadron, he won great acclaim for his firm and skillful handling of a tense situation with Chile, becoming known as Fighting Bob Evans. The United States first seagoing battleship, USS Indiana, was placed in commission on 20 November 1895, with Captain Evans in command. Former President Benjamin Harrison, with a committee from the state of Indiana, presented a set of silver to Evans for the battleship on 16 September 1896 at Tompkinsville, during the Spanish–American War, he commanded the battleship USS Iowa in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. Robley Dunglison Evans was named president of the Board of Inspection, President Theodore Roosevelt selected Admiral Robley D. Evans to host Prince Heinrich of Prussia, brother of Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II. 15 February 1902, Admiral Evans, as Commander-in-Chief of a special honor squadron, Evans feted Prince Henry during the visit of the Kaiserliche Marine Imperial German Navy. After the departure of the German prince,28 February 1902, Admiral Evans transferred his flag from armored cruiser, USS New York on 4 November 1902 to battleship, USS Kentucky at Yokohama, Japan. On 5 December 1903, the Kentucky left Japanese waters for Hawaii, on 16 December 1903, Admiral Evans hosted a Christmas dinner for the officers of Kentucky at the Moana Hotel in Waikiki. Evans flagship departed Honolulu for Guam, Kentucky arrived in Cavite, the Philippines, on 18 January 1904. Admiral Evans called on the new Governor-General of the Philippines, Luke Edward Wright, Evans flagship departed Manila on 13 March 1904. The Kentucky coaled at Hong Kong and Colombo, Admiral Evans hauled down his flag,27 May 1904 from battleship Kentucky. The fleet sailed on 7 May 1905 for Hampton Roads, Virginia, Admiral Evans returned to his alma mater the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, on 30 October 1905. The British Fleet under command of Prince Louis of Battenberg arrived at Annapolis, on 1 November 1905, the Prince visited Evans on Maine. Admiral Evans gave Prince Louis a tour of the Naval Academy, a reception by Evans was held later in the week on the Maine for Governor Edwin Warfield of Maryland
3.
Robert P. Shuler
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Robert Pierce Fighting Bob Shuler, Sr. was an American evangelist and political figure. In 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked Shulers broadcast license and he ran for the United States Senate in 1932 on the Prohibition Party ticket and attracted more than 500,000 votes. Born in a log cabin in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee, Shuler graduated from Emory and Henry College in 1903 and was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church and he served as a pastor at churches in Virginia, Tennessee and Texas before moving west to California. It was in California that Shuler gained fame as the pastor of Trinity Methodist Church, located at 1201 S. Flower St. in Downtown Los Angeles. From 1926-1932, Shuler operated radio station KGEF, which he stood for Keep God Ever First. He built the station at the site of Trinity Methodist Church, using funds donated by Methodist philanthropist Lizzie Glide. Shuler also published a magazine under the name Bob Shulers Magazine, at his peak, Shulers congregation had 5,000 members, and his radio broadcasts reportedly had an audience of 600,000 Southern Californians and were heard from Mexico to Canada. American Mercury wrote that Shuler had built up the greatest political and social power ever wielded by a man of God since the days of Savonarola in Florence. One historical account described Shulers influence as follows, Hyperbole aside, in the late 1920s and early 1930s, politicians feared him, criminals avoided him, newspapers deplored him, and many ministers criticized him. But the public loved him, turning Shuler into a folk hero, during the 1928 Presidential election, with Catholic Alfred E. Smith running as the Democratic candidate, Shuler asserted that the Catholics were plotting to murder Protestants in their beds. He also publicly defended the Ku Klux Klan, the Times wrote, Unless you have been attacked by Rev. Bob Shuler, pastor of Trinity Methodist Church South, via radio, magazine, pulpit or pamphlet you dont amount to much in Los Angeles. Shulers targets included the Los Angeles Public Library, the YWCA, Shuler used his pulpit to make popular attacks on corruption in city government, the spread of vice and crime in the city, and abuses by the police department. Shuler made common cause with other reform-minded Protestant clergymen, becoming president of the Ministerial Union, schuler and other Protestant ministers active in the reform and anti-vice movements had applied direct political pressure on both the mayor and the Chief of Police. In 1923, Shuler went after Chief Louis D, Oaks of the Los Angeles Police Department. Shuler staked out a speakeasy and caught Chief Oaks leaving the establishment in an inebriated state accompanied by two women, neither of whom were his wife, after revealing publicly what he had seen, Oaks was ousted by Los Angeles Mayor George E. Cryer. In 1929, Shuler focused his attacks on Cryer himself, whom Shuler branded as a grafter and the exploiter. Shulers charges, made both on his station and in his magazine, led to a widely publicized libel lawsuit by Cryer against Shuler. The details of the Shuler libel suit were front page news in the Los Angeles Times for much of 1929, the jury found Shuler not guilty on one count and failed to reach a verdict on a second count
4.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
5.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
6.
Joseph V. Quarles
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Joseph Very Quarles, Jr. was an American lawyer and politician of the Republican Party who served as a United States federal judge and as a United States Senator from Wisconsin. Joseph Quarles was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin, the son of Joseph Very Quarles, both had moved to Wisconsin with their families when they were children. Joseph had one brother, Charles, who would become his law partner and he married Caroline Carrie Adelaide Saunders on September 25,1868, and they had three sons, Joseph Very Quarles III, William Charles Quarles, and Edward Louis Quarles. Quarles served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and he graduated from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, in 1866. He graduated again from the law department the next year, was admitted to the bar in 1868. There he served as attorney for Kenosha County from 1870 to 1876. Quarles made his way into politics, serving in the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1879. He served one term in the U. S. Senate from March 4,1899, to March 4,1905, he did not run for reelection. After his term, Quarles was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt on February 25,1905, as U. S. district court judge for the district of Wisconsin. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 6,1905 and he died at age 67 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and was interred in Kenosha. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2008-10-18 Joseph V. Quarles. Joseph V. Quarles at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center
7.
Governor of Wisconsin
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The Governor of Wisconsin is the highest executive authority in the government of the U. S. state of Wisconsin. The position was first filled by Nelson Dewey on June 7,1848, prior to statehood, there were four Governors of Wisconsin Territory. The current governor is Republican Scott Walker, any bill passed by the Wisconsin State Legislature must be presented to the governor, who either signs it into law, or vetoes it. In the event of a veto, the bill is returned the legislature, in 1930, the Wisconsin Constitution was amended to give the governor line-item veto power, which allows portions of appropriations bills to be struck out without rejecting the entire bill. The partial veto may still be overridden by the legislature, in 1990 a further amendment specified that the line-item veto does not give the governor power to veto individual letters of appropriations bills, thereby forming new words. The governor is the commander-in-chief of the militia of the state, the governor of Wisconsin is elected in a direct election—the candidate with the most votes becomes governor. In order to be eligible for the office of governor of Wisconsin, a candidate must be a citizen of the United States, there is no limit to the number of terms a governor may hold. The governor may be removed from office through an impeachment trial or through a recall election, an impeachment trial is carried out by the Wisconsin State Assembly, if a majority of its members agree to the impeachment. A governor may choose to resign from office. Four governors have resigned for reasons, and none have been removed from office through impeachment, although Arthur MacArthur. In 2012, Scott Walker became the governor in Wisconsin history to face a recall election. He retained his seat, defeating Milwaukee mayor Tom Barrett by seven percentage points, prior to this amendment, there were nine incidents in which the elected governor and lieutenant governor were not of the same political party. There have been 44 Governors of Wisconsin and 45 individual governorships, one governor, Philip La Follette, served non-consecutive terms. Four parties have had their candidates elected governor, the Democratic, the Whig, the Republican, additionally two governors—Louis Harvey and Walter Samuel Goodland—died while in office, and Orland Loomis, who was elected governor, died before taking office. Frankenstein veto List of Governors of Wisconsin General ^ Wisconsin Constitution, State of Wisconsin Blue Book 2005–2006. Archived from the original on October 25,2007
8.
Jesse Stone (Wisconsin politician)
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Jesse Stone was an American politician in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. He served as the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin, Stone was born in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England on August 23,1836. As a young child he emigrated with his family to Waterford and he attended the common schools and became a manufacturer in the firm of Woodward and Stone as well as a stockholder in several corporations including the Wisconsin Telephone Company. Stone moved to Louisville, Kentucky in 1855, and then to Watertown, Jefferson County, Wisconsin, a Republican member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1880 and 1882, Stone was also a member of the Watertown School Board. He was a delegate to the convention in 1888 and 1892. Stone served as the 18th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin, serving from January 2,1899 until his death on May 11,1902 and he died in Watertown and is interred at Oak Hill Cemetery in Watertown. Stone married Sarah Welch in 1854 and they had a son, State of Wisconsin Blue Book 2005–2006
9.
James O. Davidson
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James Ole Davidson was an American merchant and politician in Wisconsin. He served as Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin and the 21st Governor of the U. S. state of Wisconsin, Davidson was born in Årdal, Sogn og Fjordane County, Norway and immigrated in 1872 to the United States when he was 18 years old. In Boscobel, Wisconsin he worked as a farmhand and as a tailor, Davidson began a successful mercantile business and established his own tailor business in Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin. He held several positions in Wisconsin, and was twice elected village president in Soldiers Grove. Davidson was also elected as a Republican candidate to the Wisconsin State Assembly and he was elected Wisconsin state treasurer in 1898 and 1900. Elected the 19th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin alongside governor Robert M, La Follette, Sr. Davidson served until January 1,1906, when La Follette resigned to join the United States Senate, making Davidson acting governor. He was elected governor in 1906 and reelected in 1908, after retiring from office, he was appointed by his gubernatorial successor to a five-year term as president of the State Board of Control. Davidson died in Madison, Wisconsin on December 16,1922, due to pneumonia and he is interred at Forest Hill Cemetery, Madison, Dane County, Wisconsin. Davidson was the son of Ole Davidson and Ingabor Davidson, on February 19,1883 Davidson married Helen Bliss and they had two daughters, Mabel Elsie and Grace. James O. Davidson at Find a Grave National Governors Association
10.
Edward Scofield
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Edward Scofield was an American politician who served as the 19th Governor of Wisconsin. Scofield was born in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania on March 28,1842 and he became a printers apprentice at a newspaper in Indiana, Pennsylvania, and worked in the newspaper business for a number of years. Scofield fought in the American Civil War as a member of the 11th Pennsylvania Reserve Regiment, commissioned a lieutenant, after the Battle of South Mountain he was promoted to captain. He participated in all the battles and marches of his regiment up to the Battle of the Wilderness on May 5,1864, where he was taken prisoner and incorrectly reported as dead. He was a prisoner for ten months, during which time he was held in prisons before being released at Wilmington. He was promoted to major after his release, after his recuperation from illness, Scofield worked in the engineer corps of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad. In 1868, he moved to Oconto, Wisconsin, where he entered the lumber business and he entered politics when he was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate in 1886 as a Republican, beating Democrat Amos Holgate. He was appointed to the committees on engrossed bills and on railroads. In 1896 Scofield was elected as the 19th Governor of Wisconsin and he entered the gubernatorial race as a conservative against progressive Republican Robert M. Winning the Republican nomination on the ballot, he defeated his Democratic opponent Willis C. During his tenure, he introduced the first governors budget in Wisconsin, established a central accounting system and he increased public school funding and helped raise troops to serve in the Spanish-American War. After completing a term in office, he returned to his business interests in Oconto. The last of several Civil War veterans to serve as Governor of Wisconsin and he is interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oconto. Scofield married Agnes Potter and they had three children, Julia, Paul, and George, office of Governor of Wisconsin List of Governors of Wisconsin Pennsylvania Reserves Edward Scofield at Find a Grave National Governors Association
11.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
12.
Wisconsin's 3rd congressional district
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It borders the states of Minnesota, Iowa, and Illinois. Democrat Ron Kind has represented the district since 1997 and it historically elected moderate Republicans, before Kinds 1996 victory only two Democrats represented it in the 20th century. John Kerry narrowly carried the district in 2004 with 51% of the vote, the district voted more Democratic in 2008, giving Barack Obama 58% of the vote and 41% to John McCain. As of April 2015, two members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Wisconsins 3rd congressional district are alive. Wisconsins congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Wisconsins 3rd Congressional District
13.
Burr W. Jones
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Burr W. Jones was an American politician, jurist, and lawyer. Born in the Town of Union, Rock County, Wisconsin, Burr W. Jones attended the schools and the Evansville Seminary, in Evansville, Wisconsin. He moved to Madison, Wisconsin in 1872 where he continued to practice law and he became the prosecuting attorney of Dane County in 1872 and 1874. He was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-eighth Congress representing Wisconsins 3rd congressional district and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1884 to the Forty-ninth Congress. One of the Kronshage dormitories at the University of Wisconsin–Madison is named after him, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
14.
Allen R. Bushnell
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Allen Ralph Bushnell was an U. S. Born in Hartford, Ohio, Bushnell attended the public schools and he moved to Wisconsin in 1854 and settled in Platteville. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1857 commencing practice in Platteville, Bushnell was elected district attorney of Grant County in 1860. He resigned to enter the Union Army in August 1861 and he served as first lieutenant and afterwards as captain of Company C, 7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. He served as member of the Iron Brigade and he moved to Lancaster, Wisconsin, in 1864. He served as attorney of Grant County in 1864 and as a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly in 1872. Bushnell was elected first mayor of Lancaster in 1875 and he was also the United States district attorney for the western district of Wisconsin from 1886 till 1890. He moved to Madison, Wisconsin, in 1891, Bushnell was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second Congress representing Wisconsins 3rd congressional district. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1892 and he resumed the practice of law in Madison, Wisconsin, and died there March 29,1909. He was interred in Hillside Cemetery, Lancaster, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
15.
Primrose, Wisconsin
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Primrose is a town in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 682 at the 2000 census, the unincorporated community of Primrose is located in the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 35.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 682 people,243 households, the population density was 19.0 people per square mile. There were 252 housing units at a density of 7.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 98. 68% White,0. 44% African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 15% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 15% of the population. 10. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.05. In the town, the population was out with 23. 9% under the age of 18,6. 0% from 18 to 24,29. 6% from 25 to 44,28. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 117.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $51,964, and the median income for a family was $54,063. Males had an income of $32,750 versus $26,667 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,935, about 2. 1% of families and 4. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Albert J. Baker, Wisconsin assemblyman, was born in Primrose, charles S. Eastman, South Dakota lawyer and politician, was born in Primrose. Clarence Gonstead, chiropractor, lived in Primrose as a child, harvey Marion LaFollette, Indiana educator and politician, founder of LaFollette, Tennessee was born in Primrose. La Follette Sr. Wisconsin governor and United States senator, was born in Primrose, eli Pederson, Wisconsin state assemblyman, lived in Primrose
16.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
17.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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Belle Case La Follette
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Belle Case La Follette was a lawyer and a womens suffrage activist in Wisconsin, United States. La Follette worked with the peace party during World War I. At the time of her death in 1931, the New York Times called her probably the least known yet most influential of all the American women who had to do with public affairs in this country. Belle Case was born on April 21,1859 in Summit, Juneau County and her parents were Unitarian of English and Scottish descent. She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1875 to 1879 and, upon graduation, taught school in Spring Green. One of her students in Baraboo was John Ringling, of whom she later wrote, fortunately the scolding had no effect. She married her classmate at the University, Robert Marion La Follette Sr. on December 31,1881. The ceremony was performed by a Unitarian minister and by mutual agreement and their first child, Flora Dodge La Follette, always called “Fola, ” was born on September 10,1882. Fola married the playwright George Middleton on October 29,1911, Belle Case La Follette returned to the University of Wisconsin Law School and became the school’s first female graduate in 1885. She never practiced as an attorney but she assisted her husband and her other children were Robert Jr. born in 1895, who succeeded his father as Senator, Philip, born in 1897, who became Governor of Wisconsin, and Mary, born in 1899. Her sons began the Wisconsin Progressive Party, which held a dominant role in Wisconsin politics. Belle lectured on women’s suffrage and other topics of the day, in 1909 she edited the “Home and Education” column in the magazine started by her husband, La Follette’s Weekly Magazine, which later became The Progressive. In 1911 and 1912 she wrote a column for the North American Press Syndicate. In 1914 Belle addressed the colored Young Mens Christian Association, raising an argument that segregation of colored people on street cars, public conveyances and she added there would be no constitution of peace until the question is settled right. When suffragists made appearances at more than 70 county fairs in 1912, in 1915 she helped found the Woman’s Peace Party, which later became the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. After World War I, she was active in the Women’s Committee for World Disarmament and she and other women influenced governments to convene the Naval Arms Limitation Conference in 1922. She died on August 18,1931 in Washington D. C. as the result of a punctured intestine and she was buried in Forest Hill Cemetery in Madison. Belle Case La Follette and Fola La Follette, La Follette, June 14, 1855-June 18,1925,2 volumes
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Philip La Follette
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Philip Fox La Follette was an American politician from the US state of Wisconsin. He served three terms as the Governor of Wisconsin and helped create the Wisconsin Progressive Party, La Follette was born in Madison, Wisconsin, a member of the politically prominent La Follette family, the son of Robert M. La Follette, Sr. and Belle Case La Follette, brother of Robert M, La Follette, Jr. brother of Fola La Follette, whose husband was the playwright George Middleton, and uncle of Bronson La Follette. La Follette served as a lieutenant in the United States Army Infantry in 1918. In 1919 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from University of Wisconsin and in 1922 a Bachelor of Laws degree and he married Isabel Bacon in 1923. Son Robert, and daughters Judith and Sherry and he was the District attorney for Dane County, Wisconsin from 1925 to 1927. La Follette was the 27th and 29th Governor of Wisconsin from 1931 to 1933 and 1935 to 1939 and he was first elected as a progressive member of the Republican Party in the 1930 election. After a defeat in the 1932 Republican Primary, however, La Follette along with his brother, La Follette, Jr. created the Wisconsin Progressive Party and both ran successfully under its ticket in 1934. The gregarious governor was known as Phil on the streets of Madison during his governorship, La Follette was defeated seeking reelection as governor in 1938. Much as his father opposed US entry into World War I, Phil La Follette strongly opposed, like most other Americans, once war was declared, he abandoned his opposition and joined the U. S. Army, serving on the staff of General Douglas MacArthur. He would later spearhead a slate of delegates supporting MacArthur in the 1948 presidential campaign, from 1955 to 1959, La Follette served as president of Hazeltine Electronics, and made his home in Douglaston, New York. He later returned to Wisconsin, wrote his autobiography, and was active in the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, fighting Son, A Biography of Philip F. Book review of biography The LaFollette Family – A Register of Its Papers in the Library of Congress Philip F, La Follette, Dictionary of Wisconsin History, Wisconsin State Historical Society
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Fola La Follette
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Flora Dodge Fola La Follette was a womens suffrage and labor activist from Madison, Wisconsin, United States. At the time of her death in 1970, the New York Times quoted her on womens suffrage, A good husband is not a substitute for the ballot. On September 10,1882, Fola La Follette was born the first child to lawyer and womens suffrage leader Belle Case La Follette and progressive politician Robert La Follette in Madison and her early education was at Wisconsin Academy in Madison. She went on to graduate from the University of Wisconsin, after graduating, La Follette acted on the stage for ten years, marrying playwright George Middleton in 1911 while retaining her maiden name. She appeared on Broadway in such plays as Leo Ditrichsteins Bluffs, Percy MacKayes The Scarecrow, La Follette wrote for periodicals in the cause of womens suffrage and was active in helping her mother in the cause from an early age. But it was in the merger of La Follettes womens suffrage and she performed numerous times in the one-woman play How the Vote was Won, first in 1910, and, in 1912, she appeared in Vaudeville to give a well-received suffragist speech. And I have wanted ever since to express to you and the others who took part with you, for suffragists, La Follette became the embodiment of how they wished to be portrayed. Her wry, gracious performances stood as contradiction to the cliché of the conventional traditional suffragists who are the butt of the comic-joke maker. In 1913, La Follette played a role in gaining her fathers promise to intercede in the United States Senate on behalf of striking workers in the garment industry in New York City. She spent time as a picket and used the prominence of her voice as a member of an influential family and as a well-known actress to denounce the arrests. In addition to picketing, La Follette gave a speech to the workers, went to court to testify on behalf of arrested workers, together with other actors, La Follette helped found the actors union Actors Equity. In 1924, La Follette took the place of her mother Belle, from 1926 to 1930, La Follette taught at City and Country School in New York City, New York. La Follette served as an editor to the familys eponymous progressive magazine. La Follettes mother had begun a biography of Folas famous father, La Follette died at the age of 87, of pneumonia, in a hospital in Arlington, Virginia on February 17,1970. Belle Case La Follette and Fola La Follette, La Follette, June 14, 1855-June 18,1925,2 volumes. American Women, Manuscript Division - Library of Congress Fola La Follette - Photographs 23456
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Alma mater
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Alma mater is an allegorical Latin phrase for a university or college. In modern usage, it is a school or university which an individual has attended, the phrase is variously translated as nourishing mother, nursing mother, or fostering mother, suggesting that a school provides intellectual nourishment to its students. Before its modern usage, Alma mater was a title in Latin for various mother goddesses, especially Ceres or Cybele. The source of its current use is the motto, Alma Mater Studiorum, of the oldest university in continuous operation in the Western world and it is related to the term alumnus, denoting a university graduate, which literally means a nursling or one who is nourished. The phrase can also denote a song or hymn associated with a school, although alma was a common epithet for Ceres, Cybele, Venus, and other mother goddesses, it was not frequently used in conjunction with mater in classical Latin. Alma Redemptoris Mater is a well-known 11th century antiphon devoted to Mary, the earliest documented English use of the term to refer to a university is in 1600, when University of Cambridge printer John Legate began using an emblem for the universitys press. In English etymological reference works, the first university-related usage is often cited in 1710, many historic European universities have adopted Alma Mater as part of the Latin translation of their official name. The University of Bologna Latin name, Alma Mater Studiorum, refers to its status as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. At least one, the Alma Mater Europaea in Salzburg, Austria, the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, has been called the Alma Mater of the Nation because of its ties to the founding of the United States. At Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia, the ancient Roman world had many statues of the Alma Mater, some still extant. Modern sculptures are found in prominent locations on several American university campuses, outside the United States, there is an Alma Mater sculpture on the steps of the monumental entrance to the Universidad de La Habana, in Havana, Cuba. Media related to Alma mater at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of alma mater at Wiktionary Alma Mater Europaea website
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President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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United States presidential election, 1924
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The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4,1924. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate, was elected to a full term, Coolidge had been vice-president under Warren G. Harding and became president in 1923 when Harding died during his term in office. Coolidge was given credit for an economy at home and no visible crises abroad. His candidacy was aided by a split within the Democratic Party, the regular Democratic candidate was John W. Davis, a little-known former congressman and diplomat from West Virginia, and the only person from that state to ever become a candidate for President. Davis was also the first man from a slave state to be a Presidential candidate since the Civil War. Since Davis was a conservative, many liberal Democrats bolted the party, La Follette of Wisconsin, who ran as the candidate of the Progressive Party and by winning his home state became and remains the only person from Wisconsin to win an electoral vote for president. The third place candidate, Robert La Follette, however, campaigned on a contrary platform, Republican Candidates When Coolidge became President, he was fortunate to have had a stable Cabinet that remained untarnished by the scandals of the Harding administration. He won public confidence by taking a hand in settling a serious Pennsylvania coal strike, even much of the negotiation’s success was largely due to the states governor. However it should be noted that Coolidge was not popular with the liberal or progressive factions within the party either, heartened by their victories in the 1922 midterms, the partys progressives vigorously opposed a continuation of the late Hardings policies. Coolidge decided to head off the threat of Johnsons candidacy by gaining the endorsement of some of the liberals. He first approached Senator William Borah from Idaho and cultivated his circle by making a reference to the Soviet Union in a speech in December. No sooner had the Soviet Union reacted favorably than Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes persuaded the President to reject it, Coolidge for his part seemed unsure of what ideological posture to assume. His State of the Union address in January was neither liberal nor reactionary and he played Borah by repeatedly promising to fire Attorney General Harry Daugherty and putting it off. In an effort to try to get at least some of the back into the party ranks. The senator declined, also refusing to nominate Coolidge at that years Republican convention which he decided against attending. Another task for Coolidge, only slightly easier than tightening his hold over the partys divergent factions, was to rebuild the party organization, a few years before, Will Hays had brought disciplined energy to the office of Republican national chairman. Hays replacement, William Butler, lacked his predecessors experience, and his prime task was to establish control over the party in order to ensure his own nomination. This allowed him to control of southern delegates to the coming Republican convention
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Dane County, Wisconsin
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Dane County is a county in the U. S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 488,073, the 2015 estimate places the countys population at 523,643. The county seat is Madison, which is also the state capital, Dane County is part of the Madison, Wisconsin, Metropolitan Statistical Area, as well as the Madison-Janesville-Beloit Combined Statistical Area. Dane County was formed in 1836 as a county and organized in 1839. It was named after Nathan Dane, a Massachusetts delegate to the Congress of the Confederation who helped carve Wisconsin out of the Northwest Territory, Dane County was first settled in the 1840s by settlers from New England. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,238 square miles. Dane County Regional Airport supports commercial airline service for Dane County, middleton Municipal Airport serves the county and surrounding communities. The population density was 394 people per square mile, there were 216,022 housing units at an average density of 174 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 84. 7% White,5. 2% Black or African American,0. 4% Native American,4. 7% Asian,0. 003% Pacific Islander,2. 5% from other races, and 2. 5% from two or more races. 5. 9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,30. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the family size was 2.95. In the county, the population was out with 21. 7% under the age of 18,12. 8% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,25. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34.4 years, for every 100 females there were 97.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.00 males, as of the census of 2000, there were 426,526 people,173,484 households, and 100,794 families residing in the county. The population density was 355 people per square mile, there were 180,398 housing units at an average density of 150 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 88. 96% White,4. 00% Black or African American,0. 33% Native American,3. 45% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,1. 43% from other races, and 1. 79% from two or more races. 3. 37% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,34. 4% were of German,11. 5% Norwegian,8. 9% Irish and 6. 0% English ancestry. 29. 40% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.97
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Progressivism in the United States
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Progressivism in the United States is a broadly based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th century and is generally considered to be middle class and reformist in nature. It arose as a response to the vast changes brought by modernization, such as the growth of corporations and railroads. In the 21st century, progressives continue to embrace concepts such as environmentalism, Social progressivism, the view that governmental practices ought to be adjusted as society evolves, forms the ideological basis for many American progressives. Historian Alonzo Hamby defined progressivism as the movement that addresses ideas, impulses. Emerging at the end of the century, it established much of the tone of American politics throughout the first half of the century. Many of the principles of the Progressive Movement focused on the need for efficiency in all areas of society. The real enemy was particularism, state rights, limited government, Progressives repeatedly warned that illegal voting was corrupting the political system. It especially identified big-city bosses, working with saloon keepers and precinct workers, the solution to purifying the vote included prohibition, voter registration requirements, and literacy tests. All the Southern states used devices to disenfranchise black voters during the Progressive Era, typically the progressive elements in those states pushed for disenfranchisement, often fighting against the conservatism of the Black Belt whites. A major reason given was that whites routinely purchased black votes to control elections, in the North, Progressives such as William URen and Robert La Follette argued that the average citizen should have more control over his government. The Oregon System of Initiative, Referendum, and Recall was exported to many states, including Idaho, Washington, many progressives, such as George M. Forbes, president of Rochesters Board of Education, hoped to make government in the U. S. Progressives in the South supported the elimination of supposedly corrupt black voters from the election booth, while the ultimate significance of the progressive movement on todays politics is still up for debate, Alonzo L. Hamby asks, What were the central themes that emerged from the cacophony. And what was the impact of American foreign policy, were the progressives isolationists or interventionists. Imperialists or advocates of national self-determination, and whatever they were, what was their motivation. Not surprisingly many battered scholars began to shout no mas, in 1970, Peter Filene declared that the term progressivism had become meaningless. The Progressives typically concentrated on city and state government, looking for waste and these changes led to a more structured system, power that had been centralized within the legislature would now be more locally focused. These changes led to a solid type of municipal administration compared to the old system that was underdeveloped. The Progressives mobilized concerned middle class voters, as well as newspapers and magazines, to identify problems and concentrate reform sentiment on specific problems
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Workers' compensation
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The trade-off between assured, limited coverage and lack of recourse outside the worker compensation system is known as the compensation bargain. One of the problems that the compensation bargain solved is the problem of becoming insolvent as a result of high damage awards. The system of collective liability was created to prevent that, individual immunity is the necessary corollary to collective liability. General damage for pain and suffering, and punitive damages for negligence, are generally not available in workers compensation plans. These laws were first enacted in Europe and Oceania, with the United States following shortly thereafter and these laws also provide benefits for dependents of those workers who are killed in work-related accidents or illnesses. Some laws also protect employers and fellow workers by limiting the amount an injured employee can recover from an employer, State statutes establish this framework for most employment. Federal statutes are limited to employees or those workers employed in some significant aspect of interstate commerce. As Australia experienced a relatively influential labour movement in the late 19th, each territory has its own legislation and its own governing body. A typical example is Work Safe Victoria, which manages Victorias workplace safety system, Compensation law in New South Wales has recently been overhauled by the state government. In a push to speed up the process of claims and to reduce the amount of claims and it is a public institution that aims to recognize and grant rights to its policyholders. During the first 15 days the workers salary is paid by the employer and after that by the INSS, Workers compensation was Canadas first social program to be introduced as it was favoured by both workers groups and employers hoping to avoid lawsuits. It was introduced in the provinces at different dates. Ontario was first in 1915, Manitoba in 1916, and British Columbia in 1917 and it remains a provincial responsibility and thus the rules vary from province to province. In some provinces, such as Ontarios Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, in British Columbia, the occupational health and safety mandate is legislatively assigned to the Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia WorkSafeBC. In most provinces the workers compensation board or commission remains concerned solely with insurance, the workers compensation insurance system in every province is funded by employers based on their payroll, industry sector and history of injuries in their workplace. The German workers compensation law of 6 July 1884, initiated by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, was passed only three attempts and was the first of its kind in the world. Similar laws passed in Austria in 1887, Norway in 1894, Workers who are totally disabled get continued benefits at 67 percent after 13 weeks, paid by the accident funds, financed entirely by employers. The German compensation system has taken as a model for many nations
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Trust (business)
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A trust or corporate trust is an American English term for a large business with significant market power. It is often used in a sense to refer to monopolies or near-monopolies in the United States during the Second Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. Originally, the corporate trust was a device used to consolidate power in large American corporate enterprises. Nine individuals held trust certificates and acted as the board of trustees. One of those trustees was Rockefeller himself, who held 41% of the trust certificates and this kind of arrangement became popular and soon had many imitators. An 1888 article explained the difference between trusts in the sense and the newfangled corporate trusts, A trust is. Simply the case of one person holding the title of property, whether land or chattels, for the benefit of another, nothing can be more common or more useful. But the word is now applied to a certain class, of commercial agreements and, by reason of a popular and unreasoning dread of their effect. This is unfortunate, for it is difficult to find a substitute for it, for example, the Standard Oil Trust terminated its own trust agreement in March 1892. In 1898, President William McKinley launched the era when he appointed the U. S. The report of the Commission was seized upon by Theodore Roosevelt, prominent trusts included Standard Oil, U. S. Steel, the American Tobacco Company, the International Mercantile Marine Company, and the match companies controlled by Ivar Kreuger, the Match King. De Beers had a dominant role in the supply of diamonds, other trusts were formed by several companies, such as the Motion Picture Patents Company or Edison Trust which controlled the movie patents. Patents were also important to the Bell Telephone Company, as indicated by the litigation that came to be known as The Telephone Cases. The Truth About The Trusts, A Description and Analysis of the American Trust Movement, boudreaux, Donald J. and Thomas J. Dilorenzo. The Protectionist Roots of Antitrust The Review of Austrian Economics 6, barak Orbach and Grace Campbell, The Antitrust Curse of Bigness, Southern California Law Review. Media related to Private Trust Company at Wikimedia Commons
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Political boss
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A boss, in politics, is a person who controls a unit of a political party, although he/she may not hold political office. Numerous officeholders in that unit are subordinate to the boss in party affairs. Each party in the ward or city may have its own boss, that is. Reformers sometimes allege that political bosses are likely guilty of corruption, bosses may base their power on control of a large number of votes. When the party wins, they typically control appointments in their unit and they do not necessarily hold public office themselves, most historical bosses did not, at least during the times of their greatest influence. The appearance of bosses has been common since the Roman Republic, in Spanish America, Brazil, Spain, and Portugal political bosses called caciques hold power in many places. One of the most powerful party leaders was James A. Farley who was the chief dispenser of Democratic Party patronage during Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal and he was not a boss because he worked under the direction of Roosevelt himself. Farley handled most mid-level and lower-level appointments in consultation with state, Farley parlayed his position as Democratic National Committee boss into a run for the Democratic nomination for President in 1940. Farley had been elected to public office once, to the New York State Assembly. In the South, charismatic populist politicians like Huey Long commanded large networks of supporters, similar practices existed in the northern cities, particularly New York City, where Boss Tweed wielded control over the powerful Democratic political machine. In Denver, Colorado during the 1890s there was Jefferson Randolph Soapy Smith who operated as the Republican party boss, charles Brayton exercised great influence over the politics of turn of the 20th century Rhode Island. He exemplified rural bossism within the Republican Party, chicago had numerous colorful bosses, such as Democrats Hinky Dink and Bathhouse John. The Republican counterparts included Big Bill Thompson, who became mayor in the 1920s, of course the iconic figure was longtime mayor and chairman of the Cook County Democratic Committee Richard J. Daley. Daley had a voice in state and national Democratic politics. With a few exceptions in the Southwest, such as Phoenix, most large cities of 100,000 or more in the early 20th century had machine organizations, some had a major impact on state politics, such as E. H. Crump in Memphis, Tennessee. A few bosses had reputations as reformers, such as Frank Hague of Jersey City, Boss Tweed was played by Philip Bosco in the 1986 TV movie Liberty, and by Jim Broadbent as a major supporting character in the 2002 film Gangs of New York. Tweed is portrayed as a defender of the rights of minorities and helper of those in need in Pete Hamills 2003 novel Forever
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World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
31.
League of Nations
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The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organisation founded on 10 January 1920 as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first international organisation whose mission was to maintain world peace. Its primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, at its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a shift from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, however, the Great Powers were often reluctant to do so. Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them, after a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. Germany withdrew from the League, as did Japan, Italy, Spain, the onset of the Second World War showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to prevent any future world war. The League lasted for 26 years, the United Nations replaced it after the end of the Second World War on 20 April 1946 and inherited a number of agencies and organisations founded by the League. As historians William H. Harbaugh and Ronald E. Powaski point out, the organisation was international in scope, with a third of the members of parliaments serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its aims were to encourage governments to solve disputes by peaceful means. Annual conferences were held to help refine the process of international arbitration. Its structure consisted of a council headed by a president, which would later be reflected in the structure of the League, at the start of the 20th century, two power blocs emerged from alliances between the European Great Powers. It was these alliances that, at the start of the First World War in 1914 and this was the first major war in Europe between industrialised countries, and the first time in Western Europe that the results of industrialisation had been dedicated to war. By the time the fighting ended in November 1918, the war had had an impact, affecting the social, political and economic systems of Europe. Anti-war sentiment rose across the world, the First World War was described as the war to end all wars, the causes identified included arms races, alliances, militaristic nationalism, secret diplomacy, and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit. Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, a British political scientist, coined the term League of Nations in 1914, together with Lord Bryce, he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the Bryce Group, later the League of Nations Union. The group became more influential among the public and as a pressure group within the then governing Liberal Party. In Dickinsons 1915 pamphlet After the War he wrote of his League of Peace as being essentially an organisation for arbitration and conciliation
32.
United States presidential election, 1912
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The United States presidential election of 1912 was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5,1912. The election was a rare four-way contest, incumbent President William Howard Taft was renominated by the Republican Party with the support of its conservative wing. After former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination, he called his own convention and it nominated Roosevelt and ran candidates for other offices in major states. Meanwhile, the Socialist Party of America renominated its perennial standard-bearer and it is the last election in which a former, or incumbent, President ran for the office without being nominated as either a Democrat or Republican. It is also the last election in which an incumbent president running for re-election failed to either first or second in the popular vote count. Wilson won the election, gaining a majority in the Electoral College and winning 42% of the popular vote, while Roosevelt won 27%, Taft 23%. Wilson became the elected president from the Democratic Party between 1896 and 1932, and the second of only two Democrats to be elected president between 1860 and 1932. This was also the last election in more than one nominee had previously been elected president. Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a full term. Roosevelts first term as president was incomplete, as he succeeded to the office upon the assassination of William McKinley and he had tapped Secretary of War William Howard Taft to become his successor, and Taft defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the general election. The progressive Republicans favored restrictions on the employment of women and children, promoted ecological conservation, the progressives were also in favor of the popular election of federal and state judges and opposed to having judges appointed by the president or state governors. By 1910 the split between the two wings of the Republican Party was deep, and this, in turn, caused Roosevelt and Taft to turn against one another, despite their personal friendship. Republican candidates, William Howard Taft, President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt, La Follette, Senator from Wisconsin For the first time, significant numbers of delegates to the national conventions were elected in presidential preference primaries. Primary elections were advocated by the faction of the Republican Party. Altogether, twelve states held Republican primaries, La Follette won two of the first four primaries. Beginning with his victory in Illinois on April 9, however, Roosevelt won nine of the last ten presidential primaries. As a sign of his popularity, Roosevelt even carried Tafts home state of Ohio. The Republican Convention was held in Chicago from June 18 to 22, Taft, however, had begun to gather delegates earlier, and the delegates chosen in the primaries were a minority
33.
Theodore Roosevelt
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Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
34.
Calvin Coolidge
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John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics and his response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920, elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little, although having a rather dry sense of humor. Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessors administration, as a Coolidge biographer wrote, He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength, Coolidges retirement was relatively short, as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his immediate successor, Herbert Hoover, left office. Though his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan administration, John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4,1872, the only U. S. president to be born on Independence Day. He held various offices, including justice of the peace and tax collector. Coolidges mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer and she was chronically ill and died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when Coolidge was twelve years old. His younger sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge, died at the age of fifteen, probably of appendicitis, Coolidges father remarried in 1891, to a schoolteacher, and lived to the age of eighty. Coolidges family had roots in New England, his earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown. Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638, Coolidges great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch. His grandfather, Calvin Galusha Coolidge, served in the Vermont House of Representatives, many of Coolidges ancestors were farmers, and numerous distant cousins were prominent in politics. Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then Amherst College, where he distinguished himself in the class, as a senior joined the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta. While there, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, the only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry, what they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service, at his fathers urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts to become a lawyer. To avoid the cost of law school, Coolidge followed the practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County, in 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the bar, becoming a country lawyer
35.
John W. Davis
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John William Davis was an American politician, diplomat and lawyer. He served as a United States Representative from West Virginia from 1911 to 1913, then as Solicitor General of the United States, the culmination of his political career came when he ran for President in 1924 under the Democratic Party ticket, losing to Republican incumbent Calvin Coolidge. Over a 60-year legal career, Davis argued 140 cases before the US Supreme Court and he famously argued the winning side in Youngstown Steel. He also represented the side in Briggs v. Elliott. Daviss great-grandfather, Caleb Davis, was a clockmaker in the Shenandoah Valley, in 1816, his grandfather, John Davis, moved to Clarksburg in what would later become West Virginia, which had a population of 600–700 at the time, and ran a saddle and harness business. John J. John W. Daviss mother Anna Kennedy was from Baltimore and his maternal grandparents were William Wilson Kennedy and his wife Catherine Esdale Martin. Catherine was the daughter of Tobias Martin, dairy farmer and amateur poet, and his wife, the Esdales were members of the Religious Society of Friends, settled near Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. They had reportedly helped provide for the Continental Army under George Washington which had camped there in the winter of 1777–1778, Daviss Sunday school teacher recalled John W. Davis had a noble face even when small. His biographer went on to say that e used better English, kept himself cleaner, Davis education began at home, as his mother taught him to read before he had even memorized the alphabet. She then had him read poetry and other literature throughout the home library, after he turned ten, he was put in a class with older students to prepare him for the state teachers examination. A few years later, he was enrolled in a previously all-female seminary that doubled as a private boarding, there he received nothing less than a 94 for grades. Davis entered Washington and Lee University at the age of sixteen and he graduated in 1892 with a major in Latin. He joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity, participated in intramural sports and he would have started law school directly after graduation, but he lacked funds. Instead, he became a teacher for Major Edward H. McDonald of Charles Town, West Virginia, Davis taught McDonalds nine children and his six nieces and nephews, one of whom, Julia, nineteen at the time, would become Daviss wife. He graduated with a law degree from Washington and Lee University School of Law in 1895 and was elected Law Class Orator and his speech gave a glimpse of his advocacy skills, lawyer has been always the sentinel of the watchtower of liberty. Fellow classmates of 1895, shall we, Washington and Lee University School of Law has shown great pride in Davis. In 1947, W&L began awarding the John W. Davis Prize to the law student with the highest GPA
36.
Burton K. Wheeler
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Burton Kendall Wheeler was an attorney and an American politician of the Democratic Party in Montana, he served as a United States Senator from 1923 until 1947. He returned to his law practice and lived in Washington, DC for his remaining years, Wheeler was an independent Democrat who initially represented the left wing of the party, receiving support from Montanas labor unions. He ran for president in 1924 on the Progressive Party ticket headed by Wisconsin Republican Robert La Follette. An ardent New Deal liberal until 1937, he broke with President Franklin D. Roosevelt on the issue of packing the United States Supreme Court. In foreign policy from 1938–41 he became a leader of the non-interventionist wing of the party, Wheeler was born in Hudson, Massachusetts, to Mary Elizabeth Rice and Asa Leonard Wheeler. He grew up in Massachusetts, attending the public schools and he first worked as a stenographer in Boston, Massachusetts. He traveled west to attend University of Michigan Law School, where he graduated in 1905 and he initially intended to settle in Seattle, but after getting off the train in Butte, Montana, he lost his belongings in a poker game. The new attorney settled there and began practicing law and they had six children, John, Elizabeth, Edward, Frances, Richard and Marion. Frances helped her father with his research for his autobiography, which he published in 1962 and dedicated to her and he was appointed as a United States Attorney. During his tenure, he was notable for not issuing a single sedition indictment during World War I, in other parts of the country, IWW membership was suppressed under the new sedition law. In 1920, Wheeler ran for Governor of Montana, easily winning the Democratic primary, the ticket included a multi-racial set of candidates, unusual for 1920, including an African American and a Blackfoot Indian. Wheeler was defeated by Republican former U. S, Wheeler ran as a Democrat for the Senate in 1922, and was elected over Congressman Carl W. Riddick, the Republican nominee, with 55% of the vote. He broke with the Democratic Party in 1924 to run for Vice President of the United States on the Progressive Party ticket led by La Follette and they carried one state—La Follettes Wisconsin—and ran well in union areas and railroad towns. He returned to the Democratic Party after the election, which Republican Calvin Coolidge won in a landslide and he served a total of four terms and was re-elected in 1928,1934, and 1940. Wheeler supported President Franklin D. Roosevelts election, and many of his New Deal policies and he broke with Roosevelt over his opposition to the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, and also opposed much of Roosevelts foreign policy before World War II. In the 1940 presidential election, there was a movement to Draft Wheeler into the presidential race, possibly as a third party candidate. As tensions mounted in Europe, he supported the anti-war America First Committee, as chair of the Senate Interstate Commerce Committee, Wheeler announced in August 1941 he would investigate “interventionists” in the motion picture industry. Wheeler questioned why so many men were allowed to shape American opinion
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Liberalism in the United States
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Liberalism in the United States is a broad political philosophy centered on the unalienable rights of the individual. Modern liberalism in the United States includes issues such as marriage, voting rights for all adult citizens, civil rights, environmentalism. The origins of American liberalism lie in the ideals of the Enlightenment. The Constitution of the United States of 1787 set up the first modern republic, with sovereignty in the people, however, the Constitution limited liberty, in particular by accepting slavery. The Founding Fathers recognized the contradiction, and most expected slavery to wither away, indeed, it was abolished in all the Northern states by 1804, but due to the demand for raw cotton by the Industrial Revolution, plantation slavery continued to flourish in the Deep South. From the time of the American Revolution to the present day, the states abolished many restrictions on voting for white males in the early 19th century. The Constitution was amended in 1865 to abolish slavery, in 1870 to extend the vote to Black men, in 1920 to extend the vote to women, and in 1971 to lower the voting age to 18. The Jim Crow system of the South between the 1890s and 1960s relegated blacks to second class citizenship, until it was overthrown by the Civil Rights Movement, thomas Jefferson believed that America should remain a nation of small farmers. As the American economy began to shift to manufacturing and services, liberals began to fear threats to liberty from corruption and monopolies. The dominance of the Republican Party for most of the era 1860–1932, the Third Party System, during the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, laws were passed restricting monopolies and regulating railroad rates. According to James Reichley, it was during this era that the term took on its current meaning. Prior to the early 1900s, the term had usually described classical liberalism, which emphasizes limited government, and Theodore Roosevelt who came out of retirement to run again for president under a third party called Progressive Party. Later, political figures such as Franklin Roosevelt adopted the term liberal to describe an individual in favor of some government activism, after 1933, modern liberals used the New Deal to provide jobs during the Great Depression. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided retirement and disability income for Americans unable to work or unable to find jobs, in the Social Security Act of 1965, this was extended to provide benefits for Americans unable to work due to illness. A reaction against modern American liberalism began with Barry Goldwater, which led to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. Deregulation began in the mid-1970s and had support from both liberals and conservatives. Clinton pushed to extend modern liberal ideals especially in the areas of health care, according to Louis Hartz, liberalism was the only significant political tradition in the United States. However, in the 1970s, Bernard Bailyn, Gordon Wood, in the 1980s, J. David Green returned to Hartzs thesis, but saw two different types of liberalism in the tradition, which he called humanist and reform
38.
Henry Clay
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Henry Clay, Sr. was an American lawyer and planter, statesman, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. He served three terms as Speaker of the House of Representatives and served as Secretary of State under President John Quincy Adams from 1825 to 1829. Clay ran for the presidency in 1824,1832 and 1844, however, he was unsuccessful in all of his attempts to reach his nations highest office. Despite his presidential losses, Clay remained a dominant figure in the Whig Party, Clay was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. After serving two stints in the Senate, Clay won election to the House of Representatives in 1810 and was elected Speaker of the House in 1811. Clay would remain a prominent public figure until his death 41 years later in 1852, a leading war hawk, Speaker Clay favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation into the War of 1812. In 1814, Clays tenure as Speaker was interrupted when Clay traveled to Europe, Clay ran for president in 1824 and lost, finishing fourth in a four-man contest. No candidate received a majority, and so the election was decided in the House of Representatives. Clay maneuvered House voting in favor of John Quincy Adams, who appointed him as Secretary of State. Opposing candidate Andrew Jackson denounced the actions of Clay and Adams as part of a corrupt bargain, Clay returned to the Senate in 1831. He continued to advocate his American System, and become a leader of the opposition to President Andrew Jackson, President Jackson opposed federally-subsidized internal improvements and a national bank as a threat to states rights, and the president used his veto power to defeat many of Clays proposals. In 1832, Clay ran for president as a candidate of the National Republican Party, following the election, the National Republicans united with other opponents of Jackson to form the Whig Party, which remained one of the two major American political parties until after Clays death. In 1844, Clay won the Whig Partys presidential nomination, Clays opposition to the annexation of Texas, partly over fears that such an annexation would inflame the slavery issue, hurt his campaign, and Democrat James K. Polk won the election. Clay later opposed the Mexican–American War, which resulted in part from the Texas annexation, Clay returned to the Senate for a final term, where he helped broker a compromise over the status of slavery in the Mexican Cession. Known as The Great Compromiser, Clay brokered important agreements during the Nullification Crisis, as part of the Great Triumvirate or Immortal Trio, along with his colleagues Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, he was instrumental in formulating the Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833, and he was viewed as the primary representative of Western interests in this group, and was given the names Harry of the West and The Western Star. As a plantation owner, Clay held slaves during his lifetime, Henry Clay was born on April 12,1777, at the Clay homestead in Hanover County, Virginia, in a story-and-a-half frame house. It was a home for a common Virginia planter of that time
39.
Daniel Webster
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Daniel Webster was an American politician who twice served in the United States House of Representatives, representing New Hampshire and Massachusetts, served as a U. S. Senator from Massachusetts and was twice the United States Secretary of State, under Presidents William Henry Harrison and John Tyler and he and James G. Blaine were the only two people to serve as Secretary of State under three presidents. Webster also sought the Whig Party nomination for President three times, in 1836,1840 and 1852. As a diplomat he is best known for negotiating the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Great Britain, Webster was an outstanding spokesman for American nationalism with powerful oratory that made him a key Whig leader. He spoke for conservatives and led the opposition to Democrat Andrew Jackson and he was a spokesman for modernization, banking, and industry, but not for the common people who composed the base of his opponents in Jacksonian democracy. He was a thoroughgoing elitist, and he reveled in it, chiefly recognized for his Senate tenure, Webster was a key figure in the institutions Golden days. Webster was the Northern member of the Great Triumvirate, with his colleagues Henry Clay from the West and his Reply to Hayne in 1830 has been regarded as one of the greatest speeches in the Senates history. As with his fellow Whig Henry Clay, Webster wanted to see the Union preserved and they both worked for compromises to stave off the sectionalism that threatened war between the North and the South. Websters support for the Compromise of 1850, devised in part by Clay, in 1957, a Senate committee selected Webster as one of the five greatest U. S. Senators with Clay, Calhoun, Robert La Follette, and Robert A. Taft, Daniel Webster was born on January 18,1782, in Salisbury, New Hampshire, the present-day city of Franklin. He was the son of Abigail and Ebenezer Webster and he and his nine siblings grew up on their parents farm, a small parcel of land granted to his father. His ancestors were among the settlers of Salisbury. Webster attended Phillips Exeter Academy, a school in Exeter. He was chosen Fourth of July orator in Hanover, the town, in 1800. After he graduated from Dartmouth, Webster was apprenticed to the lawyer Thomas W. Thompson in Salisbury, in 1802 Webster began as the headmaster of the Fryeburg Academy, Maine, where he served for one year. When Ezekiels education could no longer be sustained, Webster returned to his apprenticeship, in 1804 he left New Hampshire and got a position in Boston under the prominent attorney Christopher Gore. Clerking for Gore – who was involved in international, national, in 1805 Webster was admitted to the bar. He returned to New Hampshire to set up a practice in Boscawen and he began to speak locally in support of Federalist causes and candidates
40.
John C. Calhoun
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John Caldwell Calhoun was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, and the seventh Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832. He is remembered for defending slavery and for advancing the concept of minority rights in politics. He began his career as a nationalist, modernizer, and proponent of a strong national government. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the Souths secession from the Union in 1860–1861, Calhoun began his political career in the House of Representatives. He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election. After failing to support, he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president. The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority and he served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in the election of 1828. During his terms as president, he made a record of 31 tie-breaking votes in Congress. Calhoun had a relationship with Jackson primarily due to the Nullification Crisis. In 1832, with only a few remaining in his second term, he resigned as vice president. He sought the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1844, but lost to surprise nominee James K. Polk, Calhoun served as Secretary of State under John Tyler from 1844 to 1845. As Secretary of State, he supported the annexation of Texas as a means to extend the slave power and he then returned to the Senate, where he opposed the Mexican–American War, the Wilmot Proviso, and the Compromise of 1850 before his death in 1850. Calhoun often served as a virtual party-independent who variously aligned as needed with Democrats, later in life, Calhoun became known as the cast-iron man for his rigid defense of Southern beliefs and practices. His concept of republicanism emphasized approval of slavery and minority rights, as embodied by the Southern states—he owned dozens of slaves in Fort Hill. Calhoun also asserted that slavery, rather than being an evil, was a positive good. To protect minority rights against majority rule, he called for a concurrent majority whereby the minority could sometimes block proposals that it infringed on their liberties. To this end, Calhoun supported states rights and nullification, through which states could declare null, Calhoun was one of the Great Triumvirate or the Immortal Trio of Congressional leaders, along with his Congressional colleagues Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. In 1957, a Senate Committee headed by Senator John F. Kennedy selected Calhoun as one of the five greatest United States Senators of all time
41.
Robert A. Taft
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Robert Alphonso Taft was a conservative American politician, statesman, and presidential hopeful who served as a United States Senator from Ohio from 1939 until his death in 1953. A member of the Republican Taft political family, he was the son of William Howard Taft. Taft was the Senates main opponent of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal domestic policies, after the presidents death, Taft successfully led the conservative coalitions efforts to curb the power of labor unions. Taft was an advocate of non-interventionism in foreign policy. He failed in his quests to win the Republican Partys presidential nomination in 1940,1948, throughout that period he battled New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey for control of the party. A1957 Senate committee named Taft as one of Americas five greatest senators, along with Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, la Follette, Sr. Taft was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, a product of one of Americas most prominent political families. He was the grandson of Attorney General and Secretary of War Alphonso Taft, and his younger brother, Charles Phelps Taft II, served as the Mayor of Cincinnati and was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for Ohio Governor in 1952. As a boy he spent four years in the Philippines, where his father was governor and he was first in his class at the Taft School, at Yale College, and at Harvard Law School. He was a member of Psi Upsilon, his fathers fraternity and Skull and Bones, in 1913, Taft scored the highest in the state on the Ohio bar exam. He then practiced for four years with the firm of Maxwell and Ramsey in Cincinnati, after a two-year stint in Washington working for the Food and Drug Administration, he returned to Cincinnati and opened his own law office. In 1924 he and his brother, Charles, helped form the law partnership Taft, Stettinius, on October 17,1914, he married Martha Wheaton Bowers, daughter of Lloyd Wheaton Bowers and Louisa Bennett Wilson. Two of Robert and Marthas grandsons are Robert Alphonso Bob Taft III, Governor of Ohio from 1999 to 2007, in 1917, Taft and his wife bought a 46-acre farm in Indian Hill, a well-to-do suburb of Cincinnati. Called Sky Farm, it would serve as Tafts primary residence for the rest of his life, the Tafts gradually made extensive renovations that turned the small farmhouse into a sixteen-room mansion. On the farm Taft enjoyed growing strawberries, asparagus, and potatoes for profit, during the summer, Taft often vacationed with his wife and children at the Taft familys summer home at Murray Bay, in Quebec, Canada. When reporters asked his wife Martha what church he attended, she replied, Id have to say the Burning Tree. When the United States entered World War I in April,1917 Taft attempted to join the army but was rejected due to his poor eyesight, instead, he joined the legal staff of the Food and Drug Administration where he met Herbert Hoover, who became his idol. In 1918 and 1919, he was in Paris as legal adviser for the American Relief Administration and he came to distrust governmental bureaucracy as inefficient and detrimental to the rights of the individual, a principle he promoted throughout his career. He urged membership in the League of Nations but generally distrusted European politicians and he endorsed the idea of a powerful world court to enforce international law, but no such idealized court ever existed during his lifetime
42.
New Glarus, Wisconsin
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New Glarus is a village in Green County, Wisconsin, United States at the intersection of Wisconsin Highways 69 and 39. It has a population of 2,172 according to the 2010 census, since 2000 it has had a population growth of 2.9 percent. The village, and the town that surrounds it, were named after the canton of Glarus in eastern Switzerland, the community was founded in 1845 by immigrants from that canton and was incorporated in 1901. The village of New Glarus is a popular tourist destination best known for its Swiss heritage, old world architecture, ethnic dining, small independently owned craft brewery, and outdoor festivals. More than 160 years after it was founded, New Glarus has maintained much of its Swiss heritage, Swiss-style chalets and flower boxes filled with red geraniums grace the streets of the village and Swiss flags fly next to the American flag at many businesses and homes. Old World meat markets, restaurants, and a Swiss bakery are also found in downtown New Glarus, along with art, museums. Many Swiss customs are still alive in New Glarus, including the card game Jass, yodeling, today New Glarus is the best known Swiss settlement in America. In the early 1840s, after years of failed crops and as food became scarce. With more workers than available jobs, the government of the canton saw emigration to America as a solution, authorities established the Glarus Emigration Society in 1844, which offered loans to help residents purchase land in the New World. All other expenses associated with the voyage to America were to be paid by the emigrants themselves, men were offered 20 acres free of rent for ten years, after which they could own the land for a mere ten shillings per acre. Given the desperate conditions in Switzerland,193 volunteers decided to leave their homeland to start anew in America. In 1845 magistrates in Glarus dispatched two men, Nicolas Duerst and Fridolin Streiff, to find a location for a colony in the New World. They were given $2600 and instructions to land, build cabins. Duerst and Streiff began their search in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois before reaching St. Louis, in the early days of July 1845 they then traveled north to Galena, Illinois, after which they arrived at the land office in Mineral Point, Wisconsin. The men investigated several tracts of farm and timber land in the southern Wisconsin territory before deciding on two miles along the Little Sugar River. On July 17,1845 they purchased 1,280 acres for $1.25 per acre and it was a fertile basin bounded with hills and a large stand of trees nearby. Some said later it wasnt the best property available, but the valley, the land that would become the Village of New Glarus was untamed wilderness, which had been inhabited by Native Americans for centuries. An Indian trail passed just south of present-day New Glarus, through what is now New Glarus Woods State Park and that trail later became the main thoroughfare to and from New Glarus
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New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
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American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
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