1.
Caduceus
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The caduceus is the staff carried by Hermes Trismegistus in Greco-Egyptian mythology and Hermes in Greek mythology. The same staff was also borne by heralds in general, for example by Iris and it is a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings. C. to 3000 B. C. As a symbolic object, it represents Hermes, and by extension trades, occupations, in later Antiquity, the caduceus provided the basis for the astrological symbol representing the planet Mercury. Thus, through its use in astrology and alchemy, it has come to denote the elemental metal of the same name and it is said the wand would wake the sleeping and send the awake to sleep. If applied to the dying, their death was gentle, if applied to the dead and this association is ancient, and consistent from the Classical period to modern times. The caduceus is also used as a symbol representing printing, again by extension of the attributes of Mercury, the term kerukeion denoted any heralds staff, not necessarily associated with Hermes in particular. In his study of the cult of Hermes, Lewis Richard Farnell assumed that the two snakes had simply developed out of ornaments of the crook used by heralds as their staff. This view has been rejected by later authors pointing to parallel iconography in the Ancient Near East and it has been argued that the staff or wand entwined by two snakes was itself representing a god in the pre-anthropomorphic era. Like the herm or priapus, it would thus be a predecessor of the anthropomorphic Hermes of the classical era, william Hayes Ward discovered that symbols similar to the classical caduceus sometimes appeared on Mesopotamian cylinder seals. He suggested the symbol originated some time between 3000 and 4000 BCE, and that it might have been the source of the Greek caduceus. From this perspective, the caduceus was originally representative of Hermes himself, in his form as the Underworld god Ningishzida. The caduceus is mentioned in passing by Walter Burkert as really the image of copulating snakes taken over from Ancient Near Eastern tradition, in Egyptian iconography, the Djed pillar is depicted as containing a snake in a frieze of the Dendera Temple complex. The caduceus also appears as a symbol of the coins of the Maurya Empire in India. Numismatic research suggest that this symbol was the symbol of the Buddhist king Ashoka, the Homeric hymn to Hermes relates how Hermes offered his lyre fashioned from a tortoise shell as compensation for the cattle he stole from his half brother Apollo. Apollo in return gave Hermes the caduceus as a gesture of friendship, the association with the serpent thus connects Hermes to Apollo, as later the serpent was associated with Asclepius, the son of Apollo. The association of Apollo with the serpent is a continuation of the older Indo-European dragon-slayer motif, one Greek myth of origin of the caduceus is part of the story of Tiresias, who found two snakes copulating and killed the female with his staff. Tiresias was immediately turned into a woman, and so remained until he was able to repeat the act with the male snake seven years later and this staff later came into the possession of the god Hermes, along with its transformative powers. Another myth suggests that Hermes saw two serpents entwined in mortal combat, separating them with his wand he brought about peace between them, and as a result the wand with two serpents came to be seen as a sign of peace
2.
Greek mythology
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It was a part of the religion in ancient Greece. Greek mythology is explicitly embodied in a collection of narratives. Greek myth attempts to explain the origins of the world, and details the lives and adventures of a variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines. These accounts initially were disseminated in a tradition, today the Greek myths are known primarily from ancient Greek literature. The oldest known Greek literary sources, Homers epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on the Trojan War, archaeological findings provide a principal source of detail about Greek mythology, with gods and heroes featured prominently in the decoration of many artifacts. Geometric designs on pottery of the eighth century BC depict scenes from the Trojan cycle as well as the adventures of Heracles, in the succeeding Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear, supplementing the existing literary evidence. Greek mythology has had an influence on the culture, arts. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes, Greek mythology is known today primarily from Greek literature and representations on visual media dating from the Geometric period from c. Mythical narration plays an important role in every genre of Greek literature. Nevertheless, the only general mythographical handbook to survive from Greek antiquity was the Library of Pseudo-Apollodorus and this work attempts to reconcile the contradictory tales of the poets and provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic legends. Apollodorus of Athens lived from c, 180–125 BC and wrote on many of these topics. His writings may have formed the basis for the collection, however the Library discusses events that occurred long after his death, among the earliest literary sources are Homers two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Other poets completed the cycle, but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely. Despite their traditional name, the Homeric Hymns have no connection with Homer. They are choral hymns from the part of the so-called Lyric age. Hesiods Works and Days, a poem about farming life, also includes the myths of Prometheus, Pandora. The poet gives advice on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world, lyrical poets often took their subjects from myth, but their treatment became gradually less narrative and more allusive. Greek lyric poets, including Pindar, Bacchylides and Simonides, and bucolic poets such as Theocritus and Bion, additionally, myth was central to classical Athenian drama
3.
Greek language
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Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any living language, spanning 34 centuries of written records and its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history, other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic and many other writing systems. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world, during antiquity, Greek was a widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world and many places beyond. It would eventually become the official parlance of the Byzantine Empire, the language is spoken by at least 13.2 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey, and the Greek diaspora. Greek roots are used to coin new words for other languages, Greek. Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, the earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the worlds oldest recorded living language. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation is matched only by the now extinct Anatolian languages, the Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods, Proto-Greek, the unrecorded but assumed last ancestor of all known varieties of Greek. The unity of Proto-Greek would have ended as Hellenic migrants entered the Greek peninsula sometime in the Neolithic era or the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greek, the language of the Mycenaean civilisation. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th century BC onwards, Ancient Greek, in its various dialects, the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of the ancient Greek civilisation. It was widely known throughout the Roman Empire, after the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial bilingualism of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek, the continuation of Koine Greek in Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. Much of the written Greek that was used as the language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine. Modern Greek, Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period and it is the language used by the modern Greeks, and, apart from Standard Modern Greek, there are several dialects of it. In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia, the historical unity and continuing identity between the various stages of the Greek language is often emphasised. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than a foreign language and it is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, Homeric Greek is probably closer to demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English, Greek is spoken by about 13 million people, mainly in Greece, Albania and Cyprus, but also worldwide by the large Greek diaspora. Greek is the language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population
4.
Asclepius
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Asclepius was a hero and god of medicine in ancient Greek religion and mythology. Asclepius represents the aspect of the medical arts, his daughters are Hygieia, Iaso, Aceso, Aglæa/Ægle. He was associated with the Roman/Etruscan god Vediovis and the Egyptian Imhotep and he was one of Apollos sons, sharing with Apollo the epithet Paean. The rod of Asclepius, a staff, remains a symbol of medicine today. Those physicians and attendants who served this god were known as the Therapeutae of Asclepius, the etymology of the name is unknown. In his revised version of Frisks Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, R. S. P. Beekes gives this summary of the different attempts, but the variants of Asklepios and those of the word for mole do not agree. The name is typical for Pre-Greek words, apart from minor variations we find α/αι followed by -γλαπ- or -σκλαπ-/-σχλαπ/β-, I think that the -σ- renders an original affricate, which was lost before the -γ-. Szemerényis etymology from Hitt. assula- well-being and piya- give cannot be correct, Beekes suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Atyklap-. He was the son of Apollo and, according to the earliest accounts and his mother was killed for being unfaithful to Apollo and was laid out on a funeral pyre to be consumed, but the unborn child was rescued from her womb. Or, alternatively, his mother died in labor and was out on the pyre to be consumed. Apollo carried the baby to the centaur Chiron who raised Asclepius and it is said that in return for some kindness rendered by Asclepius, a snake licked Asclepius’ ears clean and taught him secret knowledge. Asclepius bore a rod wreathed with a snake, which associated with healing. A species of non-venomous pan-Mediterranean serpent, the Aesculapian snake is named for the god, Asclepius became so proficient as a healer that he surpassed both Chiron and his father, Apollo. Asclepius was therefore able to evade death and to bring back to life from the brink of death. This caused an influx of human beings and Zeus resorted to killing him to balance in the numbers of the human population. Asclepius was married to Epione, with whom he had five daughters, Hygieia, Panacea, Aceso, Iaso, and Aglaea and he also sired a son, Aratus, with Aristodama. At some point, Asclepius was among those who took part in the Calydonian Boar hunt, Zeus killed Asclepius with a thunderbolt because he brought Hippolytus back alive from the dead and accepted gold for it. This angered Apollo who in turn killed the Cyclopes who made the thunderbolts for Zeus, for this act, Zeus suspended Apollo from the night sky and commanded Apollo to serve Admetus, King of Thessaly for a year
5.
Hermes
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Hermes is an Olympian god in Greek religion and mythology, the son of Zeus and the Pleiad Maia, and the second youngest of the Olympian gods. Hermes is considered a god of transitions and boundaries and he is described as quick and cunning, moving freely between the worlds of the mortal and divine. He is also portrayed as an emissary and messenger of the gods and he has been viewed as the protector and patron of herdsmen, thieves, oratory and wit, literature and poetry, athletics and sports, invention and trade, roads, boundaries and travelers. In some myths, he is a trickster and outwits other gods for his own satisfaction or for the sake of humankind and his attributes and symbols include the herma, the rooster, the tortoise, satchel or pouch, winged sandals, and winged cap. His main symbol is the Greek kerykeion or Latin caduceus, which appears in a form of two snakes wrapped around a staff with carvings of the other gods. The earliest form of the name Hermes is the Mycenaean Greek *hermāhās, most scholars derive Hermes from Greek ἕρμα herma, prop, heap of stones, boundary marker, from which the word hermai also derives. The etymology of ἕρμα itself is unknown, R. S. P. Beekes rejects the connection with herma and suggests a Pre-Greek origin. Scholarly speculation that Hermes derives from a primitive form meaning one cairn is disputed. In Greek, a find is a hermaion. It is also suggested that Hermes is a cognate of the Vedic Sarama, homer and Hesiod portrayed Hermes as the author of skilled or deceptive acts and also as a benefactor of mortals. In the Iliad, he is called the bringer of luck, guide and guardian. He was an ally of the Greeks against the Trojans. However, he did protect Priam when he went to the Greek camp to retrieve the body of his son Hector and he also rescued Ares from a brazen vessel where he had been imprisoned by Otus and Ephialtes. In the Odyssey, Hermes helps his son, the protagonist Odysseus, by informing him about the fate of his companions. Hermes instructed Odysseus to protect himself by chewing a magic herb, when Odysseus killed the suitors of his wife, Hermes led their souls to Hades. Hermes was then instructed to take her as wife to Epimetheus, aesop featured him in several of his fables, as ruler of the gate of prophetic dreams, as the god of athletes, of edible roots, and of hospitality. He also said that Hermes had assigned each person his share of intelligence, Hermes, as an inventor of fire, is a parallel of the Titan Prometheus. In addition to the lyre, Hermes was believed to have invented many types of racing and the sports of wrestling and boxing, in 1820 Shelley translated this hymn
6.
Epidaurus
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Epidaurus was a small city in ancient Greece, on the Argolid Peninsula at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern towns bear the name Epidavros, Palaia Epidavros and Nea Epidavros, since 2010 they belong to the new municipality of Epidaurus, part of the regional unit of Argolis. The seat of the municipality is the town Lygourio, Epidaurus was independent of Argos and not included in Argolis until the time of the Romans. With its supporting territory, it formed the territory called Epidauria. The cult of Asclepius at Epidaurus is attested in the 6th century BC, the asclepeion at Epidaurus was the most celebrated healing center of the Classical world, the place where ill people went in the hope of being cured. To find out the cure for their ailments, they spent a night in the enkoimeteria. In their dreams, the god himself would advise them what they had to do to regain their health, within the sanctuary there was a guest house with 160 guestrooms. There are also mineral springs in the vicinity, which may have used in healing. Fame and prosperity continued throughout the Hellenistic period, after the destruction of Corinth in 146 BC Lucius Mummius visited the sanctuary and left two dedications there. In 87 BC the sanctuary was looted by the Roman general Sulla, in 74 BC a Roman garrison under Marcus Antonius Creticus had been installed in the city causing a lack of grain. Still, before 67 BC the sanctuary was plundered by pirates, in the 2nd century AD the sanctuary enjoyed a new upsurge under the Romans, but in AD395 the Goths raided the sanctuary. Even after the introduction of Christianity and the silencing of the oracles, the ancient theatre of Epidaurus was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows, as is usual for Greek theatres, the view on a lush landscape behind the skênê is an integral part of the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 14,000 people, famously, tour guides have their groups scattered in the stands and show them how they can easily hear the sound of a match struck at center-stage. A2007 study by Nico F.442 km2, the municipal unit 160.604 km2, die Skulpturen des Asklepiostempels in Epidauros. Thymele, Recherches sur la of Archaeology,85, no, Inschriften aus dem Asklepieion von Epidauros, Berlin, Akademie-Verlag. Neue Inschriften aus Epidauros, Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, vassilantonopoulos S. L. Zakynthinos T. Hatziantoniou P. D. Tatlas N. -A. “Measurement and Analysis of Acoustics of Epidaurus Theatre”, presented at the Hellenic Institute of Acoustics 2004 conference, Epidaurus UNESCO Listing Epidaurus photos and info How the sanctuary was built -the building inscriptions
7.
Peloponnese
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The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus is a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece. It is separated from the part of the country by the Gulf of Corinth. During the late Middle Ages and the Ottoman era, the peninsula was known as the Morea, the peninsula is divided among three administrative regions, most belongs to the Peloponnese region, with smaller parts belonging to the West Greece and Attica regions. In 2016, Lonely Planet voted the Peloponnese the top spot of their Best in Europe list, the Peloponnese is a peninsula that covers an area of some 21,549.6 square kilometres and constitutes the southernmost part of mainland Greece. It has two connections with the rest of Greece, a natural one at the Isthmus of Corinth. The peninsula has an interior and deeply indented coasts. The Peloponnese possesses four south-pointing peninsulas, the Messenian, the Mani, the Cape Malea, mount Taygetus in the south is the highest mountain in the Peloponnese, at 2,407 metres. Οther important mountains include Cyllene in the northeast, Aroania in the north, Erymanthos and Panachaikon in the northwest, Mainalon in the center, the entire peninsula is earthquake prone and has been the site of many earthquakes in the past. The longest river is the Alfeios in the west, followed by the Evrotas in the south, extensive lowlands are found only in the west, with the exception of the Evrotas valley in the south and in the Argolid in the northeast. The Peloponnese is home to spectacular beaches, which are a major tourist draw. Two groups of islands lie off the Peloponnesian coast, the Argo-Saronic Islands to the east, the island of Kythera, off the Epidaurus Limera peninsula to the south of the Peloponnese, is considered to be part of the Ionian Islands. The island of Elafonissos used to be part of the peninsula but was separated following the quake of 365 AD. Since antiquity, and continuing to the present day, the Peloponnese has been divided into seven regions, Achaia, Corinthia, Argolid, Arcadia, Laconia, Messinia. Each of these regions is headed by a city, the largest city is Patras in Achaia, followed by Kalamata in Messinia. The peninsula has been inhabited since prehistoric times and its modern name derives from ancient Greek mythology, specifically the legend of the hero Pelops, who was said to have conquered the entire region. The name Peloponnesos means Island of Pelops, the Mycenaean civilization, mainland Greeces first major civilization, dominated the Peloponnese in the Bronze Age from its stronghold at Mycenae in the north-east of the peninsula. The Mycenean civilization collapsed suddenly at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, archeological research has found that many of its cities and palaces show signs of destruction. The subsequent period, known as the Greek Dark Ages, is marked by an absence of written records
8.
Asclepeion
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In ancient Greece and Rome, an asclepeion was a healing temple, sacred to the god Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine. These healing temples were a place where patients would visit to receive either treatment or some sort of healing, Asclepius may first have been worshipped as a hero in Trikka, Thessaly, Greece. Ancient mythographers generally regarded Trikka as the place of Asclepius birth, Epidaurus, on the other hand, was the first place to worship Asclepius as a god, beginning sometime in the 5th century BC. The asclepieion at Epidaurus is both extensive and well preserved, there is also an asclepieion located on the south slopes of the Acropolis of Athens which dates to around 420 BC. Starting around 350 BC, the cult of Asclepius became increasingly popular, pilgrims flocked to asclepieia to be healed. They slept overnight and reported their dreams to a priest the following day and he prescribed a cure, often a visit to the baths or a gymnasium. Since snakes were sacred to Asclepius, they were used in healing rituals. Non-venomous snakes were left to crawl on the floor in dormitories where the sick, asclepeia included carefully controlled spaces conducive to healing and fulfilled several of the requirements of institutions created for healing. Pausanias remarked that, at the asclepieion of Titane in Sicyon, statues of Hygieia were covered by womens hair, according to inscriptions, the same sacrifices were offered at Paros. Hippocrates is said to have received his training at an asclepieion on the isle of Kos. Prior to becoming the personal physician to the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius, in Greek mythology and religion, Asclepius was the Grecian God of Medicine, descended from Apollo and the Coronis. He received his name as a result of his birth in which his mother had to have her womb cut open in order for him to be birthed, according to Greek mythology, in his upbringing, he was taught the art of medicine by the centaur Chiron. Through his studies, he had become so deft at the art of medicine that he was able to return the living from the dead. The symbol is of a snake wrapped around a staff which is seen throughout all medical infrastructures as well as the American Medical Association in modern times and this is reminiscent of the staff that Asclepius carried. Located on the Argolid plain of the east Peloponnese in Greece, the healing temple was named after Epidaurus, the son of Apollo. At the Epidaurus, there were people such as physicians. Patients would come pay homage to the gods by making pilgrimages to the site, performing a prayer or a sacrifice, the Epidaurus also served as a sanctuary for those who were extremely ill. It was eventually expanded to a one hundred eighty-room institution to house the dying, there were two steps in order for a patient to be considered to be treated in the Asclepion
9.
Kos
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Kos or Cos is a Greek island, part of the Dodecanese island chain in the southeastern Aegean Sea, off the Anatolian coast of Turkey. Kos is the third largest of the Dodecanese by area, after Rhodes and Karpathos, it has a population of 33,388, making it the second most populous of the Dodecanese, after Rhodes. The island measures 40 by 8 kilometres, and is 4 km from the coast of the ancient region of Caria in Turkey, administratively, Kos constitutes a municipality within the Kos regional unit, which is part of the South Aegean region. The principal town of the island and seat of the municipality is Kos town, the name Kos is first attested in the Iliad, and has been in continuous use since. Other ancient names include Meropis, Cea, and Nymphaea, the similar Istanbul, and Stimpoli, Crete. Under the rule of the Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes, it was known as Lango or Langò, in The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, the author misunderstands this, and treats Lango and Kos as distinct islands. In Italian, the island is known as Coo, a person from Kos is called a Koan in English. The word is also an adjective, as in Koan goods, Kos is in the Aegean Sea. Its coastline is 112 kilometres long and it extends from west to east, in addition to the main town and port, also called Kos, the main villages of Kos island are Kardamena, Kefalos, Tingaki, Antimachia, Mastihari, Marmari and Pyli. Smaller ones are Zia, Zipari, Platani, Lagoudi and Asfendiou, tourism is the main industry in Kos, the islands beaches being the primary attraction. The seaside village of Kardamena is a resort for young holidaymakers and has a large number of bars. Farming is the principal occupation, with the main crops being grapes, almonds, figs, olives. Cos lettuce may be here, but the name is unrelated. In Homers Iliad, a contingent of Koans fought for the Greeks in the Trojan War, in classical mythology, the island was visited by Heracles. The island was colonised by the Carians. The Dorians invaded it in the 11th century BC, establishing a Dorian colony with a contingent of settlers from Epidaurus. The other chief sources of the islands lay in its wines and, in later days. Its early history–as part of the religious-political amphictyony that included Lindos, Kamiros, Ialysos, Cnidus and Halicarnassus, at the end of the 6th century, Kos fell under Achaemenid domination but rebelled after the Greek victory at the Battle of Mycale in 479
10.
Hippocrates
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Hippocrates of Kos, also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the Father of Modern Medicine in recognition of his contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician, historians agree that Hippocrates was born around the year 460 BC on the Greek island of Kos, other biographical information, however, is likely to be untrue. Soranus of Ephesus, a 2nd-century Greek gynecologist, was Hippocrates first biographer and is the source of most personal information about him, later biographies are in the Suda of the 10th century AD, and in the works of John Tzetzes, which date from the 12th century AD. Hippocrates is mentioned in passing in the writings of two contemporaries, Plato, in Protagoras and Phaedrus, and, Aristotles Politics, which date from the 4th century BC. Soranus wrote that Hippocrates father was Heraclides, a physician, and his mother was Praxitela, the two sons of Hippocrates, Thessalus and Draco, and his son-in-law, Polybus, were his students. According to Galen, a physician, Polybus was Hippocrates true successor, while Thessalus. Soranus said that Hippocrates learned medicine from his father and grandfather, Hippocrates was probably trained at the asklepieion of Kos, and took lessons from the Thracian physician Herodicus of Selymbria. Hippocrates taught and practiced medicine throughout his life, traveling at least as far as Thessaly, Thrace, several different accounts of his death exist. He died, probably in Larissa, at the age of 83,85 or 90, Hippocrates is credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally, not because of superstition and gods. Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying philosophy, indeed there is not a single mention of a mystical illness in the entirety of the Hippocratic Corpus. However, Hippocrates did work with many convictions that were based on what is now known to be incorrect anatomy and physiology, ancient Greek schools of medicine were split on how to deal with disease. The Knidian school of medicine focused on diagnosis, Medicine at the time of Hippocrates knew almost nothing of human anatomy and physiology because of the Greek taboo forbidding the dissection of humans. The Knidian school consequently failed to distinguish when one disease caused many possible series of symptoms, the Hippocratic school or Koan school achieved greater success by applying general diagnoses and passive treatments. Its focus was on patient care and prognosis, not diagnosis and it could effectively treat diseases and allowed for a great development in clinical practice. Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from that of modern medicine, now, the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidian school. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a meditation upon death, after a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine, crises tend to occur on critical days, if a crisis occurred on a day far from a critical day, a relapse might be expected
11.
Trikala
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Trikala is a city in northwestern Thessaly, Greece, and the capital of the Trikala regional unit. The city straddles the Lithaios river, which is a tributary of Pineios, according to the National Statistical Service, Trikala is populated by 81,355 inhabitants, while in total the Trikala regional unit is populated by 131,085 inhabitants. The region of Trikala has been inhabited since prehistoric times, the first indications of permanent settlement have been uncovered in the cave of Theopetra, and date back to approx. Neolithic settlements dating back to 6,000 BC have been uncovered in Megalo Kefalovriso, the ancient city was built at a defensive location in between the local hill and the river Lithaios. The city became an important center in Antiquity and it was considered to be the birthplace, the city exhibited one of the most important and ancient of Asclepius healing temples, called asclepieia. The city is mentioned in Homers Iliad as having participated in the Trojan War with thirty ships under Asclepius sons Machaon, in historical times, the city of Trikke and the surrounding area experienced prosperity. It fell to the Achaemenid Persians in 480 BC, while ten years later it joined the Thessalian monetary union, in 352 BC it was united with the Macedonia of Philip II. The city became a location of battles between Macedonia and Rome. While Philip V of Macedon and his son Perseus tried to keep the city, while the area was considered to be firmly under the rule of the Byzantine Empire, it was invaded nevertheless by a succession of raiders and nomadic tribes. Some of these tribes that raided the area include, Goths, Huns, Slavs, the citys current name first appears in the 11th-century Strategikon of Kekaumenos, where Trikalitan Vlachs are mentioned, and then in the early 12th-century Alexiad of Anna Komnene. Later in the century, the Arab traveller and geographer al-Idrisi recorded the town as an important agrarian center with abundant vineyards and gardens. After the dissolution of the Byzantine state by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Trikala does not appear to have fallen into Frankish hands, epirote rule lasted until 1259, when the town was taken without resistance by the Empire of Nicaea following the Battle of Pelagonia. In the early 14th century the town was the capital of a semi-independent domain under the sebastokrator Stephen Gabrielopoulos, in 1348, Thessaly was conquered by Stephen Dushan and incorporated into the newly established Serbian Empire. The Serbian general Preljub was made the governor, and established himself at Trikala. In 1359, Dushans half-brother Symeon Uroš established his court at Trikala, under Ottoman rule, the city was called Tırhala in Turkish. The city also became an important intellectual center during these years with the Trikke School, the city was largely burned down in a great fire in 1749, a destruction repeated by Albanian irregulars following an abortive uprising by the local Christian population during the Orlov Revolt. Despite the destruction, its seems to have remained the same. 25,000, until the outbreak of the Greek Revolution in 1821, by 1840, it reportedly had only 10,000 inhabitants, with the last Ottoman census in 1877/8 listing 25,000 inhabitants for the entire sanjak of Trikala
12.
Gortys
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Gortyn, Gortys or Gortyna is a municipality and an archaeological site on the Mediterranean island of Crete,45 km away from the modern capital Heraklion. The seat of the municipality is the village Agioi Deka, Gortyn, the Roman capital of Creta et Cyrenaica, was first inhabited around 3200 BC. There is evidence of occupation in Gortyn as far back as the Neolithic era. Many artifacts have been found from the Minoan period, as well as some from the Dorian, the city was complimented by Plato and many others. The city of Gortyn surpassed the prominence of Phaistos during the first millennium BC, the period of its great prosperity, however, coincided with the Hellenistic era. Gortyn had excellent relations with Ptolemy IV of Egypt, and experienced a new period of prosperity during the Roman period. As it had allied with the Romans, it avoided the disaster that happened to many other Cretan cities, Gortyn continued to rise under Roman rule, and became the capital of the joint province of Creta et Cyrenaica. From the 4th century it was the capital of a province of Crete. The city was destroyed in ca, AD828 by invading Arabs, who established their own state on the island. One of the first Christian temples was built here and the remains of an important Christian cathedral of Crete can still be seen today and this cathedral, dedicated to St. Titus, the first Bishop of Crete, was erected in the 6th century AD. Built with large stones, this cathedral keeps its intended height only in the areas of the Holy Bema. The church structure is a cruciform with a dome which is based on four pillars, excavations of Gortyn were begun in 1884 by the Italian School of Archaeology at Athens. The excavations showed that Gortyn was inhabited from the Neolithic age, ruins of a settlement on the citadel of Gortyn, were discovered and dated back to 1050 BC, their collapse dating to the seventh century BC. Later the area was fortified with a wall, at the top of the hill in the citadel a temple was found dating to the 7th century BC. In this area two embossed plates were found, along several other sculptures and paintings. Daedalic plastic and many other clay figurines, black and red figure paintings and plenty of pottery, graves dating to the geometric age were found on the south side of the citadel. Regarding the lower town, the excavation uncovered the position of the Agora and the temple of Pythian Apollo, at the foot of Prophet Elias are traces of a sanctuary of Demeter. 35°3′48″N 24°56′49″E The heart of Roman Gortyn is the Praetorium, the seat of the Roman Governor of Crete, the Praetorium was built in the 1st century AD, but it was altered significantly over the next eight centuries
13.
Pergamon
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Pergamon /ˈpɜːrɡəmən/ or /ˈpɜːrɡəmɒn/ or Pergamum /ˈpɜːrɡəməm/ was a rich and powerful ancient Greek city in Aeolis. It is located 26 kilometres from the coastline of the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus. Many remains of its monuments can still be seen and especially the outstanding masterpiece of the Pergamon Altar. It became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic period under the Attalid dynasty in 281–133 BC, Pergamon is cited in the Book of Revelation as one of the seven churches of Asia. Xenophon provides the earliest surviving mention of Pergamon. Captured by Xenophon in 399 BC and immediately recaptured by the Persians, in 261 BC he bequeathed his possessions to his nephew Eumenes I, who increased them greatly, leaving as heir his cousin Attalus I. The Attalids became some of the most loyal supporters of Rome in the Hellenistic world, for their support against the Seleucids, the Attalids were rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. As a consequence of its rise to power, the city expanded greatly, until 188 BC, it had not grown significantly since its founding by Philetaerus, and covered c.21 hectares. After this year, a new city wall was constructed,4 kilometres long and enclosing an area of approximately 90 hectares. The Attalids ruled with intelligence and generosity, many documents survive showing how the Attalids supported the growth of towns by sending in skilled artisans and by remitting taxes. They allowed the Greek cities in their domains to maintain nominal independence and they sent gifts to Greek cultural sites like Delphi, Delos, and Athens. They remodeled the Acropolis of Pergamon after the Acropolis in Athens, when Attalus III died without an heir in 133 BC, he bequeathed the whole of Pergamon to Rome in order to prevent a civil war. Not everyone in Pergamon accepted Romes rule, aristonicus, who claimed to be Attalus brother as well as the son of Eumenes II, an earlier king, led a revolt among the lower classes with the help of Blossius. The revolt was put down in 129 BC, and Pergamon was divided among Rome, Pontus, Pergamon was briefly the capital of the Roman province of Asia, before the capital was transferred to Ephesus. After a slow decline, the city was favoured by several imperial initiatives under Hadrian, in addition, at the city limits the shrine to Asclepius was expanded into a lavish spa. This sanctuary grew in fame and was considered one of the most famous therapeutic, galen, after Hippocrates the most famous physician of antiquity, was born at Pergamon and received his early training at the Asclepeion. Pergamon reached the height of its greatness under Roman Imperial rule and was home to about 200,000 inhabitants, the city was an early seat of Christianity and was granted a bishopric by the 2nd century. The city suffered badly during the century and was badly damaged by an earthquake in 262 and was sacked by the Goths shortly after
14.
Asia (Roman province)
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The Roman province of Asia or Asiana, in Byzantine times called Phrygia, was an administrative unit added to the late Republic. It was a Senatorial province governed by a proconsul, the arrangement was unchanged in the reorganization of the Roman Empire in 211. Antiochus III the Great had to give up Asia when the Romans crushed his army at the battle of Magnesia. After the Treaty of Apamea, the territory was surrendered to Rome. Asia province originally consisted of Mysia, the Troad, Aeolis, Lydia, Ionia, Caria, aegean islands except Crete, were part of the Insulae of Asiana. Part of Phrygia was given to Mithridates V Euergetes before it was reclaimed as part of the province in 116 BC, lycaonia was added before 100 BC while the area around Cibyra was added in 82 BC. The southeast region of Asia province was later reassigned to the province of Cilicia, during, the empire, Asia province was bounded by Bithynia to the north, Lycia to the south, and Galatia to the east. With no apparent heir, Attalus III of Pergamum having been an ally of Rome. Upon Attalus’s passing in 133 BC, Attalid pretender Eumenes III staged a rebellion and he defeated one of the consuls of 131 BC, Crassus Mucianus. The following consul Marcus Perperna, however, soon brought the war to a close and he defeated Eumenes in the first engagement, and followed up his victory by laying siege to Stratonikeia, whither Eumenes had fled. The town was compelled by famine to surrender, and the king fell into the consuls hands. Manius Aquillius formally established the region as Asia province, the bequest of the Attalid kingdom to Rome presented serious implications for neighboring territories. It was during this period that Pontus rose in status under the rule of Mithridates VI and he would prove to be a formidable foe to Rome’s success in Asia province and beyond. Rome had always been reluctant to involve itself in matters to the east. It typically relied on allies to arbitrate in the case of a conflict, very rarely would Rome send delegations to the east, much less have a strong governmental presence. This apathy did not change even after the gift from Attalus in 133 BC. In fact, parts of the Pergamene kingdom were voluntarily relinquished to different nations, for example, Great Phrygia was given to Mithridates V of Pontus. While the Senate was hesitant in involving itself in Asian affairs, others had no such reluctance, a law passed by Gaius Gracchus in 123 BC gave the right to collect taxes in Asia to members of the equestrian order
15.
Aesculapian snake
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The Aesculapian snake, is a species of nonvenomous snake native to Europe, a member of the Colubrinae subfamily of the family Colubridae. Growing up to 2 metres in length, it counts among the largest European snakes. The Aesculapian snake has been of cultural and historical significance for its role in ancient Greek and Roman mythology, the snakes hatch at around 30 cm. Adults are usually from 110 cm to 160 cm in total length and they are dark, long, slender, and typically bronzy in color, with smooth scales that give them a metallic sheen. Juveniles can easily be confused with juvenile grass snakes, also having a collar on their neck that may persist for some time in younger adults. They are light green or brownish-green with various darker patterns along the flanks, two darker patches appear in the form of lines running on the top of the flanks. Adults are much more uniform, sometimes being olive-yellow, brownish-green, sometimes, especially when pale in color, two darker longitudinal lines along the flanks can be visible. The belly is yellow to off-white, while the round iris has amber to ochre coloration. Melanistic, erythristic, and albinotic natural forms are known, as is a grey form. Maximum weight for German populations has been 890 grams for males and 550 grams for females, other distinctions, as in many snakes, include in males a relatively longer tail to total body length and a wider tail base. Scale arrangement includes 23 dorsal scale rows at midbody, 211-250 ventral scales, a divided anal scale, ventral scales are sharply angled where the underside meets the side of the body, which enhances the species climbing ability. Lifespan is estimated at about 25 to 30 years, further isolated populations have been identified in western Germany and the northwest of the Czech Republic. Also found in an enclave south of Greater Caucasus along the Russian, Georgian. Two further enclaves include the first around lake Urmia in northern Iran, the previously recognized subspecies Zamenis longissimus romanus, found in southern Italy and Sicily, has been recently elevated to the status of a separate new species, Zamenis lineatus. It is lighter in color, with a reddish-orange to glowing red iris, according to fossil evidence, the species area in the warmer Atlantic period of Holocene reached as far north as Denmark. The current northwestern Czech population now is considered a remnant of that maximum distribution based on the results of genetic analyses. This likely applies also to the German populations, there are two populations of Aesculapian snake which derive from escapes in Great Britain. The older one is in the vicinity of the Welsh Mountain Zoo near Conwy in North Wales This population has persisted and reproduced for at least the last 30 years
16.
Hippocratic Oath
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The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts, in its original form, it requires a new physician to swear, by a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards. Hippocrates is often called the father of medicine in Western culture, the original oath was written in Ionic Greek, in the late Fifth Century BC. It is usually included in the Hippocratic Corpus, scholars widely believe that Hippocrates or one of his students wrote the oath between the 5th and 3rd century BC. Alternatively, classical scholar Ludwig Edelstein proposed that the oath was written by the Pythagoreans, διαιτήμασί τε χρήσομαι ἐπ᾽ ὠφελείῃ καμνόντων κατὰ δύναμιν καὶ κρίσιν ἐμήν, ἐπὶ δηλήσει δὲ καὶ ἀδικίῃ εἴρξειν. οὐ δώσω δὲ οὐδὲ φάρμακον οὐδενὶ αἰτηθεὶς θανάσιμον, οὐδὲ ὑφηγήσομαι συμβουλίην τοιήνδε, ἁγνῶς δὲ καὶ ὁσίως διατηρήσω βίοντὸν ἐμὸν καὶ τέχνην τὴν ἐμήν. οὐ τεμέω δὲ οὐδὲ μὴν λιθιῶντας, ἐκχωρήσω δὲ ἐργάτῃσιν ἀνδράσι πρήξιος τῆσδε, ἃ δ᾽ ἂν ἐνθεραπείῃ ἢ ἴδω ἢ ἀκούσω, ἢ καὶ ἄνευ θεραπείης κατὰ βίον ἀνθρώπων, ἃ μὴ χρή ποτε ἐκλαλεῖσθαι ἔξω, σιγήσομαι, ἄρρητα ἡγεύμενος εἶναι τὰ τοιαῦτα. ὅρκον μὲν οὖν μοι τόνδε ἐπιτελέα ποιέοντι, καὶ μὴ συγχέοντι, εἴη ἐπαύρασθαι καὶ βίου καὶ τέχνης δοξαζομένῳ παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ἐς τὸν αἰεὶ χρόνον, παραβαίνοντι δὲ καὶ ἐπιορκέοντι, τἀναντία τούτων. I will use treatment to help the sick according to my ability and judgment, neither will I administer a poison to anybody when asked to do so, nor will I suggest such a course. Similarly I will not give to a woman a pessary to cause abortion, but I will keep pure and holy both my life and my art. I will not use the knife, not even, verily, on sufferers from stone, but I will give place to such as are craftsmen therein. Into whatsoever houses I enter, I will enter to help the sick, and I will abstain from all intentional wrong-doing and harm, especially from abusing the bodies of man or woman, bond or free. Now if I carry out this oath, and break it not, may I gain for ever reputation among all men for my life and for my art, I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant. I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures which are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, I will not be ashamed to say I know not, nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patients recovery. I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know, most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. Above all, I must not play at God, I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the persons family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick, I will prevent disease whenever I can but I will always look for a path to a cure for all diseases
17.
Snake oil
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Snake oil, originally a fraudulent liniment without snake extract, has come to refer to any product with questionable or unverifiable quality or benefit. By extension, an oil salesman is someone who knowingly sells fraudulent goods or who is himself a fraud, quack. The use of snake oil long predates the 19th century, in Europe, viper oil had been commonly recommended for many afflictions, including the ones for which rattlesnake oil was subsequently favored. When rubbed on the skin at the site, snake oil was claimed to bring relief. Patent medicines originated in England, where a patent was granted to Richard Stoughtons Elixir in 1712, to increase sales, an accomplice in the crowd would often attest to the value of the product in an effort to provoke buying enthusiasm. The doctor would leave town before his customers realized they had been cheated and this practice is also called grifting and its practitioners are called grifters. The composition of snake oil medicines varies markedly among products, stanleys snake oil — produced by Clark Stanley, the Rattlesnake King — was tested by the United States government in 1917. It was found to contain mineral oil 1% fatty oil red pepper turpentine camphor This is similar in composition to modern-day capsaicin-based liniments or chest rubs, none of the oil content was found to have been extracted from any actual snakes. The government sued the manufacturer for misbranding and misrepresenting its product, soon after the decision, snake oil became synonymous with false cures and snake-oil salesmen became a tag for charlatans. Drug fraud Crocodile oil Elixir Golden hammer Medicine show Panacea Patent medicine Placebo Silver bullet Laudanum Laetrile Quackery Gandhi, a History Of Snake Oil Salesmen
18.
Dracunculus medinensis
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Dracunculus medinensis or Guinea worm is a nematode that causes dracunculiasis, also known as guinea worm disease. The disease is caused by the female which, at up to 800 mm in length, is among the longest nematodes infecting humans, in contrast, the longest recorded male Guinea worm is only 40 mm. The common name worm is derived from the Guinea region of Western Africa. D. medinensis larvae are found in freshwater, where they are ingested by copepods of the genus Cyclops, within the copepod, the D. medinensis larvae develop to an infective stage within 14 days. One hundred days after infection, a male and female D. medinensis meet, the male dies in the host tissue while the female migrates to the hosts subcutaneous tissue. Approximately one year after infection, the causes the formation of a blister on the skins surface, generally on the lower extremities. When the blister ruptures, the female slowly emerges over the course of days or weeks. This causes extreme pain and irritation to the host, when the host submerges the affected body part in water, the female expels thousands of larvae into the water. From here, the larvae infect copepods, continuing the life cycle, the female guinea worm slowly starts to emerge from the hosts skin after the blister ruptures. The most common method for removing the worm involves submerging the affected part in water to help coax the worm out. The site is then cleaned thoroughly, then, slight pressure is applied to the worm as it is slowly pulled out of the wound. To avoid breaking the worm, pulling should stop when resistance is met, full extraction of the female guinea worm usually takes several days. After each days worth of extraction, the portion of the worm is wrapped around a piece of rolled-up gauze or small stick to maintain tension. This method of wrapping the worm around a stick or gauze is speculated to be the source for the Rod of Asclepius, once secure, topical antibiotics are applied to affected region to help prevent secondary infections due to bacteria and then is wrapped in gauze to protect the wound. The same steps are repeated each day until the whole worm has been removed from the lesion, in the 1980s, the Carter Center initiated a program to eradicate guinea worm. The Guinea Worm Eradication campaign began in 1980 at the US Centers for Disease Control, in 1984, the CDC was appointed as the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for research, training, and eradication of Dracunculus medinensis. There were 20 countries in 1986 that were affected by guinea worms and that year, WHO started the eradication program and the Carter Center took the lead on the effort. As of 2015, the species has been reported to be near eradication, the International Commission for the Certification of Dracunculus Eradication has certified 198 countries, territories, and other WHO represented areas
19.
Nehushtan
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The name is transliterated as Nohestan in the Douay-Rheims 1899 American Edition, as N’chushtan in the Complete Jewish Bible and as Nechushtan in the Orthodox Jewish Bible. The Douai-Rheims 1899 edition has brazen, eugene H. Peterson, who translated the Bible as The Message, opted for a snake of fiery copper. The reference in 2 Kings 18,4 is translated as brasen in the King James Version, according to Lowell K. Handy, the Nehushtan may have been the symbol of a minor god of snakebite-cure within the Temple. In the biblical story, following their Exodus from Egypt, the Israelites set out from Mount Hor, however they had to detour around the land of Edom. Frustrated and impatient, they complained against Yahweh and Moses, for the sake of the ones who were repentant, Moses was instructed by God to erect a serpent of bronze which was used to heal those who looked upon it. Regarding the passage in 2 Kings 18,4, M. G, the tradition of naming it Nehushtan is not considered to be any older than the time of Hezekiah. Charles Spurgeon preached a sermon on the Mysteries of the Brazen Serpent. There is a Brazen Serpent Monument on Mount Nebo in Jordan created by Italian artist Giovanni Fantoni, caduceus Idolatry Naassenes Nāga Ningishzida Ophites Rod of Asclepius Serpents in the Bible Serpent symbolism Staff of Moses Uraeus Wadjet Yayati. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Kaufmann Kohler, Isaac Husik. New York, Funk & Wagnalls Company, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Noth, Martin. The Bronze Serpent, Numbers 21, 4-9, John 3, 9-15
20.
World Health Organization
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The World Health Organization is a specialised agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, headquartered in Geneva, the WHO is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Its predecessor, the Health Organization, was an agency of the League of Nations, the constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by 61 countries on 22 July 1946, with the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finishing on 24 July 1948. It incorporated the Office international dhygiène publique and the League of Nations Health Organization, since its creation, it has played a leading role in the eradication of smallpox. The WHO is responsible for the World Health Report, an international publication on health, the worldwide World Health Survey. The head of WHO is Margaret Chan, the 2014/2015 proposed budget of the WHO is about US$4 billion. About US$930 million are to be provided by member states with a further US$3 billion to be from voluntary contributions, after failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss, the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organisation. Dr. Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for a conference on health. The use of the world, rather than international, emphasised the truly global nature of what the organisation was seeking to achieve. The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations and it thus became the first specialised agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, the first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million for the 1949 year. Andrija Stampar was the Assemblys first president, and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO and its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, and to improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene. Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of statistics on the spread. The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing, in 1947 the WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine was under way. In 1955, the eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. 1965 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake an initiative to eradicate smallpox. At this point,2 million people were dying from smallpox every year, in 1966, WHO moved into its headquarters building
21.
Star of Life
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Traditionally in the United States the logo was used as a stamp of authentication or certification for ambulances, paramedics or other EMS personnel. Internationally, it represents emergency medical units and personnel. Originally, many used a safety orange cross on a square background of reflectorized white to designate them as emergency units. This logo was used before national standards for Emergency Medical Personnel or ambulances were established, the newly designed Star of Life was adapted from the Medical Identification Symbol of the American Medical Association, which was trademarked by the American Medical Association in 1967. The newly designed logo was trademarked on February 1,1977 with the Commissioner of Patents and Trade-marks in the name of the National Highway Traffic Safety and Administration. The logo was given to the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians for use as the medical technicians logo after the trademark expired in 1997. The snake emblem is the Rod of Asclepius, widely used as the symbol of medical care worldwide, there are several theories as to its development, it is named for the Greek mythological figure Asclepius, who was said to have possessed healing power. It is often depicted as a Caduceus, a wand carried by Hermes that, in Greek mythology. Separating them with his wand he brought peace between them, and as a result the wand with two serpents came to be seen as a sign of peace and negotiation. Alternative theories for this symbol include it being a reference to a treatment of a parasitic nematode called Dracunculus medinensis or Guinea worm. The worm was considered painful, as it causes blisters on whatever limb it takes up residence in. Reporting, The call for help is made and dispatch is connected with the victims. Response, The first rescuers provide first aid and immediate care to the extent of their capabilities, on scene care, The EMS personnel arrive and provide immediate care to the extent of their capabilities on-scene. Care in transit, The EMS personnel proceed to transfer the patient to a hospital via an ambulance or helicopter for specialized care and they provide medical care during the transportation. Transfer to definitive care, Appropriate specialized care is provided at the hospital, many ambulance services mark the symbol on their vehicles, and ambulance crews often wear the design as part of their uniform. It appears on various medical textbooks as well as on a range of merchandise aimed at the medic market. In hospitals and other buildings, elevators that are marked with the symbol indicate that the elevator is large enough to hold a stretcher.987, Emergency Medical Identification Aids
22.
International Medical University
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The International Medical University is a private, English language, health sciences university in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and Malaysias leading private medical and healthcare university. It was established in 1992, and is active in research and teaching within medicine, IMU is a wholly owned subsidiary of Asias largest private healthcare group IHH Healthcare, which is majority-owned by the Malaysian governments sovereign wealth fund, Khazanah. The current CEO of IMU is Abdul Aziz Baba, IMU was the first private higher education institution in Malaysia that received the right to confer academic degrees, and it was granted full university status by the government in 1999. It cooperates with universities in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, the main campus of IMU is located in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur. Currently, the University has over 3,300 students across its various programmes, with 2,880 students based at Bukit Jalil, IMU is a wholly owned subsidiary of IHH Healthcare, Asias largest private healthcare group. The majority shareholder of IHH Healthcare is Khazanah Nasional, the sovereign wealth fund of the Government of Malaysia, followed by Mitsui, the ceremonial head of the university is the Chancellor. Mohamed Zahir Ismail served as the first Chancellor, followed by Sulaiman Daud, T. Devaraj, the universitys effective head and chief executive officer is the Vice-Chancellor, known as President before 2016. The first Vice-Chancellor was Kamal Salih, followed by Abu Bakar Suleiman, the Deputy Vice-Chancellors are Mei Ling Young and Peter Pook Chuen Keat. Victor Lim is Pro Vice-Chancellor for Education, Mak Joon Wah is Pro Vice-Chancellor for Research, iMUs former Vice-Chancellor Abu Bakar Suleiman is Chairman of the universitys parent company, IHH Healthcare. The course equips students with knowledge and skills required for the undergraduate programmes. Foundation in Science The International Medical University offers a range of undergraduate programmes in core. Its partner universities include the University of Edinburgh, Queen Mary University of London, the University of Manchester, the Australian National University, International Medical University International Medical College IMU Healthcare
23.
Medical Council of India
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The Medical Council of India is a statutory body for establishing uniform and high standards of medical education in India. The Council grants recognition of qualifications, gives accreditation to medical schools, grants registration to medical practitioners. The current President of MCI is Dr. Jayshreeben Mehta, the NITI Aayog has recommended the replacement of Medical Council of India with National Medical Commission. The decision has been approved by most states and after its approval by the Prime Minister it will be proposed as final bill in the parliamentary sessions. The Medical Council of India was first established in 1934 under the Indian Medical Council Act,1933, the Council was later reconstituted under the Indian Medical Council Act,1956 that replaced the earlier Act. Following this, the Council was superseded by the President of India, the present Board of Governors was notified on 13 May 2011. Regulation of postgraduate education in medical colleges accredited by it. Recognition of medical qualifications granted by institutions in India. Recognition of foreign qualifications in India. Registration of doctors with recognized medical qualifications, keeping a directory of all registered doctors. Registration of doctors and their qualifications is usually done by state medical councils, the MCI was dissolved by the President of India on 15 May 2010 following the arrest of MCIs president Ketan Desai by the CBI on 22 April 2010. Desai, alleged middle-man J. P. Singh and doctors Sukhwinder Singh, the CBI recovered 1.5 kg of gold and 80 kg of silver from Desais premises. Further, gold worth ₨35 lakhs were recovered from Desais bank lockers in Ahmedabad. Ketan Desai, the head of urology at B J Medical College and he was immediately removed from the Medical council and his registration cancelled. The council was revamped in 2013 and the current President of MCI and she became the first woman president of MCI in 80 years since the council came into being. MCI Online is the portal of the Medical Council of India for online processing of applications for registration, MCI Online also provides online search of the Indian Medical Register. Dr. B. C. Roy Awards, Dr. B. C. Roy National Award Fund was instituted in 1962 to perpetuate his memory
24.
Pakistan Army Medical Corps
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Initially part of the Indian Army Medical Corps, it was born in 1947 and served since Pakistans independence in 1947. It is a part of Pakistan Army, serving in a support. The corps also has a role of providing civil services in health, rehabilitation. Medical Cadets from Army Medical College and CMH Lahore Medical College after completion of military training at Pakistan Military Academy join this corps. Female Medical Cadets from train for 22 weeks in AFPGMI and same goes for the civil medical college graduated students / Specialists 4. Soldiers in Nursing and other trades of Army Medical Corps cadre undergo their basic training and nusing classes at AMC centre Abottabad. Before the First World War, the men of the Indian Army depended on their regimental hospitals for their medical treatment, in October 1918, Station Hospitals were sanctioned for the Indian troops to help improve the provision of services. The Indian Hospital Corps was initially divided into ten Division Companies, since then the Pakistan Army Medical Corps has provided services in the majority of health related fields. Combined Military Hospitals are the hospitals of the Pakistan Armed Forces. These hospitals are run by the doctors of Pakistans Army Medical Corps, the administration is carried out by the General Duty Medical Officers while the patients management and care is primarily the responsibility of the doctors of specialist cadre. The CMHs are catogerized into three major parts depending on their functions, governing and physical body and role as Class A, Class B, the Pakistan Army Medical Corps is one of the largest contributors of health services to United Nations. The Pakistan Army Medical Corps is a part of it. Some of the largest contributions have been in Somalia, Sierra Leone, Bosnia, Congo, in the wake of the new world power equilibrium a more complex security environment has emerged. It is characterised by growing national power politics and state implosions which have necessitated involvement of the United Nations peace keeping forces for conflict resolution. The United Nations has been undertaking peace keeping operations since its inception, in 1992 there were 11,000 Blue Berets deployed around the world, by the end of the year the figure rose to 52,000. The table below shows the current deployment of Pakistani Forces in UN Peacekeeping missions, the total amount of troops serving currently in peacekeeping missions is 10,173. The army has also engaged in extensive corporate activities, most of these enterprises, such as stud and dairy farms, were for the armys own use, but others, such as bakeries, security services and banking, perform functions in the local civilian economy. Army factories have produced such goods as sugar, fertilizer, and brass castings which have then sold to civilian consumers
25.
Royal Australian Army Medical Corps
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The Royal Australian Army Medical Corps is the branch of the Australian Army responsible for providing medical care to Army personnel. Since then the corps has participated in every Australian Army operation since then including wars, the Royal prefix was granted in 1948. The forces role was limited as by the time it was deployed the large scale fighting was basically over, the development of medical units within the Australian colonial forces had begun in the mid-1850s when the colonial military forces had been in their infancy. The various types of units raised for these deployments also reflects the development of the corps, early units raised were quite rudimentary and provided only narrowly focused capabilities, but over time increasingly sophisticated units have been raised. A field ambulance unit – the 8th – was also deployed to Vietnam, the Royal prefix was granted on 10 November 1948, and the day is celebrated as a corps day. Together with the Royal Australian Army Dental Corps and the Royal Australian Army Nursing Corps, deployed combat formations based around infantry battalions, or armoured, artillery and engineer regiments include RAAMC personnel, who are provided by detaching individuals or sub-units as required. The following people have served as Colonel-in-Chief of the RAAMC, Australian Army Medical Units, World War I Royal Army Medical Corps Citations Bibliography Dennis, Peter, the Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Melbourne, Victoria, Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand, Little by Little, A Centenary History of the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps. Sydney, New South Wales, Australian Military History Publications, Australian Army Combat Support Series –1. Newport, New South Wales, Big Sky, the Australian Army Medical Services in the War of 1914–1918. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australian War Memorial, sydney, New South Wales, University of New South Wales Press. Sir William Mo Williams – Creator of Australias Army Medical Service, journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society
26.
Canadian Medical Association
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The CMA also takes the lead on public health issues. The CMA aims to ensure the survival and robust health of Canadas medicare system in the face of numerous challenges, the CMA is a Canadian civilian organization with the Royal Patronage of Queen Elizabeth II. The CMA has over 80,000 members, making it the largest association of doctors in Canada. The CMA’s first priority is to address the needs of Canadian physicians from medical school through residency, medical practice, CMA members can access a wide range of services and benefits, including but not limited to clinical resources and wealth management. The Canadian Medical Association was founded in 1867, about 100 days after confederation, the first president was Sir Charles Tupper, who later became Prime Minister of Canada. The foundation of the CMA was strongly rooted in its Scottish origins as the first three presidents of the CMA graduated from the Edinburgh Medical School, the CMA also played a central role in the creation of the Registered Retirement Savings Plan in 1957. Today, its arm, MD Financial Management, administers more than $40 billion for CMA members. The CMA believes it is possible for Canada to maintain a publicly funded, universal health care system, however, transformational change is needed to refocus the health system to bring about patient-focused care, as well as shared-decision making. The CMA advocates policies that support a population and a vibrant medical profession. This advocacy is based on submissions to government, developing policies, the CMA Code of Ethics, also contributes to advocacy and awareness campaigns by providing ethical guidance to Canada’s physicians. Focus areas include decision-making, consent, privacy, confidentiality, research, Health Care Transformation is the base of all of the CMAs advocacy efforts. It is focused on ensuring all Canadians will have the best health, the CMA and the Canadian Nurses Association put forward principles to guide the transformation of the health care system in Canada. Approximately 130 partners have signed on to the principles so far, as part of the Health Care Transformation in Canada initiative, the CMA hosted a series of town hall in cities across Canada and online to hear from Canadians. The 2014 dialogue focused on end-of-life care issues in Canada, the CMA wants to make sure seniors health is front and centre in the next federal election. A national seniors strategy could help save Canada’s health care system $2.3 billion a year by providing more high-quality seniors care outside of acute-care hospitals. A national strategy would mean better, more focused services for seniors, a Nanos poll in April 2014 showed that almost six in 10 voters in 26 key ridings across Canada would support another party if their current party fails to make seniors a priority. Ninety-five percent of Canadians aged 45 years and over identify the need for a pan-Canadian seniors strategy, the CMA wants end-of-life care to be the subject of full and frank discussion by Canadians of all ages and walks of life. Over the winter and spring 2014, a total of 11 town hall meetings and a live chat were held across Canada with CMA members, an online dialogue for members was also conducted with more than 1,200 CMA members registering
27.
Royal Canadian Medical Service
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The Royal Canadian Medical Service is a personnel branch of the Canadian Armed Forces, consisting of all members of medical trades except dental. Nearly all members of the RCMS, along with the members of the Royal Canadian Dental Corps, are employed in the Canadian Forces Health Services Group, the RCMS was formerly named the Canadian Forces Medical Service until it was renamed on October 9,2013. Militi Succurrimus is the official branch motto, the Farmers Boy is the branch march. This march was selected by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, Medical personnel of the Canadian Forces Health Services Group provide operational and operational readiness medical care to entitled personnel. RCMS personnel wear the uniforms as other members of the Canadian Forces with unique identifiers depending on which distinctive environmental uniform they are assigned. Regardless of environment, all officers and non-commissioned members wear the cap badge. Naval medical officers wear scarlet distinction cloth between the braids of their rank, while health care officer classifications wear a dull cherry distinction cloth. NCMs wear a badge on their jackets. NCMs below the rank of warrant officer wear a badge on the sleeve of the service dress jacket. All air force medical branch officers and non-commissioned members wear a metal badge over their name tag on both their dress uniform jacket and short-sleeve order of dress. It suffered significant budgetary cutbacks after the 1994 Broadbent Report following the end of the Cold War, the former colonel-in-chief was Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. The current colonel-in-chief is Princess Anne, Princess Royal The School of Operational Medicine in Toronto, Ontario, in turn the Canadian Forces Environmental Medicine Establishment is the military component of the Defence Research and Development Canada. The School of Operational Medicine conducts all flight surgeon training, in addition, it offers courses at various levels in Diving Medicine, to physicians, medical technicians and physician assistants. The Canadian Forces Health Service Training Centre, located in CFB Borden, is the home station, the school focuses on all levels of training. The Canadian Forces School of Survival and Aeromedical Training in Winnipeg, Manitoba, provides initial, the training covers diverse topics including life support equipment and human factors, search and evasion as well as disorientation and night vision
28.
Canadian Dental Association
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The Canadian Dental Association, known as the Association dentaire canadienne in French, was founded in 1902. It is a professional association representing Canadas 18,000 dentists. CDA is actively involved with lobbying and advocacy initiatives and uses its leadership role to communicate to the public, the CDA Seal of Recognition is a symbol of products that are of benefit to the oral health of consumers. The seal is designed to help the public and dental professionals make informed choices and it is based on the dental symbol, the Rod of Asclepius surrounded by an interlocking circle and triangle. Journal of the Canadian Dental Association CDA Essentials Official website
29.
British Medical Association
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The British Medical Association is the professional association and registered trade union for doctors in the United Kingdom. The association does not regulate or certify doctors, a responsibility which lies with the General Medical Council, the association’s headquarters are located in BMA House, Tavistock Square, London. Additionally, the Association has national offices in Cardiff, Belfast, and Edinburgh, a European office in Brussels, the BMA has a range of representative and scientific committees and is recognised by National Health Service employers as sole contract negotiators for doctors. The BMAs stated aim is to promote the medical and allied sciences, currently 156,000 doctors and 19,000 medical students are members of the association. The BMA has sole bargaining rights for these doctors, members of the BMA have access to expert employment advice. As part of the remit of the BMA it has a number of representative committees formed from members elected at the Annual Representatives Meeting. The most senior of these is Council and it meets five times a year to implement policy as decided at the ARM and to take relevant decisions during the year. Council has 34 voting members, led by the Chairman who is elected by council for a term of three years and to a maximum of five. Branch of Practice committees have a majority of BMA members but may also include non-members and these UK committees are mirrored across the devolved nations of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It is widely seen as one of the foremost authorities on issues in the UK. Issues considered by the committee include abortion, organ donation and presumed consent, patient confidentiality, the committee has eighteen members, composed of both doctors and expert lay members. The Committee itself co-opts an additional four members, drawn from similar disciplines. The co-opted members do not have voting rights, the Committee cannot by itself set BMA policy, although it develops its own policy which has advisory status. The Medical Ethics Department, which support to the Committee, answers individual ethical enquiries from doctors who are members of the BMA and produces guidelines. The bulk of the Department’s guidance is available on the open access part of the BMA’s website. A large part of the AFC’s work is the production of evidence to the Armed Forces Pay Review Body, the AFPRB advises on remuneration for members of the naval, military, and air forces. Further to this work, the AFC negotiates with the Ministry of Defence on the terms, the committee holds two conferences a year, an Armed Forces Committee conference usually in May and a Civilian Doctors’ conference usually in October. The BMA supports doctors that undertake private practice outside the NHS through its Private Practice Committee and this body considers topics facing both private consultants and general practitioners
30.
Royal Army Medical Corps
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The Royal Army Medical Corps is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace. Together with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandras Royal Army Nursing Corps, because it is not a fighting arm, under the Geneva Conventions, members of the RAMC may only use their weapons for self-defence. Other ranks do not fix bayonets, neither do they prefix Surgeon in front of their rank as medical officers of the Royal Navy do. The RAMC, like every other British regiment, has its own distinctive unit insignia, dark blue beret, the default Army colour worn by units without distinctive coloured berets. There is also a small attachment to Special Forces, the Medical Support Unit who wear the beret of the SAS. Cap badge depicting the Rod of Asclepius, surmounted by a crown, enclosed within a wreath, with the regimental motto In Arduis Fidelis. The cap badge is worn 1 inch above the eye on the beret. The cap badge of the ranks must also be backed by an oval patch of dull cherry-red coloured cloth measuring 3.81 cm wide and 6.35 cm high sewn directly to the beret. Officers do not use the backing, but have a cloth cap badge instead. Silver regimental collar badges, a miniature of the cap badge, stable belt comprising equal horizontal bands of dull cherry, royal blue, and old gold, reflecting the old uniform worn in the 1900s, the gold depicting the royal in the title. Silver belt buckle with engraved regimental badge, Medical services in the British armed services go as far back as the formation of the Standing Regular Army after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. This was the first time a career was provided for a Medical Officer, known as the Regimental Surgeon, both in peacetime and in war. The Army was formed entirely on a basis, and an MO with a Warrant Officer as his Assistant Surgeon was appointed to each regiment. The MO was also for the first time concerned in the health of his troops. This regimental basis of appointment for MOs continued until 1873, when an army medical service was set up. There was much unhappiness in the Army Medical Service in the following years, for medical officers did not actually have military rank but advantages corresponding to relative military rank. They had inferior pay in India, excessive amounts of Indian and colonial service and they did not have their own identity as did the Army Service Corps, whose officers did have military rank. A number of complaints were published, and the British Medical Journal campaigned loudly, for over two years after 27 July 1887 there were no recruits to the Army Medical Department
31.
Emergency medical services in France
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A law in 1986 defined SAMU missions as hospital-based services providing permanent phone support, choosing and dispatching the proper response for a phone call request. Current performance on emergency calls is arrival at scene within 10 minutes for 80% of responses and this means that SAMU controls a variety of resources within a community from general practitioners to hospital intensive care services. Additionally, two SAMU have specific tasks, The Paris SAMU is responsible for providing service to high-speed trains and Air France aircraft, the Toulouse SAMU is responsible for providing service to ships at sea. The reds operate ambulances with 3 or 4 staff members on board, the visual identity provisions of the CEN1789 standard are not currently being followed by the private companies, their vehicles still are white. The fire service vehicles are more and more equipped with yellow markers, non-emergency and low-priority ambulance services are normally provided by private companies. For other types of transportation, the term ambulance is not used. Private ambulance services also participate to the Urgent Medical Aid Service, emergency response may be through the use of a fire department based rescue ambulance, a multi-purpose vehicle or even a fire apparatus. Here, the cross-trained firefighters will provide on scene care and transport for injuries or illness, French hospitals must operate an emergency department only if it is capable of treating the common trauma and illness conditions that are likely to present. This normally includes a unit, general and internal medicine, cardio-vascular medicine, pediatrics, anesthesiology-resuscitation, orthopedic surgery and oncology. The exception would be for specialised units, which only admit specific pathologies or specific types of patients and these units are termed pôle spécialisé daccueil et de traitement des urgences. The specialized service is managed by an emergency physician, an emergency physician must always be on-call, and a specialized physician can be called at any time. In addition the team must have two nurses, care assistants, a worker and a receptionist, with all of them having received specific education for dealing with emergency cases. The service is organized in three zones, a zone, a zone for examination and treatment. A zone for monitoring over short duration, most services also have a massive crowd room that are designed to allow care of a large number of patients, outside of the normal levels of presenting patients. These plan blanc units are designed to cope with major incidents or epidemics, in hospital emergency medicine has only recently been recognized as a medical specialty in France, and pre-hospital care is currently struggling to be recognized as a sub-specialty. The situation is complicated by the fact that the physicians staffing the SMUR units are among the lowest-paid in Europe. This economic reality has resulted in high turnover and some difficulty in staffing positions. In actual practise, however, such units and Nurse staffed MICU are used for purposes of Stable Intensive Care Patients
32.
Emergency medical services in Italy
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Emergency medical services are under Public Health Authorities control in each Italian Region, the ambulance subsystem is provided by a variety of different sources. The method of delivery can vary considerably from one location to another, some organizations, such as hospitals, often provide a single type of service, such as neonatal, while leaving others to provide the balance of services. How the service is provided, and the level of service that is provided, can vary from a region to another. Emergency service in Italy is always free of charge, how ambulances are staffed is determined to some extent by the location, and by the resources available to the community. For the most part, Italy follows the Franco-German model of EMS service delivery, the basic model consists of Basic Life Support ambulances, Advanced Life Support ambulances, Modified Advanced Life Support ambulances, and physician response cars called automedica. BLS units are typically volunteer-based, and crews consist of a minimum of two EMTs called soccorritore, it is not uncommon to find three- or four-EMTs ambulance crews. ALS units are likely to be based in large centers, are more likely to be staffed by paid, hospital-based personnel, and are commonly composed of a physician. ALS units can be either on emergency response vehicles or on intensive care ambulances. Some areas use an approach to ALS, with a volunteer crew supplemented by an emergency nurse who is permitted to perform some ALS procedures. The top end of the spectrum are the air ambulances, staffed by the personnel of ground ALS units. Operation centres choose each time the most adequate vehicle to send on the basis of the seriousness of a patients conditions. There is a deal of variation in the training of EMS personnel in Italy like in many countries. Non-emergency services use purely volunteers, who are required to have 20 or 40 hours of BLS training, Italian EMTs are able to provide non-invasive prehospital care, including PBLS, PTLS and automated external defibillation. That being said, many Italian volunteers take their commitment very seriously, and participate in many hours of uncompensated training and these individuals still require support from a physician and nurse for ALS provision. Emergency medicine is now becoming slowly recognized as a medical specialty inside the hospital in Italy. Poor compensation and hours of work have resulted in a relatively high turnover rate among physicians in the system. Vehicles used as ambulances in Italy comply with most aspects of the European standard for ambulances, CEN1789, the visual identity provisions of the standard are not yet being followed. Ambulances are usually white-painted and display an orange reflective stripe all around the vehicle, in addition to a star of life on each side, each emergency ambulance has also to display the emergency number 118 and the name and logo of the organization providing the service
33.
Emergency medical services in the Netherlands
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Emergency medical services in the Netherlands is a system of pre hospital care provided by the government in partnership with private companies. Emergency medical service in the Netherlands is provided by a number of private carriers, all contracts stipulate that the contractor is required to meet all standards published for vehicles, equipment, training, and performance by the Dutch Ambulance Institute. All contracts for EMS in the Netherlands are sent to every four years. Netherlands law forbids EMS systems to earn any profit, any surplus revenue is required to be directed to additional improvements to the system, including training, equipment, and vehicles. The government of the Netherlands contracts for air service, which is provided by four helicopters. These helicopters are strategically located around the country to minimize response times, all air ambulance helicopters are staffed by both nurse and physicians. The primary role of the helicopters is the delivery of the Mobile Medical Team. All of these helicopters are transport-capable, since 1992, Dutch law has mandated at least one nurse on every ambulance in the country, at all times. All paramedics in the Netherlands are nurses, the term ‘paramedic’ is not used in the Dutch system. As a result of this measure, all Dutch ambulances and rapid response vehicles are capable of providing Advanced Life Support without online medical control, Medical oversight for protocol compliance is conducted by each services Medical Manager, who is a licensed physician. All ambulances are staffed by a crew of two and these include one nurse, with the training and skill set described above, and one dedicated driver. The medical training of the driver is minimal, and that individual is permitted to participate in patient care with assisting the nurse. Mobile medical teams are staffed by a senior surgical resident or anesthesiologist with additional training to function in the prehospital environment. MMT aircraft are designed for delivery, not medical transport. Transport is usually accomplished by means of the ambulance that originated the call, in case of weather that restricts flight operations, each MMT is also equipped with a special van for land response. These standards are applied to the types of vehicles and the types of equipment required. In addition to ambulances, in some areas, particularly those subject to urban traffic congestion. All 25 EMS regions in the Netherlands are self-dispatching, some regions have more than one centre, but all are interconnected
34.
Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
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Emergency care including ambulance and emergency department treatment is free to everyone, regardless of immigration or visitor status. The NHS commissions most emergency services through the 14 NHS organisations with ambulance responsibility across the UK. As with other services, the public normally access emergency medical services through one of the valid emergency telephone numbers. This led to the formation of predominantly county based ambulance services, which gradually merged up and changed responsibilities until 2006, when there were 31 NHS ambulance trusts in England. Following further changes as part of the NHS foundation trust pathway, the commissioners in each region are responsible for contracting with a suitable organisation to provide ambulance services within their geographical territory. The primary contract for each area is held by a public NHS body, of which there are 11 in England. The service was operated before reorganisation in 1974 by the St Andrews’ Ambulance Association under contract to the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service was established in 1995 by parliamentary order, and serves the whole of Northern Ireland. The Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust was established on 1 April 1998, there is a large market for private and voluntary ambulance services, with the sector being worth £800m to the UK economy in 2012. This places the voluntary providers in direct competition with private services, expenditure on private ambulances in England increased from £37m in 2011−12 to £67. 5m in 2013/4, rising in London from £796,000 to more than £8. 8m. In 2014−15, these 10 ambulance services spent £57.6 million on 333,329 callouts of private or voluntary services - an increase of 156% since 2010−11, in 2013, the CQC found 97% of private ambulance services to be providing good care. These private, registered services are represented by the Independent Ambulance Association, there are also a number of unregistered services operating, who do not provide ambulance transport, but only provide response on an event site. These firms are not regulated, and are not subject to the checks as the registered providers, although they may operate similar vehicles. There are a number of ambulance providers, sometimes known as Voluntary Aid Services or Voluntary Aid Societies, with the main ones being the British Red Cross. The history of the ambulance services pre-dates any government organised service. As they are in competition for work with the private ambulance providers. Voluntary organisations have also provided cover for the public when unionised NHS ambulance trust staff have taken industrial action, there are a number of smaller voluntary ambulance organisations, fulfilling specific purposes, such as Hatzola who provide emergency medical services to the orthodox Jewish community in some cities. These have however run into difficulties due to use of vehicles not legally recognised as ambulances, all emergency medical services in the UK are subject to a range of legal and regulatory requirements, and in many cases are also monitored for performance. This framework is largely statutory in nature, being mandated by government through a range of primary and secondary legislation and this requires all providers to register, to meet certain standards of quality, and to submit to inspection of those standards
35.
Royal College of Psychiatrists
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The college provides advice to those responsible for training and certifying psychiatrists in the UK. In addition to publishing books and producing several journals, the College produces, for the public. Its offices are located at 21 Prescot Street in London, near Aldgate, the College was formerly located in Belgrave Square. The College has existed in various forms since 1841, having started life as the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums, in 1865 it became the Medico-Psychological Association. In 1926, the Association received its Royal Charter, becoming the Royal Medico-Psychological Association, finally, in 1971, a Supplemental Charter accorded the Association the status of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Several grades of membership are available, Members use the post-nominal letters MRCPsych, affiliateship offers psychiatrists in the UK, who are not in training grades or substantive consultant posts, the opportunity of involvement with the College. Specialist Associateship of the College is open to registered medical practitioners working in the United Kingdom, Fellowship use the post-nominal letters FRCPsych. Fellowship is awarded to a Member who has made a significant and it is not normally awarded until the nominee has held the Membership for a minimum of ten years. The process by which Members be awarded Fellowship of the College is that they should be nominated, proposed and seconded by two Members of the College, the coat of arms incorporates the traditional serpent-entwined rod of Asclepius symbolic of medicine, and butterflies associated with Psyche. Previous to the grant of arms, the Medico-Psychological Association had used a device showing the seated Psyche with butterflys wings. The arms were granted to the Royal Medico-Psychological Association in 1926. They were also registered in Scotland by the Court of the Lord Lyon, the work of the College Centre for Quality Improvement has developed a role for clinicians and their professional bodies in raising standards. Its national initiatives engage directly with clinicians, managers and service users, more than 90% of mental health services in the UK participate in the work of the CCQI. The Policy Unit, part of the Communications and Policy Department, is responsible for the development and delivery of College policy to the membership, the Colleges Public Affairs and Parliamentary work is also undertaken by the Unit. The president is elected for a term and serves as head of the Royal College of Psychiatrists. The current president is Sir Simon Wessely
36.
South African Military Health Service
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It is a significant actor in the effort to control HIV/AIDS within the SANDF. Following the end of the Border War, in the early 1990s, the SAMS was incorporated into the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, and was renamed the South African Military Health Service on 1 June 1998. The SAMHS includes active duty personnel and civilian employees of the Ministry of Defence. In addition, the service employs roughly 400 medical doctors and private medical specialists are sometimes appointed to supplement the staff of the SAMHS, the Surgeon General heads the SAMHS and has the rank of Lieutenant-General. The SAMHS operates three Military Hospitals, one in Pretoria, one in Cape Town and one in Bloemfontein, there are also four specialized institutes - the Institute for Aviation Medicine, the Institute for Maritime Medicine, the Military Veterinary Institute and the Military Psychological Institute. The SAMHS also provides veterinary services for animals used by the security. The militarys medical services include general medical and dental care. The SAMHS is organized into regional commands, corresponding to the armys regional commands, as well as a Medical Logistics Command. The regional commands support military units, military hospitals. The Medical Logistics Command is responsible for medical logistics only, as each provides for its own logistics support. The nursing college, in Pretoria, grants a four-year nursing diploma in association with the University of South Africa, specialized, in-service training courses for nurses and for nursing assistants are also available. loc. gov/frd/cs/
37.
American Academy of Physician Assistants
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The American Academy of PAs is the national professional society for PAs in the United States. It represents approximately 104,000 certified PAs across all medical and surgical specialties in all 50 states, AAPA advocates and educates on behalf of the profession and the patients PAs serve. The American Association of PAs was established and incorporated in the state of North Carolina in 1968, the membership consisted of the first students and graduates of the Duke University PA program, the first such program. In 1973, the organization had 300 members and established joint national headquarters in Washington, D. C. with the Association of PA Programs, which is now the PA Education Association. The headquarters moved to Arlington, Va. in the late 1970s and then to Alexandria, Va. in 1988. there are two additional divisions of AAPA. The Student Academy is dedicated entirely to students completing an accredited PA program, the PA Foundation is the organizations philanthropic arm, fostering knowledge and philanthropy that enhance the delivery of quality healthcare. The Association of Family Practice PAs is an organization that represents and advocates for PAs in Primary Care, reimbursement and information—AAPA reimbursement staff work to ensure that insurance companies and other third-party payers cover PA-provided medical and surgical services. Public awareness building—AAPA actively promotes the value of PAs to patients, physicians, research—In partnership with PA-focused organizations, AAPA collects data on the profession and analyzes and publishes its findings. AAPA also produces original research that demonstrates the critical role PAs play in high-quality and it produces an annual census and salary report. Publications—AAPA delivers information for and about PAs through both print and online publications, including PA Professional and JAAPA, partnership with constituent organizations—Constituent organizations are independent organizations that AAPA officially charters or recognizes. These organizations are grouped into four categories and include chapters, specialty organizations, caucuses, National PA Week, Celebrated every year from October 6 to 12, National PA Week celebrates the profession, promotes public awareness of PAs’ role in patient care and salutes the PA workforce. Continuing medical education, AAPA conducts a number of CME activities across the country through regional, official Site PAs Connect blog PAEA PA History Society PA Foundation AAPA Conference
38.
American Osteopathic Association
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The American Osteopathic Association is the representative member organization for the more than 123,000 osteopathic medical doctors and osteopathic medical students in the United States. The AOA is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, and is involved in training for osteopathic physicians. Beginning in 2015, it will begin accrediting post-graduate education as a committee within ACGME, creating a unified system for all DOs. The organization promotes public health, encourages academic research, serves as the primary certifying body for D. O. The AOA has held conventions since its founding in 1897. The AOA also manages DOCARE International, a charitable organization. The AOA also publishes The DO, an online publication, and The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. The AOAs mission is to advance the philosophy and practice of medicine by promoting excellence in education, research. The AOA supports the annual D. O, the event serves as an opportunity for the legislators to learn more about health care and osteopathic medicine, and for the medical students to become more familiar with the political process. It was renamed the American Osteopathic Association in 1901, in September 1901, the AOA began to publish a scientific journal entitled the Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. Subscriptions were offered to AOA members, and at the time, the journal was published bimonthly for the first year, then monthly thereafter. In April 1927, the AOA began publishing The Forum of Osteopathy, a magazine that covered news relating to osteopathic medicine, the AOA. In September 1960, the magazine was renamed The DO, in the early 1900s, the AOA, citing concerns about safety and efficacy, was opposed to the introduction of pharmacology into the curriculum of osteopathic medicine. However, in 1929 the AOA board of trustees voted to allow the teaching of pharmacology in D. O. schools. By 1938, the AOA began requiring that osteopathic medical students have at least 1 year of college coursework, and by 1940. In 1957, the U. S. Department of Health, Education, in 1967, the National Commission on Accrediting recognized the AOA as the official accrediting agency for all aspects of osteopathic medical education. The Department of Health, Education and Welfare recognized the AOA as the accrediting body for osteopathic hospitals under Medicare in 1966. The AOA also provides funding for post-graduate osteopathic medical residencies, in the 2012 match,1,767 osteopathic physicians matched into these residency programs
. PMID 26015747.