1.
Flint Rasmussen
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Flint Rasmussen is perhaps the most famous rodeo clown or rodeo barrelman in the sport of bull riding. Rasmussen and his wife, Katie, have two daughters, Shelby and Paige, Flint and his family currently reside in Choteau, Montana in the United States. A former high school math and history teacher, Rasmussen signed a contract with Professional Bull Riders and currently provides entertainment at their events. Long associated with the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, Rasmussen earned the title of PRCA Clown of the Year for eight consecutive years, on January 25,1968, Stan and Tootsie Rasmussen had their youngest child, Flint, in Havre, Montana. Flint Rasmussen grew up in Choteau, Montana, where he started his career in sports Rasmussen was an All-State football player, after high school, Rasmussen attended college the University of Montana Western where he completed a double major in history and math as an honor student. As the public radio sports announcer for the UMW Bulldogs, Rasmussen had his voice heard for the first time by an audience, to help with the expenses of college, Rasmussen worked as a barrel clown in western Montana. Rasmussen made his first appearance as a clown in Superior, Montana. Flint had his first thoughts about being a rodeo clown when he told his father and brother that he could do better than the clowns at the time. I just thought it needed a new energy, a guy who could relate and get young people to get back to rodeo. After he completed college, Flint Rasmussen returned to the town he was born, Havre, while teaching at Havre High School, Flint was also the public address announcer at Northern Montana College home Lights and Skylights Basketball games. After two years of teaching and coaching, Rasmussen grew restless and started his career as a barrel man, Flint Rasmussen comes from a rodeo family with three other siblings. He has two brothers, Will and Pete, and a sister, Linda White, Flints parents are Stan and Tootsie Rasmussen. Stan Rasmussen, Flints father, was an announcer and his brother, Will. Will still is a top PRCA rodeo announcer, Flint met his wife, Katie Grasky, who was a barrel racer, while he was touring. Flint and Katie have two daughters, Shelby and Paige, who also barrel race, in Choteau, Montana, Flint and his family run a ranch called the Cowboys Way Performance Horses. The rodeo clown goes back to the old stories, where cowboys play tricks. The rodeo clowns main act comes at the last event bull riding, during the ride, the clown faces the bull and plays the bullfighter, but after the ride, resumes his role as the jokester and story teller. I think its hard to come into this sport cold at 25 and try to learn it, but that did not stop him
2.
Rodeo
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Rodeo is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later Central America, the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and New Zealand. It was based on the skills required of the vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada. Today it is an event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys. American style professional rodeos generally comprise the events, tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding. The events are divided into two categories, the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other such as breakaway roping, goat tying. American rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States, is the state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota. The iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta has considered making American rodeo the official sport of that province. However, enabling legislation has yet to be passed, associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups. Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and animal welfare advocates, the American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However, rodeo is opposed by a number of animal welfare organizations in the United States, some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos, certain rodeo events, or types of equipment. Internationally, rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, the American English word rodeo is taken directly from Spanish rodeo, which roughly translates into English as round up. The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the Juez del Campo, the term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo. This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills and it was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada. The term rodeo was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up, today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event. Many rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching, the working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and there were many regional variations. The skills required to manage cattle and horses back to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero. Early rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys, following the American Civil War, rodeo competitions emerged, with the first held in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1872
3.
Bull riding
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Bull riding is a rodeo sport that involves a rider getting on a bull and attempting to stay mounted while the animal attempts to buck off the rider. In the American tradition the rider must stay atop the bull for eight seconds to count as a qualified ride. The rider tightly fastens one hand to the bull with a braided rope. It is a sport and has been called the most dangerous eight seconds in sports. The taming of bulls has ancient roots in contests dating as far back as Minoan culture, Bull riding itself has its direct roots in Mexican contests of equestrian and ranching skills now collectively known as charreada. During the 16th century, a hacienda contest called jaripeo developed, originally considered a variant of bull fighting, in which riders literally rode a bull to death, the competition evolved into a form where the bull was simply ridden until it stopped bucking. By the mid-19th century, charreada competition was popular on Texas and California cattle ranches where Anglo, many early Texas rangers, who had to be expert horsemen and later went on to become ranchers, learned and adapted Hispanic techniques and traditions to ranches in the United States. This event also included a competition and was the subject of newspaper reports from as far away as the New Orleans Daily Delta. However, popular sentiment shifted away from various sports and both bullfighting and prize fighting were banned by the Texas legislature in 1891. In the same period, however, Wild West Shows began to add steer riding to their exhibitions, choosing to use castrated animals because steers were easier to handle. Additionally, informal rodeos began as competitions between neighboring ranches in the American Old West, the location of the first formal Rodeo is debated. Deer Trail, Colorado claims the first rodeo in 1869 but so does Cheyenne, although steer riding contests existed into the 1920s, the sport did not gain popularity until bulls were returned to the arena and replaced steers as the mount of choice. The first-known rodeo to use brahma bulls was in Columbia, Mississippi, produced in 1935 by Canadian brothers Earl and Weldon Bascom with Jake Lybbert and this rodeo was the first to feature a bull riding event at a night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights. A pivotal moment for modern bull riding, and rodeo in general, came with the founding of the Rodeo Cowboy Association in 1936, through this organization many hundreds of rodeos are held each year. Since that time, the popularity of all aspects of the rodeo has risen, CBR tours all over the United States and its major league tour, the Road to Cheyenne Tour, is broadcast on Fox Sports Networks. The CBR world championships take place at Cheyenne Frontier Days, the Professional Bull Riders stages a large number of events in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, and Australia. For many years the annual PBR World Finals were held at the Thomas and Mack Center in Las Vegas, however, starting in 2016, the Finals are now held at the T-Mobile Arena in Las Vegas. The PBRs major league tour, the Built Ford Tough Series, is broadcast on CBS Sports Network, from these roots, bull riding as a competitive sport has spread to a number of other nations worldwide
4.
Bullfighter
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In English, a torero is sometimes referred to by the term toreador, which was popularized by Georges Bizet in his opera Carmen. In Spanish, the word designates bullfighters on horseback but is used today. A very small number of women have been bullfighters on foot or on horseback, female matadors have experienced considerable resistance and public hostility from some aficionados and other matadors. Usually, toreros start fighting younger bulls, and are called novilleros, fighting of mature bulls commences only after a special match, called the Alternative. At this same bullfight, the novillero is presented to the crowd as a matador de toros, the act of bullfighting is not called or considered a stand-alone sport but rather a performance art. There is no contest, simple punctuation, nor any formal classification, further still, bullfighting, historically, started more with nobles upon horseback, all lancing bulls with accompanying commoners on foot doing helper jobs. As time went by, the work of the commoners on foot gained in importance up to the point whereupon they became the main, Bullfighting on horseback became a separate and distinct act called rejoneo which is still performed today—although, not as often as bullfighting itself does on foot. Bullfighting on foot became a means for poor, able-bodied men to achieve fame and fortune, when a famous torero was asked why he risked his life, one man reportedly answered Más cornadas da el hambre. Today, it is now common for a bullfighter to be born into a family of bullfighters, the established term, Maletilla or espontáneo, is attributed to those who illegally jump into the ring and attempt to bullfight for their sake and glory. While the practice itself is widely despised by many spectators and fans alike, some, such as El Cordobés, a matador de toros is considered to be both an artist and an athlete, possessing great agility, grace, and co-ordination. One of the most famous matadors was Juan Belmonte, whose technique in the ring revolutionized bullfighting, the style and bravery of the matador is regarded as being, at least, equally important as to whether or not he actually kills the bull. The most successful matadores used to be treated like pop stars, with matching financial incomes, cult followings, one of the most famous bullfighters in history, Manolete, died this way in 1947. This hazard is said to be central to the nature and appeal of bullfighting, the American writer Ernest Hemingway was a bullfighting aficionado. Within his fictional works, The Sun Also Rises features a matador and scenes of bullfighting, as do his short stories The Capital of the World, outside of fiction, he also wrote at length on the subject in Death in the Afternoon and The Dangerous Summer. In 1962, Hollywood producer David Wolper produced The Story Of A Matador, in this case, it was the late Matador Jaime Bravo. A picador is a bullfighter who uses a special lance called pica while on horseback to test the bulls strength and they perform in the tercio de varas which is the first of the three stages in a Spanish bullfight. The shape of the lance or pica is regulated by Spanish law to prevent serious injury to the bull which was viewed as cheating in the past. The bull will charge the horses in the ring and, at the prior to contact
5.
Bull
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A bull is an intact adult male of the species Bos taurus. Usage of these terms varies considerably with area and dialect, colloquially, people unfamiliar with cattle may refer to both castrated and intact animals as bulls. A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a micky in Australia, improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer, also known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In some countries an incompletely castrated male is also as a rig or ridgling. The word bull also denotes the males of other bovines, including bison and water buffalo as well as other species of large animals including elephants, camels, elk, moose. Bulls are much more muscular than cows, with bones, larger feet, a very muscular neck. These features assist bulls in fighting for domination over a herd, the hair is generally shorter on the body, but on the neck and head there is often a mane of curlier, wooly hair. Bulls are usually about the height as cows or a little taller. In horned cattle the horns of bulls tend to be thicker and somewhat shorter than those of cows, and in many breeds they curve outwards in a flat arc rather than upwards in a lyre shape. It is not true, as is believed, that bulls have horns and cows do not. Bulls become fertile at about seven months of age, given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle, Bulls are occasionally affected by a condition known as corkscrew penis. The penis of a bull is about 3–4 cm in diameter. The bulls glans penis has a rounded and elongated shape, a common misconception widely repeated in depictions of bull behavior is that the color red angers bulls, inciting them to charge. In fact, like most mammals, cattle are red-green color blind, in bullfighting, it is the movement of the matadors cape, and not the color, which provokes a reaction in the bull. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of cattle are slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Most of these animals are castrated as calves to reduce aggressive behavior and prevent unwanted mating
6.
Bucking
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Bucking is a movement performed by a horse or bull in which the animal lowers its head and raises its hindquarters into the air, usually while kicking out with the hind legs. If powerful, it may unseat the rider enough to fall off, Bucking, though a potentially dangerous disobedience when under saddle, is a natural aspect of horse behavior. It developed in the wild for the purpose of protection from predators such as mountain lions. The process of kicking out with both legs, another defense mechanism for the horse, also results in a mild bucking movement. Thus, for a human to ride a horse, the horse has to be desensitized to the presence of something on its back. Nonetheless, because the instinct is there, bucking can still occur for a number of reasons, Happiness, such as when a horse bucks during a gallop because of enjoyment. General excitement, such as horses that buck in a schooling ring or at the beginning of a ride in a crowd of horses. The riders aids are causing confusion or fear in the horse, the horse is fresh, having been kept up in a stall for a long period of time, and is releasing pent-up energy. Pain, which may be due to a saddle or another piece of equipment, tooth problems. Provocation, usually due to a bite which the horse is trying to rid himself of. Untrained horses may instinctually buck the first few times they have a saddle on the back if not given proper ground training and this is an instinctive defense mechanism. Having found that bucking the rider off results in not having to work, disobedience to the riding aids, when a horse does not wish to do what is asked by the rider. Sometimes this is due to riding on the part of the person. Rodeo broncs are used specifically as bucking horses, usually bred to be prone to bucking, fear of loud and noisy machines, like cars, trucks, trains, and planes. Ordinary riders need to learn to ride out and correct a simple buck or two, because it is a common form of disobedience. The classical dressage movement known as the Capriole is also similar to the low buck done by a horse when it kicks out with both hind legs. Bucking, especially if triggered by fear, pain or excitement, is generally a minor disobedience, unless it is enough to unseat the rider. If bucking is an act of the horse and becomes an undesired habit
7.
Clown
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Clowns are comic performers who employ slapstick or similar types of physical comedy, often in a mime style. Clowns have a tradition with significant variations in costume and performance. The most recognisable modern clown character is the Auguste or red clown type, with outlandish costumes featuring distinctive makeup, colourful wigs, exaggerated footwear and their entertainment style is generally designed to entertain large audiences, especially at a distance. Modern clowns are strongly associated with the tradition of the circus clown, many circus clowns have become well known and are a key circus act in their own right. The first mainstream clown role was portrayed by Joseph Grimaldi, the comedy that clowns perform is usually in the role of a fool whose everyday actions and tasks become extraordinary—and for whom the ridiculous, for a short while, becomes ordinary. This style of comedy has a history in many countries and cultures across the world. Some writers have argued that due to the use of such comedy. The fear of clowns, circus clowns in particular as a condition has become known by the term coulrophobia. Rustic buffoon characters in Classical Greek theater were known as sklêro-paiktês or deikeliktas, in Roman theater, a term for clown was fossor, literally digger, labourer. The English word clown is first recorded c.1560 in the generic meaning rustic, boor, the origin of the word is uncertain, perhaps from a Scandinavian word cognate with clumsy. It is in this sense that Clown is used as the name of characters in Shakespeares Othello. The sense of clown as referring to a professional or habitual fool or jester develops soon after 1600, the harlequinade developed in England in the 17th century, inspired by the commedia dellarte. It was here that Clown came into use as the name of a stock character. Originally a foil for Harlequins slyness and adroit nature, Clown was a buffoon or bumpkin fool who resembled less a jester than a comical idiot and he was a lower class character dressed in tattered servants garb. The circus clown developed in the 19th century, the modern circus derives from Philip Astleys London riding school, which opened in 1768. Astley added a clown to his shows to amuse the spectators between equestrian sequences, American comedian George L. Fox became known for his clown role, directly inspired by Grimaldi, in the 1860s. Tom Belling senior developed the red clown or Auguste character c,1870, acting as a foil for the more sophisticated white clown. Belling worked for Circus Renz in Vienna, the clown character as developed by the late 19th century is reflected in Ruggero Leoncavallos 1892 opera Pagliacci
8.
Cowboy
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A cowboy is an animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America, traditionally on horseback, and often performs a multitude of other ranch-related tasks. The historic American cowboy of the late 19th century arose from the traditions of northern Mexico and became a figure of special significance. A subtype, called a wrangler, specifically tends the horses used to work cattle, in addition to ranch work, some cowboys work for or participate in rodeos. There are also cattle handlers in many parts of the world, particularly South America and Australia. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas, over the centuries, differences in terrain, climate and the influence of cattle-handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling. As the ever-practical cowboy adapted to the world, the cowboys equipment and techniques also adapted to some degree. The English word cowboy has an origin from several earlier terms that referred to both age and to cattle or cattle-tending work, the word cowboy appeared in the English language by 1725. It appears to be a direct English translation of vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback and it was derived from vaca, meaning cow, which came from the Latin word vacca. Another English word for a cowboy, buckaroo, is an anglicization of vaquero, originally, the term may have been intended literally—a boy who tends cows. By 1849 it had developed its sense as an adult cattle handler of the American West. Variations on the word cowboy appeared later, cowhand appeared in 1852, and cowpoke in 1881, originally restricted to the individuals who prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping. Names for a cowboy in American English include buckaroo, cowpoke, cowhand, the word cowboy also had English language roots beyond simply being a translation from Spanish. Originally, the English word cowherd was used to describe a cattle herder, and often referred to a preadolescent or early adolescent boy and this word is very old in the English language, originating prior to the year 1000. In antiquity, herding of sheep, cattle and goats was often the job of minors, on western ranches today, the working cowboy is usually an adult. Responsibility for herding cattle or other livestock is no longer considered a job suitable for children or early adolescents. However, both boys and girls growing up in a ranch environment often learn to ride horses and perform basic ranch skills as soon as they are physically able, such youths, by their late teens, are often given responsibilities for cowboy work on the ranch. The term cowboy was used during the American Revolution to describe American fighters who opposed the movement for independence, in the same period, a number of guerilla bands operated in Westchester County, which marked the dividing line between the British and American forces. These groups were made up of local farmhands who would ambush convoys, there were two separate groups, the skinners fought for the pro-independence side, the cowboys supported the British
9.
Brahman cattle
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The Brahman or Brahma is a breed of Zebu cattle that was first bred in United States from cattle breeds imported from India. Brahma cattle were produced by cross-breeding the Kankrej, Ongole, the Brahman is one of the most popular breeds of cattle intended for meat processing and is widely used in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, United States, Colombia and Australia among many other places. The American Brahman was the first beef breed developed in the United States. It was bred in the early 1900s as a cross of four different Indian cattle breeds, Gyr, Gujarat, Ongole and Krishna Valley. The original American Brahman cattle originated from a nucleus of approximately 266 bulls and 22 females of several Bos indicus varieties imported into the United States between 1854 and 1926, the Brahman is mainly used for breeding and the meat industry. It has been crossbred extensively with Bos taurus taurus beef breeds of cattle and it has been used to develop numerous other U. S. beef breeds including Brangus, Beefmaster, Simbrah and Santa Gertrudis. Brahman cattle are known for their tolerance to heat and are widespread in tropical regions. They are resistant to insects due to their thick skin, Brahman cattle live longer than many other breeds, often producing calves at ages 15 and older. In Oman and Fujairah, Brahman bulls are used in the sport of bull-butting. It involves two of these bulls engaging in a round of headbutts. The first one to collapse or concede its ground is deemed the loser, Brahman bulls being readied for this sport are kept on a special diet of milk and honey for gaining superior strength. The American Brahman Breeders Association was formed in 1924 as the official herd registry to track and this organization is now headquartered in Houston. The name Brahman was created by the American Brahman Breeders Association first secretary, the first president of the Brahman Association was Linton Harris of Kissimmee, Florida. The Brahman Breed has made an impact on the Australian beef cattle market. Since the introduction of the breed to Australia, over 50% of Australias cattle population are either Brahman or Brahman cross cattle, the breed does well not only in hot temperatures but also in the colder climate. There are breeders of the Brahman breed in Victoria right through to North Queensland
10.
Earl W. Bascom
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Earl W. Bascom was an American painter, printmaker, rodeo performer and sculptor, raised in Canada, who portrayed his own experiences cowboying and rodeoing across the American and Canadian West. Bascom was born on June 19,1906 in a log cabin on the Bascom 101 Ranch in Vernal, Utah. Earls grandfathers, Joel A. Bascom and C. F. B, Lybbert, were Mormon pioneers, ranchers and frontier lawmen. Joel Bascom was a rancher and a member of the Utah Militia fighting in the Utah War of 1857. He also served as Chief of Police in Provo, Utah and as constable in Mona, Utah. Lybbert, who served in the Danish army before coming to America, was a rancher and blacksmith who served as constable of Levan, Utah and Justice of the Peace in Naples, Bascoms maternal family was of Norwegian, Danish, Dutch and German ancestry. In 1909, Earl and his two brothers and their father were riding horseback near Lybbert Gulch, when a bee stung Earls horse. Earl hung on until his brothers rode in and picked him off the horse like a rodeo pickup man, Earl was just three years old. For entertainment, the Bascom boys rode anything on the ranch that bucked, jumped, the family was at the local Vernal rodeo where they saw the famous bucking horse Steamboat in the arena. In 1913, Earls father, who had cowboyed in Utah and Colorado and worked on ranches in Idaho, Wyoming and Montana, went to Alberta, John Bascoms brother-in-law, Ike Lybbert, was already working there as the ranch blacksmith and farrier. In 1914, the Bascom family loaded their belongings into a wagon, traveled a week to the nearest railroad in Price, Utah. By Canadian law, all children who emigrated to Canada before 1915. Earl Bascoms father became a naturalized Canadian citizen, Earl Bascom was technically an American Canadian. During the winter of 1916, the Bascom family moved back to Naples, Utah, schooled mostly in one-room schools, Earl Bascom quit school while in grade three to work on the Hyssop 5H Ranch, east of Lethbridge. It was not long before a Canadian Mountie, who was visiting the Hyssop Ranch, thought that one of the cowboys was just too young looking to be a seasoned cowpuncher, the Mountie asked Earl Bascom just how old he was - he was 13 years old. In 1918, Earl Bascom gained a stepmother and a stepbrother, Frank, to this new union was born five more children - Ada Bell, Charles, Luella, Grant and LaMona - making a total of eleven children in the Bascom family. Bascom was among the last of those who experienced the Old West before the end of free-range ranching, Bascom reminisced, For Bascom, ranch life and cowboy life was his life. The life of a cowboy and the West, I know, Bascom worked on some of the largest horse and cattle ranches in the United States and Canada — ranches that ran thousands of cattle on a million acres of land
11.
Livestock crush
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Cows may be made to suckle calves in a crush. For the safety of the animal and the people attending it, the overall purpose of a crush is to hold an animal still to minimise the risk of injury to both the animal and the operator while work on the animal is performed. Crushes were traditionally manufactured from wood, this, however, was prone to deterioration from the elements over time, as well as having the potential to splinter and cause injury to the animal. In Australia, the steel itself should ideally be manufactured to High Tensile Grade 350LO - 450LO, cattle crushes may be fully fixed or mobile, however, most crushes are best classified as semipermanent, being potentially movable but designed to primarily stay in one place. A cattle crush is typically linked to a cattle race, the front end has a head bail to catch the animal and may have a baulk gate that swings aside to assist in catching the beast. The bail is often adjustable to accommodate animals of different sizes and this bail may incorporate a chin or neck bar to hold the animals head still. A side lever operates the head bail to capture the animals, usually, smaller animals can walk through the head bails incorporated in crushes. Lower side panels and/or gates of metal, timber or conveyor belting are used in some cases to ensure animals’ legs do not get caught. At least one gate is usually split to allow access to various parts of the animal being held, as well as providing access to feed a calf. A squeeze crush has a manual or hydraulic mechanism to squeeze the animal from the sides, a sliding entrance gate, operated from the side of the crush, is set a few feet behind the captured animal to allow for clearance and prevent other animals entering. If this arrangement is absent, a cage can be added to the crush for veterinary use when artificial insemination or pregnancy testing is being performed. A crush is a permanent fixture in slaughterhouses, because the animal is carried on a conveyor restrainer under its belly, carried in this manner, the animal is unable to move either forward or backward by its own volition. Some mobile crushes are equipped with a set of wheels so they can be towed from yard to yard, a few of these portable crushes are built so the crush may also be used as a portable loading ramp. A mobile crush must incorporate a strong floor, to prevent the animal moving it by walking along the ground, Crushes vary in sophistication, according to requirements and cost. The simplest are just a part of a race with a suitable head bail. More complex ones incorporate features such as automatic catching systems, hatches, winches, constricting sides to hold the animal firmly, specialist crushes are made for various purposes. For example, those designed for cattle with long horns are low-sided or very wide. Other specialist crushes include those for tasks such as scanning, foot-trimming or clipping the hair under the belly
12.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
13.
Bullfighting
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Bullfighting is a physical contest that generally involves humans attempting to publicly subdue, immobilise, or kill a bull, usually according to a set of rules, guidelines, or cultural expectations. Although people commonly think of Spanish-style bullfighting as representative of bullfighting, there are different forms. Some forms involve dancing around or over a cow or bull, Bullfighting is a traditional spectacle of many countries including Spain, Portugal, parts of southern France, India and Tanzania, and some Latin American countries. In some locations, a breed of cattle, the Spanish Fighting Bull, is used for bullfighting. These bulls must be bred in large ranches, and in conditions as similar as possible to the way they would behave in the wild, there are many historic fighting venues in the Iberian Peninsula, France and Latin America. Bullfighting traces its roots to prehistoric bull worship and sacrifice in Mesopotamia, the first recorded bullfight may be the Epic of Gilgamesh, which describes a scene in which Gilgamesh and Enkidu fought and killed the Bull of Heaven. Bull leaping was portrayed in Crete, and myths related to bulls throughout Greece, the killing of the sacred bull is the essential central iconic act of Mithras, which was commemorated in the mithraeum wherever Roman soldiers were stationed. The oldest representation of what seems to be a man facing a bull is on the Celtiberian tombstone from Clunia, Bullfighting is often linked to Rome, where many human-versus-animal events were held as competition and entertainment, the Venationes. These hunting games spread to Africa, Europe and Asia during Roman times, there are also theories that it was introduced into Hispania by the Emperor Claudius, as a substitute for gladiators, when he instituted a short-lived ban on gladiatorial combat. The latter theory was supported by Robert Graves Spanish colonists took the practice of breeding cattle and bullfighting to the American colonies, in the 19th century, areas of southern and southwestern France adopted bullfighting, developing their own distinctive form. Religious festivities and royal weddings were celebrated by fights in the plaza, where noblemen would ride competing for royal favor. In the Middle Ages across Europe, knights would joust in competitions on horseback, in Spain, they began to fight bulls. In medieval Spain bullfighting was considered a sport and reserved to the rich. The bull was released into an arena where a single fighter on horseback was armed with a lance. This spectacle was said to be enjoyed by Charlemagne, Alfonso X the Wise, the greatest Spanish performer of this art is said to have been El Cid knight. According chronicle of the time, in 1128, when Alfonso VII of León and Castile married Berengaria of Barcelona daughter of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona at Saldaña among other celebrations, there were also bullfights. This type of fighting drew more attention from the crowds, thus the modern corrida, or fight, began to take form, as riding noblemen were replaced by commoners on foot. This new style prompted the construction of dedicated bullrings, initially square, like the Plaza de Armas, the modern style of Spanish bullfighting is credited to Juan Belmonte, generally considered the greatest matador of all time
14.
Wrangler (jeans)
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Wrangler is an American manufacturer of jeans and other clothing items, particularly workwear. The brand is owned by the VF Corporation, who also own Lee, JanSport and its headquarters is in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina in the United States, with production plants in a variety of locations throughout the world. Wrangler Jeans were first made by Blue Bell, who acquired the brand when they took over Casey Jones in the mid-1940s, Blue Bell employed Bernard Lichtenstein, a Polish tailor from Łódź who worked closely with cowboys, to help design jeans suitable for rodeo use. This was the origin of Wrangler Jeans, the 13MWZ style, introduced in 1947 as lot number 11MWZ, is still available worldwide. In addition to this, Wrangler has since introduced several lines that are more designated towards a specific group or demographic. Some examples of this are 20X, Riggs, and Aura, Wrangler exports its goods to many countries with Europe and Australia being some of its main export markets. Wrangler has acquired iconic status worldwide and, particularly, in US, UK, Wrangler also has a line of music accessories targeted toward country music fans. Wrangler also has a series of television commercials with Brett Favre playing a game of touch football in the mud. Hudson leaves Spring Hill Farm in Williamson County, Tennessee, and makes his way to North Carolina and he finds work in a factory making overalls, where he earns 25 cents a day sewing on buttons. He and a few others buy several of the machines, lease space above a downtown grocery store. 1919, The business builds its first factory on the corner of South Elm Street, legend has it that a group of railroad workers who bought overalls at the Hudson store gave C. C. Hudson a bell, and after spending time in the factory,1936, Blue Bell launches Super Big Ben Overalls made out of 100% Sanforized Fabric that reduces shrinkage after washing to less than 1%. This sets a new standard for the industry,1943, Blue Bell acquires the Casey Jones Work-Clothes Company and the rights to a rarely used Casey Jones brand name, Wrangler. 1946, Blue Bell starts to develop a line for cowboys. Blue Bell workers take part in a contest to give the jeans a brand name, the winning name is Wrangler, synonymous with the name for a working cowboy. 1947, After designing and testing 13 pairs of prototype jeans, a promotional campaign is launched featuring 11MWZ test riders and rodeo legends Freckles Brown, Bill Linderman, and Jim Shoulders. 1952, Lot number 11MWZ is renamed 13MWZ to conform to the 13 oz. per yard denim weight being used to manufacture the style,1962, Blue Bell opens a factory in Belgium and the Wrangler brand name enjoys a successful launch in Europe. 1973, Wrangler jeans become an icon of youth culture, synonymous with teenagers the world over,1974, The Pro Rodeo Cowboys Association of America officially endorses Wrangler Jeans
15.
National Finals Rodeo
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The National Finals Rodeo, organized by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, is the premier championship rodeo event in the United States. The NFR showcases the talents of the PRCAs top 15 money-winners in each event as they compete for the world title. The NFR is held each year in the first full week of December, at the Thomas & Mack Center on the campus of the University of Nevada, and is aired live on CBS Sports Network. Cowboy Christmas, a gift show, is held concurrent with the rodeo at the Las Vegas Convention Center. Since the rodeo uses special dirt, the dirt is stored on the UNLV campus for use in the next NFR, the NFR is the final rodeo event of the PRCA season. In addition to world championships, a winner is crowned in each event. Since this event is popular, it sells out all seats for all of the events. Many casinos carry the events live in their sports books or host special parties to all of the fans in town who can not get tickets for the events. Most of the hotels and casinos book special entertainment into their showrooms with a country theme offering many of the regular shows an extended break. The NFR consists of ten days, each of which has a competition, or go-round, in addition, each event has a separate set of prizes for having the best combined results over the ten days, referred to as the average. The payouts are based on the prize pool. The National Finals Rodeo, known popularly as the Super Bowl of rodeo, is an event held annually by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association. The world championship steer roping competition has always been held separately from the regular NFR, the National Finals Rodeo showcases the talents of the PRCAs top fifteen money-winners in each event as they compete for the world title. The first NFR was held in Dallas in 1959 and continued at that venue through 1961, in 1962-64 Los Angeles hosted the competition. Oklahoma City successfully bid in 1964 to be the host city, in 1965 the first NFR at State Fair Arena drew 47,027 fans. NFR remained there through 1978 and through 1984 at the Myriad Convention Center, in 1984, Las Vegas bid for the event. Although the Oklahoma City Council considered building a new $30 million arena at the State Fairgrounds, since 1985 the NFR has been held in the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas. The NFR has become Thomas & Mack Center arena’s biggest client, in 2001 a landmark sponsorship agreement was achieved and Wrangler became the first title sponsor of the National Finals Rodeo
16.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
17.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
18.
ESPN.com
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ESPN. com is the official website of ESPN. It is owned by ESPN Internet Ventures, a division of ESPN Inc. ESPN. com also has partnerships with MLB. com, NBA. com, NFL. com, WNBA. com, MLSsoccer. com NHL. com, Baseball America, Golf Digest, Scouts Inc. Each section contains pages devoted to, scores, teams, schedules, standings, players, transactions, news wires, injures, the website was part of the MSN portal from 2001 to 2004. ESPN launched a Spanish language website in 2000, ESPN Deportes. com, the content of some ESPN. com articles is argued to have been plagiarized. ESPN started local chapters of its website in response to the decline of local sports coverage available as newspapers continue to go out of business across the country. Each page covers local professional and college teams, hiring locally known writers, in markets where the ABC Owned Television Stations owns a station, their sports coverage is incorporated with the corresponding ESPN local site. Some local sites have expanded into high school sports coverage
19.
Fort Worth Star-Telegram
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The Fort Worth Star-Telegram is a U. S. daily newspaper serving Fort Worth and the western half of the North Texas area known as the Metroplex. Its area of domination is checked by its rival, The Dallas Morning News. It is owned by The McClatchy Company, in May 1905, Amon G. Carter accepted a job as an advertising space salesman in Fort Worth. A few months later, he agreed to finance and run a new newspaper in town. The Fort Worth Star printed its first newspaper on February 1,1906, the Star lost money, and was in danger of going bankrupt when Carter had an audacious idea, raise additional money and purchase his newspapers main competition, the Fort Worth Telegram. In November 1908, the Star purchased the Telegram for $100,000, the newspaper created WBAP in 1922 and Texas first television station, WBAP-TV, in 1948. The Star-Telegram’s circulation area is the Fort Worth/Arlington metro area and 14 surrounding counties, the newspapers primary market is the four-county Fort Worth/Arlington metro area, as well as the Dallas and Fort Worth suburb of Grand Prairie. The Fort Worth/Arlington metro area is the part of the fourth-largest U. S. metropolitan area. Fort Worth/Arlington ranks 29th most populous as a metro area,1981 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography, Larry C. Price for his photographs from Liberia,1985 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service, Mark Thompson for reporting which revealed that nearly 250 U. S. The Star-Telegram is the nations oldest continuously operating online newspaper, starText, an ASCII-based service, was started in 1982 and eventually integrated into the papers current website. List of newspapers in Texas Dallas-Fort Worth portal Journalism portal Flemmons, Amon, The Texan Who Played Cowboy for America. The Star-Telegram official site The Star-Telegram official mobile site 2007 Top 100 Daily Newspapers in the U. S. by Circulation
20.
Bull-leaping
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Bull-leaping is a motif of Middle Bronze Age figurative art, notably of Minoan Crete, but also found in Hittite Anatolia, the Levant, Bactria and the Indus Valley. It is often interpreted as a depiction of a performed in connection with bull worship. Frescoes in Tell el-Daba dating to the 18th dynasty show similar designs besides genuinely Egyptian motifs and they could also have been included as palace decorations because the palace was built for an Aegean princess diplomatically married to a Hyksos pharaoh. Furthermore, a vase was discovered in Hüseyindede in 1997. Bull-leaping is thought to have been a key ritual in the religion of the Minoan civilization in Bronze Age Crete, as in the case of other Mediterranean civilizations, the bull was the subject of veneration and worship. Representation of the Bull at the palace of Knossos is a symbol in the art. The assumption, widely debated by scholars, is that the iconography represents a ritual sport and/or performance in human athletes literally vaulted over bulls as part of a ceremonial rite. Bull-leaping is still practiced in the south west of France, where it is known as the course landaise. The town of Mont-de-Marsan in Gascony is renowned for its fine sauteurs or leapers and écarteurs dressed in brocaded waistcoats and they compete in teams, attempting to use their wide repertoire of skillful evasions and acrobatic leaps to avoid the cows charges. The cow is typically guided by the use of a rope attached to its horns. In France the courses landaises are held from March to October on the occasion of festivals in cities and villages, including Nogaro, Mont-de-Marsan, Dax, Castelnau-dAuzan. A similar but even more dangerous tradition of non-violent bull-leaping, recortes, is practiced in parts of Spain. Athletes, known as recortadores, compete at dodging and leaping over bulls without the use of the cape or sword, another example of related sport is Jallikattu, a Pongal celebration related sporting event in Tamil Nadu, India. In this sport, the participants are trying to leap onto a bull and this ancient event has been depicted in rock art dated at least to the 3rd century BC. Torero Bullfighting Collon, D. Bull-Leaping in Syria, Egypt, mcInerney, J. Bulls and Bull-leaping in the Minoan World, Expedition Magazine 53.3, n. pag. Marinatos, Nannó, The Export Significance of Minoan Bull-Leaping Scenes, Egypt, marinatos, Nannó, Minoan Religion, Ritual, Image, and Symbol, Studies in Comparative Religion. Columbia, South Carolina, University of South Carolina Press,1993, the bull-leaping fresco from below the Ramp House at Mycenae, a study in iconography and artistic transmission, ABSA91. Sipahi, Tunç, New Evidence From Anatolia Regarding Bull Leaping Scenes in the Art of the Aegean, younger, J. Bronze Age Representations of Aegean Bull-Games, III, Aegaeum 12, 507–46
21.
Course landaise
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The course landaise is an ancient form of bullfighting held in oval or rectangular arenas covered in sand, that involves no bloodshed. Experienced cows, with horns, aged generally from 2 to 14 years old are used instead of bulls. They are athletic animals selected from the breed as the bulls used for the Spanish corridas. In Gascony it is a spectator sport, counting as many as 600 events each year. The course Landaise is one of forms of entertainment involving a bull or a cow found throughout the south of France. The course Landaise is for the most part the main attraction of the celebrations held in villages of western Gascony. This form of bullfighting is a game of bull dodging and leaping. One needs courage, composure and agility to participate in this dangerous sport, death of toreros or écarteurs, although rare, unfortunately do happen occasionally. The écarteurs are well-respected professionals but never enough to support themselves with the sport alone. However, their passion for this dangerous sport allows them to benefit from the support of the aficionados throughout the region. A cuadrilla or team of toreros landais faces in a traditional and precisely prescribed game vigorous fighting cows of Spanish races, such as brava, the teams come from stock farms and wear, like any other team of sportsmen, their own colours. Each écarteur proudly wears his embroidered suit, which makes him instantly recognizable to the aficionados or lovers of this sport, the cows are specially bred and grow up in the wild, on splendid rural Ganaderias and are of a considerable size. They are extremely quick and can easily leap 6 foot fences and they are specially trained to defend themselves in their own natural way, and benefit from years of fighting in the arenas. The Ganaderias are mainly located in the Landes, in the region of Chalosse, the cows all have their own name and are classified for pugnacity. Before the game starts they are all put in their own private cabin, a rope is fixed around their horns in order to be able bring them during the game to their starting position. The torero challenges the cow and to allow her to attack, the cordier lets out the rope, enabling the cow to attack. The enthusiastic public continuously gives financial premiums for courage and audacity, the toreros are divided in two categories, the ’’écarteurs’’ or dodgers, which avoid the cow charging at full speed at the very last moment with a feint and a graceful movement. This is done with and sometimes without the protection of the rope, judges are well placed to appreciate how close to the cow the écarteurs remain and reward them for their elegance, panache, composure and courage
22.
Feria (festival)
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A feria is an annual local festival in Spain and southern France, characterized by bullfights, bull running in the streets, bodegas and bandas. The word festayre means ferias partiers, the Spanish word feria originally designates a Fair. In many parts of Spain, there are still a parting between the festivities and the feria which takes place on this occasion. Thus, in Pamplona, one differentiates the San Fermín of the Feria del Toro, which means the eight bullfights cycle, a novillada, thus, festivities without taurine activities cannot be termed ferias. The word continues to be used in Spain with exactly the meaning as the English fair. Just a look at the calendarios de ferias of all the Spanish regions to note that the majority of them have no bullfights, in France, the word was often used to refer to a series of bullfights. In the southwestern and southeastern parts of France, people quickly confounded taurine feria, gascon towns have organized this movement over the past forty years. Thus, the Fêtes de Dax, officially became the Feria de Dax, thus breaking with the Spanish meaning, the popularity of these feasts and the media coverage that was made favored the substitution of the word fêtes by feria. Many municipalities - including those who hold no bullfight - as well have renamed their annual patron saints festivals into ferias, however, in Mont-de-Marsan as in Bayonne, the sumer festive week continues to be called respectively Fêtes de la Madeleine and Fêtes de Bayonne. The feria de Nîmes are currently the largest ferias in France, the Pentecost Feria attracts nearly a million visitors over six days
23.
Jallikattu
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Participants hold the hump for as long as possible, attempting to bring the bull to a stop. In some cases, participants must ride long enough to remove flags on the bulls horns, Jallikattu is typically practised in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu as a part of Pongal celebrations on Mattu Pongal day. Ancient Tamil Sangams described the practice as Yeru thazhuvuthal, literally bull embracing, the modern term Jallikattu or Sallikattu is derived from salli and kattu, which refers to a prize of coins that are tied to the bulls horns and that participants attempt to retrieve. Manju virattu literally means bull chasing, Jallikattu has been known to be practiced during the Tamil classical period. It was common among the ancient people Aayars who lived in the geographical division of the ancient Tamil country. Later, it became a platform for display of bravery and prize money was introduced for participation encouragement, a seal from the Indus Valley Civilization depicting the practice is preserved in the National Museum, New Delhi. A cave painting in white kaolin discovered near Madurai depicting a man trying to control a bull is estimated to be about 2,500 years old. Some variants include, Vadi majuviraṭṭu, This is the most common category of Jallikattu, the bull is released from a closed space and the contestants attempt to wrap their arms or hands around the hump of the bull and hold on to it to win the award. Only one person is allowed to attempt at a time and this variant is most common in the districts of Madurai, Thanjavur, and Salem. Vēli viraṭṭu, In this variant the approach is different as the bull is directly released into open ground. The rules are the same as that of vadi majuviraṭṭu and this is a popular variant in the districts of Sivagangai and Madurai. Vaṭam manjuviraṭṭu, In this variant, the bull is tied with a 15 m rope, there are no other physical restrictions for the bull and hence it can move freely anywhere. The maximum time period given is 30 minutes, a team of seven to nine members can attempt to seal the bull. Bulls enter the area through a gate called the vadi vasal. Typically, participants must only hold onto the bulls hump, and in some variations they are disqualified if they hold onto the bulls neck, there may be several goals to the game depending on region. In some versions, contestants must either hold the hump for 30 seconds or for 15 metres. If the contestant is thrown by the bull or falls, they lose, some variations only allow for one contestant. If two people grab the hump, then neither person wins, bos indicus bulls are bred specifically by people of the village for the event
24.
Portuguese-style bullfighting
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Portuguese-style bullfighting differs in many aspects from Spanish-style bullfighting. The cavaleiros and the forcados are unique as well as the horsewomen, cavaleiros - A horseman or woman, dressed in traditional 18th century costumes fights the bull from horseback. The horses are Portuguese Lusitanos, specially trained for the fights and these horses are usually skilled in dressage and may exhibit their art in the arena. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four bandarilhas in the back of the bull, in the past, horseback bullfighters were often members of old aristocratic families. The horsewomen are a pioneer and unique feature of the Portuguese bullfighting, Ana Batista, Sónia Matias, Ana Rita and Joana Andrade are among the first and most renowned cavaleiras of Portugal. Forcados - The forcados are a group of eight men who challenge the bull directly, the front man provokes the bull into a charge to perform a pega de cara or pega de caras. The front man secures the head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround. Forcados were usually people from lower classes who, to this day, in California, these men sometimes take the humorous nickname of Suicide Squad. Matadores - Same as the Spanish matadores, but they do not kill the bull in the end, bandarilheiros - These men are the matadors and/or cavaleiros helpers in the arena. They are skillful and wear the suit of light as the matador, while in the arena, they are holding the gold/pink cape to distract or position the bull. Most Portuguese bullfights are held in two phases, the spectacle of the cavaleiro, followed by the pega, in Portugal, the main stars of bullfighting are the cavaleiros, as opposed to Spain, where the matadores are the most prominent bullfighters. Examples of famous Portuguese matadores are Vítor Mendes and Pedrito de Portugal, during the cavaleiro, a horseman on a Portuguese Lusitano horse fights the bull from horseback. The purpose of this fight is to stab three or four bandeirilhas in the back of the bull, in the second stage, called the pega, the forcados, a group of eight men, challenge the bull directly without any protection or weapon of defense. The front man provokes the bull into a charge to perform a pega de cara or pega de caras, the front man secures the animals head and is quickly aided by his fellows who surround and secure the animal until he is subdued. Many people who watch Portuguese-style bullfights in the United States use the term, suicide squad, the bull is not killed, at the end of the corrida, leading oxen are let into the arena and two campinos on foot herd the bull along them back to its pen. After the fight the bull may be killed by a professional butcher or, after a good performance, restored to health. There are other forms of bullfighting in Portugal, some differing markedly from the version described above. In the Azores, bullfighting is often reminiscent of the running of the bulls in Pamplona in the respect that those most at risk are human beings, not the bulls themselves
25.
Running of the Bulls
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The origin of this event comes from the need to transport the bulls from the fields outside the city, where they were bred, to the bullring, where they would be killed in the evening. During this run, youngsters would jump among them to show off their bravado, in Pamplona and other places, the six bulls in the event are still those that will feature in the afternoon bullfight of the same day. Spanish tradition says the origin of the run began in northeastern Spain during the early 14th century. While transporting cattle in order to them at the market, men would try to speed the process by hurrying their cattle using tactics of fear. When the popularity of this practice increased and was noticed more and more by the population of Spanish cities. The Pamplona encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE and it is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival, which is held every year from 6–14 July. The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the mornings of the festival. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls. In Pamplona a set of fences are erected to direct the bulls along the route. A double wooden fence is used in houses where there is enough space for it. The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through, the fence is composed of around three thousand separate pieces and while some parts are left for the duration of the fiesta others are mounted and dismounted every morning. Spectators can only stand behind the fence, whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event. The encierro begins with singing a benediction. It is sung three times, each time being both in Spanish and Basque. The singers finish by shouting Viva San Fermín, most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband and neckerchief. Also some of them hold the days newspaper rolled to draw the attention from them if necessary. A first rocket is set off at 8 a. m. to alert the runners that the gate is open. A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released, the third and fourth rockets are signals that all of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively, marking the end of the event
26.
Spanish-style bullfighting
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Bullfighting season in Spain runs from March to October. Each matador has six assistants — two picadores mounted on horseback, three banderilleros, and a mozo de espada, collectively they compose a cuadrilla or team of bullfighters. The crew also includes an ayuda and subalternos including at least two peones, the modern corrida is highly ritualized, with three distinct parts or tercios, the start of each of which is announced by a trumpet sound. The participants first enter the arena in a parade or paseíllo to salute the presiding dignitary, presidente, the ritual is a key factor, for example the oldest matador goes to the far left, while the newest will be placed in the middle. If a matador is new to the Plaza, he will do the paseíllo without his hat on, torero costumes are inspired by 18th century Andalusian clothing. Matadores are easily distinguished by their spectacular and quite costly suit of lights, custom-made, next, the bull enters the ring to be tested for ferocity by the matador and banderilleros with the magenta and gold capote, or dress cape. Bulls are raised on the range by specialist breeding estates called ganaderías. The bull enters the arena with a rosette on its back bearing the colours of the estate of its origin, in the first stage, the tercio de varas, the matador observes how the bull charges as capes are thrust by the banderilleros. He also notes vision problems, unusual head movements, or if the bull favors a part of the ring called a querencia, a bull trying to reach its querencia is often more dangerous than a bull that is attacking the cape directly. Next, two picadores enter the arena, each armed with a lance or vara, the picadores are mounted on large heavily padded and blindfolded horses. The bull is encouraged to attack the horse which is protected by its padding, the picador stabs a mound of muscle on the bulls neck leading to the animals first loss of blood. This loss of blood further weakens the bull and makes him ready for the next stage, padded protection for the horses was mandated relatively recently in history and up to the 1930s the horses were gored and killed by the bull in the ring. As the picador stabs the top of the bull with the lance and this causes further weakening of the neck. If the picador does his job well, the bull will hold its head and this makes him slightly less dangerous while enabling the matador to perform the passes of modern bullfighting. This stage is a step in the corrida, and regulations require that the plaza judge ensures a certain number of hits are made before it is completed. In some rings a torero may request more or fewer hits in order to any perceived defects. In the next stage, the tercio de banderillas, the three banderilleros each attempt to plant two barbed sticks in the bulls shoulders. These further weaken the enormous ridges of neck and shoulder muscle through loss of blood, by this point the bull has lost a significant amount of blood and is exhausted
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Toro embolado
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It can be considered a variant of an encierro. This activity is held in a number of Spanish towns during their local festivals, in recent years, animal welfare activists have attempted to stop this practise from happening due to the cruelty to the animal. The animal is tied to a post and then teams of people prevent it from moving while a wooden frame with two spikes with balls of flammable material is attached to its horns. These are then set alight and the rope is cut, sometimes fireworks are attached too, which then go off shortly afterwards. There is usually a barricade separating the bull from the spectators, a somewhat similar activity is the Toro de fuego, in which the live bull is replaced by a bull-resembling metal frame which is set alight
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Vaquejada
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In October 6,2016, the Brazilian Supreme Court ruled that the vaquejada is illegal and against the Brazilian Constitution. The subject came into matter when the Government of the State of Ceará approved a law regarding the practice. The General Attorney appealed against it to the Supreme Court, stating in the lawsuit that the animals treated with cruelty. In its favor, the Government of Ceará sustained that it was a cultural event, according to the Government of Ceará, the vaquejada creates over 200 thousand jobs. The Supreme Courts decision is of national coverage, a Vaquejada Nordestina E Sua Origem. Instituto Joaquim Nabuco de Pesquisas Socials
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Bullring
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A bullring is an arena where bullfighting is performed. Bullrings are often associated with Spain, but they can also be found in neighboring countries, bullrings are often historic and culturally significant centres that bear many structural similarities to the Roman amphitheatre. The classic bullring is an enclosed, roughly circular amphitheatre with tiered rows of stands that surround a central space. The open space forms the arena or ruedo, a field of densely packed crushed rock that is the stage for the bullfight, also on the ground level, the central arena is surrounded by a staging area where the bullfighters prepare and take refuge, called the callejón. The callejón is separated from the arena by a wall or other structure, usually made of wood and roughly 140 cm high. The partition wall has doors for the entrance and exit of the bull and human participants, although the form, number, and placement of these doors will vary from one bullring to another. In regular places, the wall is pushed outwards leaving splits that allow the bullfighters to go in the arena, nevertheless, on rare occasions the bull jumps the wall causing havoc in the corridor. The arena is surrounded by climbing rows of seats, the seats are priced differently according to the position of the sun during the show, normally in the afternoon. The hot sol, sun, is cheaper than the fresher sombra, bullrings evolved as specialized sporting arenas hand-in-hand with the sport that demanded them. Back when bullfighting festivals were conducted principally on horseback, the spectacle was a public affair that took place in the citys open plaza area. It was only later, when bullfights were conducted principally by men on foot, in these early days, the circular form was not to be taken for granted. Another circular plaza was begun in Ronda in 1754, and it featured its first bullfights in 1782, in the change from the 19th to the 20th century, the Neo Mudéjar style became in vogue for plazas, involving decoration in visible brickwork. Since the 1990s, new technology allows some rings to be covered permanently or temporarily. The primary purpose of the ring is bullfighting, but it is limited to some festival weeks in the year. In other times, it may be used as a venue as in the Rock en el ruedo tour of Miguel Ríos or the live record Diamonds & Rust in the Bullring, featuring a Joan Baez concert in the Bilbao plaza. Before the diffusion of modern sports premises, bullrings were used in the Basque Country for traditional sports similar to challenges of resistance running, the public made bets on the number of laps the runner could make. The most famous bullrings in the world are Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas in Madrid, widely regarded as the most prestigious one, La Maestranza in Seville, Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas, Madrid. Plaza de Toros de Valencia, Valencia, les Arenes, Barcelona, now a shopping mall
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Islero
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Islero was a Miura bull famed for killing the celebrated bullfighter Manolete on August 28,1947. Bulls from the Miura ranch, located near Seville, Spain, are known for being large, Islero had poor eyesight and tended to chop with his right horn. On the fateful day, he was the bull of the afternoon. The bullfighter was rushed to hospital, but died on the table later that evening. Italian automaker Lamborghini named one of its grand tourers Islero as part of the tradition of naming its cars after Miura bulls. The Spanish project to nuclear weapons was named Proyecto Islero
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Miura bull
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A Miura bull is a Spanish fighting bull bred from the lineage of the Miura Cattle Ranch, located in the province of Seville, Spain. The ranch originally belonged to Don Eduardo Miura Fernández, and is known for producing large, a Miura bull debuted in Madrid on April 30,1849. The Miura line traces its roots to five historic Spanish bull breeds, namely the Gallardo, Cabrera, Navarra, Veragua, the Miura ranch is located at the Zahariche estate, a few miles from the village of Lora del Río, in the province of Seville. The estate, which has been occupied by the Miuras since 1842, encompasses over 600 hectares, the stud farm employs twelve people, including eight Andalusian vaqueros. The ranch is presided over by Eduardo and Antonio Miura, sons of the late Eduardo, according to Eduardo Miura, the ranch aims to breed for quality, not quantity. The Miura breed was created in 1842 by Juan Miura, using 220 Gil de Herrera cows, in 1850, the Cabrera line was added using cows from Jerónima Núñez de Prado, and two Vistahermosa bulls were brought in 1860. The bullfighter Rafael Molina Sánchez donated a Navarro bull, and the Duke of Veragua contributed a castaño ojinegro, also known to have been involved are a bull from Conde de la Corte, and the bull named Bandillero, a Parladé belonging to the Marquess of Tamarón. In his book Death in the Afternoon, Ernest Hemingway wrote, faster than the actual fight progresses which makes it more difficult from one minute to the next to control them. These bulls are raised by Don Eduardo Miuras sons from old fighting stock, bulls from the Miura lineage have a reputation for being large, fierce, and cunning. It is said to be dangerous for a matador to turn his back on a Miura. Miura bulls have referred to as individualists, each bull seemingly possessing a strong personal character. The name Miura is best known outside the world of bullfighting thanks to Ferruccio Lamborghinis sports car maker, Lamborghini, and its classic Miura sports car. Murciélago survived 24 jabs with the lance from the picador in a fight October 5,1879 against Rafael El Lagartijo Molina Sanchez, at the Coso de los califas bullring in Córdoba, Spain. Murciélago fought with such passion and spirit that the called for his life to be spared. The bull, which came from Joaquin del Val di Navarras farm, was presented as a gift to Antonio Miura. The Miuras proceeded to sire him into the Miura line, the Lamborghini Murcielago is named in his honor. Reventón, who was raised by Heriberto Rodríguez, killed bullfighter Félix Guzmán in Mexico in 1943, in 2007 Lamborghini released a super limited edition hyper car in his honor - the Lamborghini Reventon. Islero gored and killed bullfighter Manolete on August 28,1947, Islero had poor eyesight and tended to chop with his right horn
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Spanish Fighting Bull
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The Spanish Fighting Bull is an Iberian heterogeneous cattle population. It is primarily bred free-range on extensive estates in Spain, Portugal, Fighting bulls are selected primarily for a certain combination of aggression, energy, strength, and stamina. Some commentators trace the origins of the bull to wild bulls from the Iberian Peninsula. Although the actual origins are disputed, genetic studies have indicated that the stock have an unusually old genetic pool. In May 2010, Spanish scientists cloned the first of the breed, the calf, named Got, meaning glass in Valencian, was cloned from a bull named Vasito and implanted into a Holstein host mother. The fighting bull is characterized by its behavior, especially when solitary or unable to flee. Many are colored black or dark brown, but other colorations are normal, the horns are longer than in most other breeds and are also present in both males and females. Mature bulls weigh from 500 to 700 kg, among fighting cattle there are several encastes or sub types of the breed. Of the so-called foundational breeds, only the bloodlines of Vistahermosa, Vázquez, Gallardo, in the cases of the latter two only the ranches of Miura and Pablo Romero are deeply influenced by them. The so-called modern foundational bloodlines are Saltillo, Murube, Parladé and Santa Coloma, Fighting cattle are bred on wide-ranging ranches in Spains dehesas, which are often havens for Spanish wildlife as the farming techniques used are extensive. It is raised by its mother until one year old, after which it is separated from the mother regardless of gender, afterwards it is branded and kept in single-sex groups. When they reach two years or so, they are sent to the tienta, or testing, for the males, this establishes if they are suitable for breeding, the bullfight, or will be slaughtered for meat. The testing for the bullfight is only of their aggression towards the horse and they learn how to use their horns in tests of strength and dominance with other bulls. Due to their aggression, these combats can lead to severe injuries. The females are more thoroughly tested, including by a bullfighter with his capes, if fit for bullfighting bulls will return to their peers. Cows passing the tienta will become mothers and will be slaughtered only when they are too old to bear calves, the best bulls are kept for corridas de toros with full matadors. Under Spanish law they must be at least four years old and reach the weight of 460 kg to fight in a bullring,435 kg for a second-rank one. They must also have fully functional vision and even horns and be in good condition
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Andalusian horse
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The Andalusian, also known as the Pure Spanish Horse or PRE, is a horse breed from the Iberian Peninsula, where its ancestors have lived for thousands of years. The Andalusian has been recognized as a breed since the 15th century. Throughout its history, it has known for its prowess as a war horse. The breed was used as a tool of diplomacy by the Spanish government, during the 19th century, warfare, disease and crossbreeding reduced herd numbers dramatically, and despite some recovery in the late 19th century, the trend continued into the early 20th century. Exports of Andalusians from Spain were restricted until the 1960s, but the breed has spread throughout the world. In 2010, there were more than 185,000 registered Andalusians worldwide, strongly built, and compact yet elegant, Andalusians have long, thick manes and tails. Their most common color is gray, although they can be found in many other colors. They are known for their intelligence, sensitivity and docility, a sub-strain within the breed known as the Carthusian, is considered by breeders to be the purest strain of Andalusian, though there is no genetic evidence for this claim. The strain is considered separate from the main breed however. At least one lawsuit is in progress as of 2011, to determine the ownership of the Spanish PRE stud book, the Andalusian is closely related to the Lusitano of Portugal, and has been used to develop many other breeds, especially in Europe and the Americas. Breeds with Andalusian ancestry include many of the warmbloods in Europe as well as western hemisphere breeds such as the Azteca, over its centuries of development, the Andalusian breed has been selected for athleticism and stamina. The horses were used for classical dressage, driving, bullfighting. Modern Andalusians are used for equestrian activities, including dressage. The breed is used extensively in movies, especially historical pictures. Andalusians stallions and geldings average 15.1 1⁄2 hands at the withers and 512 kilograms in weight, mares average 15 1⁄2 hands and 412 kilograms. The Spanish legislation also requires that in order for animals to be approved as either qualified or élite breeding stock, stallions must stand at least 15.1 hands, Andalusian horses are elegant and strongly built. Members of the breed have heads of medium length, with a straight or slightly convex profile, ultra convex and concave profiles are discouraged in the breed, and are penalized in breed shows. Necks are long and broad, running to well-defined withers and a massive chest and they have a short back and broad, strong hindquarters with a well-rounded croup
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Lusitano
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The Lusitano, also known as the Pure Blood Lusitano or PSL, is a Portuguese horse breed, closely related to the Spanish Andalusian horse. Both are sometimes called Iberian horses, as the breeds both developed on the Iberian peninsula, and until the 1960s they were considered one breed, under the Andalusian name. Horses were known to be present on the Iberian Peninsula as far back as 20,000 BC, and by 800 BC the region was renowned for its war horses. When the Muslims invaded Iberia in 711 AD, they brought Barb horses with them that were crossed with the horses, developing a horse that became useful for war, dressage. In 1966, the Portuguese and Spanish stud books split, and the Portuguese strain of the Iberian horse was named the Lusitano, after the word Lusitania, there are three main breed lineages within the breed today, and characteristics differ slightly between each line. There is also the Alter Real strain of Lusitano, bred only at the Alter Real State Stud, Lusitanos can be any solid color, although they are generally gray, bay or chestnut. Horses of the Alter Real strain are always bay, members of the breed are of Baroque type, with convex facial profiles, heavy muscling, intelligent and willing natures, with agile and elevated movement. Originally bred for war, dressage and bullfighting, Lusitanos are still used today in the latter two and they have competed in several Olympics and World Equestrian Games as part of the Portuguese and Spanish dressage teams. They have also made a showing in driving competitions, with a Belgian team of Lusitanos winning multiple international titles, members of the breed are still used in bloodless bullfighting today, where it is expected that neither horse or bull will be injured. Horses were known to humans on what is now the Iberian Peninsula as far back as 25,000 to 20,000 BC and these ancient horses were used for war, with clear evidence of their use by Phoenicians around 1100 BC and Celts around 600 BC. It is believed that these also brought horses with them. By 800 BC, the known as Celtiberians had been formed by the Iberians and Celts. Xenophon, writing around 370 BC, admired the advanced horsemanship and riding techniques used by Iberian horsemen in war, later invasions into the area by Carthaginians and Romans resulted in these civilizations establishing stud farms that bred cavalry horses for the Roman army from local stock. When the Umayyad Muslims invaded the Iberian peninsula in 711 AD, their invasion brought Barb horses, the cross between these two breeds produced a war horse superior even to the original Iberian horse, and it was this new type that the Conquistadors introduced to the Americas. Called the Iberian war horse, this ancestor of the Lusitano was used both on the battlefield and in major riding academies throughout Europe, bullfighting on horseback and displays of high school dressage were common entertainment for the Portuguese gentry. Prior to modern times, horse breeds throughout Europe were known primarily by the name of the region where they were bred, the Lusitano takes its name from Lusitania, an ancient Roman name for the region that today is Portugal. A very similar horse, the Spanish Andalusian, originally described the horses of distinct quality that came from Andalusia in Spain, some sources state that the Andalusian and the Lusitano are genetically the same breed, and the only difference is the country in which individual horses are born. The Lusitano is also known as the Portuguese, Peninsular, National or Betico-lusitano horse, during the 16th and 17th centuries, horses moved continually between Spain and Portugal, and horses from the studs of Andalusia were used to improve the Portuguese cavalry
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Forcado
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A forcado is a member of a group of men that performs the pega de cara or pega de caras, the final event in a typical Portuguese bullfight. Forcados may also be present in Mexican bullfights, Forcados were initially professionals from lower classes but nowadays people from all social backgrounds practice their art through amateur groups. In past times the bullring had a staircase to the royal cabin, to assist them they used a pole with a half-moon of steel at the top. This pole is called a forcado and it is there the name comes. Nowadays, they use a more symbolic, less functional version of it in the cortesias or historical demonstrations. The pega involves eight forcados who challenge the bull with their bare hands and they form a line facing the bull and the forcado da cara eggs the bull on by playing with it and taking steps forward if necessary to get it to charge. Once the bull runs forward the first forcado times his hold of the bulls head. Once on the head and holding onto it, usually around its neck, six forcados jump upon the bull piling upon themselves. The objective is to subdue the bull, to stop it, the forcado who grabbed the bull by the tail is the last one to release the bull after it is subdued. Bulls horns are covered with a protection of leather to prevent it from injuring forcados, although in popular street bullfights some bulls are released without any protection at all - em pontas. Forcados appear in clothing for this event, including a green, long. The campinos, who traditionally wear the knit hats, are also present at the arena to herd the bull back to its pen at the end of the corrida. The forcados dont wear the hat on their heads, they carry it on their shoulders in the cortesias, during the pega, only the forcado da cara wears it. Forcados are often seriously injured – in 2008 at least one forcado was in a coma for three days – or even killed, the oldest forcado group is Grupo de Forcados Amadores de Santarém. It has been practicing this art uninterruptedly since 1915, campino Bullfighting Portuguese-style bullfighting List of bullfighters Portugal
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Picador
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A picador is one of the pair of horsemen in a Spanish bullfight that jab the bull with a lance. They perform in the tercio de varas which is the first of the three stages in a Spanish bullfight, the picador has three main functions, To pierce the muscle on the back of the bull’s neck in order to straighten the bulls charge. To fatigue the bull’s neck muscles and general stamina as it tries to lift the horse with its head, to lower the bull’s head in preparation for the next stage. If the public feels that a picador is overenthusiastic in his lancing they will whistle and this is because they do not want the bull to lose all its strength and energy as this can lead to a dull bullfight. The picador is obliged to give the bull two lances in a first category bullring but the matador may request that the second be waived in second, the bull may receive three lances if it is particularly ferocious. The aim of the bull to charge the picador is often cited as the biggest test of its courage. A bull that does not charge may be punished with a black banderilla, which although somewhat longer than a normal banderilla is largely symbolic, prior to 1928, horses did not wear protection and the bull would on occasion disembowel the horse during this stage. In Seville they retain two teams of muleteros, one to drag out the bull and the other to drag out any dead horses. These days the horse is surrounded by a peto, a protection that greatly minimizes damage taken. However, injuries to the horses often include broken ribs and damage to internal organs, in the original days before bullfighting became recognizable in todays form, the picador was the central attraction and his name would be billed on the promotional flyers. In these bullfights the bull would charge the horse and the spectacle was watching the skill in protecting his horse whilst lancing the bull. The picador would lance the bull as many times as necessary, the matador and other bullfighters were on hand to help the picador, to direct the bull to the picador, and finally to finish off the injured bull
