Rod calculus
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Rod calculus or rod calculation was the mechanical method of algorithmic computation with counting rods in China from the Warring States to Ming dynasty before the counting rods were increasingly repl
Japanese counting board with grids
Rod calculus facsimile from the Yongle encyclopedia
Representation of the number 231 and possible misleading rod placements.
Tian yuan shu in Li Zhi:Yigu yanduan
Abacus
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An abacus, also called a counting frame, is a hand-operated calculating tool which was used from ancient times, in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, until largely replaced by handheld
Rod calculus
…counting rods in China from the Warring States to Ming dynasty before the counting rods were increasingly replaced by the more convenient and faster abacus. Rod calculus played a key role in the development of Chinese mathematics to its height in the Song dynasty and Yuan dynasty, culminating in the invention…
An early photograph of the Salamis Tablet.
Copy of a Roman abacus
Use of an abacus, as illustrated in Margarita philosophica (1503)
Russian schoty