1.
Road
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Roads consist of one or two roadways, each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a function as urban space easement. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel, historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In the United Kingdom there is ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for road users and this includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty, a use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, in the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled. The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of type of road origination. By about 10,000 BC, rough roads/pathways were used by human travelers, the worlds oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC. Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC, corduroy roads are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England. The Sweet Track, a timber causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating enabled very precise dating and it was claimed to be the oldest road in the world until the 2009 discovery of a 6, 000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London. Brick-paved streets were used in India as early as 3000 BC, in 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia, including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time. The road remained in use after Roman times, a hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank. From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, at its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads. In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire, the most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar
2.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
3.
Baseline Road (Ottawa)
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Baseline Road is a road in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Baseline runs from Richmond Road east in a straight line until it ends at the Heron Road Bridge over the Rideau River, before the 2001 City of Ottawa amalgamation, Baseline formed the border of the city of Ottawa and Nepean. The street is named for its location as the baseline for Nepean Township, when Nepean Township was surveyed, Baseline formed the northern boundary of Nepeans six north–south concessions. Currently, Baseline is a major east–west street, and in the late 90s it became so busy that Hunt Club Road had to be extended west of the Rideau River to alleviate pressure. Points of interest on Baseline include the Queensway Carleton Hospital, the Boy Scouts Museum, Algonquin College, Baseline Road is a four-lane principal arterial road for its entire length, except between Centrepointe Drive and Navaho Drive, where it is a five-lane/six-lane arterial. The speed limit is 60 km/h for most of its length except a short section west of Greenbank Road, ramsayville Road in southeast Ottawa used to be called Base Line Road before 2003. The name had to be changed when the city of Gloucester amalgamated with the city of Ottawa. In the future, Baseline Road will have bus lanes between Navaho Drive and Prince of Wales Drive to speed up service in this stretch due to constant heavy traffic
4.
Bells Corners
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Bells Corners is a suburban community in College Ward in the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is located in the city of Nepean within Ottawas western Greenbelt. As of the Canada 2011 Census, the community had a population of 9,468 and it was also the junction between Richmond Road and the base line which was the boundary road between concessions on the Ottawa front and those on the Rideau front. It was named after Hugh Bell, who owned a tavern on the site of the present day Bells Corners Public School from 1834 to 1863. Prior to that it was known locally as just the Corners, today it is most commonly spelled without the apostrophe. In 1832, there were 9 taverns along this strip of road, early stores catered to both local people and travelers. In 1850, Bells Corners became part of Nepean Township, Carleton County, the Town meeting to elect the first Council under the new system was held at Bells Corners on 7 January 1850. Frederick Bearman, J. P. Chester Chapman, James Spain, John Robertson, the first Council meeting was also held in Bells Corners on 21 January 1850, when Colonel Frederick Bearman was chosen Reeve. By 1852, there were 3 taverns,3 shoe shops,2 blacksmiths,2 carpentry shops, a new store, the Canada Directory for 1857-58 listed the population of Bells Corners at about 70. The village had a mail, two stores, a school and a church which was used by the Church of England, Presbyterians. In 1866, the 43rd Battalion of Infantry was formed in Bells Corners with companies in many of the surrounding communities, by 1869, Bells Corners was on the stage line from Town Ottawa to Perth. That directory listed the following individuals, Most of Bells Corners was destroyed by fire in August 1870 and this church used stone from the old Union Church built in 1853 and the only building in Bells Corners to survive the fire of 1870. - tavern owner, hotel keeper, settled 1850 John Robertson - general store owner Richard Shore - carriage maker and it can be seen also in many smaller buildings throughout the city. Dick Williams, a Welshman who came to Canada in 1902, opened a quarry in the Nepean formation on the farm of his father-in-law on lot 3, concession II. The two began making paving stones in 1912 and in 1916 they were joined by a young Scot, Archie Campbell, the quarry eventually became known as Campbells Quarry. Contracts were signed with seven different quarries, but the bulk of the stone for the Centre Block, according to Campbell Our first order came from Peter Lyall Construction Company for 1,000 tons of sandstone all for the Parliament Buildings. When we got the parliament job there were several hundred men on the job and we couldnt get the stone out fast enough. Stone was hauled up to the site by teams of horses
5.
Kanata, Ontario
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Kanata is one of the largest suburbs of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Located about 22 km west-southwest of the downtown, Kanata had a population of 80,781 as of 2011 and is growing rapidly. Before it was amalgamated into Ottawa in 2001, it was one of the fastest growing cities in Canada, located just to the west of the National Capital Commission Greenbelt, it is one of the largest of several communities that surround central Ottawa. It is a community and an important hi-tech centre. The area that is today Kanata was originally part of the Township of March, one site dating from this era is Pinheys Point. It remained mainly agricultural until the 1960s when it became the site of heavy development, modern Kanata is largely the creation of Bill Teron, a developer and urban planner who purchased over 1,200 hectares of rural land and set about building a model community. Unlike other suburbs, Kanata was designed to have a mix of densities and it contained large amounts of open space, and was to be surrounded by a greenbelt. A reflection of the garden city movement, the area was divided into a series of communities, each of which was intended to have its own commercial centres and these include Beaverbrook, Glen Cairn, Bridlewood, Katimavik, Hazeldean, Morgans Grant, and Kanata Lakes. The first street to be built was Tiffany Crescent in 1964, the community grew rapidly due to the influx of hi-tech workers looking to capitalize on the new economical cityscape. The Province of Ontario incorporated Kanata as a city in 1978 out of the Township of March, and portions of the Township of Goulbourn and the Township of Nepean. On September 20,1998, the city of Kanata dedicated a cenotaph in Village Green Memorial Park dedicated to those who served their country in war and it remained a city until 2001, when the province created a new City of Ottawa that included the City of Kanata. As of the 2006 census, the population of Kanata had increased to 85,000, the city became an important hi-tech centre. DEC was one of the technology companies in Kanata. The DEC campus has been successively Digital, Compaq, and HP, nortel Networks and the former Bell-Northern Research had a major campus of buildings just outside the Kanata boundary to the east. The hi-tech industry is clustered along March Road, in the Kanata North Business Park and Kanata Research Park, and along Eagleson Road, in the Kanata South Business Park. Situated in the Ottawa Valley, Kanata is located about 22 km west-southwest of Downtown Ottawa along Highway 417 at a latitude of 45°18 North and its northern end is just to the west of the Ottawa River. To the east, Kanata is separated from the former City of Nepean by the National Capital Commissions Greenbelt, the community of Bells Corners borders the inner side of the Greenbelt. To the south of Kanata is Stittsville, Ontario, further to the south of Kanata is the former village of Richmond, Ontario, which pre-dated what is now the City of Ottawa
6.
Canadian Pacific Railway
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The Canadian Pacific Railway, also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a historic Canadian Class I railroad incorporated in 1881. The railroad is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, which began operations as legal owner in a restructuring in 2001. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres of track all across Canada and into the United States, stretching from Montreal to Vancouver, and as far north as Edmonton. Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, the railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885, fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canadas first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast, the CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975. Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978, a beaver was chosen as the railways logo because it is the national symbol of Canada and was seen as representing the hardworking character of the company. The company acquired two American lines in 2009, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad and the Iowa, Chicago, the trackage of the ICE was at one time part of CP subsidiary Soo Line and predecessor line The Milwaukee Road. It is publicly traded on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP and its U. S. headquarters are in Minneapolis. The creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task undertaken for a combination of reasons by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and his company went through several name changes during the process of the construction of the railway. British Columbia, a sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation. The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871, Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent. Moreover, manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials, the first obstacle to its construction was political. The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago, to ensure this routing, the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873, surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875, by 1880, around 1,000 kilometres was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres of track. With Macdonalds return to power on 16 October 1878, an aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, in 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savonas Ferry, on Kamloops Lake
7.
Trans Canada Trail
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The Trans Canada Trail, being promoted since 2016 as The Great Trail, is the worlds longest network of recreational trails. When fully connected, the Trail will stretch 24,000 kilometres from the Atlantic to the Pacific to the Arctic oceans, just over 21,000 kilometres of the trail have been completed as of November 2016 and are usable, making the entire project approximately 90% complete. Two hundred forty gaps totalling 6,200 kilometres must be bridged in order to achieve a fully connected trail, the Trans Canada Trail has given itself until its 25th anniversary and Canadas 150th anniversary in 2017 to reach this objective. The creation of the Trail was born of Canadas 125th anniversary celebrations in 1992 and it has its counterparts in such other greenway routes as the 12 EuroVelo routes, the UKs National Cycle Network, and the United States Numbered Bicycle Routes network. To date it has been funded largely by Canadian federal and provincial governments, with significant contributions from corporate, the first province to have completed its designated section of the trail was Prince Edward Island. The network of the Trans Canada Trail is made up of more than 400 community trails, the Trans Canada Trail supports and is made up of greenways. Moreover, considerable parts of the Trail are repurposed defunct rail lines donated to provincial governments by CP, thousands of Canadians, community partner organizations, corporations, local businesses and all levels of government are involved in developing and maintaining these trails. The Trans Canada Trail does not own or operate any trail, as an ensemble, the Trans Canada Trail might be one of the largest volunteer projects ever undertaken in Canada. The main section runs along the areas of Canada connecting most of Canadas major cities. There is also a northern arm which runs through Alberta to Edmonton. The Trail is multi-use and depending on the section may allow hikers, bicyclists, horseback riders, mile zero of the Trail is located outside the Railway Coastal Museum in St. Johns, Newfoundland. The Trail Eastern Terminus starts in St. Johns where it is known as the Grand Concourse Trail it passes by St. Johns Harbour travelling south crossing Route 2 into Kilbride then through Bowring Park. Continuing north-west through Mount Pearl then Donovans crossing Route 1 into Paradise passing Neils Pond then several others as it makes its way through Woodstock, the route then turns south-west passing through Chamberlains, Manuels, Talcville and Foxtrap where it crosses Route 60. The Trail continues through Conception Bay South where the trail is known as Newfoundland Trailway Park, continuing south-west, the route passes through Riverdale and Hopewell, Indian Pond, Duffs then enters the east side of Holyrood Bay. The trail passes through Briens as it enters Hollyrood, the route again crosses Route 60 then the North Arm River then travels north through Burnt Stump. The route travels south west passing Woodsford then passes through Briens Gullies before then crossing Route 1 again, the route then passes through Brigus Junction, Mahers, then Ocean Pond then a mostly treed area before entering Whitbourne and crossing Route 80. Continuing the route crosses Route 100 then enters Placentia Junction before turning north passing over Coles Pond. Crossing Route 120, The next major location is Tickle Harbour Station where it again touches Route 1, the route continues as it enters Goobies, then Northern Blight, then crosses Route 1 as it enters Clarenville
