1.
Marine Raiders (film)
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Produced by Robert Fellows, and directed by Harold D. Schuster, it stars Pat OBrien, Robert Ryan, and Ruth Hussey. Major Lockhart, his commander, criticises Craig for his disgraceful conduct that has no place in combat. The only thing saving Craig from being relieved of his command is the Japanese night attack that is beaten off during a night of hard fighting, the depleted units go for rest and recreation in Australia. The troubled Craig meets a knowledgeable and sympathetic Flight Officer Ellen Foster of the Womens Auxiliary Australian Air Force who has two serving in North Africa. The two fall in love and wish to be married but Craig is wounded in a Japanese air attack, when Lockhart visits Craig in the hospital he finds out that he wishes to marry Ellen. Thinking Craig out of his mind, Lockhart transfers him back to the United States. The recovered Craig and Lockhart are bitter enemies as they report to Camp Elliott, both are shocked that so many men are being trained as Marines compared to the pre-war size of their highly selective Corps. When told how many men the Corps has recruited, Lockhart exclaims that there arent that many potential Marines in the entire country, the film shows its audience views of actual training of Marines filmed at the base. Lockhart ends up defending Craig when he is unstable and presses for his return to active service. Preparing for an invasion of an unnamed South Pacific island whilst back in Australia, Lockhart changes his mind on marriage when meeting her and all are reconciled. In a fictional assault that a map identifies as Bougainville, Craigs Paramarines jump behind Japanese lines to relieve pressure on a beachhead where Lockharts Raiders, Ellen proudly hears the news of their exploits on radio in Australia. Pat OBrien as Maj. Steve Lockhart Robert Ryan as Capt. Dan Craig Ruth Hussey as Ellen Foster Frank McHugh as Sgt. Louis Leary Barton MacLane as Sgt. Maguire Richard Martin as Pfc. OBrien was impressed by the newcomer Ryan who he worked with, ryans performance was noticed by a reviewer of the Nation who compared him to Gary Cooper. The film was made at the Marine base at Camp Elliott near San Diego with Captain Clay Boyd as the technical advisor, Robert Wise directed pick up and additional scenes. Nicholas Musuraca, famed for his cinematography on many Val Lewton horror films, roy Webbs score includes Bless Em All as a theme for the Australian locales. Marine Raiders at the Internet Movie Database
Marine Raiders (film)
–
Original
film poster
2.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
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Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
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Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
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A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
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An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
3.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
Illinois
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Mississippian copper plate found at the Saddle Site in
Union County, Illinois
Illinois
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Flag
Illinois
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Illinois in 1718, approximate modern state area highlighted, from Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi by
Guillaume de L'Isle.
Illinois
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Native women and children fleeing the
Battle of Bad Axe during the
Black Hawk War
4.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
New York City
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Clockwise, from top:
Midtown Manhattan,
Times Square, the
Unisphere in
Queens, the
Brooklyn Bridge,
Lower Manhattan with
One World Trade Center,
Central Park, the
headquarters of the United Nations, and the
Statue of Liberty
New York City
–
New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual
Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year
England took control and renamed it "New York".
New York City
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The
Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the
American Revolution, took place in
Brooklyn in 1776.
New York City
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Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.
5.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
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Flag
New York (state)
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1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
6.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
Republic of Ireland
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The
Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by
Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891).
Republic of Ireland
–
Flag
Republic of Ireland
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In 1922 a new parliament called the
Oireachtas was established, of which
Dáil Éireann became the
lower house.
Republic of Ireland
–
Éamon de Valera (1882–1975)
7.
Thurles
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Thurles is a town in County Tipperary, Ireland. It is located in the parish of same name in the barony of Eliogarty. The cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cashel and Emly is located in the town, Thurles is located in mid-County Tipperary and is surrounded by the Silvermine Mountains and the Slieveardagh Hills. The town itself is built on a crossing of the River Suir, the M8 motorway connects Thurles to Cork and Dublin via the N75 and N62 roads. The N62 also connects Thurles to the centre of Ireland via Templemore, the R498 links Thurles to Nenagh. Thurles railway station opened on 13 March 1848, the ancient territory of Éile obtained its name from pre-historic inhabitants called the Eli, about whom little is known beyond what may be gathered from legends and traditions. The extent of Éile varied throughout the centuries with the rise, before the 5th century A. D. the details of its history which can be gleaned from surviving records and literature are exceedingly meagre, obscure and confusing. During this century however Éile appears to have reached its greatest extent, the southern part of this territory embraced the baronies of Eliogarty and Ikerrin, a great part of Middle Third, the territory of Ileagh and a portion of the barony of Kilnamanagh Upper. The OFogartys gave their name to the town, in Irish, Durlas Éile means Strong Fort of Éile, or more correctly Durlas Éile Uí Fhogartaigh. The clan dominated the regions of Templemore and the Devils Bit stretching as far as the Tipperary/Kilkenny border. Towards the end of the century, the power of the ODonoghue clan began to wane and by the early part of the thirteenth century. It is to the Butlers that Thurles owes much of its early development and their architectural legacy may be seen today with two of the original family fortresses still standing. Theobald Walter, 1st Baron Butler was the ancestor of the Irish branch of the Butler dynasty and he was also granted a large section of the northeastern part of the kingdom of Limerick. Later in 1328, his descendant, James Butler, was created Earl of Ormond by King Edward III of England, Thurles was originally an agricultural market town. It is now a town having chain stores like Dunnes Stores, Heatons, Aldi, Boots UK and Holland. Thurles Shopping centre was extended and plans to open a new a Tesco store to replace the current store in Liberty Square have also been announced. Stakelums Hardware, which moved to the Nenagh road, is one of the biggest family owned business in the town. McKevitts Costcutter is another family business that operates two supermarkets in the town
Thurles
–
Clockwise from top: Mall River Walk,
Cathedral of the Assumption, Thurles, Liberty Square Circa 1983, Liberty Square at night,
St. Patrick's College, Thurles, and Northeast view of Thurles.
Thurles
–
The historical
Hayes' Hotel in Liberty Square
Thurles
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Market day (August 1848)
Thurles
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Wesleyan Chapel, Thurles, Tipperary, Ireland (p.9, 1849)
8.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
9.
Loyola Academy
–
Loyola Academy is a private, co-educational college preparatory high school, located in Wilmette, Illinois, a northern suburb of Chicago, and in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago. It is a member of the Jesuit Secondary Education Association and the largest Jesuit high school in America, Loyola Academy was founded as a Roman Catholic, Jesuit, college preparatory school for young men in 1909. The school was located in the Rogers Park neighborhood of Chicago, on the campus of Loyola University Chicagos Dumbach Hall. While St. Ignatius transitioned to being solely a school and remained in the same location, Loyola Academy. All three institutions were named after the Basque intellectual and Spanish Army General, St. Ignatius of Loyola, consequently, Loyola Academy has had a significant representation of Chicago residents of various financial means, giving the school an economic diversity fairly unique in the Chicago area. This as achieved through the use of scholarships and forms of financial aid. Loyola Academy maintained the strict disciplinary and academic regimen seen in most of the exclusive American prep schools during the bulk of its history, one of Loyolas sister schools was Regina Dominican High School, an all-girls Academy located less than a mile away in Wilmette. The Jesuit presence has fallen off from what it once was, with some 40 priests teaching and working at the school in 1961, down to 11 out of roughly 200 staff members in 2007. Several priests have left due to disagreements with the policies of Pope Francis, while others left for touching students inappropriately. Loyola Academy merged with Saint Louise de Marillac High School, a high school from Northfield, Illinois. The merge was done for financial reasons, the President of Marillac was approached by Loyola to consider a co-ed option on the North Shore as requested by the Archdiocese. About that same time, Loyola added on to their existing building, in 2003, Loyola Academy opened a new 60-acre campus in Glenview, Illinois. While Loyola Academy is a Jesuit, Catholic school, it has always admitted non-Catholics seeking a Loyola education, the school has two competitive honors programs and a plethora of students enrolled in AP classes. Loyola also offers the OShaughnessy Program, which students who show the potential for success in college but may require smaller classes. Annually, about 99% of students are accepted by four-year universities, the school fields a Certamen team and in 2005 six students received perfect scores on the National Latin Examination. Loyola is also active in forensics, Scholastic Bowl. In 2013, Loyolas scholastic bowl team placed third at both NAQT HSNCT and PACE NSC, the best performance of a team from Illinois at both national championship tournaments. Loyola places an emphasis on community service, encouraging students to be Women and Men for Others, Leaders in Service
Loyola Academy
–
Women and Men for Others
Loyola Academy
–
Loyola Academy
10.
Dartmouth College
–
Dartmouth College is a private Ivy League research university in Hanover, New Hampshire, United States. Established in 1769 by Eleazar Wheelock, Dartmouth is one of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution, with a total student enrollment of about 6,400, Dartmouth is the smallest university in the Ivy League. Undergraduate admissions is highly competitive, with a rate of 10. 4% for the Class of 2021. Dartmouths 269-acre campus is in the rural Upper Valley region of New England, the university functions on a quarter system, operating year-round on four ten-week academic terms. Dartmouth is known for its focus, strong Greek culture. Its 34 varsity sports teams compete intercollegiately in the Ivy League conference of the NCAA Division I, Dartmouth is consistently included among the highest-ranked universities in the United States by several institutional rankings. According to a Forbes study, despite its small size. In a New York Times corporate study, Dartmouths graduates were shown to be among the most sought-after and valued in the world. Dartmouth has produced prominent alumni, including 170 members of the U. S. Senate. Cabinet officials,3 Nobel Prize laureates,2 U. S. Supreme Court justices, diplomats, scholars in academia, literary and media figures, professional athletes, and Olympic medalists. Dartmouth was founded by Eleazar Wheelock, a Congregational minister from Columbia, Connecticut, wheelocks ostensible inspiration for such an establishment resulted from his relationship with Mohegan Indian Samson Occom. Occom became a minister after studying under Wheelock from 1743 to 1747. Wheelock founded Moors Indian Charity School in 1755, the Charity School proved somewhat successful, but additional funding was necessary to continue schools operations, and Wheelock sought the help of friends to raise money. Occom, accompanied by the Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker, traveled to England in 1766 to raise money from churches, with these funds, they established a trust to help Wheelock. The head of the trust was a Methodist named William Legge, in seeking to expand the school into a college, Wheelock relocated it to Hanover, in the Province of New Hampshire. The move from Connecticut followed a lengthy and sometimes frustrating effort to find resources, the reference to educating Native American youth was included to connect Dartmouth to the Charity School and enable use of the Charity Schools unspent trust funds. The College granted its first degrees in 1771, given the limited success of the Charity School, however, Wheelock intended his new college as one primarily for whites. An institution called Dartmouth University occupied the buildings and began operating in Hanover in 1817
Dartmouth College
–
The Charter of Dartmouth College on display in
Baker Memorial Library. The Charter was signed on December 13, 1769, on behalf of
King George III of Great Britain.
Dartmouth College
Dartmouth College
–
The earliest known image of Dartmouth appeared in the February 1793 issue of Massachusetts Magazine. The engraving may also be the first visual proof of
cricket being played in the United States.
Dartmouth College
–
Lithograph of the President's House, Thornton Hall, Dartmouth Hall, and Wentworth Hall, circa 1834
11.
Fireman (steam engine)
–
Fireman or stoker is the job title for someone whose job is to tend the fire for the running of a steam engine. On steam locomotives the term fireman is usually used, while on steamships and stationary engines, such as those driving saw mills. The German word Heizer is equivalent and in Dutch the word stoker is mostly used too, the United States Navy referred to them as watertenders. Much of the job is hard physical labor, such as shoveling fuel, typically coal, the Royal Navy used the rank structure ordinary stoker, stoker, leading stoker, stoker petty officer and chief stoker. The non-substantive badge for stokers was a ships propeller, Stoker remains the colloquial term used to refer to a marine engineering rating, despite the decommissioning of the last steam-powered naval vessel many years ago. Large coal-fueled vessels also had individuals working as coal trimmers, who delivered coal from the bunkers to the stokers. They were responsible for all coal handling with the exception of the fueling of the boilers. The Royal Canadian Navy had steam powered ships, the last of which were replenishment ships, all marine engineers in the RCN, regardless of their platform are nicknamed stokers. On steam locomotives, firemen were not usually responsible for initially preparing locomotives, only on small railways, or on narrow-gauge locomotives with smaller and faster-warming boilers, was the fire lit by the fireman. Some firemen served these duties as a form of apprenticeship, aspiring to be locomotive engineers themselves, the engine itself was cleaned by an engine cleaner instead of the fireman. A mechanical stoker is a device which feeds coal into the firebox of a boiler and it is standard equipment on large stationary boilers and was also fitted to large steam locomotives to ease the burden of the fireman. The locomotive type has a conveyor which feeds the coal into the firebox. The coal is distributed across the grate by steam jets. Power stations usually use pulverized coal-fired boilers, there were approximately 173 stokers on board the coal fed ocean liner RMS Titanic. During the sinking of the ship, these men disregarded their own safety and stayed below deck to keep the steam driven electric generators running for the telegraph, lighting, and water pumps. Simeon T. Webb was the fireman on the Cannonball Express when it was destroyed in the wreck that killed engineer Casey Jones. Joness last words were Jump, Sim, jump, and Webb did jump, survived, and became a primary source for information about the famous wreck. KFC founder Colonel Sanders worked as a railroad stoker when he was 16 or 17, top Gears Jeremy Clarkson acted as stoker on the steam locomotive No.60163 Tornado while performing a Race to the North against Richard Hammond and James May
Fireman (steam engine)
–
A boilerman, sometimes called a "fireman" or "stoker"
Fireman (steam engine)
–
Stokers in the boiler room on board HMT Stella Pegasi, Scapa Flow, 6 June 1943
Fireman (steam engine)
–
A fireman working on a German
Class 52 steam locomotive.
Fireman (steam engine)
–
A fireman refills the water tank of 34067 'Tangmere'.
12.
Works Progress Administration
–
In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
Works Progress Administration
–
Typical plaque on a WPA project
Works Progress Administration
–
Poster summarizing
Federal Art Project employment and activities as of November 1, 1936
Works Progress Administration
–
The WPA legacy includes public recreation buildings. WPA canoe house,
University of Iowa campus, 1937.
Works Progress Administration
–
Nancy Blair, state supervisor of the
South Carolina WPA Library Project, inspecting a model of a
bookmobile.
13.
Montana
–
Montana /mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The states name is derived from the Spanish word montaña, Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State, and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place. Montana has a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It also borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total,77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands. The economy is based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. Other significant economic activities include oil, gas, coal and hard rock mining, lumber, the health care, service, and government sectors also are significant to the states economy. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana, meaning mountain, or more broadly, mountainous country. Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the mountainous region of the west. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson and Benjamin F. Harding, when Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name, Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, with an area of 147,040 square miles, Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California, the largest landlocked U. S. state, and the worlds 56th largest national state/province subdivision. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, the states topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montanas 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the western half. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the states south-central part are part of the Central Rocky Mountains
Montana
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Map of Montana
Montana
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Flag
Montana
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Montana terrain
Montana
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St. Mary Lake in Glacier National Park
14.
Playwright
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A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes plays. The term is not a variant spelling of playwrite, but something quite distinct, hence the prefix and the suffix combine to indicate someone who has wrought words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form - someone who crafts plays. The homophone with write is in this case entirely coincidental, the term playwright appears to have been coined by Ben Jonson in his Epigram 49, To Playwright, as an insult, to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre. Jonson described himself as a poet, not a playwright, since plays during that time were written in meter and this view was held as late as the early 19th century. The term playwright later lost this negative connotation, the earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks. These early plays were written for annual Athenian competitions among playwrights held around the 5th century BC, such notables as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts. For the ancient Greeks, playwriting involved poïesis, the act of making and this is the source of the English word poet. In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle wrote his Poetics, the first play-writing manual, in this famous text, Aristotle established the principle of action or praxis as the basis for all drama. He then included a hierarchy of elements for the beginning with plot, character, thought, diction, music. The ends of drama were plot, character, and thought, the means of drama were language and music, since the myths, upon which Greek tragedy were based, were widely known, plot had to do with the arrangement and selection of existing material. Character was equated with choice as rather than psychology, so that character was determined by action, in tragedy, the notion of ethical choice determined the character of the individual. Thought had more to do and the imitation of an action that is serious, thus, he developed his notion of hamartia, or tragic flaw, an error in judgment by the main character or protagonist. It provides the basis for the play, a term still held as the sine qua non of dramaturgy. The Poetics, while very brief and highly condensed, is studied today. Perhaps the most Aristotelian of contemporary playwrights is David Mamet, who embraces the idea of character as agent of the action, and emphasizes causality in the structure of his plays. His recently revived, Speed-the-Plow, is quintessentially Aristotelian, in that it observes the unities and builds its plot through a causal stream of discoveries and reversals. The Italian Renaissance brought about a stricter interpretation of Aristotle, as this long-lost work came to light in the late 15th century. The neoclassical ideal, which was to reach its apogee in France during the 17th century, dwelled upon the unities, of action, place, and time
Playwright
–
William Shakespeare
15.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
Hollywood
–
The Four Ladies installation at the
Hollywood Boulevard –
La Brea Avenue Gateway
Hollywood
–
Glen-Holly Hotel, first hotel in Hollywood, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street. It was built in the 1890s.
Hollywood
–
Hollywood Hotel, 1905
Hollywood
–
The intersection of
Hollywood and Highland, 1907
16.
The Ghost Breakers
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The Ghost Breakers is a 1940 American comedy film directed by George Marshall and starring Bob Hope and Paulette Goddard. The film was adapted by Walter DeLeon from the play The Ghost Breaker by Paul Dickey, along with Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein and Hope and Goddards own The Cat and the Canary, it is cited as a prime example of the classic Hollywood horror-comedy. In a Manhattan radio studio, a broadcast is being made by crime reporter Lawrence Lawrence —Larry to his friends, as well as his enemies, who are many in number among the local underworld. Listening in on the broadcast is pretty brunette Mary Carter, whose high-rise hotel room goes dark as a violent thunderstorm causes a city-wide blackout, in the near darkness, a knock comes at her door. It is Mr. Parada, a suave, vaguely sinister Cuban solicitor and he delivers the deed to her inherited plantation and mansion, Castillo Maldito, on a small island off the coast of Cuba. Despite Paradas discouragement, she decides to travel to Cuba by ship to inspect her new property. During Paradas visit, Mary receives a call from Mr. Mederos. Mary agrees to meet Mederos later, meanwhile, after Larry Lawrence has finished broadcasting the evenings exposé of a local crime boss, he receives a telephone call from the crime boss, Frenchy Duval. Frenchy invites Larry to his hotel to discuss the broadcast so he can give it to him straight, coincidentally, Frenchy is living in the same hotel where Mary Carter lives. Mederos arrives on the hotel floor as Larry. However, Mederos is looking for Parada, Mederos confronts Parada and Parada shoots and kills him. Larry hears the shot and fires his gun at random, in a mix-up in the still-darkened building, Larry sees the body and believes hes killed one of Duvals henchmen. In the confusion he finds himself in the rooms of Mary Carter, believing that he is being pursued by Duvals men, Larry hides in Marys large open trunk. Unaware of Larrys presence, Mary locks the trunk and arranges for its transport to the harbor, later at the dock, Larrys valet Alex searches among the luggage bound for loading and finds Larry among them. Although not in time to prevent the transfer to the ships hold, Alex manages to get on board. Once in her stateroom, Mary is surprised to unpack Larry along with the rest of her belongings, Larry and Alex decide to remain on board, partly to act as bodyguards to the plucky beauty, but also to keep out of reach of Frenchy Duval and the police. Upon reaching port in Havana, Mary, Larry, Alex go to the island, en route they find a shack occupied by an old woman and her catatonic son, whom they believe is a zombie. The imposing plantation manor proves to be a spooky edifice indeed and they begin to explore the long-abandoned, cobweb-ridden mansion, and discover a large portrait of a woman who is nearly an exact likeness of Mary—most certainly an ancestor
The Ghost Breakers
–
The Ghost Breakers
The Ghost Breakers
–
Not to be confused with
The Ghost Breaker (1914 film) or
The Ghost Breaker (1922 film).
17.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
Paramount Pictures
–
Logo used as of 2012
Paramount Pictures
–
Paramount Pictures logo, based on a design by founder
William Wadsworth Hodkinson, from 1917 to 1967.
Paramount Pictures
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Lasky's original studio, a.k.a.: "The Barn"; as it appeared in the mid-1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.
Paramount Pictures
–
The original Paramount logo seen on its 1930s films and
Popeye shorts.
18.
RKO Radio Pictures
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RKO Pictures Inc. also known as RKO Radio Pictures and in its later years RKO Teleradio Pictures, was an American film production and distribution company. It was one of the Big Five studios of Hollywoods Golden Age, RCA chief David Sarnoff engineered the merger to create a market for the companys sound-on-film technology, RCA Photophone. By the mid-1940s, the studio was under the control of investor Floyd Odlum, RKO has long been celebrated for its series of musicals starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers in the mid-to-late 1930s. Actors Katharine Hepburn and, later, Robert Mitchum had their first major successes at the studio, cary Grant was a mainstay for years. The work of producer Val Lewtons low-budget horror unit and RKOs many ventures into the now known as film noir have been acclaimed, largely after the fact, by film critics. The studio produced two of the most famous films in motion picture history, King Kong and Citizen Kane, RKO Pictures is also a member of Motion Picture Association of America. Maverick industrialist Howard Hughes took over RKO in 1948, after years of turmoil and decline under his control, Hughes sold the troubled studio to General Tire and Rubber Company in 1955. The original RKO Pictures ceased production in 1957 and was dissolved two years later. In 1981, broadcaster RKO General, the heir, revived it as a production subsidiary. In October 1927, Warner Bros. released The Jazz Singer and its success prompted Hollywood to convert from silent to sound film production en masse. The Radio Corporation of America controlled an advanced optical sound-on-film system, RCA Photophone, the industrys two largest major studios, Paramount and Loews/MGM, with two other studios Universal and First National, were poised to contract with ERPI for sound conversion as well. Next on the agenda was securing a string of exhibition venues like those the leading Hollywood production companies owned, Kennedy began investigating the possibility of such a purchase. Around that time, the large Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit of theaters, built around the medium of live vaudeville, was attempting a transition to the movie business. In mid-1927, the operations of Pathé Exchange and Cecil B. De Milles Producers Distributing Corporation had united under KAOs control, early in 1928, KAO general manager John J. Murdock, who had assumed the presidency of Pathé, turned to Kennedy as an adviser in consolidating the studio with De Milles company, PDC. This was the relationship Sarnoff and Kennedy sought, on October 23,1928, RCA announced the creation of the Radio-Keith-Orpheum holding company, with Sarnoff as chairman of the board. Kennedy, who withdrew from his positions in the merged companies, kept Pathé separate from RKO. RCA owned the governing stock interest in RKO,22 percent, in the early 1930s, the companys production and distribution arm, presided over by former FBO vice-president Joseph I
RKO Radio Pictures
–
RKO Radio Pictures Inc.
RKO Radio Pictures
–
Early Radio-Keith-Orpheum logo
RKO Radio Pictures
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Rio Rita (1929), first smash hit for RKO (then releasing films under the "Radio Pictures" banner)
RKO Radio Pictures
–
King Kong (1933), one of Hollywood's great spectacles
19.
United States Marine Corps
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The U. S. Marine Corps is one of the four armed service branches in the U. S. Department of Defense and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The current Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the military officer in the U. S. Armed Forces, is a Marine Corps general, the Marine Corps has been a component of the U. S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834, working closely with naval forces for training, transportation, and logistics. The USMC operates posts on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world, two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting for independence both at sea and on shore. The role of the Corps has since grown and evolved, expanding to aerial warfare and earning popular titles such as, Americas third air force, and, second land army. By the mid-20th century, the U. S. Marine Corps had become a major theorist of and its ability to rapidly respond on short notice to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy. As of 2016, the USMC has around 182,000 active duty members and it is the smallest of the U. S. The USMC serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness and this last clause, while seemingly redundant given the Presidents position as Commander-in-chief, is a codification of the expeditionary responsibilities of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps of 1834, in 1951, the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee called the clause one of the most important statutory – and traditional – functions of the Marine Corps. In addition to its duties, the Marine Corps conducts Visit, Board, Search, and Seizure operations, as well as missions in direct support of the White House. The Marine Band, dubbed the Presidents Own by Thomas Jefferson, Marines from Ceremonial Companies A & B, quartered in Marine Barracks, Washington, D. C. The Executive Flight Detachment also provides transport to Cabinet members. The relationship between the Department of State and the U. S. Marine Corps is nearly as old as the corps itself, for over 200 years, Marines have served at the request of various Secretaries of State. After World War II, an alert, disciplined force was needed to protect American embassies, consulates, in 1947, a proposal was made that the Department of War furnish Marine Corps personnel for Foreign Service guard duty under the provisions of the Foreign Service Act of 1946. A formal Memorandum of Agreement was signed between the Department of State and the Secretary of the Navy on December 15,1948, during the first year of the MSG program,36 detachments were deployed worldwide. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore, the Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships, Marine detachments served in their traditional duties as a ships landing force, manning the ships weapons and providing shipboard security. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II, during World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships
United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps
–
United States Marine Corps portal
United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps
–
A Marine
Corporal and
Lance Corporal of
3rd Battalion, 6th Marines engaging the enemy during
Operation Moshtarak in Afghanistan's
Helmand Province.
20.
Drill instructor
–
A Drill Instructor is a non-commissioned officer in the armed forces or police forces with specific duties that vary by country. For example, in the United States armed forces, they are assigned the duty of training new recruits entering the military, Drill instructors within the U. S. armed forces have different titles in each branch of service. In the United States Air Force, they are known as Military Training Instructors, the United States Navy uses Marine Corps drill instructors at their Officer Candidate School, but only Chief Petty Officers called Recruit Division Commanders, or RDCs at their recruit training. Within the United States Army, drill instructors are given the title of Drill Sergeant, the United States Coast Guard gives the title of Company Commander to their drill instructors. The United States Marine Corps is the branch of the U. S. armed forces where drill instructors are titled as drill instructors. Drill instructors are referred to as sir or maam by recruits within the USAF, USMC, recruits in the United States Army must refer to their drill sergeants as such, drill sergeant. The instruction and indoctrination given by the instructors of the various U. S. In the Australian Army, the responsible for training recruits are known as Recruit Instructors. They teach recruits discipline, fieldcraft, marksmanship, service knowledge, each recruit platoon is commanded by Recruit Instructors usually consisting of a Lieutenant, a Sergeant and up to four instructors of the Corporal or Bombardier rank. Members from all Corps in the Army are eligible to become Recruit Instructors, experience as a Recruit Instructor is often a prerequisite to senior non-commissioned appointments in the military. In the Royal Australian Navy, there are Instructors at HMAS Cerberus, where the Recruit School course is held, and HMAS Creswell, each accredited Drill Instructor wears an AFP pin with the wording DI positioned 5mm above their name plate or citations. Drill Instructors are also issued with a black coloured Hellweg brand leather basket weave Sam Browne belt, the Australian Federal Police College at Barton has a non-commissioned officer of Sergeant Rank holding the position of College Sergeant. The College Sergeant carries a pace stick as a badge of office at ceremonial functions. The New South Wales Police Force has a Drill Sergeant and a Drill Constable attached to the NSW Police College at Goulburn, Drill staff are responsible for training recruits in drill. These personnel wear a cord to signify being a protocol officer. The Senior Protocol officer is responsible for dress, bearing and discipline and also is the guardian of NSWPF history, customs, traditions and symbols at the NSW Police College. The Senior Protocol Officer carries a pace stick with silver fittings. The Western Australian Police Force has a Drill Sergeant of the Rank of Sergeant who trains recruits in drill, discipline and he is also the recruit training manager responsible for overseeing the recruits training, ceremonial graduations, police funerals and other events
Drill instructor
–
A Sergeant Instructor (Gunnery Sergeant) corrects an officer candidate
Drill instructor
–
A Senior Drill Instructor supervises the inspection of his platoon
Drill instructor
–
A drill instructor encourages an officer candidate to properly perform pushups
Drill instructor
–
A USMC Drill Instructor
21.
Camp Pendleton
–
Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton is the major West Coast base of the United States Marine Corps. The base was established in 1942 to train U. S, Marines for service in World War II. By October 1944, Camp Pendleton was declared a permanent installation and by 1946 and it was named after Major General Joseph Henry Pendleton, who had long advocated setting up a training base for the Marine Corps on the west coast. Today it is the home to myriad Operating Force units including the I Marine Expeditionary Force, in 1769, a Spanish expedition led by Captain Gaspar de Portolá explored northward from Loreto, Baja California Sur, seeking to reach Monterey Bay, something never before done overland by Europeans. On July 20 of that year, the arrived in the area now known as Camp Pendleton. The expedition went on to military outposts and Franciscan missions at San Diego. During the next 30 years,21 missions were established, the most productive one being Mission San Luis Rey, at that time, San Luis Rey Mission had control over the Santa Margarita area. After 1821, following the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, the retired soldiers were joined as rancheros by prominent businessmen, officials and military leaders. They and their children, the Californios, became the landed gentry of Alta California, in 1841, two brothers, Pio Pico and Andrés Pico, became the first private owners of Rancho Santa Margarita. More land was added to the grant, giving it the name of Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores. The design of the cattle brand is seen in the bases logo today. In 1863, an Englishman named John Forster paid off Picos gambling debts in return for the deed to the ranch. During his tenure as owner of the ranch, he expanded the house, which was first built in 1827. It was purchased by wealthy cattleman James Clair Flood and managed by Irishman Richard ONeill, under the guidance of ONeills son, Jerome, the ranch began to net a profit of nearly half a million dollars annually, and the house was modernized and furnished to its present form. In the early 1940s, both the Army and the Marine Corps were looking for land for a training base. It was named for Major General Joseph Henry Pendleton who had advocated the establishment of a West Coast training base. Construction began in April but the base was considered a temporary facility so it was built to standards of wood frame construction. After five months of building activity, the 9th Marine Regiment
Camp Pendleton
–
The main gate of Camp Pendleton in November 1997. This is the main road for traffic into the base. This gate has been open and staffed by Marines 24 hours a day since 1942, [
citation needed] until November 9, 2012 when the gate was staffed by a force of federal police officers. [
citation needed] [
clarification needed] 33°12′53″N 117°23′15″W / 33.2147°N 117.3875°W / 33.2147; -117.3875
Camp Pendleton
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MCB Camp Pendleton Insignia
Camp Pendleton
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Wounded Warrior Chuck Sketch participates in swim practice on Feb. 14, 2012 at Camp Pendleton
Camp Pendleton
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An
M1 Abrams breaches the obstacle belt during an amphibious exercise in 1997.
22.
Oceanside, California
–
Oceanside is a coastal city located on Californias South Coast. It is the third-largest city in San Diego County, California, the city had a population of 167,086 at the 2010 census. Together with Carlsbad and Vista, it forms a tri-city area, Oceanside is located just south of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. Originally inhabited by Native Americans, the first European explorers arrived in 1769, Spanish missionaries under Father Junipero Serra founded Mission San Luis Rey de Francia on a former site of a Luiseño Indian village on the banks of the San Luis Rey River. In the early 19th century, the introduction of farming and grazing changed the landscape of what would become Oceanside, the area—like all of California—was under Spanish, then in 1821 under Mexican rule, and then the U. S. in 1848. In the late 1850s, Andrew Jackson Myers lived in San Joaquin County, a native of LaSalle County, Illinois, he returned in the late 1880s and lived in San Luis Rey. In 1882 Myers moved on the land that was the town site for Oceanside. A patent for the land was issued in 1883 by the federal government and it was incorporated on July 3,1888. The city hall as of the early 21st century stands on the former Myers homestead, the town post office contains an oil-on-canvas mural, Air Mail, painted in 1937 by Elsie Seeds. Federally commissioned murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, in the 20th century, Oceanside was a beach town devoted to activities on a 6-mile stretch of beaches. Residential areas like downtown, South Oceanside, and developments east of Interstate 5 are preserved and remodeled when these houses are considered to have historical value. In 1970, the Census Bureau reported citys population as 91. 0% white,5. 1% black and 1. 7% Asian, after 1970, the main focus of Oceanside was suburban development and a choice for newcomers to move into then relatively affordable housing. Oceanside continues to be known for the value and appreciation as a home market. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 42.2 square miles. Traveling north on Interstate 5, Oceanside is the last city before Orange County, as the crow flies, it is roughly the same distance from Aliso Viejo as it is to downtown San Diego. Oceanside experiences a climate that is significantly tempered by maritime winds. The average high temperatures range from 64 °F to 77 °F, the 2010 United States Census reported that Oceanside had a population of 167,086. The population density was 3,961.8 people per square mile
Oceanside, California
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Oceanside's Tyson St. Park beach
Oceanside, California
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Andrew Jackson Myers, Oceanside's founder.
Oceanside, California
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Oceanside Marina
Oceanside, California
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Oceanside Pier
23.
San Clemente, California
–
San Clemente is a city in Orange County, California. The population was 63,522 at the 2010 census, San Clementes city slogan is Spanish Village by the Sea. The official city flower is the Bougainvillea, the city tree. Prior to colonization by Spaniards, the area was inhabited by the Juaneño native people, after the founding of Mission San Juan Capistrano, the local natives were conscripted to work for the mission. Hanson believed the areas pleasant climate, beautiful beaches, and fertile soil would serve as a haven to Californians tired of the big city, Hanson envisioned it as a Mediterranean-style coastal resort town, his San Clemente by the Sea. But this proved to be short-lived, in the oldest parts of town you find a mix of building styles. Hanson succeeded in promoting the new area and selling property and he built public structures such as the Beach Club, the Community Center, the pier and San Clemente Plaza, now known as Max Berg Plaza Park, which were later donated to the city. The area was incorporated as a City on February 27,1928 with a council-manager government. Referring to the way he would develop the city, Hanson proclaimed, I have a clean canvas, think of it--a canvas five miles long and one and one-half miles wide. My San Clemente by the Sea, soon after San Clemente was incorporated, the need for a Fire House was realized. Individual subscriptions were received in the amounts from $6.00 to $1500.00 from the citizenry, in 1969, President Richard Nixon bought part of the H. H. Cotton estate, one of the homes built by one of Hansons partners. Nixon called it La Casa Pacifica, but it was nicknamed the Western White House and it sits above one of the West Coasts premier surfing spots, Trestles, and just north of historic surfing beach San Onofre. Following his resignation, Nixon retired to San Clemente to write his memoirs and he sold the home in 1980 and moved to New York City, later to Saddle River, New Jersey, and then eventually to Park Ridge, New Jersey. The property also has ties to the Democratic side of the aisle, prior to Nixons tenure at the estate. Cotton was known to host Franklin D. Roosevelt, who would visit to play cards in a small outbuilding overlooking the Pacific Ocean, the Old City Plaza also at one time had a small Nixon museum when the city occupied the premises. San Clemente is located at 33°26′16″N 117°37′13″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.5 square miles. 18.7 square miles of it is land and 0.8 square miles of it is water, San Clemente has a Mediterranean climate where temperatures tend to average in the 70s
San Clemente, California
–
The San Clemente Pier and central San Clemente Beach on the Pacific Ocean
San Clemente, California
–
Seal
San Clemente, California
–
The pier in San Clemente at the end of Avenida Del Mar, part of the original village created by
Ole Hanson
San Clemente, California
–
Another view of the San Clemente pier
24.
Richard Brooks
–
Richard Brooks was an American screenwriter, film director, novelist and occasional film producer. His outstanding works as director are Blackboard Jungle, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, Elmer Gantry – for which he won an Academy Award for Best Writing, In Cold Blood, Brooks was born as Reuben Sax to Hyman and Esther Sax, Russian Jewish immigrants. Married teenagers when they immigrated to the United States in 1908, they found employment in Philadelphias textile and their only child Reuben Sax was born in 1912 in Philadelphia. He attended public schools Joseph Leidy Elementary, Mayer Sulzberger Junior High School and West Philadelphia High School, Sax took classes at Temple University for two years, studying journalism and playing on the schools baseball team. He dropped out and left home when he discovered that his parents were going into debt to pay for his tuition and he rode freight trains around the East and Midwest for a period of time but eventually returned to Philadelphia to seek work as a newspaper reporter. At some point in the 1930s, during the Great Depression and he changed his name legally in 1943. Brooks wrote sports for the Philadelphia Record and later joined the staff of the Atlantic City Press-Union and he moved to New York to work for the World-Telegram, shortly afterward he took a job with radio station WNEW for a larger paycheck. As a newsman for the station, he reported and read stories on the air, Brooks also began writing plays in 1938 and tried directing for Long Islands Mill Pond Theater in 1940. A falling out with his colleagues that summer led him to drive to Los Angeles on a whim. He also may have been trying to escape a marriage, a legal document indicates he was married at least part of the time he lived in New York. He didnt find film work but was hired by the NBC affiliate to write original stories and his second marriage, in 1941, to Jeanne Kelly, an actress at Universal Studios, may have helped to open the door to writing for the studio. He contributed dialogue to a few films and wrote two screenplays for the popular actress Maria Montez, known as the Queen of Technicolor, with no prospect of moving into more prestigious productions, he quit Universal and joined the Marine Corps in 1943 during World War II. Brooks never served overseas during the war, instead working in the Marine Corps film unit at Quantico, Virginia, in his two years in uniform he learned more about the basics of filmmaking, including writing and editing documentaries. He also found time to write a novel, The Brick Foxhole, in 1944 he divorced his wife, then known in films as Jean Brooks. Later he said he had been a husband and unsuitable for what she needed. His book was published in 1945 to favorable reviews and it was adapted as the film Crossfire, the first major Hollywood film to deal with anti-Semitism, receiving an Oscar nomination. The novel drew the attention of independent producer Mark Hellinger, who hired Brooks as a screenwriter after he left the Marines, working for Hellinger brought Brooks back to the film industry and led to a long friendship with actor Humphrey Bogart, a close friend of the producer. Brooks provided a screen story for The Killers, which introduced actor Burt Lancaster
Richard Brooks
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Richard Brooks
Richard Brooks
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Richard Brooks on set at MGM studios, 1950's
Richard Brooks
–
Brooks and Peter O'toole on Lord Jim set in Cambodia
25.
The Naked Spur
–
The Naked Spur is a 1953 Technicolor American Western film directed by Anthony Mann and starring James Stewart, Janet Leigh, and Robert Ryan. The original music score was composed by Bronislau Kaper and the cinematography was by William C, the Naked Spur was filmed on location in Durango and the San Juan Mountains in Colorado, and Lone Pine, California. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay—a rare honor for a Western and this is the third Western film collaboration between Anthony Mann and James Stewart. In March 1868, Howard Kemp is tracking Ben Vandergroat, who is wanted for the murder of the marshal in Abilene, Kansas. On the western slope of the Rocky Mountains in Southwestern Colorado, Kemp meets an old prospector, Jesse Tate. Tate assumes that Kemp is a sheriff and Kemp does nothing to disillusion him and they trap someone on top of a rocky hill who Kemp is convinced must be his wanted man. Looking for a way around the hill, Kemp and Tate meet up with a Union soldier and he has been discharged from the 6th Cavalry at Fort Ellis in Bozeman and is heading east. Tate questions why Anderson isnt on the Bozeman Trail, Andersons story is that there are some bad tempered Indians whose chiefs daughter fell in with a handsome young army lieutenant. Kemp has a chance to see Andersons discharge order in which he is described as morally unstable, Tate tells Anderson that Kemp is a sheriff. Vandergroat sets Tate and Anderson straight on two facts, that Kemp is no lawman, and that a reward is offered to bring him in— $5000. 00—dead or alive, Tate and Anderson want their shares, to aid Kemp in getting Vandergroat back to Kansas. Lina is convinced that her fathers friend is innocent, on the trail to Abilene, Vandergroat attempts to turn his captors against each other, using greed as his weapon. He also encourages Lina to use her beauty to divide Kemp, when scouting a way through a mountain pass, Kemp and Tate spot a dozen Blackfeet, a normally friendly tribe, far from their normal hunting grounds. They tell the others and Anderson confesses that the Indians are after him, Kemp tells Anderson to hightail it out of there to avoid being captured by the Blackfeet. Anderson thinks Kemp just wants a share of the reward money. During the ensuing battle, Kemp saves Lina from the Blackfeet and she, in turn, later, Kemp passes out on the trail and awakes from a delirious nightmare. He thinks Lina is Mary, his ex-fiancée, Vandergroat tells the others that Mary sold Kemps ranch, which he left in her safekeeping, while he was serving in the army during the Civil War, and then went off with another man. Vandergroat further reveals that Kemp is determined to buy his ranch back, Linas feelings of loyalty to her fathers friend, combined with an attraction to Kemp, confuses her. She has never seen Vandergroat hurt anyone unless it was in a fight but after he loosens Kemps saddle cinch and tries to push him off a high mountain pass
The Naked Spur
–
Theatrical release poster
The Naked Spur
–
James Stewart and Millard Mitchell
26.
Anti-Semitic
–
Antisemitism is hostility, prejudice, or discrimination directed against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite, Antisemitism is generally considered to be a form of racism. The root word Semite gives the impression that antisemitism is directed against all Semitic people. However, the compound word antisemite was popularized in Germany in 1879 as a term for Judenhass Jew-hatred. Although the term did not come into common usage until the 19th century, the origin of antisemitic terminologies is found in the responses of Moritz Steinschneider to the views of Ernest Renan. As Alex Bein writes, The compound anti-Semitism appears to have been used first by Steinschneider, avner Falk similarly writes, The German word antisemitisch was first used in 1860 by the Austrian Jewish scholar Moritz Steinschneider in the phrase antisemitische Vorurteile. Steinschneider used this phrase to characterise the French philosopher Ernest Renans false ideas about how Semitic races were inferior to Aryan races and he coined the phrase the Jews are our misfortune which would later be widely used by Nazis. According to Jonathan M. Hess, the term was used by its authors to stress the radical difference between their own antisemitism and earlier forms of antagonism toward Jews and Judaism. In 1879 German journalist Wilhelm Marr published a pamphlet, Der Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum, vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt aus betrachtet in which he used the word Semitismus interchangeably with the word Judentum to denote both Jewry and jewishness. The pamphlet became very popular, and in the year he founded the Antisemiten-Liga. The Jewish Encyclopedia reports, In February 1881, a correspondent of the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums speaks of Anti-Semitism as a designation which recently came into use, on 19 July 1882, the editor says, This quite recent Anti-Semitism is hardly three years old. The related term philosemitism was coined around 1885, from the outset the term anti-Semitism bore special racial connotations and meant specifically prejudice against Jews. The term is confusing, for in modern usage Semitic designates a language group, though antisemitism has been used to describe bigotry against people who speak other Semitic languages, the validity of such usage has been questioned. The term may be spelled with or without a hyphen, for example, Emil Fackenheim supported the unhyphenated spelling, in order to the notion that there is an entity Semitism which anti-Semitism opposes. Objections to the usage of the term, such as the nature of the term Semitic as a racial term, have been raised since at least the 1930s. Because of this bad nature, Jews have to be not as individuals. Jews remain essentially alien in the surrounding societies, Jews bring disaster on their host societies or on the whole world, they are doing it secretly, therefore the anti-Semites feel obliged to unmask the conspiratorial, bad Jewish character. It was anti-liberal, racialist and nationalist, bernard Lewis defines antisemitism as a special case of prejudice, hatred, or persecution directed against people who are in some way different from the rest
Anti-Semitic
–
Cover page of Marr's The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism, 1880 edition
Anti-Semitic
–
Antisemitic caricature by C.Léandre (France, 1898) showing
Rothschild with the world in his hands
Anti-Semitic
–
1889 Paris, France elections poster for self-described "candidat antisémite"
Adolphe Willette: "The Jews are a different race, hostile to our own... Judaism, there is the enemy!" (see file for complete translation)
Anti-Semitic
–
Jews (identified by the mandatory
Jewish badge and
Jewish hat) being burned during the
Black Death in 1348.
27.
Crossfire (film)
–
Crossfire is a 1947 film noir drama film which deals with the theme of anti-Semitism, as did that years Academy Award for Best Picture winner, Gentlemans Agreement. The film was directed by Edward Dmytryk and the screenplay was written by John Paxton, based on the 1945 novel The Brick Foxhole by screenwriter, the film features Robert Mitchum, Robert Young, Robert Ryan and Gloria Grahame. It received five Academy Award nominations, including Ryan for Best Supporting Actor and it was the first B movie to receive a best picture nomination. Meanwhile, Sergeant Keeley, concerned that his friend Mitch may be the prime suspect, to both investigators, each suspected soldier relays his version of that night through flashback. The first to step up is Montgomery and the rest are Floyd, Mitch, Robert Young as Capt. Finlay Robert Mitchum as Sgt. Brooks wrote his novel while he was a sergeant in the U. S. Marine Corps making training films at Quantico, Virginia and Camp Pendleton, in the novel, the victim was a homosexual. Hence, the theme of homophobia was changed to one about racism and anti-semitism. The book was published while Brooks was serving in the Marine Corps, a fellow Marine by the name of Robert Ryan met Brooks and told him he was determined to play in a version of the book on screen. The film premiered at the Rivoli Theatre in New York City on July 22,1947, the U. S. Army only showed the film at its U. S. bases. The U. S. Navy would not exhibit the film at all, when first released, the staff at Variety magazine gave the film a positive review, writing, Crossfire is a frank spotlight on anti-Semitism. Producer Dore Schary, in association with Adrian Scott, has pulled no punches, there is no skirting such relative fol-de-rol as intermarriage or clubs that exclude Jews. Here is a film whose whodunit aspects are fundamentally incidental to the overall thesis of bigotry. The flashback technique is effective as it shades and colors the sundry attitudes of the heavy, the New York Times film critic, Bosley Crowther, lauded the acting in the drama, and wrote, Mr. Dmytryk has handled most excellently a superlative cast which plays the drama. Robert Ryan is frighteningly real as the hard, sinewy, loud-mouthed, intolerant and vicious murderer, Robert Young gives a fine taut performance as the patiently questing D. A. whose mind and sensibilities are revolted—and eloquently expressed—by what he finds. Sam Levene is affectingly gentle in his brief bit as the Jewish victim, critic Dennis Schwartz questioned the noir aspects of the film and discussed the cinematography in his review. He wrote, This is more of a film than a noir thriller. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 83% of critics gave the film a positive review, the film made a profit of $1,270,000
Crossfire (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
28.
Film noir
–
Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly such that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Hollywoods classical film noir period is regarded as extending from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the stories and much of the attitude of classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression. Cinema historians and critics defined the category retrospectively, before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noir were referred to as melodramas. Whether film noir qualifies as a genre is a matter of ongoing debate among scholars. Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, films now so described have been made around the world, many pictures released from the 1960s onward share attributes with film noir of the classical period, and often treat its conventions self-referentially. Some refer to such works as neo-noir. The clichés of film noir have inspired parody since the mid-1940s, the questions of what defines film noir, and what sort of category it is, provoke continuing debate. They emphasize that not every film noir embodies all five attributes in equal measure—one might be more dreamlike, another, while many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Because of the diversity of noir, certain scholars in the field, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, treat it as not a genre but a style. Other critics treat film noir as a mood, characterize it as a series, there is no consensus on the matter. By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, the Universal horror that comes closest to noir, in story and sensibility is The Invisible Man, directed by Englishman James Whale and photographed by American Arthur Edeson. Edeson later photographed The Maltese Falcon, widely regarded as the first major film noir of the classic era, josef von Sternberg was directing in Hollywood at the same time. Films of his such as Shanghai Express and The Devil Is a Woman, with their hothouse eroticism and baroque visual style, the commercial and critical success of Sternbergs silent Underworld was largely responsible for spurring a trend of Hollywood gangster films. Successful films in that such as Little Caesar, The Public Enemy. An important, possibly influential, cinematic antecedent to classic noir was 1930s French poetic realism, with its romantic, fatalistic attitude, the movements sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, a forerunner of noir. Among films not considered films noir, perhaps none had an effect on the development of the genre than Citizen Kane
Film noir
–
Two silhouetted figures in
The Big Combo (1955). The film's
cinematographer was
John Alton, the creator of many of film noir's stylized images.
Film noir
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It was not until February 1973 that
The New York Times first used the term, describing how the "moods and tensions" in the British private-eye parody
Pulp came "out of the collective depths of the film noir ".
Film noir
–
Marlene Dietrich, an actress frequently called upon to play a
femme fatale, in a publicity shot for
Josef von Sternberg 's melodrama
Morocco (1930)
Film noir
–
The October 1934 issue of
Black Mask featured the first appearance of the detective character whom
Raymond Chandler would develop into the famous
Philip Marlowe.
29.
Academy Award
–
The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Award
–
Academy Awards
Academy Award
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31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Award
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81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Award
–
Pantages Theatre, 2008
30.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
The Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor is an award presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered a performance in a supporting role while working within the film industry. At the 9th Academy Awards ceremony held in 1937, Walter Brennan was the first winner of award for his role in Come. Initially, winners in both supporting acting categories were awarded instead of statuettes. Beginning with the 16th ceremony held in 1944, however, winners received full-sized statuettes, currently, nominees are determined by single transferable vote within the actors branch of AMPAS, winners are selected by a plurality vote from the entire eligible voting members of the Academy. Since its inception, the award has given to 72 actors. Brennan has received the most awards in this category with three awards, Brennan, Jeff Bridges, Robert Duvall, Arthur Kennedy, Jack Nicholson, and Claude Rains were nominated on four occasions, more than any other actor. As of the 2017 ceremony, Mahershala Ali is the most recent winner in category for his role as Juan in Moonlight. In the following table, the years are listed as per Academy convention, and generally correspond to the year of release in Los Angeles County. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3. org The Academy Awards Database Oscar. com Complete Downloadable List of Academy Award Nominees
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
Walter Brennan was the first winner in this category for 1936's
Come and Get It; He would also win for his roles in
Kentucky (1938) and
The Westerner (1940).
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
Van Heflin won in 1942 for his performance in
Johnny Eager.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
George Sanders won for his role in 1950's
All About Eve.
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
–
Karl Malden won in 1951 for
A Streetcar Named Desire.
31.
Nicholas Ray
–
Nicholas Ray was an American film director best known for the movie Rebel Without a Cause. Rays compositions within the CinemaScope frame and use of color are particularly well-regarded, Ray was an important influence on the French New Wave, with Jean-Luc Godard famously writing in a review of Bitter Victory, cinema is Nicholas Ray. Ray was born Raymond Nicholas Kienzle, Jr. in Galesville, Wisconsin, the son of Olene Lena and Raymond Joseph Kienzle and his paternal grandparents were German and his maternal grandparents were Norwegian. He grew up in La Crosse, Wisconsin, upon his return to La Crosse in his senior year of high school, he emerged as a talented orator and gravitated toward hanging around a local stock theater. With strong grades in English & public speaking and failures in Latin, physics and he studied drama at La Crosse State Teachers College for two years before earning the requisite grades to matriculate at the University of Chicago in the fall of 1931. Ray received a Taliesin Fellowship from Wright to study under him as an apprentice. G and he befriended folklorist Alan Lomax and traveled with him through rural America collecting traditional vernacular music. Lomax and Ray produced “Back Where I Come From, ” a pioneering folk music program featuring such artists as Woody Guthrie, Burl Ives, Leadbelly. American folk songs would figure prominently in several of his films. In 1944 he was Elia Kazans assistant on the shooting of A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Ray directed his first and only Broadway production, the Duke Ellington musical Beggars Holiday, in 1946. One year later, he directed his first film, They Live by Night and it wasnt released for two years because of the chaotic conditions surrounding Howard Hughes takeover of RKO Pictures. An almost impressionistic take on noir, it was notable for its extreme empathy for societys young outsiders. Its subject matter, two young lovers running from the law, had an influence on the popular movie subgenre often called love on the run. The New York Times gave the film a review and acclaimed Ray for good, realistic production. Ray has an eye for action details and his staging of the robbery of a bank, all seen by the lad in the pick-up car, makes a fine clip of agitating film. And his sensitive juxtaposing of his actors against highways, tourist camps, Ray made several more contributions to film noir, most notably the 1950 Humphrey Bogart movie In a Lonely Place, about a troubled screenwriter, and On Dangerous Ground, a police thriller. Other minor noir films he directed in this period were Born to Be Bad, Rays most productive and successful period was the 1950s. In the mid-fifties he made the two films for which he is best remembered, Johnny Guitar and Rebel Without a Cause, the former was a Western starring Joan Crawford and Mercedes McCambridge in action roles of the kind customarily played by men. Highly eccentric in its time, it was loved by French critics
Nicholas Ray
–
Nicholas Ray
32.
Jean Renoir
–
Jean Renoir was a French film director, screenwriter, actor, producer and author. As a film director and actor, he more than forty films from the silent era to the end of the 1960s. His films La Grande Illusion and The Rules of the Game are often cited by critics as among the greatest films ever made and he was ranked by the BFIs Sight & Sound poll of critics in 2002 as the fourth greatest director of all time. Among numerous honors accrued during his lifetime, he received a Lifetime Achievement Academy Award in 1975 for his contribution to the picture industry. Renoir was the son of the painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Renoir was born in the Montmartre district of Paris, France. He was the son of Aline Renoir and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. His elder brother was Pierre Renoir, a French stage and film actor, Renoir was also the uncle of Claude Renoir, the son of Pierre, a cinematographer who worked with Jean Renoir on several of his films. Renoir was largely raised by Gabrielle Renard, his nanny and his mothers cousin, shortly before his birth, she had come to live with the Renoir family. She introduced the boy to the Guignol puppet shows in Montmartre. He wrote in his 1974 memoirs My Life and My Films, She taught me to see the face behind the mask and she taught me to detest the cliché. Gabrielle was also fascinated by the new invention, and when Renoir was only a few years old she took him to see his first film. As a child, Renoir moved to the south of France with his family and he and the rest of the Renoir family were the subjects of many of his fathers paintings. His fathers financial success ensured that the young Renoir was educated at boarding schools, from which, as he later wrote. At the outbreak of World War I, Renoir was serving in the French cavalry, later, after receiving a bullet in his leg, he served as a reconnaissance pilot. After the war, Renoir followed his fathers suggestion and tried his hand at making ceramics and he was particularly inspired by Erich von Stroheims work. In 1924, Renoir directed Une Vie Sans Joie or Catherine and she was also his fathers last model. At this stage, his films did not produce a return, Renoir gradually sold paintings inherited from his father to finance them. During the 1930s Renoir enjoyed great success as a filmmaker, in 1931 he directed his first sound films, On purge bébé and La Chienne
Jean Renoir
–
Jean Renoir
Jean Renoir
–
The young Renoir with
Gabrielle Renard in a painting by his father
Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
33.
The Woman on the Beach
–
The Woman on the Beach is a 1947 film noir directed by Jean Renoir, released by RKO Radio Pictures, and starring Joan Bennett, Robert Ryan and Charles Bickford. The movie is a love triangle drama about Scott, a conflicted U. S. Coast Guard officer, and his pursuit of Peggy, Peggy is married to Tod, a blind artist. Scott, a mounted Coast Guard officer, suffers recurring nightmares involving a maritime tragedy. He sees himself immersed in a landscape surrounded by a shipwreck. He thinks he is going mad, but at the same time, he decides to propose to Eve, a young woman working at Geddes, a local shipyard catering to the Coast Guard. Eve has a resemblance to the ghostly blond of his nightmares. While riding by the seaside on his horse, Scott meets Peggy, a brunette, the wife of Tod. At first, though, he rides by her as she stands near a shipwreck protruding from the sand, after a conversation, they discover that they share similar metaphysical anxieties. A bond develops between the two but the situation gets more tangled when Tod tries to befriend Scott, Tods attitude toward Scott, apart from his friendship, is also ambivalent. The retired painter tries to test Peggy and Scott to gauge how far they could go in their relationship, outwardly Tod seems confident, he even tells Peggy that he knows she could never leave him and that he finds Scott, a much younger man, virile but banal. However behind this facade lies a deeply wounded man who cannot come to terms with the fact that because of his blindness, in one exchange with Scott he tells him that dead painters works always appreciate in value. Indeed, he expects the value of his paintings to increase, initially Scott is suspicious of Tods motives, he also suspects that Tod is not blind. Scott is also interested in Peggy, who returns his attentions. After this mishap, Tod eventually recovers and he at first thinks that Scott would now become his friend since the fall would remove any doubts about his true blindness. But soon after Tod exhibits abusive behavior toward Peggy when he realizes that she has hidden his masterpiece, seeing this, Scott tries to protect her. As Scott grows more attracted to Peggy, he becomes ambivalent toward his earlier relationship with Eve Geddes, Eve in turn, sensing Scotts infatuation with Peggy, becomes distant and asks Scott to delay their marriage plans. The narrative reaches one climax when Scott attempts to drown both Tod and himself during an outing with him that started as a fishing trip. By trying to pierce the bottom of the boat, its apparent that Scott has put himself in danger as well and this scene illustrates the degree of his desperation, if not madness
The Woman on the Beach
–
Theatrical release poster
34.
Robert Wise
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Robert Earl Wise was an American film director, producer and editor. He won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture for both West Side Story and The Sound of Music and he was also nominated for Best Film Editing for Citizen Kane and directed and produced The Sand Pebbles, which was nominated for Best Picture. Among his other films are The Body Snatcher, Born to Kill, The Set-Up, The Day the Earth Stood Still, Destination Gobi, This Could Be The Night, Run Silent, Run Deep, I Want to Live. The Haunting, The Andromeda Strain, The Hindenburg and Star Trek, Wise was the president of the Directors Guild of America from 1971 to 1975 and the president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences from 1984 through 1987. Wise achieved critical success as a director in a variety of film genres, horror, noir, western, war, science fiction, musical and drama. Wises meticulous preparation may have been motivated by studio budget constraints. Robert Wise received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1998, Wise was born in Winchester, Randolph County, Indiana, the youngest son of Olive R. and Earl W. Wise, a meat packer. The family moved to Connersville, Fayette County, Indiana, where Wise attended public schools, as a youth Wises favorite pastime was going to the movies. As a student at Connersville High School, Wise wrote humor and sports columns for the newspaper and was a member of the yearbook staff. Wise initially sought a career in journalism and following graduation from high school attended Franklin College, Wises older brother, David, who had gone to Hollywood several years earlier and worked at RKO Pictures, found his younger brother a job in the shipping department at RKO. Wise worked odd jobs at the studio before moving into editing, Wise began his movie career at RKO as a sound and music editor. In the 1930s, RKO was a small, budget-minded studio with a work ethic and willingness to take artistic risks. At RKO, Wise became an assistant to T. K, wood, the studios head sound-effects editor. Wises first screen credit was a short subject called A Trip through Fijiland. As Wise gained experience, he became interested in editing film content, rather than sound. Wises first film as Hamiltons assistant was Alfred Santells Winterset, Wise continued to work with Hamilton on other films, including Stage Door, Careful, Having Wonderful Time and The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle. In The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Fifth Avenue Girl, Hamilton and Wise, as assistant film editor, Wises first solo film editing work was on Bachelor Mother and My Favorite Wife. At RKO, Wise worked with Orson Welles on Citizen Kane and was nominated for the Academy Award for Film Editing, Wise was the films last living crew member
Robert Wise
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Wise at the premiere of Air America, 1990
35.
Samuel Fuller
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Samuel Michael Fuller was an American screenwriter, novelist, and film director known for low-budget, understated genre movies with controversial themes. Fullers wrote his first screenplay for Hats Off in 1936, and he would continue to direct several other Westerns and war thrillers throughout the 1950s. Fuller shifted from Westerns and war thrillers in the 1960s with his low-budget thriller Shock Corridor in 1963, followed by the neo-noir The Naked Kiss. He was inactive in filmmaking for most of the 1970s, before writing and directing the war epic The Big Red One, Samuel Michael Fuller was born in Worcester, Massachusetts of Jewish parents. His father, Benjamin Rabinovitch, died in 1923 when Samuel was 11, after immigrating to the United States, the familys surname was changed from Rabinovitch to Fuller, a name possibly inspired by a doctor who arrived in America on the Mayflower. Fuller tells in his autobiography, A Third Face, that he did not speak until he was five, after his fathers death, the family moved to New York City where, at the age of 12, he began working in journalism as a newspaper copyboy. He became a reporter in New York City at age 17. He broke the story of Jeanne Eagels death and he wrote pulp novels, including The Dark Page, which was later adapted into the 1952 movie, Scandal Sheet. During World War II, Fuller joined the United States Army and he was assigned as an infantryman to the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division, and saw heavy fighting. He was involved in landings in Africa, Sicily, and Normandy and also saw action in Belgium and Czechoslovakia. In 1945, he was present at the liberation of a German concentration camp and shot 16 mm footage, known as V-E +1, in 2014, the footage was selected to the United States National Film Registry. For his military service, Fuller was awarded the Bronze Star, the Silver Star, Fuller used his wartime experiences as material in his films, especially in The Big Red One, the nickname for the 1st Infantry Division. After the war, Fuller co-authored a regimental history of the 16th Infantry, Hats Off marked Fullers first credit as a screenwriter. He wrote many screenplays throughout his career, such as Gangs of the Waterfront in 1945 and he was unimpressed with Douglas Sirks direction of his Shockproof screenplay, and he made the jump to writer/director after being asked to write three films by independent producer Robert Lippert. Fuller agreed to them if he would be allowed to direct them as well. Fullers first film under this arrangement was I Shot Jesse James followed by The Baron of Arizona with Vincent Price, Fullers third film, The Steel Helmet, established him as a major force. The first film about the Korean War made during the war, he wrote it based on tales from returning Korean veterans, the film was attacked by reporter Victor Riesel for being, as Riesel saw it, pro-Communist and anti-American. Critic Westford Pedravy alleged that Fuller was secretly financed by the Reds, Fuller had a major argument with the U. S. Army, which provided stock footage for the film
Samuel Fuller
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Fuller in Normandy, France in 1987
36.
On Dangerous Ground
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On Dangerous Ground is a 1951 film noir directed by Nicholas Ray and produced by John Houseman. The screenplay was written by A. I, bezzerides based on the novel Mad with Much Heart, by Gerald Butler. The drama features Ida Lupino, Robert Ryan, Ward Bond, bitter, cynical police detective, Jim Wilson, is known for beating information out of suspects and witnesses. His violent tendencies are noticed by both his partners and the police chief, after Wilson ignores the Chiefs warnings, he is relegated to a case up-state so that he might cool off. He joins a manhunt for a killer—teaming with the victim of the father, Walter Brent, Wilson and Brent are separated from the others in the manhunt and track the killer to a remote house. Initially, they do not locate the killer, but, rather, find Mary Malden and they learn that she lives with her brother, Danny. Wilson is drawn to Malden and her selflessness and, when he learns that the killer is her brother and he wrote, the story is a shallow, uneven affair, as written by A. I. Bezzerides from Gerald Butlers Mad With Much Heart, the cause of the cops sadism is only superficially explained, and certainly his happy redemption is easily and romantically achieved. And while a most galling performance of the farmer is given by Ward Bond, for all the sincere and shrewd direction and the striking outdoor photography, this R. K. O. melodrama fails to traverse its chosen ground. Fernando F. Croce, film critic for Slant magazine, liked the film and wrote, despite the violence and the steady intensity, a remarkably pure film. The film score was composed by Bernard Herrmann, Herrmann wanted to use an obscure baroque instrument, the viola damore, to symbolize Mary Maldens isolation and loneliness. The sound of the instrument can be much of the time she is on-screen. Herrmann was so impressed with viola damorist Virginia Majewskis performance that he wanted her credited in the film, Nicholas Ray told him There arent enough cards, so Herrmann replied, Put her on mine. In the films opening credits, Bernard Herrmanns credit reads, Music by Bernard Herrmann — Viola dAmour played by Virginia Majewski. At the 35,25 mark, listeners can hear a sequence that Herrmann reused in 1957 as the opening theme to the television series Have Gun Will Travel starring Richard Boone
On Dangerous Ground
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Theatrical release poster
37.
The Set-Up (1949 film)
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The Set-Up is a 1949 American film noir boxing drama directed by Robert Wise and starring Robert Ryan and Audrey Totter. The screenplay was adapted by Art Cohn from a 1928 narrative poem written by Joseph Moncure March. The Set-Up was the last film Wise made for RKO, and he named it his favorite among the pictures he directed for the studio, bill Stoker Thompson is a 35-year-old has-been boxer about to take on an opponent at the fictional Paradise City Arena. His wife, Julie, fears that this fight may be his last and wants him to forfeit the match. Tiny, Stokers manager, is sure he will continue to lose fights, so he takes money for a dive from a mobster, the beginning of the film shows Stoker and Julie in their room at the Hotel Cozy, passionately debating whether he should participate in the fight. Julie tells him that she has a headache and wont attend the match, Stoker claims the $500 prize could allow them to buy a cigar stand or invest in another boxer, Tony Martinez, and start a new life. Julie says she cares more about his well-being than money, but Stoker responds, If youre a fighter, at the beginning of the fourth and last round of the vicious match with the much younger and heavily favored Tiger Nelson, Stoker learns about the fix. Even though he is told that Little Boy, a gangster, is behind the set-up. Stoker wins the support of blood-thirsty fans who had at first rooted against him. He pays for his decision with a beating in an alley outside the arena from Little Boy, Tiger Nelson, the group irreparably damages Stokers hand with a smash from a brick. The story closes with Julie meeting Stoker as he out of the alley. I won tonight, he tells her, although March had nearly a decade of Hollywood writing credits during the 1930s, RKO did not ask him to adapt his own poem. The screen adaptation included a number of alterations to the original text, the opponents name was changed from Sailor Gray to Tiger Nelson. Although the film did have an African American actor in a role as another boxer. March later commented in an Ebony interview, saying, not only away the mainspring of the story, hollywood’s attitude to the Negro in films has been dictated all too often by box-office considerations, they are afraid of losing money in the Jim Crow South. Robert Ryan, who was cast as Stoker Thompson, had boxing experience from his time at Dartmouth College, viewers are shown the passage of time throughout the film,9,05 pm, The opening sequence features a clock in the towns square. 9,11 pm, An alarm clock wakes Stoker,9,17 pm, Stoker leaves for the fight. 9,35 pm, Julie paces with indecision, takes her ticket to the event, Stoker sees the lights go off from across the street and believes she will be at the match
The Set-Up (1949 film)
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Theatrical release poster
38.
Anthony Mann
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Anthony Mann was an American actor and film director, most notably of films noir and Westerns. As a director, he collaborated with the cinematographer John Alton. Mann was born Emil Anton Bundsmann in San Diego, California and his father, Emile Theodore Bundsmann, an academic, was from an Austrian Catholic family, and his mother, Bertha Weichselbaum, a drama teacher, was an American of Bavarian Jewish descent. Mann started out as an actor, appearing in plays off-Broadway in New York City, in 1938, he moved to Hollywood, where he joined the Selznick International Pictures. He was married to the actress Sara Montiel, Mann became an assistant director by the 1940s, assisting Preston Sturges on the film Sullivans Travels, and subsequently directing low-budget assignments for RKO and Republic Pictures. In 1964 he was head of the jury at the 14th Berlin International Film Festival, in 1967, Mann died from a heart attack in Berlin, Germany while filming the spy thriller A Dandy in Aspic. The film was completed by the star, Laurence Harvey. For his contribution to the picture industry, Anthony Mann has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6229 Hollywood Blvd. Mann first made his name as director of films noir. Sadoul, Georges, Morris, Peter, Peter Morris, ed
Anthony Mann
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Portrait
39.
House of Bamboo
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House of Bamboo is a 1955 American film noir shot in CinemaScope and DeLuxe Color. It was directed and co-written by Samuel Fuller, the film is a loose remake of The Street with No Name, using the same screenwriter and cinematographer. In 1954, a military train guarded by American soldiers and Japanese police is attacked as it travels between Kyoto and Tokyo, during the raid, which is carried out with great precision, an American sergeant is killed, and the trains cargo of guns and ammunition is stolen. The crime is investigated by Capt. Hanson, an American, and Japanese police inspector Kita, Webber, who is also an American, does reveal, however, that he is secretly married to a Japanese woman named Mariko. Among Webbers possessions is a letter from an American named Eddie Spanier, three weeks later, Eddie arrives in Tokyo and finds Mariko, who is initially afraid that he is one of the men responsible for her husbands death. Eddie gains Marikos trust with a photograph of himself and Webber, later, Eddie goes to a pachinko parlor, in which patrons gamble on intricate machines similar to pinball machines. Intrigued by Eddies presence in Japan, Sandy arranges for him to be arrested, and Sandys secret informer, convinced of Eddies aptitude for crime, Sandy invites him to join his gang, which consists of former American servicemen who have been dishonorably discharged. After his acceptance into the gang, Eddie secretly meets with Kita and Hanson, needing help from someone he can trust, Eddie asks Mariko to live with him as his kimono girl, although he does not reveal his identity as a military police investigator. Hoping to discover who killed her husband, Mariko resides with Eddie despite being ostracized by her neighbors, as time passes, Sandy grows to trust Eddie, although Eddie is shocked during a robbery when a wounded gang member is killed by Griff to prevent him from talking. Eddie is also wounded, but Sandy makes an exception to his rule of killing fallen men, Eddie finally informs the worried Mariko that his real name is Sgt. Kenner, and that he is investigating Sandy, meanwhile, Griff, Sandys ichiban or number one boy, becomes jealous of Sandys reliance upon Eddie, and Sandy relieves the hot-headed Griff of his duties. The next day, Mariko, who has fallen in love with Eddie, notifies Kita and Hanson about a planned robbery, after the robbery is aborted, Sandy kills Griff, whom he mistakenly assumes tipped off the police. Ceram informs Sandy of his mistake, and Sandy retaliates by setting Eddie up to be killed by the Japanese police during a robbery of a pearl broker. When the plan fails, Sandy is chased by the police up to an amusement park. Later, wearing his uniform, Eddie walks with Mariko in a Tokyo park. Robert Ryan as Sandy Dawson Robert Stack as Eddie Kenner Shirley Yamaguchi as Mariko Cameron Mitchell as Griff Brad Dexter as Capt, the film was one of a number of 20th Century Fox movies produced by Buddy Adler being shot on location in Asia around this time. Others included Soldier of Fortune and Love is a Many Splendored Thing, Fuller, Stack and Yamaguchi arrived in Japan on 26 January 1955. The staff of Variety magazine wrote of the film, Novelty of scene, had story treatment and direction been on the same level of excellence, House would have been an all round good show
House of Bamboo
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Theatrical release poster
40.
Bad Day at Black Rock
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Bad Day at Black Rock is a 1955 Eastman Color in CinemaScope thriller directed by John Sturges and starring Spencer Tracy and Robert Ryan that combines elements of the western with that of film noir. The supporting cast includes Anne Francis, Dean Jagger, Walter Brennan, Lee Marvin, the film tells the story of a mysterious stranger who arrives at a tiny isolated town in a desert of the southwest United States in search of a man. The film was adapted by Don McGuire and Millard Kaufman from the short story Bad Time at Honda by Howard Breslin, the original story had appeared in The American Magazine in January 1947, with full-color illustrations by Robert Fawcett. In late 1945, one-armed John J. Macreedy gets off a train at the isolated desert hamlet of Black Rock. It is the first time in four years that the train has stopped there, Macreedy is looking for a man named Komoko, but the few residents are inexplicably hostile. The young hotel desk clerk, Pete Wirth, claims he has no vacant rooms, Macreedy is threatened by Hector David. Later, Reno Smith informs Macreedy that Komoko, a Japanese-American, was interned during World War II, certain that something is wrong, Macreedy sees the local sheriff, Tim Horn, but the alcoholic lawman is clearly afraid of Smith and is impotent to help. The veterinarian and undertaker, Doc Velie, advises Macreedy to leave town immediately, petes sister, Liz, rents Macreedy a Jeep. He drives to nearby Adobe Flat, where he finds a homestead burned to the ground, on the way back, Coley Trimble tries to run him off the road. When Smith asks, Macreedy reveals he lost his left arm fighting in Italy, Macreedy says the wildflowers at the Komoko place lead him to suspect that a body is buried there. Smith reveals that he is virulently anti-Japanese, he tried to enlist in the Marines the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Macreedy tries to telephone the state police, but Pete refuses to put the call through. Doc Velie admits that something terrible happened four years ago and that Smith has everyone too terrified to speak up, Velie offers Macreedy his hearse to leave town. Hector rips out the cap and spark plug wires. Macreedy goes to Hastings telegraph office and writes a telegram addressed to the state police, at the town diner, Trimble picks a fight with Macreedy, but Macreedy uses martial arts to beat him up. When Macreedy goes to the lobby, Smith and his henchmen are already there, as are Doc Velie. Hastings arrives and tries to give Smith a piece of paper, Macreedy and Doc Velie demand that Sheriff Horn do something. When Horn tries, Smith just takes away his sheriffs badge, Hector tears up the telegram form. After Smith and Hector leave, Macreedy reveals that the loss of his arm had left him wallowing in self-pity, Macreedy finally reveals why he is there, Komokos son died in combat while saving Macreedys life
Bad Day at Black Rock
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Theatrical release poster
41.
Odds Against Tomorrow
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Odds Against Tomorrow is a 1959 film noir produced and directed by Robert Wise for HarBel Productions, a company founded by the films star, Harry Belafonte. Belafonte selected Abraham Polonsky to write the script, which is based on a novel by William P. McGivern, as a blacklisted writer Polonsky used a front, John O. Killens, a black novelist and friend of Belafontes. In 1996, the Writers Guild of America restored Polonskys credit under his real name, Odds Against Tomorrow was the last time Wise shot black-and-white film in the standard aspect ratio, which gave his films the gritty realism they were known for. David Burke is a policeman who was ruined when he refused to cooperate with state crime investigators. He has asked hard-bitten, racist, ex-con Earl Slater to help him rob an upstate bank, Burke also recruits Johnny Ingram, a nightclub entertainer who doesn’t want the job but who is addicted to gambling and is in debt. Slater, who is supported by his girlfriend, Lorry, finds out Ingram is black, later, he realizes that he needs the money, and joins Ingram and Burke in the enterprise. Tensions between Ingram and Slater increase as they near completion of the crime, Burke is seen by a police officer leaving the scene of the raid, and is mortally wounded in the ensuing shootout with local police, so he commits suicide by shooting himself. Slater is insensitive and cavalier about the death of Burke which incenses Ingram, Slater and Ingram begin to fight each other as they try to evade capture by the police. Ingram and Slater escape and run into a fuel storage depot. They chase after each other on the top of the fuel tanks and they exchange gunfire and ignite the fuel tanks and cause a large explosion. Afterwards, their corpses are indistinguishable from one another, the last scene focuses on a sign at the entrance of the fuel storage depot saying, Stop, Dead End. All outdoor scenes were shot in New York City and Hudson, according to director Robert Wise, I did something in Odds Against Tomorrow Id been wanting to do in some pictures but hadnt had the chance. I wanted a kind of mood in some sequences, such as the opening when Robert Ryan is walking down West Side Street. I used infra-red film. You have to be careful with that because it turns green things white. It does distort them but gives that wonderful quality—black skies with white clouds—and it changes the feeling, the film score was composed, arranged and conducted by John Lewis of the Modern Jazz Quartet and the soundtrack album was released on the United Artists label in 1959. Allmusics Bruce Eder noted, This superb jazz score by John Lewis was later turned into a hit by The Modern Jazz Quartet and its dark and dynamic, and a classic. It was also reused for a scene in the 1971 film Little Murders. of an artistic caliber that is rarely achieved on the screen. But the tension is released too soon—and much too trickily, the spectator is left with a feeling that is aptly expressed in the final frame of the film, when the camera focuses on a street sign that reads, STOP—DEAD END
Odds Against Tomorrow
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Theatrical release poster
Odds Against Tomorrow
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Odds Against Tomorrow
42.
John the Baptist
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John the Baptist, also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Baháí Faith. He is called a prophet by all of these traditions, and is honoured as a saint in many Christian traditions, John used baptism as the central symbol or sacrament of his messianic movement. Most scholars agree that John baptized Jesus, scholars generally believe Jesus was a follower or disciple of John and several New Testament accounts report that some of Jesus early followers had previously been followers of John. John the Baptist is also mentioned by the Jewish historian Josephus, according to the New Testament, John anticipated a messianic figure greater than himself. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor or forerunner of Jesus, John is also identified with the prophet Elijah. John the Baptist is mentioned in all four canonical Gospels and the non-canonical Gospel of the Nazarenes, the Synoptic Gospels describe John baptising Jesus, in the Gospel of John it is implied in John 1, 32-34. The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfilment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah about a messenger being sent ahead, John is described as wearing clothes of camels hair, living on locusts and wild honey. John proclaims baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sin, and says another will come after him who will not baptize with water, Jesus comes to John, and is baptized by him in the river Jordan. The account describes how, as he emerges from the water, the heavens open, a voice from heaven then says, You are my Son, the Beloved, with you I am well pleased. Later in the gospel there is an account of Johns death and it is introduced by an incident where the Tetrarch Herod Antipas, hearing stories about Jesus, imagines that this is John the Baptist raised from the dead. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, Herodias demands his execution, but Herod, who liked to listen to John, is reluctant to do so because he fears him, knowing he is a righteous and holy man. The account then describes how Herods daughter Herodias dances before Herod, when the girl asks her mother what she should request, she is told to demand the head of John the Baptist. Reluctantly, Herod orders the beheading of John, and his head is delivered to her, at her request, Johns disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb. There are a number of difficulties with this passage, the Gospel wrongly identifies Antipas as King and the ex-husband of Herodias is named as Philip, but he is known to have been called Herod. Although the wording clearly implies the girl was the daughter of Herodias, many texts describe her as Herods daughter, Herodias. Since these texts are early and significant and the reading is difficult, many see this as the original version, corrected in later versions and in Matthew. Josephus says that Herodias had a daughter by the name of Salome, scholars have speculated about the origins of the story
John the Baptist
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John the Baptist Preaching in the Wilderness by
Anton Raphael Mengs, 1760
John the Baptist
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The Preaching of St. John the Baptist by
Pieter Bruegel the Elder
John the Baptist
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St. John the Baptist Preaching, c. 1665, by
Mattia Preti
John the Baptist
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John the Baptist (right) with
child Jesus, painting by
Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo
43.
MGM
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
MGM
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MGM Tower, former company headquarters highlighted by the famous
Leo the Lion logo at the top
MGM
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc.
MGM
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Clark Gable
MGM
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Marie Dressler and
Wallace Beery in
Min and Bill (1930)
44.
King of Kings (1961 film)
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King of Kings is a 1961 American Biblical epic film made by Samuel Bronston Productions and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Directed by Nicholas Ray, the film is a dramatization of the story of Jesus Christ from his birth and ministry to his crucifixion and resurrection, in 63 BC, Pompey conquers Jerusalem and the city is sacked. He enters the Temple to seize the treasure of Solomon and massacres the priests there and he discovers that the treasure is only a collection of scrolls of the Torah. These he holds over a fire until an old priest reaches for them imploringly, a carpenter named Joseph and his wife Mary, who is about to give birth, arrive in Bethlehem for the census. Not having found accommodation for the night, they take refuge in a stable, the shepherds, who have followed the Magi from the East, gather to worship him. However, Herod, informed of the birth of a child-king, orders the centurion Lucius to take his men to Bethlehem, Mary and Joseph flee to Egypt with the child. The Massacre of the Innocents occurs, Herod dies, killed in his death throes by his son Herod Antipas, who then takes power. In Nazareth, Jesus, who is now twelve years old, is working with Joseph when soldiers arrive under the command of Lucius, but he does nothing and only asks that Mary and Joseph register their sons birth before the years end. Years pass and Jewish rebels led by Barabbas and Judas Iscariot prepare to attack a caravan carrying the next governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate, the ambush fails, partly due to the diligence of Lucius, and Barabbas and Judas flee for their lives. Pilate and Herod Antipas meet on the banks of the River Jordan, Jesus arrives here, now 30 years of age. He is baptized by John, who recognizes that he is the Messiah, Jesus goes into the desert, where he is tempted by Satan. After forty days, Jesus travels to Galilee, where he recruits his Apostles, in Jerusalem, Herod Antipas arrests John the Baptist, who is visited by Jesus in prison. Judas leaves the rebel Barabbas and joins the Apostles, Jesus begins to preach and gather crowds, among which are Claudia, Pilates wife, and Lucius. Herod reluctantly beheads John on a whim of his stepdaughter, Salome, Herod, Pilate and the High Priest Caiaphas are terrorized by the works and miracles of Jesus. Barabbas plots a revolt in Jerusalem during Passover, during which time Jesus enters the city in triumph. The rebels storm the Antonia Fortress, but the legions of Pilate, having learned of the plot, ambush and crush the revolt, Jesus meets the disciples on the evening of Thursday, having supper one last time with them and after goes to pray at Gethsemane. In the meantime, Judas wants Jesus to free Judea from the Romans, Jesus is brought before Caiaphas and then to Pilate. Pilate starts the trial, but sensing that the issue is one of Jewish sensibilities, sends him to Herod Antipas, Pilate is infuriated by Antipass returning of Jesus and commands his soldiers to scourge him
King of Kings (1961 film)
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DVD cover by Reynold Brown
45.
Peter Ustinov
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He was a fixture on television talk shows and lecture circuits for much of his career. A respected intellectual and diplomat, he held academic posts and served as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. He displayed a unique cultural versatility that has earned him the accolade of a Renaissance man. Miklós Rózsa, composer of the music for Quo Vadis and of numerous concert works, Ustinov was born Peter Alexander von Ustinov in London, England. His father, Jona von Ustinov, was of Russian, Polish Jewish, German, peters paternal grandfather was Plato von Ustinov, a Russian nobleman, and his grandmother was Magdalena Hall, of mixed Ethiopian-German-Jewish origin. Peters paternal great-great-grandparents were the German painter Eduard Zander and the Ethiopian aristocrat Court-Lady Isette-Werq in Gondar, ustinovs mother, Nadezhda Leontievna Benois, known as Nadia, was a painter and ballet designer of French, German, Italian, and Russian descent. Her father, Leon Benois, was an Imperial Russian architect, leons brother Alexandre Benois was a stage designer who worked with Stravinsky and Diaghilev. Their paternal ancestor Jules-César Benois was a chef who had left France for St. Petersburg during the French Revolution, Jona worked as a press officer at the German Embassy in London in the 1930s, and was a reporter for a German news agency. He was the controller of Wolfgang Gans zu Putlitz, an MI5 spy in the German embassy in London who furnished information on Hitlers intentions before the Second World War, Ustinov was educated at Westminster School and had a difficult childhood because of his parents constant fighting. One of his schoolmates was Rudolf von Ribbentrop, the eldest son of the Nazi Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. While at school, Ustinov considered anglicising his name to Peter Austin, after training as an actor in his late teens, along with early attempts at playwriting, he made his stage début in 1938 at the Players Theatre, becoming quickly established. He later wrote, I was not irresistibly drawn to the drama and it was an escape road from the dismal rat race of school. In 1939, he appeared in White Cargo at the Aylesbury Rep, Ustinov served as a private in the British Army during World War II, including time spent as batman to David Niven while writing the Niven film The Way Ahead. He also appeared in films, debuting in One of Our Aircraft Is Missing, in which he was required to deliver lines in English, Latin. In 1944 under the auspices of ENSA, he presented and performed the role of Sir Anthony Absolute, in Sheridans The Rivals, with Dame Edith Evans, after the war, he began writing, his first major success was with the play The Love of Four Colonels. He starred with Humphrey Bogart and Aldo Ray in Were No Angels and his career as a dramatist continued, his best-known play being Romanoff and Juliet. His film roles include Roman emperor Nero in Quo Vadis, Lentulus Batiatus in Spartacus, Captain Vere in Billy Budd, Ustinov voiced the anthropomorphic lions Prince John and King Richard in the 1973 Disney animated film Robin Hood. He also worked on films as writer and occasionally director, including The Way Ahead, School for Secrets, Hot Millions
Peter Ustinov
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Ustinov in 1973
Peter Ustinov
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Ustinov as
Nero in
Quo Vadis (1951)
Peter Ustinov
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Ustinov in 1986
Peter Ustinov
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Ustinov in 1992 by
Erling Mandelmann
46.
Billy Budd (film)
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Billy Budd is a 1962 CinemaScope film produced, directed, and co-written by Peter Ustinov. Adapted from the play version of Herman Melvilles short novel Billy Budd, it starred Terence Stamp as Billy Budd, Robert Ryan as John Claggart. In his film debut, Stamp was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, the film was nominated for four BAFTAs. In the year 1797, the British naval vessel HMS Avenger presses into service a crewman according to the Rights of War from the merchant ship The Rights of Man. The new crewman, Billy Budd, is considered naive by his shipmates, but Budds steadfast optimism is impenetrable, as when he is asked to critique the horrible stew the crew must eat, he offers Its hot. I like everything about it except the flavor, the crew discovers Budd stammers in his speech when anxious. Though Budd manages to enchant the crew, his attempts at befriending the brutal master-at-arms, Claggart is cruel and unrepentant, a man who believes he must control the crew through vicious flogging, savaging them before they can prey on him. Claggart orders Squeak to find means of putting Budd on report and he then brings his charges to the Captain, Edwin Fairfax Vere. Although Claggart has no reason to implicate Budd in the conspiracy, Budd becomes a target because Billy represents everything that Claggart despises, humility, innocence, Vere summons both Claggart and Budd to his cabin for a private confrontation. When Claggart makes his false charges that Budd is a conspirator, Budd stammers, unable to find the words to respond, and he strikes Claggart, killing him with a single blow. Vere and all the officers on board are fully aware of Budds simplicity and Claggarts evil. Vere intervenes in the stages of deliberations. He argues the defendant must be guilty for even striking Claggart, Budds superior. Veres soul is in turmoil over the decision he must make and his arguments to pursue the letter of the law succeed, and Budd is convicted. Condemned to be hanged from the ships yardarm at dawn the following morning, at Budds final words, God bless Captain Vere. Vere crumbles, and Billy is subsequently hoisted up and hanged on the ships rigging. At this point the crew is on the verge of mutiny over the incident, but Vere can only stare off into the distance, the picture of abdication, overtaken by his part in the death of innocence. Just as the crew is to be fired upon by the marine detachment, a French vessel appears and commences cannon fire on the Avenger
Billy Budd (film)
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Original film poster
47.
The Longest Day (film)
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The Longest Day is a 1962 epic war film based on Cornelius Ryans book The Longest Day, about the D-Day landings at Normandy on June 6,1944, during World War II. The film was produced by Darryl F. Zanuck, who paid author Ryan $175,000 for the film rights, the screenplay was by Ryan, with additional material written by Romain Gary, James Jones, David Pursall and Jack Seddon. It was directed by Ken Annakin, Andrew Marton, and Bernhard Wicki, many of these actors played roles that were essentially cameo appearances. The film employed several Axis and Allied military consultants who had been actual participants on D-Day, many had their roles re-enacted in the film. These included, Günther Blumentritt, James M. Gavin, Frederick Morgan, John Howard, Lord Lovat, Philippe Kieffer, Pierre Koenig, Max Pemsel, Werner Pluskat, Josef Pips Priller and Lucie Rommel. A colorized version of film was released on VHS in 1994. The movie is filmed in the style of a docudrama, the film pays particular attention to the decision by Gen. Numerous scenes document the early hours of 6 June when Allied airborne troops were sent in to take key locations inland from the beaches. The French resistance is also shown reacting to the news that an invasion has started, the film concludes with a montage showing various Allied units consolidating their beachheads before they advance inland to reach Germany by crossing France. French producer Raoul Lévy signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to purchase the rights to Cornelius Ryans novel The Longest Day,6 June 1944 D-Day on March 23,1960. After finishing The Truth, Lévy set up a deal with the Associated British Picture Corporation, Ryan would receive $100,000, plus $35,000 to write the adaptations screenplay. Lévy intended to start production in March 1961, filming at Elstree Studios, but the project went into a halt once ABPC could not get the $6 million budget Lévy expected. Eventually former 20th Century Fox mogul Darryl F. Zanuck learned about the book while producing The Big Gamble, Ryan was brought in to write the script, but had conflicts with Zanuck as soon as the two met. Williams was forced to act as a mediator, he would deliver Ryans script pages to Zanuck, while Ryan developed the script, Zanuck also brought in other writers for cleanups, including James Jones and Romain Gary. Zanuck also realized that with eight scenes, shooting would be accomplished more expediently if multiple directors. He contracted with German directors Gerd Oswald and Bernhard Wicki, the British Ken Annakin, zanucks son Richard D. Zanuck was reluctant about the project, particularly the high budget. During the filming of the landings at Omaha Beach, the extras appearing as American soldiers did not want to jump off the craft into the water because they thought it would be too cold. Robert Mitchum, who played Gen. Norman Cota, became disgusted with their trepidation and he jumped in first, at which point the extras followed his example. The Rupert paradummies used in the film were far more elaborate and lifelike than those used in the decoy parachute drop
The Longest Day (film)
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original
movie poster
The Longest Day (film)
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John Wayne in The Longest Day
48.
Battle of the Bulge (film)
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The feature was filmed in Ultra Panavision 70 and exhibited in 70 mm Cinerama. Battle of the Bulge had its premiere on December 16,1965. They also shot parts of the film on terrain that did not resemble actual battle locations and this left them open to criticism for lack of historical accuracy, but they claimed in the end credits that they had re-organized the chronological order of events to maximize the dramatic story. Unlike most World War II epics, Battle of the Bulge contains virtually no portrayals of actual senior Allied leaders and this is presumably because of controversies surrounding the battle, both during the war and after. Though Allied forces ultimately won the battle, the initial German counteroffensive caught them by surprise, military Intelligence officer and former policeman Lt. Col. Daniel Kiley and his pilot, Joe, are flying a reconnaissance mission over the Ardennes forest, spotting a German staff car. Under the ground in a lair, German Col. Martin Hessler. Kohler points out a clock with a 50-hour countdown, which is the time allotted for the operation, at the same time German soldiers disguised as American troops, led by Lt. Schumacher, are tasked with seizing vital bridges and sowing confusion behind the Allied lines. Meanwhile, Kiley returns to headquarters where he warns that the Germans are planning one more all-out offensive. His superiors, Gen. Grey and Col. Pritchard, dismiss it out of hand, all available intelligence points to Germany not having the resources, hoping to uncover more proof, Kiley visits a US infantry position on the Siegfried Line under command of Maj. Wolenski. A patrol led by Lt. Weaver and Sgt, Duquesne capture some young and obviously inexperienced German soldiers. Kiley concludes that experienced German troops have been replaced by men and withdrawn for an offensive. Hessler launches his attack the next day, awakened by the noise of German tanks, Wolenski leads his men into the wooded area of the Schnee Eifel, where they try to fight them off but are overrun. A group of Allied tanks led by Sgt, guffy also attempts to slow the Panzers, but their tanks weak guns and thin armor make them ineffective, forcing him and his crew to retreat. Lt. Schumacher and his troops capture the only bridge over the Our River capable of carrying heavy tanks. Hessler continues his spearhead toward Ambleve, while being observed by Kiley, Schumacher later takes control of a vital intersection of three roads connecting Ambleve, Malmedy and the Siegfried Line. He sabotages the road signs, and the rear echelon of Wolenskis troops take the road to Malmedy. Lt. Weaver manages to escape, but Duquesne is killed, US soldiers become suspicious when they witness Schumachers military police lay explosives incorrectly on the Our bridge, and his masquerade is revealed. Hesslers tanks and infantry storm Ambleve, finally taking the town, although many Americans, including Wolenski, are captured, Grey, Pritchard, Kiley and others escape to the River Meuse
Battle of the Bulge (film)
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Original movie poster
49.
The Dirty Dozen
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The Dirty Dozen is a 1967 American war film directed by Robert Aldrich, released by MGM, and starring Lee Marvin. The film is based on E. M. Nathansons novel of the name that was inspired by a real-life group called the Filthy Thirteen. In 2001, the American Film Institute placed the film at number 65 on their 100 Years, in Britain, in the spring of 1944, Allied forces are preparing for the D-Day invasion. Among them are Major John Reisman, an OSS officer, his commander, Regular Army Major General Sam Worden, early in the film, the personalities of the three men are shown to clash and the characters of the individualistic Reisman and the domineering Breed are established. Reisman is aided by his friend, the mild-mannered Major Max Armbruster, Major Reisman is assigned an unusual and top-secret mission, code-named Operation Amnesty. Those who survive the mission will be pardoned and returned to duty at their former ranks. However, as Reisman repeatedly tells the men, few of them will be coming back from this one, Reisman is assigned 12 convicts, all either serving lengthy sentences or awaiting execution. J. Under the supervision of Reisman and MP Sergeant Bowren, the group begins training, after being forced to construct their own living quarters, the 12 men are trained in combat by Reisman and gradually learn how to operate as a group. For parachute training, they are sent to the operated by Colonel Breed. Under strict orders to keep their secret, Reismans men run afoul of Breed and his troops, especially after Pinkley - under Reismans orders - poses as a general. Angered at the usurpation of his authority, Breed attempts to discover Reismans mission by having two of his men attack Wladislaw in the latrine, but they are knocked out by Posey and Jefferson. The 12 men think Reisman sent them until Breed and his men investigate the Dirty Dozens camp, Reisman, who had been away when Breed and his paratroopers arrived, infiltrates his own post and opens fire on the paratroops as the convicts jump them. They disarm the paratroops, Colonel Breed is ordered to take his men and leave, Denton, siding with Breed, insists that Reisman has exceeded his authority and urges General Worden to terminate Operation Amnesty. Reisman rises ferociously to the defense of his men, pointing out they had crammed six months of training into as many weeks, Major Armbruster suggests a test that would show whether Reismans men are ready. During practice maneuvers in which Breed will be taking part, the Dirty Dozen will attempt to capture the Colonels headquarters. During the maneuvers, the men use various tactics, including theft, impersonation. This proves to General Worden that Reismans men can be used for the mission, the night of the raid, the men are flown to France, and practice a rhyme they have learned which details their roles in the operation. A slight snag occurs, when landing in a tree, one of the dozen, Jiminez, breaks his neck and dies, but as trained
The Dirty Dozen
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Original poster by
Frank McCarthy
The Dirty Dozen
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Aldbury – scene of the wargame
The Dirty Dozen
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Bradenham Manor – Wargames HQ
50.
The Professionals (1966 film)
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The Professionals is a 1966 American western written, produced, and directed by Richard Brooks. It starred Burt Lancaster, Lee Marvin, Robert Ryan, and Claudia Cardinale, with Jack Palance, Ralph Bellamy, the script was adapted from the novel A Mule for the Marquesa by Frank ORourke. The film received three Academy Award nominations and a critical reception. Henry Rico Fardan is a weapons specialist, Bill Dolworth is an expert, the horse wrangler is Hans Ehrengard. Fardan and Dolworth, having fought under the command of Pancho Villa, have a high regard for Raza as a soldier. But as cynical professionals, they have no qualms about killing him now, after crossing the Mexican border, the team tracks the bandits to their hideout. They witness soldiers on a government train being massacred by Razas small army, the professionals follow the captured train to the end of the line and retake it from the bandits. Some move on to the camp and observe Raza and his followers—including a female soldier. At nightfall, Fardan infiltrates Razas private quarters but he is stopped from killing him by Maria, back at the train, they find that it has been retaken by the bandits. After a shootout, they retreat into the mountains, pursued by Raza, the professionals evade capture by using explosives to bring down the walls of a gully, thus blocking the bandits path and delaying their pursuit. It is then revealed that they had not rescued Grants kidnapped wife, Grant bought Maria for an arranged marriage only for her to escape and return to her true love in Mexico. As Raza and his bandits pursue the retreating professionals, Dolworth fights a rearguard action to allow the other professionals to escape with Maria, in the battle, Raza is wounded. As he and Chiquita attempt to escape, she is shot by Dolworth, weakened, Raza is captured by Dolworth. The professionals, with Maria and Raza, reach the U. S. border to be met by Grant, Grant tells Fardan that their contract has been satisfactorily concluded, even before Maria is safely handed over to him. As Maria tends the wounded Raza, Grant says to one of his men, before the man can fire, the gun is shot out of his hand by Dolworth. The professionals step in to protect Maria and Raza and they collect the wounded Raza, put him on a carriage and, with Maria at the reins, send both back to Mexico. Grant calls Fardan a bastard, to which Fardan retorts, Yes, sir, but you, sir, you are a self-made man. The professionals follow the carriage to Mexico
The Professionals (1966 film)
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original
film poster by
Howard Terpning
The Professionals (1966 film)
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The remains of the set for the film (Mexican hacienda), Valley of Fire State Park
