1.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
2.
Asheville, North Carolina
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Asheville is a city in and the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is the largest city in Western North Carolina, and the 11th largest city in North Carolina, the citys population was 87,236 according to the 2013 estimates. It is the city in the four-county Asheville metropolitan area. Asheville is home to the United States National Climatic Data Center, before the arrival of the Europeans, the land where Asheville now exists lay within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation. In 1540, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto came to the area, bringing the first European visitors along with European diseases, the area was used as an open hunting ground until the middle of the 19th century. The history of Asheville, as a town, began in 1784, in that year, Colonel Samuel Davidson and his family settled in the Swannanoa Valley, redeeming a soldiers land grant from the state of North Carolina. Soon after building a log cabin at the bank of Christian Creek, Davidson was lured into the woods by a band of Cherokee hunters, Davidsons wife, child and female slave fled on foot overnight to Davidsons Fort 16 miles away. In response to the killing, Davidsons twin brother Major William Davidson and brother-in-law Colonel Daniel Smith formed an expedition to retrieve Samuel Davidsons body and avenge his murder. Months after the expedition, Major Davidson and other members of his family returned to the area. The United States Census of 1790 counted 1,000 residents of the area, Buncombe County was officially formed in 1792. The county seat, named Morristown in 1793, was established on a plateau where two old Indian trails crossed, in 1797, Morristown was incorporated and renamed Asheville after North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe. For a time, an Enfield rifle manufacturing facility was located in the town, in late April 1865 troops under the overall command of Union Gen. Stoneman captured Asheville. Hartley, Stonemans Raid, p.362 After a negotiated departure, the years following the war were a time of economic and social hardship in Buncombe County, as throughout most of the defeated South. On October 2,1880, the Western North Carolina Railroad completed its line from Salisbury to Asheville, almost immediately it was sold and resold to the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company, becoming part of the Southern Railway in 1894. With the completion of the first railway, Asheville experienced a slow but steady growth as industrial plants increased in number and size, textile mills were established and plants were set up for the manufacture of wood and mica products, foodstuffs, and other commodities. The 21-mile distance between Hendersonville and Asheville of the former Asheville and Spartanburg Railroad was completed in 1886, by that point, the line was operated as part of the Richmond and Danville Railroad until 1894 and controlled by the Southern Railway afterward. Asheville had the first electric railway lines in the state of North Carolina. These would be replaced by buses in 1934, Asheville prospered in the decades of the 1910s and 1920s and at one point was the third largest city in the state, behind Charlotte and Wilmington
3.
The Bronx High School of Science
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The Bronx High School of Science is a selective public high school in New York City. It is one of nine specialized high schools located in New York City. Admission to eight of them, including Bronx Science, is based on performance on an examination administered mainly to students in the 8th grade. The exam administered to students in the 8th grade was reportedly taken by more than 20,000 students every year as of 1999, Bronx Science is ranked among the top 50 high schools in the country as well as among the top few in New York State. Eight former students have received the Nobel Prize in science, more than any other school in the world. The Bronx High School of Science is often referred to as Bronx Science, in 2014, they ranked 34th out of all high schools nationwide and 2nd in New York State, nationwide, Bronx Science ranked 33rd in 2008 and 58th in 2009. It attracts an intellectually gifted blend of culturally, ethnically, in 2014 it was ranked second highest on Cities Journals list of the 15 Best High Schools in New York, along with Stuyvesant and Brooklyn Tech. The average SAT score in 2012 was 2,010 out of 2,400, almost all Bronx Science graduates continue on to four-year colleges, and it is a feeder school with many graduates going on to attend schools in the Ivy League and other institutions each year. Bronx Science has counted 132 finalists in the Intel Science Talent Search, eight graduates have won Nobel Prizes—more than any other secondary education institution in the United States—and six have won Pulitzer Prizes. Bronx Science is a member of the National Consortium of Secondary STEM Schools, together with Stuyvesant High School and Brooklyn Technical High School, it is one of three original specialized science high schools operated by the New York City Department of Education. They were given use of an antiquated Gothic-gargoyled edifice located at Creston Avenue and 184th Street, the building, built in 1918 for Evander Childs High School, had been successively occupied by Walton High School and by an annex of DeWitt Clinton High School. The initial faculty were composed in part by a contingent from Stuyvesant High School, Bronx Science started with about 150 ninth year students and 250 tenth year students, the remaining facilities of the building being used by DeWitt Clinton. As more boys began to attend Science, the Clinton contingent was gradually returned to its own main building, during their joint occupation, which lasted for 2 years until 1940, the two schools had separate teaching staff and classes, but the same supervision and administration. This expansion to co-education preceded its rivals Stuyvesant and Brooklyn Tech by more than two decades, in 1958, after 20 years as principal of the school, Morris Meister resigned to become the first president of the newly organized Bronx Community College. Mr. Meister personally selected a teacher, Alexander Taffel, to succeed him as principal, from the beginning, the Parents Association and Principal Morris Meister campaigned for a new building. After twenty years, but under Principal Taffel, plans were completed for a new $8 million building, designed by the architectural firm of Emery Roth. They entered a school equipped with classrooms, laboratories. The mural is a work by Frank J. Reilly entitled Humanities Protecting Biology, Physics
4.
Queens College, City University of New York
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Queens College is one of the four-year colleges in the City University of New York system. Queens College is consistently ranked among the institutions in the nation for the quality of its faculty and academic programs, the achievement of its students. In 2013 Queens College was ranked #2 nationally by the Washington Monthly for giving students the best bang for their bucks, the building was located on Flushing-Jamaica Road. Jamaica Academy became public in 1844, in 1909, the New York Parental School, a home for troubled boys, opened on the land surrounding the future site of Queens College and incorporated Jamaica Academy on its campus. Buildings such as Jefferson Hall were used as dormitories and classrooms. In 1934, the New York Parental School was investigated amid rumors of abuse, the school was shut down and students were transferred to local public schools. A few months later, the grounds were turned over to the city, the city planned to house 500 mental patients from Randalls Island Hospital, who were temporarily displaced by the construction of the Triborough Bridge. Meanwhile, County Judge Charles S. Colden appointed and chaired a committee to assess the feasibility of opening a college in Queens. In September 1935, the committee recommended the establishment of such a college, mayor La Guardia backed the recommendation and pushed for the free colleges creation. In March 1937, the Board of Education designated the site of the former Parental School to be the location of Queens College. Paul Klapper, former dean of the School of Education at City College of New York, was appointed the new colleges president, the college opened in October 1937—later than anticipated due to a painters strike—with 21 members on its teaching staff and 400 students in its inaugural freshmen class. The college campus grew as buildings were constructed and enrollment increased, the program was intended to offer college education to more New York City residents, in particular those of color. In 1973 enrollment at Queens reached a high of 31,413 students. By 1976 new concerns overtook the college as New York City faced a financial crisis. CUNYs policy of free tuition was revoked, the overall CUNY budget was cut by $135 million, some faculty members resigned in protest. All hiring and building on campus was halted, by 1984 student enrollment had declined to 15,000. By that time, former Queens College president Dr. Joseph S. Murphy was CUNY Chancellor, in the 1990s, the college attracted high-profile researchers to its faculty, including the virologist Luc Montagnier. The college campus continued improving its facilities, under a $1 billion CUNY-wide improvement program, Queens Colleges Powdermaker Hall was given a $57 million renovation, begun in 2000
5.
Columbia University
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Columbia University is a private Ivy League research university in Upper Manhattan, New York City. It was established in 1754 as Kings College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain, after the American Revolutionary War, Kings College briefly became a state entity, and was renamed Columbia College in 1784. Columbia is one of the fourteen founding members of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the M. D. degree. The university also has global research outposts in Amman, Beijing, Istanbul, Paris, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Asunción, Columbia administers annually the Pulitzer Prize. Additionally,100 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia as students, researchers, faculty, Columbia is second only to Harvard University in the number of Nobel Prize-winning affiliates, with over 100 recipients of the award as of 2016. In 1746 an act was passed by the assembly of New York to raise funds for the foundation of a new college. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the colleges first president, Dr. Johnson was the only instructor of the colleges first class, which consisted of a mere eight students. Instruction was held in a new schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in Manhattan, in 1763, Dr. Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper, a graduate of The Queens College, Oxford, and an ardent Tory. In the charged political climate of the American Revolution, his opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777. The suspension continued through the occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The colleges library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a hospital first by American. Loyalists were forced to abandon their Kings College in New York, the Loyalists, led by Bishop Charles Inglis fled to Windsor, Nova Scotia, where they founded Kings Collegiate School. After the Revolution, the college turned to the State of New York in order to restore its vitality, the Legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1,1784, it passed an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called Kings College. The Regents finally became aware of the colleges defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, in April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of 24 Trustees. On May 21,1787, William Samuel Johnson, the son of Dr. Samuel Johnson, was unanimously elected President of Columbia College, prior to serving at the university, Johnson had participated in the First Continental Congress and been chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. The colleges enrollment, structure, and academics stagnated for the majority of the 19th century, with many of the college presidents doing little to change the way that the college functioned. In 1857, the college moved from the Kings College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, during the last half of the 19th century, under the leadership of President F. A. P. Barnard, the institution assumed the shape of a modern university
6.
Cornell University
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Cornell University is an American private Ivy League and land-grant doctoral university located in Ithaca, New York. These ideals, unconventional for the time, are captured in Cornells motto, the university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of three private land grant universities in the nation and the one in New York. Of its seven colleges, three are state-supported statutory or contract colleges through the State University of New York system, including its agricultural. Of Cornells graduate schools, only the college is state-supported. As a land grant college, Cornell operates a cooperative extension program in every county of New York. The Cornell University Ithaca Campus comprises 745 acres, but is larger when the Cornell Botanic Gardens are considered. Since its founding, Cornell has been a co-educational, non-sectarian institution where admission has not been restricted by religion or race, the student body consists of more than 14,000 undergraduate and 7,000 graduate students from all 50 American states and more than 120 countries. Cornell University was founded on April 27,1865, the New York State Senate authorized the university as the land grant institution. Senator Ezra Cornell offered his farm in Ithaca, New York, as a site, fellow senator and experienced educator Andrew Dickson White agreed to be the first president. During the next three years, White oversaw the construction of the first two buildings and traveled to attract students and faculty, the university was inaugurated on October 7,1868, and 412 men were enrolled the next day. Cornell developed as an innovative institution, applying its research to its own campus as well as to outreach efforts. For example, in 1883 it was one of the first university campuses to use electricity from a dynamo to light the grounds. Cornell has had active alumni since its earliest classes and it was one of the first universities to include alumni-elected representatives on its Board of Trustees. Today the university has more than 4,000 courses, since 2000, Cornell has been expanding its international programs. In 2004, the university opened the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar and it has partnerships with institutions in India, Singapore, and the Peoples Republic of China. Former president Jeffrey S. Lehman described the university, with its international profile. On March 9,2004, Cornell and Stanford University laid the cornerstone for a new Bridging the Rift Center to be built, Cornells main campus is on East Hill in Ithaca, New York, overlooking the town and Cayuga Lake
7.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
8.
Engineer
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Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium, the work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical, he/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice, much of an engineers time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information. Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure and they also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects, Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines, numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering include ceramic, metallurgical, mechanical engineering cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as vehicles, or in one type of technology. Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time, that is, research suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work, technical work, social work, computer-based work, information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent work sampling study found that engineers spend 62. 92% of their time engaged in work,40. 37% in social work. The time engineers spend engaged in activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies, typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. When developing a product, engineers work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers, a mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators
9.
Moog synthesizer
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The Moog company pioneered the commercial manufacture of modular voltage-controlled analog synthesizer systems in the mid 1960s. The Moog synthesizer gained wider attention in the industry after it was demonstrated at the Monterey International Pop Festival in 1967. The commercial breakthrough of a Moog recording was made by Wendy Carlos in the 1968 record Switched-On Bach, the success of Switched-On Bach sparked a slew of other synthesizer records in the late 1960s to mid-1970s. Later Moog modular systems featured various improvements, such as a scaled-down, the Moog company pioneered the commercial manufacture of modular voltage-controlled analog synthesizer systems. Moog became interested in the design and construction of electronic music systems in the mid-1960s while completing a Ph. D. in Engineering Physics at Cornell University. The burgeoning interest in his designs enabled him to establish a company to manufacture. Pioneering electronic music experimenters like Leon Theremin, Louis and Bebe Barron, Electronic music studios typically had many oscillators, filters and other devices to generate and manipulate electronic sound. Early electronic music performance devices like the Theremin were also limited in function. In the period from 1950 to the mid-1960s, studio musicians, Moog began to develop his synthesizer systems after he met educator and composer Herbert Deutsch at a conference in late 1963. Over the next year, with encouragement from Myron Hoffman of the University of Toronto, Moog and this specific definition means that adding or subtracting control voltage simply transposes pitch, a very valuable feature. At a time when digital circuits were still relatively costly and in a stage of development. In the Moog topology, each module has one or more inputs that accept a voltage of typically 10 V or less. Thus, frequency determines pitch, attenuation determines instantaneous loudness, for instance, control voltages can be added or subtracted in a circuit almost identical to an adder in such a computer. Inside a synthesizer VCO, an exponential function provides the 1 volt per octave control of an oscillator that basically runs on a volts/kHz basis. Positive voltage polarity raises pitch, and negative lowers it, the result is that, for example, a standard keyboard can have its output scaled to that of a quarter-tone keyboard by changing its output to one-half volt per octave, with no other technical changes. The central component was the oscillator, which generated the primary sound signal, capable of producing a variety of waveforms including sawtooth, square. The inputs and outputs of any module could be cross-linked with patch cords and, together with the control knobs and switches, could create a nearly infinite variety of sounds. As a result, ownership and use was at first mainly limited to such as educational institutions and major recording studios
10.
Moog Inc.
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Moog is an American-based designer and manufacturer of motion and fluid controls and control systems for applications in aerospace, defense, industrial and medical devices. The company operates under four segments, aircraft controls, space and defense controls, industrial controls, Moog is headquartered in East Aurora, New York, a suburb of Buffalo, New York and has sales, engineering, and manufacturing facilities in twenty-six countries. In April 1950 Bill Moog applied for a patent for the servo valve. The US patent 2625136 was issued in January 1953, Bill Moog died in 1997 aged 82. Moog provided products and technologies that were used on the B-2 Bomber and was responsible for the flight control actuation system. Moog also contributed to the manufacture and development of both Hydraulic and Electric flight simulators, Moogs design was adapted to form the Spider-Man ride at Universal Studios adventure theme park. Moog also worked on several contracts and designed part of the liquid rocket engine propulsion systems on the Voyager space probes. Moog also made servo-actuators for four Space Shuttles, Moog provided a control and motion system for the Wimbledon Centre Court retracting roof. This consisted of about 150 axes of AC servo-controlled electric actuators, AC servomotors, AC servodrives and it was engineered by Moogs UK facility and allowed the Centre Courts only night-time tennis performance. Moog also has notable track record of providing a range of axes on Formula 1 racing cars and has been involved in this business for over 30 years. The technologies provide extremely high power, weight ratio and provide actuation for up to 10 axis on each car, the companys largest segment is aircraft controls which generates revenues from military and commercial aircraft in addition to aftermarket support. For satellites, Moog develops chemical and electric systems and space flight motion controls. Launch vehicles and missiles use Moogs steering and propulsion controls, Moog has both Electro-Hydraulic and Electro-Mechanical systems as part of its solutions. In 2012, Moog acquired the In-Space Propulsion business of American Pacific Corporation, Moog has supplied assistance on the following, United Launch Alliance Atlas V components. Boeing SST systems and components Swing-wing components, International Space Station systems and components. Deep Space 1 systems, components, and consultation, ion thruster systems, components, and consultation. Gravity Probe B systems and components, for the plastics and machinery market Moog designs, manufactures and integrates systems for all axes of injection and blow molding machines using both hydraulic and electric technology. In the power generation market, Moog designs, manufactures and integrates control assemblies for fuel, steam
11.
Moog Music
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Moog Music is an American company based in Asheville, North Carolina which manufactures electronic musical instruments. The current Moog Music is the company to trade under that name. Based in Trumansburg, New York, Robert Moogs original company was founded as R. A, Moog Co. in 1953, manufacturing theremin kits and, later, modular synthesizer systems. This company would eventually become Moog Music in 1972, and through Bob Moogs collaboration with people like Herbert Deutsch, in November 1971, the company moved to Williamsville, New York. An old factory at the end of Academy Street was purchased. The company was renamed Moog Musonics, then Moog Music, in 1976 the company moved to much better facility on Walden Avenue in Cheektowaga. After becoming Moog Music, the company went through changes of ownership. Norlin produced a number of synthesizers under the Moog name in the late 1970s, poor management and marketing led to Bob Moogs departure from his own company in 1977. Moog Music was forced into bankruptcy in 1986, the company liquidated and officially ceased operation in 1993. Robert Moog re-entered the music industry after leaving Moog Music in 1977, Big Briar expanded its range to produce a variety of analog-electronic musical instruments, mainly effects pedals called moogerfoogers. In 1999, Big Briar partnered with Bomb Factory to co-develop software modeled plug-ins for Pro Tools TDM based on the moogerfooger effect pedal lines, Robert Moog worked closely with Bomb Factory to ensure the product would remain true to the classic Moog sound. Another company, Moog CE, was selling modules for the original 1970s systems and it was also in 2002 that Moog Music hired Michael Adams as Vice President in charge of business operations. After the companys name change, Moog released the Piano-Bar, a Don Buchla -designed device which converted the physical movement of the keys on a piano into MIDI information. The Voyager name was selected through a contest where keyboardists could submit their own ideas of potential names for the new Minimoog and it wasnt until later that Bob Moog regained the trademark rights to Moog and Minimoog in the UK. In 2006 Moog Music introduced a new 37 note,2 oscillator analog synthesizer and it would be the final Moog synthesizer to be designed by Moog himself. Upon its release, it was considered to be the heir to the Minimoog legacy. Robert Moog died in August 2005 due to complications arising from brain cancer, Michael Adams continued managing the company as its President. Hungarian band The Moog requested permission from Moog Music to use the name and this was granted on the condition that the band precede the name with The
12.
Inventor
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An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process. The invention process is a process within an overall engineering and product development process and it may be an improvement upon a machine or product or a new process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a unique function or result may be a radical breakthrough. Such works are novel and not obvious to others skilled in the same field, an inventor may be taking a big step in success or failure. A patent legally protects the property rights of the inventor. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary from country to country, another meaning of invention is cultural invention, which is an innovative set of useful social behaviours adopted by people and passed on to others. The Institute for Social Inventions collected many such ideas in magazines, Invention is also an important component of artistic and design creativity. Inventions often extend the boundaries of knowledge, experience or capability. Brainstorming also can spark new ideas for an invention, collaborative creative processes are frequently used by engineers, designers, architects and scientists. Co-inventors are frequently named on patents, in addition, many inventors keep records of their working process - notebooks, photos, etc. including Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli, Thomas Jefferson and Albert Einstein. In the process of developing an invention, the idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, working on one invention can lead to others too. History shows that turning the concept of an invention into a device is not always swift or direct. Inventions may also more useful after time passes and other changes occur. For example, the became more useful once powered flight was a reality. Invention is often a creative process, an open and curious mind allows an inventor to see beyond what is known. Seeing a new possibility, connection, or relationship can spark an invention, inventive thinking frequently involves combining concepts or elements from different realms that would not normally be put together. Sometimes inventors disregard the boundaries between distinctly separate territories or fields, several concepts may be considered when thinking about invention
13.
Minimoog
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The Minimoog is a monophonic analog synthesizer, invented by Bill Hemsath and Robert Moog. It was released in 1970 by R. A, Moog Inc. and production was stopped in 1981. It was re-designed by Robert Moog in 2002 and released as Minimoog Voyager, in May 2016, Moog announced a limited-run pilot production reissue of the Model D, to be launched at Moogfest. It has subsequently gone into full production, the Minimoog was designed in response to the use of synthesizers in rock/pop music. It later surpassed this original purpose, however, and became a distinctive and it remains in demand today, over four decades after its introduction, for its intuitive design and powerful bass and lead sounds. Four prototypes were made over the years before a design was decided upon to release as a commercial product. The Minimoog Model D adapted some of the circuitry from earlier modular instruments, to produce a sound, the musician would first choose a sound shape to be generated from the VCO and/or the type of noise. The filtered signal is routed to the voltage-controlled amplifier, where its contour is shaped by a dedicated ADS envelope generator. Part of the appeal of this instrument over the early modular Moogs was that the Minimoog required no patch cables, its signal and control voltage path is hard-wired, while this imposed the signal flow limitation outlined above, there are ways to tweak the sound. For example, in reality, the Minimoog has six sound sources, the voltage-controlled filter and voltage-controlled amplifier each have their own ADSD envelope generator. Musicians who are familiar with more modern synthesizers might expect the last letter to be R for Release, however, on the Minimoog, the envelopes are ADSD, as the decay setting also sets the time for what is regularly known as release. In other words, there are three knobs to control 4 sections of the sound — a shortcoming that doesnt seem to diminish the Minimoogs popularity in any way. There is also a switch above the pitch and modulation wheels to engage the final stage as well as a switch for engaging the glide circuit. The VCF is of transistor ladder type, a design patented by Moog, rumors that Moog had to go to court over the patent seem to be nothing more, differences with ARP at one point were settled amicably. The output of the third oscillator and/or the noise generator can also be routed to the control inputs of the filter and/or oscillators. The amount of pitch or filter modulation thus realized is controlled by the modulation wheel, in this way, the third oscillator is frequently used as a low-frequency oscillator to control pitch and/or harmonic content. External pitch control does not pass through the circuit, nor is it presented to the VCF tracking switches — the external inputs were not designed for external keyboard control. The lowest note played on the keyboard determines the pitch, a condition that is referred to as low-note priority, the envelope generators do not re-trigger unless all notes are lifted before the next note is played, an important characteristic which allows phrasing
14.
Minimoog Voyager
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The Minimoog Voyager or Voyager is a monophonic analog synthesizer, designed by Robert Moog and released in 2002 by Moog Music. The Voyager was modeled after the classic Minimoog synthesizer that was popular in the 1970s, like the original Minimoog, the Voyager has six sound sources. Five of these pass to a mixer with independent level controls, the mixed output of the sources is then passed through the voltage-controlled filter and a voltage-controlled amplifier, each of which has its own ADSR envelope generator. The voltage-controlled filter can itself be made to oscillate, thus comprising the Voyagers sixth sound source, unlike the original Minimoog, the Voyagers modulation busses can be set to affect almost any parameter of the sound, not just the filters. Although the synthesizer features MIDI control and advanced patch storage, all paths in the Voyager are analog. The three oscillators are designed for high tuning stability, as the original Minimoog oscillators tended to shift out of tune while playing. With the Voyager, certain parameters that were fixed on the original Minimoog can be programmed to suit the players preference and this includes selection between low-note, high-note or last-note priority. Also, the generators can be set to re-trigger with each pressed note or they can be set not to re-trigger until all notes are lifted. In November 2001, Moog Music announced that they planned to release a version of the Minimoog. The new synthesizer promised to have features, yet continue to be authentic to the original sound quality. The company offered a new synthesizer to the customer who could come up with a name for the project, early in 2002, they announced that the synthesizer would be named the Minimoog Voyager. Late in the summer of 2002, Moog Music began shipping the new Voyagers, occasionally a new system software release is made available, which can be downloaded from Moog Musics website and sent to the Voyager via MIDI. Recent software versions allow complex internal patching of control voltages, a very powerful, also available is the VX-351 Voyager Expander, an external box that is wired to the Voyager featuring 25 control-voltage outputs for physical CV patching. Recent versions of the Voyager software expand the original 128-patch memory to 896 patches by implementing seven selectable banks, A to G, the current model has most of the patches pre-programmed in groups corresponding to earlier software releases. In September 2015, Moog Music announced that after 13 years of production and over 14,000 units sold, however, the XL version of the Voyager remains in production. The first 600 units could be preordered at the price of US$3495, the standard edition continues to sell for US$2995. Apart from the signature and price, the models are identical, wood finish on the models is offered in walnut, cherry or maple. For 2004, Moog Music released a limited 50th Anniversary Edition Voyager, the wood cabinet was painted black and the control panel was backlit using electroluminescent technology
15.
Moog Little Phatty
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The Little Phatty is a monophonic analog synthesizer manufactured by Moog Music from 2006 to 2013, preceded by the Voyager and succeeded by Voyager Old School. Its design was conceived, in part, by Robert Moog himself and it is also the first Moog product to be produced following his death. It is one of the few Moog synthesizers to utilize MIDI from the factory and this allows for better integration in the modern studio and for live performance. There are currently three versions of the Little Phatty, aside from a few cosmetic differences, all units have nearly identical sound generation circuitry. The earlier Tribute Edition, a run of 1200 units, featured blue LED lighting, wooden side panels. The later Stage Edition featured orange and red lighting, grey rubberized panels, on 9 September 2013, Moog Music announced the discontinuation of the Little Phatty analog synthesizer. Little Phatty from Moog Music site Moog Announces Discontinuation of Little Phatty Analog Synthesizer
16.
Moog Taurus
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The Moog Taurus is a foot-operated analog synthesizer designed and manufactured by Moog Music, originally conceived as a part of the Constellation series of synthesizers. The initial Taurus I was manufactured from 1975 to 1981, a less successful redesign, Taurus II, instead of a conventional keyboard, the Taurus uses an organ-style pedal board similar to the pedal keyboard of a spinet organ. This control method was chosen because the Taurus was intended to be played by foot while the players hands played one or more keyboards, while the original Taurus featured its own synthesis engine, the Taurus II was essentially the same as the Moog Rogue. In 2010, Moog issued the Moog Taurus III, which, despite the addition of some features, the Taurus is associated with progressive rock, and has been used by bands like Dream Theater, Genesis, Yes and Rush, among others. The Taurus was originally intended to be part of a larger Moog Music synthesizer ensemble called the Constellation, in addition to the monophonic Taurus, the Constellation would have included two keyboards, the monophonic Lyra and polyphonic Apollo. The intention was that the Apollo and Lyra be played with hands, while bass notes could be played by foot on the Taurus. The sound shaping controls are protected by a plastic window in order to avoid accidental adjustments while playing. The Constellation configuration was used prominently on the 1973 Emerson, Lake & Palmer album Brain Salad Surgery, the band also used the Constellation on their subsequent tour, albeit without the Taurus pedal. However, the Constellation was never formally released, the Lyra synthesizer was never commercially released. William Alexander, an engineer for ELP, described the Lyra as a Minimoog on steroids, the original Taurus I was succeeded by the Taurus II, which was produced from 1981 to 1983. The Taurus II uses the same engine as a contemporary lead synthesizer. The Taurus II was controlled through 18 foot pedals, modulation and pitch wheels. The synthesizer also increased the amount of timbres and effects available, however, the Taurus II had no patch memory or foot controls apart from the pedals. Instead, the panel was raised so that the player could manipulate it manually during performance. The value of the Taurus II did not appreciate as significantly as that of the Taurus I, in 2000, in general, the Taurus II is considered to be inferior to the original model because of its different synthesis engine. In 2010, Moog released a version of the Taurus called the Taurus III in a limited run of 1,000 units. According to Moogs creative head Cyril Lance, a reissue of the Taurus had been in demand since his first convention with Moog. In 2007, Moog CEO Mike Adams proposed that if customers could generate pre-order sales of 250 units, work on designing the Taurus III, led by Lance, began that year after 250 units were pre-ordered
17.
Moogerfooger
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Moogerfooger is the trademark for a series of analog effects pedals manufactured by Moog Music. There are currently eight different pedals produced, however one of models is designed for processing control voltages rather than audio signal. A sixth model, the Analog Delay, was released in an edition of 1000 units and has become a collectors item. Audio moogerfoogers consist of a black wedge-shaped box, approximately 5 by 9 inches, the face contains an array of knobs, switches and LEDs. All moogerfoogers have a knob that allows the user to fade the effect from a dry to a completely wet signal. There is also a switch that allows the user to toggle the effect on and off. True to the nature of modular synthesizers, all parameters on the pedals are variable using control voltages which may be plugged into the rear of the pedal using 1/4 jacks, the MF-101 is an independent analog low-pass filter. Based on the amplitude of the dry signal, an envelope is generated. This envelope alters the filters frequency and its amount is variable. Knobs also allow controlling of the frequency and resonance. The resonance can be increased to the point of producing a pitch that follows the filter cutoff frequency. The MF-101 was released by Big Briar in 1998, the MF-102 is an analog ring modulator. This moogerfooger heterodynes the dry audio signal with a wave that is generated by an internal oscillator. The user can vary the frequency of the oscillator from 600 mHz to 4 kHz. The MF-102 also features an independent low frequency oscillator that changes the frequency of the carrier oscillator, the user can select the frequency of the LFO and whether the signal is a square or sine-like wave. The user can vary the amount, if any at all. Like the MF-101, the MF-102 was released in 1998, the MF-103 is an analog twelve stage phaser. The user can control the sweep which moves the phasers frequency response, the user can switch to 6-stage mode to produce a subtle change in harmonic response
18.
Physics
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Physics is the natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion and behavior through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. One of the most fundamental disciplines, the main goal of physics is to understand how the universe behaves. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy, Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the mechanisms of other sciences while opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics. Physics also makes significant contributions through advances in new technologies that arise from theoretical breakthroughs, the United Nations named 2005 the World Year of Physics. Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, the stars and planets were often a target of worship, believed to represent their gods. While the explanations for these phenomena were often unscientific and lacking in evidence, according to Asger Aaboe, the origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, and all Western efforts in the exact sciences are descended from late Babylonian astronomy. The most notable innovations were in the field of optics and vision, which came from the works of many scientists like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna. The most notable work was The Book of Optics, written by Ibn Al-Haitham, in which he was not only the first to disprove the ancient Greek idea about vision, but also came up with a new theory. In the book, he was also the first to study the phenomenon of the pinhole camera, many later European scholars and fellow polymaths, from Robert Grosseteste and Leonardo da Vinci to René Descartes, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, were in his debt. Indeed, the influence of Ibn al-Haythams Optics ranks alongside that of Newtons work of the same title, the translation of The Book of Optics had a huge impact on Europe. From it, later European scholars were able to build the devices as what Ibn al-Haytham did. From this, such important things as eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, Physics became a separate science when early modern Europeans used experimental and quantitative methods to discover what are now considered to be the laws of physics. Newton also developed calculus, the study of change, which provided new mathematical methods for solving physical problems. The discovery of new laws in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electromagnetics resulted from greater research efforts during the Industrial Revolution as energy needs increased, however, inaccuracies in classical mechanics for very small objects and very high velocities led to the development of modern physics in the 20th century. Modern physics began in the early 20th century with the work of Max Planck in quantum theory, both of these theories came about due to inaccuracies in classical mechanics in certain situations. Quantum mechanics would come to be pioneered by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, from this early work, and work in related fields, the Standard Model of particle physics was derived. Areas of mathematics in general are important to this field, such as the study of probabilities, in many ways, physics stems from ancient Greek philosophy
19.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
20.
Theremin
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The theremin is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist. It is named after the Westernized name of its Russian inventor, Léon Theremin, the electric signals from the theremin are amplified and sent to a loudspeaker. The theremin was used in soundtracks such as Miklós Rózsas Spellbound, The Lost Weekend. It has also used in theme songs for television shows such as the ITV drama Midsomer Murders. This has led to its association with eerie situations, Theremins are also used in concert music and in popular music genres such as rock. The theremin was originally the product of Soviet government-sponsored research into proximity sensors, the instrument was invented by a young Russian physicist named Lev Sergeyevich Termen in October 1920 after the outbreak of the Russian Civil War. After a lengthy tour of Europe, during which time he demonstrated his invention to packed houses, Theremin moved to the United States, subsequently, Theremin granted commercial production rights to RCA. Although the RCA Thereminvox, was not a success, it fascinated audiences in America. Clara Rockmore, a well-known thereminist, toured to wide acclaim, performing a repertoire in concert halls around the United States. In 1938, Theremin left the United States, though the circumstances related to his departure are in dispute. Many accounts claim he was taken from his New York City apartment by NKVD agents, taken back to the Soviet Union and made to work in a sharashka laboratory prison camp at Magadan, in any case, Theremin did not return to the United States until 1991. However, a niche interest in the theremin persisted, mostly among electronics enthusiasts, one of these electronics enthusiasts, Robert Moog, began building theremins in the 1950s, while he was a high-school student. Moog subsequently published a number of articles about building theremins, Moog credited what he learned from the experience as leading directly to his groundbreaking synthesizer, the Moog. Since the release of the film Theremin, An Electronic Odyssey in 1994, even though many theremin sounds can be approximated on many modern synthesizers, some musicians continue to appreciate the expressiveness, novelty, and uniqueness of using an actual theremin. The film itself has garnered excellent reviews, both theremin instruments and kits are available from manufacturers such as Moog Music Inc. Burns Theremins, Harrison Instruments, Inc. Theremaniacs LLC, PAiA Corporation USA, and Jaycar Electronics, the theremin is distinguished among musical instruments in that it is played without physical contact. The thereminist stands in front of the instrument and moves his or her hands in the proximity of two metal antennas, the distance from one antenna determines frequency, and the distance from the other controls amplitude. Higher notes are played by moving the hand closer to the pitch antenna, louder notes are played by moving the hand away from the volume antenna
21.
Raymond Scott
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Raymond Scott was an American composer, band leader, pianist, engineer, recording studio maverick, and electronic instrument inventor. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies animated shorts, Scotts melodies may also be heard in contemporary shows like Ren and Stimpy, The Simpsons, Duckman, Animaniacs, The Oblongs, and Batfink. The only music Scott actually composed to accompany animation were three 20-second electronic commercial jingles for County Fair Bread in 1962, Scott was born in Brooklyn, New York to Russian Jewish immigrants, Joseph and Sarah Warnow. His older brother, Mark Warnow, a conductor, violinist, a 1931 graduate of the Juilliard School of Music, where he studied piano, theory and composition, Scott, under his birth name, began his professional career as a pianist for the CBS Radio house band. His older brother Mark conducted the orchestra, Harry reportedly adopted the pseudonym Raymond Scott to spare his brother charges of nepotism when the orchestra began performing the pianists idiosyncratic compositions. In 1935 he married Pearl Zimney, in late 1936, Scott recruited a band from among his CBS colleagues, calling it the Raymond Scott Quintette. It was a group, but the puckish Scott thought Quintette sounded crisper. The original sidemen were Pete Pumiglio, Bunny Berigan, Louis Shoobe, Dave Harris and they made their first recordings in New York on February 20,1937, for the Master Records label, owned by music publisher/impresario Irving Mills. The Quintette represented Scotts attempt to revitalize Swing music through tight, busy arrangements and reduced reliance on improvisation. He called this musical style descriptive jazz, and gave his works unusual titles like New Years Eve in a Haunted House, Dinner Music for a Pack of Hungry Cannibals, while popular with the public, jazz critics disdained it as novelty music. Scott believed strongly in composing and playing by ear and he composed not on paper, but on his band — by humming phrases to his sidemen, or by demonstrating riffs and rhythms on the keyboard and instructing players to interpret his cues. It was all done by ear, with no written scores, Scott, who was also a savvy sound engineer, recorded the bands rehearsals on discs and used the recordings as references to develop his compositions. He reworked, resequenced, or deleted passages, or added themes from other discs to construct finished works. Although Scott rigidly controlled the bands repertoire and style, he took piano solos, preferring to direct the band from the keyboard and leaving solos. He also had a penchant for adapting classical motifs in his compositions, the public, who bought his records by the millions, seemed indifferent to any controversy. One of Scotts best-known compositions is The Toy Trumpet, a cheerful pop confection that is recognizable to many people who cannot name the title or composer. In the 1938 film Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, Shirley Temple sings a version of the song with lyrics, trumpeter Al Hirts 1964 rendition with Arthur Fiedler and The Boston Pops has become a standard. Another oft-recorded Scott classic, In An Eighteenth-Century Drawing Room, is a pop adaptation of the theme from Mozarts Piano Sonata in C, K.545
22.
Moog modular synthesizer
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A Moog modular synthesizer is a monophonic analog modular synthesizer developed by the American electronic instrument pioneer Dr. Robert Moog. Many different models were manufactured by R. A, in 1964, Robert Moog created one of the first modular voltage-controlled music synthesizers, and demonstrated it at the AES convention that year. Moog also established standards for analog synthesizer control interfacing, with a logarithmic one volt-per-octave pitch control, the first Moog system was bought by choreographer Alwin Nikolais. Lothar and the Hand People began using the modular Moog in 1965, dolenz use of the Moog on Daily Nightly highlighted the Moogs ability to add atmosphere to a recording, while Beavers use of it on Star Collector was more straightforward. It was Wendy Carlos 1968 Switched-On Bach which featured Carlos custom-built modular synthesizer as the instrument on the recording which brought widespread interest to the Moog synthesizer. Shortly after, Keith Emerson, Jan Hammer, Klaus Schulze, Tangerine Dream, The Beatles, the Moog modular system consists of a number of various modules mounted in a cabinet. Each module performs a specific signal-generating or -modifying function and these modules offered unprecedented control over creating sounds by allowing a user to modify primary sound waveforms with amplitude modulators and spectral modulators and other modifiers. Envelope generators provided further control by modulating the attack, decay, sustain and release parameters of the VCAs, VCFs, the modules are patched together with patch cords with ¼-inch mono plugs. The patch cords and module parameter knobs could be adjusted in ways to create a nearly infinite number of sounds. The final sound was heard from the system by pressing a key on a keyboard or pressing on the ribbon controller. The Moog modular synthesizer offered musicians a revolutionary new way to sound when it was released in the 1960s. It was originally intended for use in recording studios and universities and was not intended for musicians for use in live performance, the analog electronics of the system often made sound generation unreliable and unpredictable during live performances. Additionally, modular sounds could not be programmed and stored for retrieval due to the analog nature. Changing sounds on the system was a task requiring the physical re-routing of numerous patch cords. Another common problem is the Moogs incompatibility with the voltage used in most other synthesizers of the time. In spite of all its shortcomings, a few artists successfully toured with Moog modular systems, in the early and experimental days of electronic instruments, R. A Moog Co. sold made-to-order synthesizer systems composed of whatever modules the musician desired. Starting in 1967, the company manufacturing a number of pre-assembled stock modular systems that contained a predetermined number of modules. Later on, these systems were manufactured and modified based on customer specifications, produced from 1967–72, the earliest Moog modular systems were named the Moog 3, Moog 2, and Moog 1
23.
Effects unit
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An effects unit or pedal is an electronic or digital device that alters how a musical instrument or other audio source sounds. In the 2010s, most effects use solid state electronics and/or computer chips, some vintage effects units from the 1930s to the 1970s and modern reissues of these effects use mechanical components as well or vacuum tubes. Musicians, audio engineers and record producers use effects units during live performances or in the studio, typically with electric guitar, electronic keyboard, while guitar effects are most frequently used with electric or electronic instruments, effects can also be used with acoustic instruments, drums and vocals. Rackmounted or audio console-integrated reverb effects are used with vocals in live sound and sound recording. Examples of common units include wah-wah pedals, fuzzboxes and reverb units. A stompbox or pedal is a metal or plastic box placed on the floor in front of the musician and connected to the instrument. Pedals are usually the least expensive format, a rackmount device mounts on a standard 19-inch equipment rack and usually contains several types of effects. Rackmount effects typically have buttons and/or knobs on the face of the chassis for controlling the effects, an effects unit is also called an effect box, effects device, effects processor or simply effects. In audio engineer parlance, a signal without effects is dry, the abbreviation F/X or FX is sometimes used. A pedal-style unit may be called a box, stompbox. When a musician has multiple effects in a rack mounted road case, Effects units are available in a variety of formats or form factors. Stompboxes are usually the smallest, least expensive, and most rugged effects units, rackmount devices are generally more expensive and offer a wider range of functions. An effects unit can consist of analog or digital circuitry or a combination of the two, during a live performance, the effect is plugged into the electrical signal path of the instrument. In the studio, the instrument or other sound-sources auxiliary output is patched into the effect, form factors are part of a studio or musicians outboard gear. Stompboxes are small plastic or metal chassis which usually lie on the floor or in a pedalboard to be operated by the users feet, pedals are often rectangle-shaped, but there are a range of other shapes. Typical simple stompboxes have a single footswitch, one to three potentiometers for controlling the effect, and a single LED that indicates if the effect is on, depending on the type of pedal, the potentiometers may control different parameters of the effect. For a chorus effect, for example, the knobs may control the depth, some pedals have two knobs stacked on top of each other, enabling the unit to provide two knobs per single knob space. An effects chain or signal chain is formed by connecting two or more stompboxes, effect chains are typically created between the guitar and the amp or between the preamplifier and the power amp
24.
Plug-in (computing)
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In computing, a plug-in is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer program. When a program supports plug-ins, it enables customization, the common examples are the plug-ins used in web browsers to add new features such as search-engines, virus scanners, or the ability to use a new file type such as a new video format. Applications support plug-ins for many reasons, types of applications and why they use plug-ins, Audio editors use plug-ins to generate, process or analyse sound. Ardour and Audacity are examples of such editors, email clients use plug-ins to decrypt and encrypt email. Pretty Good Privacy is an example of such plug-ins, graphics software use plug-ins to support file formats and process images. Media players use plug-ins to support file formats and apply filters, foobar2000, GStreamer, Quintessential, VST, Winamp, XMMS are examples of such media players. Packet sniffers use plug-ins to decode packet formats, omniPeek is an example of such packet sniffers. Remote sensing applications use plug-ins to process data from different sensor types, Visual Studio itself can be plugged into other applications via Visual Studio Tools for Office and Visual Studio Tools for Applications. Web browsers use browser extensions to expand their functionality, examples include Adobe Flash Player, Java SE, QuickTime, Microsoft Silverlight and Unity. The host application provides services which the plug-in can use, including a way for plug-ins to register themselves with the host application, plug-ins depend on the services provided by the host application and do not usually work by themselves. Programmers typically implement plug-in functionality using shared libraries installed in a place prescribed by the host application, HyperCard supported a similar facility, but more commonly included the plug-in code in the HyperCard documents themselves. Thus the HyperCard stack became a self-contained application in its own right, programs may also implement plugins by loading a directory of simple script files written in a scripting language like Python or Lua. In Mozilla Foundation definitions, the words add-on, extension and plug-in are not synonyms, add-on can refer to anything that extends the functions of a Mozilla application. Extensions comprise a subtype, albeit the most common and the most powerful one, Mozilla applications come with integrated add-on managers that, similar to package managers, install, update and manage extensions. The term, Plug-in, however, strictly refers to NPAPI-based web content renderers, the plug-in program could make calls to the editor to have it perform text-editing services upon the buffer that the editor shared with the plug-in. The Waterloo Fortran compiler used this feature to allow interactive compilation of Fortran programs edited by EDT, very early PC software applications to incorporate plug-in functionality included HyperCard and QuarkXPress on the Macintosh, both released in 1987. In 1988, Silicon Beach Software included plug-in functionality in Digital Darkroom and SuperPaint, and Ed Bomke coined the term plug-in
25.
Pro Tools
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Most of Pro Tools basic functions can be controlled within Edit or Mix windows, which the user can see on a computer screen. The Edit window displays audio and Musical Instrument Digital Interface tracks, here, audio can be edited in a non-linear, non-destructive fashion. Pro Tools supports 16-bit, 24-bit, 32-bit, and 64-bit float audio at rates up to 192 kHz. Pro Tools can handle WAV, AIFF, AIFC, mp3, Windows Media Audio and it features time code, tempo maps, elastic audio, automation and surround sound abilities. The Pro Tools mix engine has traditionally employed 48-bit fixed point arithmetic, the new HDX hardware uses 64-bit floating point summing. Pro Tools was developed by UC Berkeley graduates Evan Brooks, who majored in engineering and computer science. The first incarnation of Pro Tools was introduced in 1984 under the brand name Sound Designer, at the time, the pair were creating and selling digital drum sound chips under their Digidrums label. Sound Designer was originally designed to edit sounds for the E-mu Emulator sampling keyboard, but it was ported to many other sampling keyboards, such as the Akai S900. Thanks to the universal file specification developed by Brooks, Sound Designer files could be transferred to, macMusic allowed users worldwide to share sample libraries across different manufacturers platforms without copyright infringement. In 1987, Gotcher and Brooks discussed with E-mu Systems the possibility of integrating their renamed Sound Tools software into the Emulator III, E-mu rejected this offer and the pair started Digidesign, with Gotcher as president and Brooks as lead engineer. Sound Tools debuted on January 20,1989 at NAMM, at this stage Sound Tools was a simple computer-based stereo audio editor. The first version of Pro Tools was launched in 1991, offering four tracks and that software, manufactured by OSC but distributed by Digidesign, formed the platform upon which Pro Tools version 1 was built. The software was known circa mid-1990s as Session and Session 8.1 kHz audio recording, in 1997, Pro Tools reached 24-bit,48 tracks. It was at point that the migration from more conventional analog studio technology to the Pro Tools platform took place within the industry. Ricky Martin’s Livin la Vida Loca was the first No.1 single to be recorded, edited, in 2009, Pro Tools was used for creating the audio for the video games DJ Hero and Guitar Hero, using the modeling plug-in Eleven for the guitar sounds. Most of Pro Tools basic functions can be controlled within Edit or Mix windows, the Edit window displays audio and Musical Instrument Digital Interface tracks, and provides graphical representation of the information recorded or imported. Here, audio can be edited in a non-linear, non-destructive fashion, MIDI information can also be manipulated. The release of Pro Tools 8 introduced a MIDI edit window and it also includes MIDI edit lanes so that the user can see note, velocity and other CC data in the same window
26.
Synthesizer
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
27.
Computer Music Center
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The Computer Music Center at Columbia University is the oldest center for electronic and computer music research in the United States. The Center was founded in the 1950s as the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, the CMC is housed in Prentis Hall,632 West 125th Street, New York City, across the street from Columbias new 17-acre Manhattanville campus. The facility consists of a graduate research facility specializing in computer music and multimedia research, as well as a number of composition. Projects to come out of the CMC since the 1990s include, originally concerned with experiments in music composition involving the new technology of reel-to-reel tape, the studio soon branched out into all areas of electronic music research. The Center was officially established with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation in 1959 which was used to finance the acquisition of the RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer from its owner, RCA. The flagship piece of Center equipment, the RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer, was delivered to the Center in 1957 after it was developed to Ussachevsky, the RCA were re-housed in Prentis Hall, a building off the main Columbia campus on 125th Street. In 1961 Columbia Records released an album titled simply Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, the Center also acted as a consulting agency for other electronic music studios in the Western Hemisphere, giving them advice on optimum studio design and helping them to purchase equipment, etc. The staff engineers at the Center under Peter Mauzey developed a variety of customized equipment designed to solve the needs of the composers working at the center. These include early prototypes of tape delay machines, quadraphonic mixing consoles, the Center also had a large collection of Buchla, Moog, and Serge Modular synthesizers. By the late 1970s the Electronic Music Center was rapidly nearing obsolescence as the classical analog tape techniques it used were being surpassed by parallel work in the field of computer music. The original Columbia facility was re-organized in 1995 under the leadership of Brad Garton and was renamed the Columbia University Computer Music Center and it is six floors and covers 121,752 square feet. Columbia acquired it in 1949 and had used it for a chemical engineering laboratory. The architect was Frank A. Rooke
28.
Voltage controlled oscillator
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A voltage-controlled oscillator or VCO is an electronic oscillator whose oscillation frequency is controlled by a voltage input. The applied input voltage determines the oscillation frequency. Consequently, modulating signals applied to control input may cause frequency modulation or phase modulation, a VCO may also be part of a phase-locked loop. VCOs can be categorized into two groups based on the type of waveform produced. Linear or harmonic oscillators generate a sinusoidal waveform, harmonic oscillators in electronics usually consist of a resonator with an amplifier that replaces the resonator losses and isolates the resonator from the output. Some examples of harmonic oscillators are LC-tank oscillators and crystal oscillators, in a voltage-controlled oscillator, a voltage input controls the resonant frequency. A varactor diodes capacitance is controlled by the voltage across the diode, consequently, a varactor can be used to change the capacitance of an LC tank. A varactor can also change the resonant frequency of a crystal resonator, relaxation oscillators can generate a sawtooth or triangular waveform. They are commonly used in integrated circuits. They can provide a range of operational frequencies with a minimal number of external components. Relaxation oscillator VCOs can have three topologies, 1) grounded-capacitor VCOs, 2) emitter-coupled VCOs, and 3) delay-based ring VCOs, the first two of these types operate similarly. The time spent in each depends on the rate of charge or discharge of a capacitor. The delay-based ring VCO operates somewhat differently however, for this type, the gain stages are connected in a ring. The output frequency is then a function of the delay in each stage, harmonic oscillator VCOs have these advantages over relaxation oscillators, Frequency stability with respect to temperature, noise, and power supply is much better for harmonic oscillator VCOs. They have good accuracy for frequency control since the frequency is controlled by a crystal or tank circuit, a disadvantage of harmonic oscillator VCOs is that they cannot be easily implemented in monolithic ICs. Relaxation oscillator VCOs are better suited for this technology, relaxation VCOs are also tunable over a wider range of frequencies. A voltage-controlled capacitor is one method of making an LC oscillator vary its frequency in response to a control voltage, any reverse-biased semiconductor diode displays a measure of voltage-dependent capacitance and can be used to change the frequency of an oscillator by varying a control voltage applied to the diode. Special-purpose variable capacitance varactor diodes are available with well-characterized wide-ranging values of capacitance, such devices are very convenient in the manufacture of voltage-controlled oscillators
29.
Herbert Deutsch
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Herbert A. Deutsch is an American composer, inventor, and educator. Currently professor emeritus of electronic music and composition at Hofstra University, Deutsch was born in 1932 in Baldwin, Nassau County, New York. At the age of four, he first realized he had a musical gift, through his childhood, he studied music and began composing at a young age. Deutsch attended the Manhattan School of Music, earning his B. A. and M. A. there, Deutsch had assembled a theremin based on Moogs design in 1962 and in November,1963 he introduced himself to Moog at a music-education conference in Rochester, NY. In 1964 Moog and Deutsch started investigating the possibilities of a new instrument to aid composers, Deutsch has been credited with the keyboard interface of the Moog. He composed the first piece ever for the Moog and performed early Moog concerts at The Town Hall, the prototype Moog synthesizer, developed by Bob Moog and Herbert Deutsch in 1964, is part of the collections of The Henry Ford museum. In the early 1970s he taught at St. Agnes High School in Rockville Centre and he has taught at Hofstra University for over 50 years and was twice the chair of the music department. Deutsch co-founded the Long Island Composers Alliance in 1972, and works with music foundation NYSSMA, in 1994 he proposed its Electronic Music Composition Showcase. On YouTube Herbert Deutsch Interview - NAMM Oral History Library
30.
Audio Engineering Society
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Established in 1948, the Audio Engineering Society draws its membership from engineers, scientists, other individuals with an interest or involvement in the professional audio industry. The membership largely comprises engineers developing devices or products for audio and it also includes acousticians, audiologists, academics, and those in other disciplines related to audio. The AES is the worldwide professional society devoted exclusively to audio technology. The AES and individual regional or national Sections also hold AES Conferences on different topics during the year and he asked interested persons to contact him for details. The response was enthusiastic and encouraging, Pickering published the date for an organizational meeting, and announced the appointment of LeBel as acting chairman, and himself as acting secretary. The organizational meeting was held at the RCA Victor Studios in New York City on February 17,1948, acting chairman Mr. LeBel spoke first, emphasizing the professional, non-commercial, independent nature of the proposed organization. Acting Secretary Norman Pickering then discussed the need for an organization that could foster an exchange of knowledge in this quickly-growing field. The group agreed to form the Audio Engineering Society, and confirmed the acting executive committee, the first AES technical membership meeting followed on March 11, with about 3500 attendees. The guest speaker at the first meeting was Harry F. Olson, a prominent engineer and scientist at RCA and author of Acoustical Engineering, who spoke on Problems of High-Fidelity Reproduction. From its New York beginnings, the AES has grown worldwide, members elect a Board of Governors and officers, who jointly set policy and procedures for the Society. The AES is a tax-exempt,501 non-profit corporation headquartered in New York, the AES publishes a peer-reviewed journal, the Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. 23 Technical Committees advise the AES Technical Council on emerging trends, the AES has been involved in setting technical standards for audio since 1977. AES does not charge for participation in the process. Printed copies are available for a charge to members and non-members. The AES Gold Medal is the Societys highest honor, and given in recognition of outstanding achievements, sustained over a period of years, in the field of Audio Engineering. The award was established in 1971, it was known as the John H. Potts Memorial Award. g. in the persons of Benjamin Bernfeld, Gerhard Steinke
31.
Low-pass filter
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A low-pass filter is a filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The exact frequency response of the filter depends on the filter design, the filter is sometimes called a high-cut filter, or treble cut filter in audio applications. A low-pass filter is the complement of a high-pass filter, Low-pass filters provide a smoother form of a signal, removing the short-term fluctuations, and leaving the longer-term trend. Filter designers will often use the form as a prototype filter. That is, a filter with unity bandwidth and impedance, the desired filter is obtained from the prototype by scaling for the desired bandwidth and impedance and transforming into the desired bandform. Examples of low-pass filters occur in acoustics, optics and electronics, a stiff physical barrier tends to reflect higher sound frequencies, and so acts as a low-pass filter for transmitting sound. When music is playing in another room, the low notes are easily heard, an optical filter with the same function can correctly be called a low-pass filter, but conventionally is called a longpass filter, to avoid confusion. For current signals, a circuit, using a resistor and capacitor in parallel. Electronic low-pass filters are used on inputs to subwoofers and other types of loudspeakers, radio transmitters use low-pass filters to block harmonic emissions that might interfere with other communications. The tone knob on many electric guitars is a filter used to reduce the amount of treble in the sound. An integrator is another time constant low-pass filter, telephone lines fitted with DSL splitters use low-pass and high-pass filters to separate DSL and POTS signals sharing the same pair of wires. Low-pass filters also play a significant role in the sculpting of sound created by analogue, the transition region present in practical filters does not exist in an ideal filter. The filter would therefore need to have infinite delay, or knowledge of the future and past. It is effectively realizable for pre-recorded digital signals by assuming extensions of zero into the past and future, or more typically by making the signal repetitive and this delay is manifested as phase shift. Greater accuracy in approximation requires a longer delay, an ideal low-pass filter results in ringing artifacts via the Gibbs phenomenon. These can be reduced or worsened by choice of windowing function, for example, simple truncation causes severe ringing artifacts, in signal reconstruction, and to reduce these artifacts one uses window functions which drop off more smoothly at the edges. The Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula describes how to use a perfect low-pass filter to reconstruct a signal from a sampled digital signal. Real digital-to-analog converters use real filter approximations, there are many different types of filter circuits, with different responses to changing frequency
32.
Musical keyboard
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A musical keyboard is the set of adjacent depressible levers or keys on a musical instrument. Depressing a key on the causes the instrument to produce sounds, either by mechanically striking a string or tine, plucking a string, causing air to flow through a pipe. On electric and electronic keyboards, depressing a key connects a circuit, since the most commonly encountered keyboard instrument is the piano, the keyboard layout is often referred to as the piano keyboard. The twelve notes of the Western musical scale are laid out with the lowest note on the left, because these keys were traditionally covered in ivory they are often called the white notes or white keys. The keys for the remaining five notes—which are not part of the C major scale— are raised, because these keys receive less wear, they are often made of black colored wood and called the black notes or black keys. The pattern repeats at the interval of an octave, the arrangement of longer keys for C major with intervening, shorter keys for the intermediate semitones dates to the 15th century. The break was between middle C and C-sharp, or outside of Iberia between B and C, broken keyboards reappeared in 1842 with the harmonium, the split occurring at E4/F4. The reverse-colored keys on Hammond organs such as the B3, C3, the chromatic compass of keyboard instruments has tended to increase. Harpsichords often extended over five octaves in the 18th century, while most pianos manufactured since about 1870 have 88 keys, some modern pianos have even more notes. While modern synthesizer keyboards commonly have either 61,76 or 88 keys, organs normally have 61 keys per manual, though some spinet models have 44 or 49. An organ pedalboard is a keyboard with long pedals that are played by the organists feet, pedalboards vary in size from 12 to 32 notes. In a typical layout, black note keys have uniform width. In the larger gaps between the keys, the width of the natural notes C, D and E differ slightly from the width of keys F, G, A and B. This allows close to uniform spacing of 12 keys per octave while maintaining uniformity of seven natural keys per octave, over the last three hundred years, the octave span distance found on historical keyboard instruments has ranged from as little as 125 mm to as much as 170 mm. Several reduced-size standards have been proposed and marketed, a 15/16 size and the 7/8 DS Standard keyboard developed by Christopher Donison in the 1970s and developed and marketed by Steinbuhler & Company. There have been variations in the design of the keyboard to address technical and musical issues, thus, an octave would have eight white keys and only four black keys. During the sixteenth century, when instruments were tuned in meantone temperament, some harpsichords were constructed with the G♯. The broken octave, a variation of the short octave
33.
Modular synthesizer
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The modular synthesizer is a type of synthesizer, which exists in both physical and virtual forms, consisting of separate specialized modules. The specialization is usually in the module being designed to allow the modification or processing of one parameter of a signal, such as the frequency, spectrum, or amplitude. The modules are not hardwired together but are connected together with patch cords, the voltages from the modules may function as signals, control voltages, or logic conditions. There are two kinds of modules, source and processor. The basic modular functions are, signal, control, logic/timing, there exist many different types of modules. There are basic modules, and compound modules, a compound module being a single module made up of several basic modules internally wired together, examples of compound modules include the envelope follower, sequencer, and vocoder. Modules with the basic functions may have different inputs, outputs and controls. In its basic form these may be simple waveforms, however these can be changed through such controls as sync, frequency modulation. Noise source - A source that outputs a random voltage, common types of noise offered by modular synthesizers include white, pink, and low frequency noise. LFO - A Low Frequency Oscillator may or may not be voltage-controlled and it may be operated with a period anywhere from a fortieth of a second to several minutes. It is generally used as a voltage for another module. The rectangular wave can be used as a logic / timing / trigger function, EG - An envelope generator is a transient voltage source. A trigger in the presence of a gate, applied to an Envelope Generator produces a single, often configured as ADSR it provides a transient voltage that rises and falls. It can be triggered by a keyboard or by another module in the system produces a rapidly rising trigger in the presence of a gate. Simpler EGs or more complex are sometimes available, Sequencer, also sometimes called and Analog Step Sequencer, is a family of compound module types which may be a source or a processor, see also below. As a source, depending upon the configuration, it may produce a sequence of voltages, the sequencer may also output a trigger, and/or gate, at each step. Sequencers are stepped by a trigger being applied to the trigger input, designs may allow for stepping forwards or backwards, oscillating patterns, random order, or only using a limited number of stages. An example of a sequencer and controller with this level of complexity is the Doepfer A-154
34.
Don Buchla
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Donald Don Buchla was an American pioneer in the field of sound synthesizers, releasing his first units shortly after Robert Moogs first synthesizers. However, his instrument was designed before Moogs. Buchla was born in South Gate, California on April 17,1937 and he studied physics, physiology, and music at UC Berkeley, graduating in 1959 as a physics major. Buchla formed his electronic music equipment company, Buchla and Associates, in 1962 in Berkeley, Buchla was commissioned by composers Morton Subotnick and Ramon Sender, both of the San Francisco Tape Music Center, to create an electronic instrument for live performance. Buchla began designing his first modules for the Tape Music Center in 1963, Buchlas synthesizers experimented in control interfaces, such as touch-sensitive plates. In 1969 the Series 100 was briefly sold to CBS Musical Instruments,1970 saw the release of the Buchla 200 series Electric Music Box, which was manufactured until 1985. Buchla created the Buchla Series 500, the first digitally controlled analog synthesizer, shortly after, the Buchla Series 300 was released, which combined the Series 200 with microprocessors. The Music Easel, a small, portable, all-in-one synthesizer was released in 1972, the Buchla 400, with a video display, was released in 1982. In 1987, Buchla released the fully MIDI enabled Buchla 700, beginning in the 1990s, Buchla began designing alternative MIDI controllers, such as the Thunder, Lightning, and Marimba Lumina. With the recent resurgence of interest in analog synthesizers Buchla has released a revamped 200 series called the 200e, in 2005, NIME-05, in Vancouver, Canada, featured a keynote lecture by Don Buchla. There was also an exhibition of many of the instruments he. In 2012, Buchlas intellectual property was acquired by an Australian holding company, Audio Supermarket, mr. Buchla was retained as Chief Technology Officer. The lawsuit alleged breach of contract and bad-faith conduct on the part of BEMIs owners, legal documents filed with the state of California indicate that the court ordered the case to be settled by arbitration in July 2015. In August 2016, the court dismissed the case in light of the fact that the parties had reached an out-of-court settlement, Buchla died at the age of 79 on September 14,2016 of complications from cancer. He is survived by a son Ezra Buchla who is a musician, daughters Jeannine Serbanich and Erin Buchla, NAMM Oral History Library Instrumental Instruments, Buchla
35.
Keith Emerson
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Keith Noel Emerson was an English musician and composer. He played keyboards in a number of bands before he found his first commercial success with the Nice, formerly P. P. Arnolds backing band and he became internationally famous for his work with the Nice, which included writing rock arrangements of classical music. After leaving the Nice in 1970, he was a member of Emerson, Lake & Palmer. Emerson, Lake & Palmer were commercially successful through much of the 1970s, becoming one of the best-known progressive rock groups of the era. Following ELPs break-up at the end of the 1970s, Emerson pursued a career, composed several film soundtracks. In the early 1990s, Emerson rejoined ELP, which reunited for two albums and several tours before breaking up again in the late 1990s. Emerson also reunited the Nice in 2002 for a tour, during the 2000s, Emerson resumed his solo career, including touring with his own Keith Emerson Band and collaborating with several orchestras. In 2010 he reunited with ELP bandmate Greg Lake for a duo tour, Emersons last album, The Three Fates Project, was released in 2012. Emerson reportedly suffered from depression, and in his later years developed nerve damage that hampered his playing, making him anxious about upcoming performances and he committed suicide on 11 March 2016 at his home in Santa Monica, California. AllMusic describes Emerson as perhaps the greatest, most technically accomplished keyboardist in rock history, Emerson was born on 2 November 1944 in Todmorden, Yorkshire, his family having been evacuated there from southern England during the Second World War. He grew up in Goring-by-Sea, a resort near Worthing in West Sussex. His parents were musicians and arranged for him to take piano lessons starting at the age of 8. His father, Noel, played the piano, and thought that Emerson would benefit most from being versatile, however, he never received any formal musical training, and described his piano teachers as being local little old ladies. He learned western classical music, which inspired his own style, combining it with jazz. Although Emerson did not own a record player, he enjoyed listening to music on the radio, particularly Floyd Cramers 1961 slip note-style On the Rebound and he used jazz sheet music from Dave Brubeck and George Shearing and learned about jazz piano from books. He also listened to boogie-woogie, and to country-style pianists including Joe Mr Piano Henderson, Russ Conway, Emerson later described himself, I was a very serious child. I used to walk around with Beethoven sonatas under my arm, however, I was very good at avoiding being beaten up by the bullies. That was because I could also play Jerry Lee Lewis and Little Richard songs, so, they thought I was kind of cool and left me alone
36.
Rick Wakeman
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Richard Christopher Rick Wakeman is an English keyboardist, songwriter, television and radio presenter, and author. He is best known for being in the rock band Yes across five tenures between 1971 and 2004 and for his solo albums released in the 1970s. Born and raised in West London, Wakeman intended to be a concert pianist and his early sessions included playing on Space Oddity, among others, for David Bowie and songs by Juniors Eyes, T. Rex, Elton John, and Cat Stevens. He formed his band, The English Rock Ensemble, in 1974. He hosted the television show Gastank, and produced the first of many New-age, in 1988, he co-formed Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe which led to his third Yes stint until 1992. He returned twice more between 1995 and 2004, during which he completed several solo projects and tours, including venturing into Christian music. Wakeman continues to perform concerts worldwide in various capacities, Wakemans discography includes over 90 solo albums that range from several musical styles. Wakeman has written three books, an autobiography and two memoirs, Wakeman will be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Yes in 2017. Wakeman was born on 18 May 1949 in the west London suburb of Perivale, the only child of Cyril Frank Wakeman and Mildred Helen Wakeman, the three lived in Wood End Gardens in nearby Northolt. Cyril played the piano in a band while he was in the army and worked at a building suppliers. Mildred worked at a removal firm, in 1954, Wakeman began at Wood End Infants School in Greenford followed by Drayton Manor Park Grammar School in Hanwell, in 1959. The family spent their holidays in Exmouth. When Wakeman turned seven, his father paid for weekly piano lessons with Dorothy Symes which lasted for eleven years, in 1960, Symes entered Wakeman in his first music competition and he went on to win many awards, certificates, and cups in contests held around London. Wakeman then took up the clarinet at age twelve and in his years, attended church and learned the church organ, became a Sunday school teacher. Wakeman described himself at school as a horror, I worked hard in the first year, then eased up. In 1963, at fourteen, Wakeman joined the Atlantic Blues, two years later, Wakeman passed his O Levels in English, maths, art and music, and went on to study music, art, and British constitution at A-level. In 1966, he joined the Concordes, later known as the Concorde Quartet, playing dance and pop songs at events with his cousin Alan on saxophone. Wakeman used the money earned from their gigs to buy a Pianet, the band were unpaid after Wakeman lost control of his car and drove across the headmasters rose garden at the front of the school, thereby forfeiting their performance fee to pay for the damage
37.
John Cage
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John Milton Cage Jr. was an American composer, music theorist, writer, philosopher, and artist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, critics have lauded him as one of the most influential American composers of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the development of dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham. The content of the composition is not four minutes and 33 seconds of silence, as is often assumed, the works challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical experience made it a popular and controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics of art and performance. Cage was also a pioneer of the piano, for which he wrote numerous dance-related works. The best known of these is Sonatas and Interludes and his teachers included Henry Cowell and Arnold Schoenberg, both known for their radical innovations in music, but Cages major influences lay in various East and South Asian cultures. Through his studies of Indian philosophy and Zen Buddhism in the late 1940s, Cage came to the idea of aleatoric or chance-controlled music, the I Ching, an ancient Chinese classic text on changing events, became Cages standard composition tool for the rest of his life. Cage was born September 5,1912, at Good Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles and his father, John Milton Cage, Sr. was an inventor, and his mother, Lucretia Harvey, worked intermittently as a journalist for the Los Angeles Times. The familys roots were deeply American, in a 1976 interview, John Milton Sr. taught his son that if someone says cant that shows you what to do. In 1944–45 Cage wrote two small character pieces dedicated to his parents, Crete and Dad, the latter is a short lively piece that ends abruptly, while Crete is a slightly longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work. During high school, one of his teachers was Fannie Charles Dillon. By 1928, though, Cage was convinced that he wanted to be a writer and he graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as a valedictorian, having also in the spring given a prize-winning speech at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet for all Americans. By being hushed and silent, he said, we should have the opportunity to hear other people think. Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as a major in 1928. Instead of doing as they did, I went into the stacks, I received the highest grade in the class. That convinced me that the institution was not being run correctly, Cage persuaded his parents that a trip to Europe would be more beneficial to a future writer than college studies. He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed to Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris, Cage stayed in Europe for some 18 months, trying his hand at various forms of art. First he studied Gothic and Greek architecture, but decided he was not interested enough in architecture to dedicate his life to it and he then took up painting, poetry and music
38.
Clara Rockmore
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Clara Rockmore was a classical violin prodigy and a virtuoso performer of the theremin, an electronic musical instrument. She was the sister of pianist Nadia Reisenberg, Clara Reisenberg was born in Vilnius, then in the Russian Empire, to a family of Lithuanian Jews. She had two sisters, Anna and Nadia. Early in her childhood she emerged as a violin prodigy, at the age of four, she became the youngest ever student at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where she studied under the prominent violinist Leopold Auer. After the October Revolution the family moved back to Vilnius, and then to Warsaw, before obtaining visas, in America, Rockmore enrolled at the Curtis Institute of Music. As a teenager, tendinitis affected her bow arm, attributed to childhood malnutrition, however, after meeting fellow immigrant Léon Theremin and being introduced to his electronic instrument, the theremin, she became its most prominent player. She performed widely and helped Theremin to refine his instrument, the album, which was produced by Bob Moog and Shirleigh Moog, featured Rockmores theremin playing with piano accompaniment by her sister Nadia. Rockmore’s approach to theremin playing emphasized physical and emotional control, as she described it herself in an interview, You must not only hit a note, but you must hit the center of it. You cannot register any of your internal emotion at all and you cannot shake your head, for instance, or sway back and forth on your feet. Although Léon Theremin had proposed to her several times, she married attorney Robert Rockmore and she died in New York City on May 10,1998, at age 87. Though her health had been in decline for almost a year, she declared her determination to live to see the birth of her great-grandniece. Rockmores classical training gave her an advantage over the many other performers of the time. The intonation control she acquired as a violinist and her innate absolute pitch were both helpful in playing the instrument and she had extremely precise, rapid control of her movements, important in playing an instrument that depends on the performers motion and proximity rather than touch. She also discovered that she could achieve a tone and control the vibrato by keeping the tips of her right-hand thumb. Clara owned an RCA theremin given to her and substantially modified by Theremin, through his modifications, the instruments normal 5 to 5.5 octave playable range was expanded by 1.5 octaves. Theremin made several other customizations including improvements to tonal quality and its responsiveness to hand movements, the tubes are also customized and labeled in Theremins own writing. This instrument was restored by Robert Moog in October 1998. This instrument can be viewed at the Clara Rockmore exhibit in the Artists Gallery of the Musical Instruments Museum in Phoenix, the instrument is on long-term loan to the museum by Peter Sherman of the Reisenberg family
39.
Jean-Jacques Perrey
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Jean-Jacques Perrey was a French electronic music producer and was an early pioneer in the genre. He was a member of the music duo Perrey and Kingsley. Perrey was born Jean Leroy in France on 20 January 1929 and he was studying medicine in Paris when he met Georges Jenny, the inventor of the Ondioline, a type of electronic keyboard. Quitting medical school, Perrey travelled through Europe demonstrating this precursor of the modern synthesizer, at the age of 30, Perrey relocated to New York, sponsored by Caroll Bratman, who built him an experimental laboratory and recording studio. Here he invented a new process for generating rhythms with sequences and loops, with scissors, splicing tape, and tape recorders, he spent weeks piecing together a uniquely comique take on the future. Befriending Robert Moog, he one of the first Moog synthesiser musicians. In 1965 Perrey met Gershon Kingsley, a colleague of John Cage. Together, using Ondioline and Perreys loops, they created two albums for Vanguard — The In Sound From Way Out and Kaleidoscopic Vibrations, Perrey and Kingsley collaborated on sound design for radio and television advertising. Perrey returned to France, composing for television, scoring for ballet, Perreys return from obscurity began in 1997, when he started recording in Bordeaux, France, with David Chazam. Their album Eclektronics was first released on vinyl in France only, a CD version of the album was released in the Netherlands on the BASTA label, with several additional tracks added. In 2000 his collaborative CD with Gilbert Sigrist was released, circus of Life was first released as a library recording, for TV and radio, then released on Perreys own PHMP label. 2006 saw the release of the album The Happy Electropop Music Machine on Oglio Records, of Los Angeles, the album was a collaboration with musician/arranger Dana Countryman. The two toured the West Coast of America to promote the album, also in 2006, Perrey began collaborating with producer Luke Vibert for a CD on Englands Lo Records, Moog Acid. The result is a blend of retro and modern analogue house synth-pop, encapsulating many genres, the CD was released in 2007. Perreys release Destination Space is also a collaboration with Dana Countryman, the duo performed concerts in New York City and Montreal in October 2008 to promote its release. The album is notable for Perreys being almost 80 years old when it was released and he died at the age of 87 on 4 November 2016 from complications of lung cancer. The rap group Beastie Boys released an instrumental CD titled, as a tribute to Perrey and Kingsley, in 2009, the composers sued Mexican multimedia conglomerate Televisa. The case was settled in 2010, a cover version of Baroque Hoedown was the main theme for Disneys Main Street Electrical Parade
40.
Pamelia Kurstin
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Pamelia Stickney is an American theremin player. Kurstin has made film, television and radio appearances, most notably on Saturday Night Live. Pamelia has also presented talks at events such as TED and her background as a jazz musician on the upright bass has led to develop a walking bass theremin technique. She was based in New York until 2005, she now lives in Vienna, ms. Stickney was first introduced to the theremin during production of the album Into the Oh in 1999 by Luaka Bop duo Geggy Tah – singer/writer Tommy Jordan and keyboardist Greg Kurstin. She recorded Gymnopedie in 2000 as a member of the duo called The Kurstins with her then-husband. Her first solo album Thinking Out Loud was released in 2007 on John Zorns Tzadik label, in 2011 the London-based label Slowfoot released Ouch Evil Slow Hop, a collaboration between Pamelia and Seb Rochford. In 2013, Pamelia formed Blueblut with Mark Holub and Chris Janka, the Vienna-based trio released their first album hurts so gut on Bandcamp in 2014
41.
The Art of the Theremin
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The Art of the Theremin is the first official album by theremin virtuoso Clara Rockmore, and the only one released in her lifetime. It was produced by Robert Moog and his first wife, Shirleigh Moog, as with most of her live performances, she was accompanied minimally by her older sister, Nadia Reisenberg, on piano. The 1977 Delos LP and 1981 Japanese Delos LP release were entitled Theremin, the 1987 Delos CD was titled The Art of the Theremin
42.
Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey
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Theremin, An Electronic Odyssey is a 1993 documentary film directed by Steven M. Martin about the life of Leon Theremin and his invention, the theremin, a pioneering electronic musical instrument. Theremin, An Electronic Odyssey won the Documentary Filmmakers Trophy at the 1994 Sundance Film Festival and it was also nominated for an International Emmy as well as a BAFTA, the Huw Wheldon Award for the Best Arts Programme, one of the British Academy Television Awards. Janet Maslin of The New York Times called the film a fascinating, in a December 1995 review, Roger Ebert wrote, Watching Theremin, An Electronic Odyssey is a curious experience. You begin with interest, and then you pass through the stages of curiosity, fascination and disbelief, until in the last 20 minutes and it is the kind of movie that requires a musical score only the Theremin possibly could supply. Theremin, An Electronic Odyssey was released on DVD by MGM Home Video on April 1,2003, moog Theremin, An Electronic Odyssey at the Internet Movie Database List of reviews of Theremin from the Movie Review Query Engine
43.
Kurzweil Music Systems
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Kurzweil Music Systems is an American company that produces electronic musical instruments for professionals and home users. They released their first instrument, the K250 in 1983, and have continued producing new instruments ever since, the company was acquired by Young Chang in 1990. Hyundai acquired Young Chang in 2006 and in January 2007 appointed Raymond Kurzweil as Chief Strategy Officer of Kurzweil Music Systems and this instrument was inspired by a bet between Ray Kurzweil and musician Stevie Wonder over whether a synthesizer could sound like a real piano. First issued as a large and heavy keyboard, the electronics were also issued in a very large and heavy rackmount version. Additional sample ROMs were developed and issued for both models, as opposed to using sample-based or subtractive synthesis, the K150 uses additive synthesis. Hal Chamberlin developed software to run on Apple II class computers and this synthesizer was never a commercial music success, but was very popular in academic and research facilities. The K1000 and K1200 were designed to deliver the sample libraries developed originally for the K250 to an audience in less expensive. Unlike the K250, these instruments could not sample new sounds directly, there were several keyboard versions issued, and the 1000 modules were originally issued in PX, SX, HX, and GX versions, each with differing sample-ROMs. As computing and electronics technologies changed rapidly during the period, larger sample bases could be combined, the later 1200 module versions contained these larger sample bases. Throughout the 1990s, updates and upgrades to the K2000 ensured that the K2x series was regarded as one of the most powerful, although initially very expensive, Kurzweil instruments were popular in top recording studios and for use with music production for film because of their high-quality sounds. The K2000 was released in 1990 and was available in four versions, the K2000, K2000S, K2000R. The S versions contain the hardware required for sampling, while the R versions are rack-mountable, each voice of the K2000 is able to play a separate program, allowing for smooth transitions during live performance - this simple feature took Kurzweils competitors more than a decade to match. The keyboard came with 2MB RAM but could be equipped with up to 64 megabytes of RAM for user loaded samples. Later models included the K2000VP, K2000VPR, K2VX, and K2VXS, the K2500, released in 1996, was a substantial improvement to the K2000, increasing polyphony to 48 voices and onboard RAM capacity to 128MB. The K2500 and later K2600 models can have a single patch running 192 virtual oscillators, there were also a number of other minor improvements as well as sound expansion options. K2500R - rack-mounted version, K2500RS - rack-mounted version with sampling, the keyboard models included a ribbon controller and an input for a breath controller, making them the most expressive electronic instruments available at the time. Additionally one could add digital input/output to connect S/PDIF or ADAT inputs, if one had purchased a model without onboard sampling, one could add the sampling option, PRAM, and reinstall their operating system to have the upgraded model. The K2600, released in 1999, improved on the K2500 with the addition of a new engine called KDFX
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Kurzweil K2000
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The K2000 features a complex digital synthesis architecture dubbed V. A. S. T. It is variable in that the user can select different signal paths, also includes an extensive modulation system, similar in concept to that of analog modular synthesizers. A wide array of sources can be assigned to various parameters within a signal path. The basic component of a V. A. S. T, a layer on the K2000 contains a single algorithm, which contains up to four slots for user-assignable DSP functions. The algorithm assigned to a layer is preceded by other functions. There is the block, which determines which samples are assigned to the keyboard in the layer. This is succeeded by the block, which determines how the keymap is pitched across the keyboard. In essence, therefore, we have, - - - - Up to 32 layers can make up a program, within a program, each layer can have independent settings in all of the various blocks, including different algorithms, pan positions, output mappings, etc. Modulation sources can be routed to almost all of these, and can be independently assigned within a layer, thus using a particular modulation source in one block does not exclude it from being used elsewhere. There are 31 algorithms available in the K2000, the allowed DSP functions for each algorithm are detailed in section 26 of the K2000 user manual, at each point in the pipeline there are parameters that can be modulated by control sources. These parameters vary depending on which block is being modulated, for instance, for the DSP block the user can assign various modulations sources to modulate the pitch of the sawtooth wave. There are, generally speaking, three sources that can be assigned to modulate a parameter. In the case of the DSP block, the user can specify a starting pitch, the user can also assign modulation sources to Src1 and Src2 and specify the depth of the modulation amount. Additionally, Src2 has a Dptctl parameter—a control source that determine how much the control source assigned to Src2 will modulate the parameter. For example, a user may assign a key tracking value of 100 cents, assign Src1 to a knob on a MIDI controller with a Depth value of 1200 cents, and assign Src2 to be modulated by LFO1. Further, the MinDpt and MaxDpt can be set to -100 cents and 100 cents respectively, and this would provide a vibrato effect whose speed is controlled by LFO1 and whose depth is controlled by the assigned MIDI control. Some DSP blocks take up two or three slots, and each of those slots represents a value that can be modulated using one of the assignable control sources, for instance, the 4POLE LOPASS W/ SEP DSP block takes up 3 slots. The first is used to set the frequency for the filter, the second to set the resonance, just as in the case of the DSP block, each of those parameters can be modulated by three control sources
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University of North Carolina at Asheville
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The University of North Carolina at Asheville is a co-educational, four year, public liberal arts university. The university is known as UNC Asheville. Located in Asheville, Buncombe County, in the U. S. state of North Carolina, UNC Asheville is member of the Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges. In 2016, The Princeton Review ranked the university number one in its listing of Best Schools for Making an Impact, UNC Asheville was founded in 1927 as Buncombe County Junior College, part of the Buncombe County public school system. In 1930 the school merged with the College of the City of Asheville to form Biltmore Junior College, in 1934 the college was renamed Biltmore College and placed in the control of a board of trustees. 1936 brought both a change of name to Asheville-Biltmore College, and control was transferred to the Asheville City Schools. The house, no part of the college, was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. In 1961 Asheville-Biltmore College moved to the present UNC Asheville campus in north Asheville, in 1963 it became a state-supported four-year college, and awarded its first bachelors degrees in 1966. Its first residence halls were built in 1967 and it adopted its current name in 1969 upon becoming part of the Consolidated University of North Carolina, since 1972 called the University of North Carolina System. It is designated as one of three liberal arts universities within that system, and has classified as a Liberal Arts I institution since 1992. UNC Asheville has more than 215 full-time faculty members and an enrollment of approximately 3,600 students, the schools quality and value has drawn praise from national college guidebooks. UNC Asheville ranks eighth in the nation among liberal arts colleges in U. S. News & World Reports 2016 Best Colleges. The Princeton Review features UNC Asheville among “The Best 380 Colleges”2016 Edition, selected based on academic strength. Students quoted said, UNC Asheville’s professors “are brilliant and are invested in their students. ”“Lectures are a rarity and most time is spent in discussion. ”UNC Asheville’s environment is “incredibly welcoming and open-minded. ”“A personalized, liberal education at a public school price. ”“A smaller university in a beautiful city, ” a “perfect student town” that offers “incredible restaurants, night life, music, dancing. State University - the only North Carolina public universities to earn a place on this ranking list reflecting academic quality and affordability. For 12 consecutive years, UNC Ashevilles Environmental Studies Program has been named to the list of programs with unusual strength in preparing students for careers. UNC Asheville offers four-year undergraduate programs leading to Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Fine Arts, the university is led by Mary K. Grant the chief administrative officer, along with Provost Joseph Urgo and several advisory groups. The institution operates under the guidance and policies of the Board of Trustees of the University of North Carolina at Asheville, sGAs authority is derived from the Chancellor and the Board of Governors
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