1.
United States Secretary of Transportation
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The United States Secretary of Transportation is the head of the United States Department of Transportation, a member of the Presidents Cabinet, and thirteenth in the Presidential Line of Succession. The post was created with the formation of the Department of Transportation on October 15,1966, johnsons signing of the Department of Transportation Act. The Secretary of Transportation oversees eleven agencies, including the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Highway Administration, in April 2008, Mary Peters launched the official blog of the Secretary of Transportation called The Fast Lane. The first Secretary of Transportation was Alan Stephenson Boyd, nominated to the post by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson, ronald Reagans second Secretary of Transportation, Elizabeth Dole, was the first female holder, and Mary Peters was the second. Gerald Fords nominee William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr, neil Goldschmidt was the youngest secretary, taking office at age thirty nine, while Norman Mineta was the oldest, retiring at age seventy four. The salary of the Secretary of Transportation is $199,700, elaine Chao, who served as Secretary of Labor under President George W. Bush, was nominated by President-elect Donald Trump on November 29,2016. On January 31,2017 the Senate confirmed her appointment by a vote of 93-6, the most recent Secretary of Transportation to die was William T. Coleman, Jr. on March 31,2017. The most recently serving Secretary of Transportation to die was Andrew L. Lewis, general Biographical Sketches of the Secretaries of Transportation. Specific Official website The Fast Lane, the blog of the Secretary The Department of Transportation Act
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Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader
3.
Norman Mineta
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Norman Yoshio Mineta is an American politician. On July 10,2006, Hill & Knowlton, a public relations firm, on August 10,2010, it was announced that Mineta would join L&L Energy, Inc as Vice Chairman. Mineta also served as President Bill Clintons Secretary of Commerce for the last six months of his term, with the exception of a span of five days between the end of Clintons term and Bushs appointments, Mineta spent nearly six full years as a Cabinet member. Mineta was born in San Jose, California, to Japanese immigrant parents who were not allowed to become U. S. citizens at that time due to the Asian Exclusion Act. Upon arrival to the camp, Mineta, a fan, had his baseball bat confiscated by authorities because it could be used as a weapon. Many years later, after Mineta was elected to the U. S. Mineta was quoted as saying, while detained in the camp, Mineta, a Boy Scout, met fellow Scout Alan K. Simpson, future U. S. Senator from Wyoming, who visited the Scouts in the internment camp with his troop. The two became, and have remained, close friends and political allies and he graduated from the University of California, Berkeleys School of Business Administration in 1953 with a degree in Business Administration. Upon graduation, Mineta joined the U. S. Army and served as an officer in Japan. He then joined his father in the Mineta Insurance Agency, Mineta is married to Danealia Mineta. He has two sons, David and Stuart Mineta, and two stepsons, Robert and Mark Brantner. He also has the following grandchildren, Junior, Presley, Gracie, Marie, Lauryn, and Matthew Mineta, as well as Ashley, Brooke, Bridget, and Madison Brantner. His political career began in 1967 when he was appointed to a vacant San Jose City Council seat by Mayor Ron James, in 1969, he was elected to office for the first time, after completing the city council term he had been appointed to. He was elected mayor by fellow councilors during that term. In 1971, Mineta ran against 14 other candidates to replace outgoing mayor Ron James, Mineta won every precinct in the election with over 60% of the total vote and became the 59th Mayor of San Jose, the first Japanese-American mayor of a major U. S. city. As mayor, Mineta ended the citys 20-year-old policy of growth by annexation, creating development-free areas in East. His vice mayor, Janet Gray Hayes, succeeded him as mayor in 1975, from 1975 to 1995 he sat in the United States House of Representatives representing the Silicon Valley area. He co-founded the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus and served as its first chair, Mineta served as chairman of the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure between 1992 and 1994
4.
Federal Highway Administration
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The Federal Highway Administration is a division of the United States Department of Transportation that specializes in highway transportation. The agencys major activities are grouped into two programs, the Federal-aid Highway Program and the Federal Lands Highway Program and its role had previously been performed by the Office of Road Inquiry, Office of Public Roads and the Bureau of Public Roads. The organization has several organizations and a complicated history. The Office of Road Inquiry was founded in 1893, in 1905 that organizations name was changed to the Office of Public Roads which became a division of the United States Department of Agriculture. The name was changed again to the Bureau of Public Roads in 1915 and it was then shifted to the Federal Works Agency which was abolished in 1949 when its name reverted to Bureau of Public Roads under the Department of Commerce. With the coming of the bicycle in the 1890s, interest grew regarding the improvement of streets, the traditional method of putting the burden on maintaining roads on local landowners was increasingly inadequate. New York State took the lead in 1898, and by 1916 the old system had been discarded everywhere area, demands grew for local and state government to take charge. With the coming of the automobile after 1910, urgent efforts were made to upgrade, the American Association for Highway Improvement was organized in 1910. Funding came from automobile registration, and taxes on motor fuels, in 1916, federal-aid was first made available to improve post-roads, and promote general commerce. Congress appropriated $75 million over a period, with the Secretary of Agriculture in charge through the Bureau of Public Roads. There were 2.4 million miles of rural dirt rural roads in 1914,100,000 miles had been improved with grading and gravel, the rapidly increasing speed of automobiles, and especially trucks, made maintenance and repair high-priority item. Concrete was first used in 1893, and expanded until it became the dominant surfacing material in the 1930s, from 1917 through 1941,261,000 miles of highways were built with federal aid, and cost $5.31 billion. Federal funds totaled $3.17 billion, and state-local funds were $2.14 billion, the FHWA was created on October 15,1966. In 1967 the functions of the Bureau of Public Roads were transferred to the new organization and it was one of three original bureaus along with the Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety and the National Highway Safety Bureau. The FHWA’s role in the Federal-aid Highway Program is to oversee federal funds used for constructing and maintaining the National Highway System and this funding mostly comes from the federal gasoline tax and mostly goes to state departments of transportation. FHWA oversees projects using these funds to ensure that requirements for project eligibility. The FHWA also publishes the “Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices”, the MUTCD specifies such things as the size, color and height of traffic signs, traffic signals and road surface markings. The Federal Highway Administration is overseen by an Administrator appointed by the President of the United States by, the Administrator works under the direction of the Secretary of Transportation and Deputy Secretary of Transportation
5.
Marianna, Arkansas
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Marianna is a city in and the county seat of Lee County, Arkansas. Located along the LAnguille River in the Arkansas Delta just north of the St. Francis National Forest, the citys economy has historically been based on agricultural, especially cotton production. The city is located along Crowleys Ridge Parkway and the Great River Road, the community was established by Col. Walter H. Otey in 1848 and was known as Walnut Ridge until 1852. Marianna is located at the north-west tip of St. Francis National Forest, Marianna is located at 34°46′26″N 90°45′54″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.6 square miles. The towns current mayor is Hon, mayor Jimmy Williams who took office on Jan. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,115 people,1,664 households, the population density was 1,440.0 people per square mile. There were 2,196 housing units at a density of 610.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 20. 9% White,76. 6% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 8% Asian,0. 0% from other races,0. 7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 32. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was out with 34. 4% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,22. 0% from 25 to 44,19. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 31 years, for every 100 females there were 77.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 70.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $16,351, and the median income for a family was $29,624. Males had an income of $28,542 versus $19,045 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,253, about 32. 8% of families and 37. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46. 2% of those under age 18 and 33. 1% of those age 65 or over. As of 2011, there are five schools in Marianna, two of which are private, the public schools in Lee County School District are Lee High School, Anna Strong Middle School, and Whitten Elementary School. One of the schools is Lee Academy.0 earthquake in the future. The fault is close to, but appears to be separate from, the Marianna Water and Sewer Commission directs the Marianna Water Department, which treats and distributes potable water to the residents and commercial users of the city
6.
Arkansas
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Arkansas is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Its name is of Siouan derivation from the language of the Osage denoting their related kin, the states diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U. S. Interior Highlands, to the forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States, the capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government. The northwestern corner of the state, such as the Fayetteville–Springdale–Rogers Metropolitan Area and Fort Smith metropolitan area, is a population, education, the largest city in the eastern part of the state is Jonesboro. The largest city in the part of the state is Pine Bluff. The Territory of Arkansas was admitted to the Union as the 25th state on June 15,1836, in 1861 Arkansas withdrew from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. Upon returning to the Union in 1868, the state would continue to suffer due to its reliance on slavery. White rural interests continued to dominate the politics until the Civil Rights Movement. Arkansas began to diversify its economy following World War II and relies on its service industry, aircraft, poultry, steel, tourism, cotton, and rice. The culture of Arkansas is observable in museums, theaters, novels, television shows, restaurants, wright, and physicist William L. McMillan, who was a pioneer in superconductor research, have all lived in Arkansas. The name Arkansas derives from the root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains, the word Arkansas itself is a French pronunciation of a Quapaw word, akakaze, meaning land of downriver people or the Sioux word akakaze meaning people of the south wind. In 2007, the legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring the possessive form of the states name to be Arkansass which has been followed increasingly by the state government. Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, as well as Tennessee, the United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state, sub-categorized among the West South Central States. The state line along the Mississippi River is indeterminate along much of the border with Mississippi due to these changes. Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half, the highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains. The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta and this dual split can yield to general regions named northwest, southwest, northeast, southeast, or central Arkansas
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
9.
Eastern Michigan University
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Eastern Michigan University is a comprehensive, co-educational public university located in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Ypsilanti is 35 miles west of Detroit and eight miles east of Ann Arbor, the university was founded in 1849 as Michigan State Normal School. Today, the university is governed by an eight-member Board of Regents whose members are appointed by the Governor of Michigan for eight-year terms, the school belongs to the Mid-American Conference and is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. Since 1991 EMU athletics has gone by the name Eagles, then in 1994, Swoop was officially adopted by the university as the schools mascot. The universitys site is composed of an academic and athletic campus spread across 800 acres, EMU has a total enrollment of more than 23,000 students. The university was founded in 1849 and opened its doors in 1853 as Michigan State Normal School, Michigan State Normal School was the first in Michigan and the first normal school created outside the original 13 colonies. One hundred and twenty-two students started classes March 29,1853, adonijah Welch served as Michigan State Normal Schools first principal. Michigan created an educational system modeled on that of Germany. The normal schools were to train teachers for schools, which were being established rapidly in new towns in the state. In 1899, the became the Michigan State Normal College when it created the first four-year curriculum for a normal college in the nation. Normal began the 20th century as Michigans premier teacher-preparatory school and had become the first teacher-training school in the United States to have a degree program. Just like many universities during World War I, the Great Depression and World War II. With the additions of departments and the large educational enrollment after WWII, in 1959 the school became a university gaining the title Eastern Michigan University after establishing the Graduate School. In the early 1970s, international student exchange schemes were organised, in 2005, the Honors Program became the Eastern Michigan University Honors College. More recently, extended programs were added such as Continuing Education, the Centers for Corporate Training, today the universitys total student population averages about 23,000, of whom roughly 5,000 are graduate students. Most programs are undergraduate or masters level, although the university has programs in Educational Leadership, Technology. EMU former-President Susan W. Martin, Ph. D, other institutions of higher education established by law having authority to grant baccalaureate degrees shall each be governed by a board of control which shall be a body corporate. The board shall have general supervision of the institution and the control and it shall, as often as necessary, elect a president of the institution under its supervision
10.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
11.
University of Arkansas
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The University of Arkansas is a public, co-educational, land-grant, space-grant, research university in Fayetteville, in the U. S. state of Arkansas. More than 26,000 students are enrolled in over 188 undergraduate, graduate and it is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as a research university with highest research activity. Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871, its present name was adopted in 1899 and it is noted for its strong architecture, agriculture, business, communication disorders, creative writing, history, law, and Middle Eastern studies programs. Enrollment for the semester of 2014 was 26,237. Academic programs are in excess of 200, the ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19,1. The University of Arkansas was founded in 1871 on the site of a farm that overlooked the Ozark Mountains. The university was established under the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act of 1862, the universitys founding also satisfied the provision in the Arkansas Constitution of 1868 that the General Assembly was to establish and maintain a State University. Bids from state towns and counties determined the universitys location, the citizens of Fayetteville and Washington County. Pledged $130,000 toward securing the university, a sum that proved to be more than other offers, classes started on January 22,1872. Completed in 1875, Old Main, a brick building designed in the Second Empire style, was the primary instructional. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and its design was based on the plans for the main academic building at the University of Illinois, which has since been demolished. However, the clock and bell towers were switched at Arkansas, the northern taller tower is the bell tower, and the southern shorter tower is the clock tower. One legend for the switch is that the taller tower was put to the north as a reminder of the Union victory during the Civil War. A second legend is that the contractor accidentally swapped the tower drawings after having had too much to drink, although the southern tower was designed with clock faces, it never held a working clock until October 2005. The bell tower has always had some type of chime, initially a bell that was rung on the hour by student volunteers, electronic chimes were installed in 1959. In addition to the chimes of the clock, the universitys Alma Mater plays at 5 pm every day. Old Main housed many of the earliest classes at the university, the lawn at Old Main serves as an arboretum, with many of the trees native to the state of Arkansas found on the lawn. Sitting at the edge of the lawn is Spoofers Stone, a place for couples to meet, students play soccer, cricket and touch football on the lawns open green
12.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
13.
Presidency of Bill Clinton
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The presidency of Bill Clinton began on January 20,1993 at noon Eastern Standard Time, when Bill Clinton was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on January 20,2001. His running mate, Al Gore, took office as Vice President on the same day, Clinton, a Democrat, took office after defeating Republican incumbent President George H. W. Bush and Independent businessman Ross Perot in the 1992 presidential election. Four years later, he defeated Republican Bob Dole and Ross Perot to win a term of office. During both elections, Clinton ran as a New Democrat, and many of many of his administrations policy proposals reflected his centrist, Third Way thinking. He was succeeded in office by Republican George W. Bush, months into his first term, he signed the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which raised taxes and set the stage for future budget surpluses. He also signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement, a trade pact negotiated by President George H. W. Bush among the United States, Canada, and Mexico. His most ambitious legislative initiative, a plan to provide health care. Clintons party suffered a strong rebuke in the 1994 elections, the Republican Revolution, as the 1994 elections came to be known, empowered Congressional Republicans led by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich to propose several conservative policies. While Clinton vetoed many of these policies, he signed some, including the Personal Responsibility. After disagreements with Congressional Republicans led to two shutdowns of the government between 1995 and 1996. In foreign policy, Clintons first term saw American interventions in Haiti and the Balkans, Clinton also appointed two Supreme Court Justices, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer. Clintons second term saw the first federal budget surpluses since the 1960s and his impeachment arose after he denied having an affair with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Though the House of Representatives voted to impeach Clinton, he was acquitted of all charges by the Senate, in 1997, Clinton signed into law a bill creating the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, which was to help provide health care coverage for millions of children. In 1999, he signed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, which allowed for the consolidation of investment banks, commercial banks, in foreign policy, Clinton launched a major bombing campaign in the Balkans, which led to the creation of a United Nations protectorate in Kosovo. Clinton also pursued trade agreements, most notably with China. Since the end of his presidency, historians and political scientists have tended to rank Clinton as an average to above average president. In the 1992 presidential election, Clinton defeated incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush to become the first Democratic president since Jimmy Carter left office in 1981, Clinton took office with Democratic majorities in both houses, and attempted to pass an ambitious health care reform bill. Republicans took control of both houses of Congress in 1994 and retained control throughout Clintons presidency, but Clinton won reelection in 1996
14.
University of Arkansas School of Law
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The University of Arkansas School of Law is the law school of the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas, a state university. It has around 445 students enrolled in its Juris Doctor and Master of Law programs and is home to the nations only LL. M in agricultural law program. The School of Law is one of two law schools in the state of Arkansas, the other is the William H. Bowen School of Law. According to the University of Arkansas School of Laws 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 68% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, the School of Law was founded in 1924. The founding dean was Julian Waterman, a Dumas, Arkansas native and University of Chicago Law School graduate who led the school through its first 19 years, until his death in 1943. The School met initially in the floor of Old Main. In 1927, the first class, consisting of ten students, over the next several decades, as the law school grew in size, it moved to larger accommodations. The 1930s saw a move to the Chemistry Building just to the southeast of Old Main, and then into Waterman Hall, the latter half of the 20th century saw additions added to Waterman Hall to form the Robert A. Leflar Law Center. On February 2,1948, the University of Arkansas School of Law became the first Southern white university to accept an African-American student since Reconstruction and he chose to seek entry at the Arkansas School of Law to challenge the system of racial segregation established in Arkansas at the time. Accompanied by his attorney, Howard Flowers, Hunt met with the dean of the law school, Robert A. Leflar, Leflar was impressed and accepted Hunts application to the law school. For a semester, Hunt attended the law school until succumbing to illness, shropshire, Chris Mercer, and George Howard, Jr. who later became the first black United States district court judge in Arkansas. Collectively they are known as the Six Pioneers, Silas H. Hunt Hall, located adjacent to the Robert A. Leflar Law Center, honors Silas Hunt, in addition, to a historical marker in front of the law school. The law center is a facility with four wings around a courtyard. It consists of approximately 64,000 square feet, a courtroom, classrooms, the School of Law publishes four legal journals. The Arkansas Law Review is student-edited and published on a basis and distributed statewide to members of the Arkansas Bar. The Arkansas Law Notes, published annually, features written articles, the Journal of Food Law & Policy is the first student edited legal journal dedicated to food law in the nation and is published twice a year. The 2013 edition of U. S. News & World Reports Best Law Schools ranked the Arkansas School of Law as 68th overall, US News also ranked Arkansas School of Laws legal writing and research 22nd in the country. LawSchool100. com ranked the Arkansas School of Law as 88th overall in its 2010 ranking of law schools, the Arkansas School of Law was also ranked 73rd overall according to the 2010 ranking by the AALS
15.
Arkansas State University
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It is located atop 1,376 acres on Crowleys Ridge at Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States. The university marked its centennial year in 2009, A-State was founded as the First District Agricultural School in Jonesboro in 1909 by the Arkansas Legislature as a regional agricultural training school. In 1918, ASU began offering a college program. In 1925, it became First District Agricultural and Mechanical College, a four-year degree program was begun in 1930. A & M College became Arkansas State College in 1933, in 1967, the Arkansas Legislature elevated the college to university status and changed the name to Arkansas State University. In the fall of 2014, A-State welcomed its most academically prepared freshman class and this was the third consecutive year of improvement for the ACT/GPA freshman classes for Arkansas State. The Arkansas State Honors College has grown 59% since 2009, the university also posted back-to-back high graduate counts in spring 2012 and spring 2013, producing the most graduates in a two-year period in school history. The university contains the largest library in the state of Arkansas, for other Arkansas State University campuses, see Arkansas State University System. A second doctoral program, in science, was begun in the fall of 1997. Newer doctoral programs are in science, molecular biosciences and physical therapy. In the fall of 2016, Arkansas State will enroll the first class of approximately 115 students to its branch of the New York Institute of Technologys medical school, the medical school will be located on campus in the historic Wilson Hall. Today, the institution has more than 75,000 alumni, Arkansas State University-Beebe became part of the ASU System in 1955. It associated with White River Vo-Tech at Newport in 1992, that campus attained stand-alone status and is now Arkansas State University-Newport, the Mountain Home campus officially became ASU-Mountain Home on July 1,1995. Delta Technical Institute at Marked Tree merged with ASU and became Arkansas State University Technical Center on July 1,2001, a new campus was built for ASU-Heber Springs, which operates as a sister campus of ASU-Beebe. Foothills Technical Institute at Searcy was merged with ASU-Beebe on July 1,2003, and is now ASU-Searcy, ASU also operates an instructional site at nearby Paragould in Greene County. A-State has grown rapidly over the past 20 years, current enrollment for the Jonesboro campus stands close to 14,000, and the system has an enrollment of greater than 21,000. A-States journalism program reorganized into the College of Media and Communication for fall 2013, the College of Media and Communication is home to three student-led media outlets and a NPR affiliate radio station. The Herald, a student newspaper, was founded in 1921 and has a circulation of 5,000
16.
Air Force One
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Air Force One is the official air traffic control call sign for a United States Air Force aircraft carrying the President of the United States. In common parlance the term describes those Air Force aircraft designed, built, the presidential aircraft is a prominent symbol of the American presidency and its power. A C-87 Liberator Express was reconfigured for use as a presidential transport, a number of aircraft types have been used as Air Force One since the creation of the presidential fleet, starting with two Lockheed Constellations in the late 1950s, Columbine II and Columbine III. The Air Force plans to procure the Boeing 747-8 for the version of Air Force One. On 11 October 1910, Theodore Roosevelt became the first U. S. president to fly in an aircraft, however, he was no longer in office at the time, having been succeeded by William Howard Taft. The record-making occasion was a brief overflight of the crowd at a county fair but was nonetheless the beginning of air travel. Prior to World War II, overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare, the lack of wireless telecommunication and available modes of transportation made long-distance travel impractical, as it took much time and isolated the president from events in Washington, D. C. Railroads were a safer and more reliable if the president needed to travel to distant states. By the late 1930s, with the arrival of such as the Douglas DC-3. All-metal aircraft, more engines, and new radio aids to navigation had made commercial airline travel safer. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office, the Dolphin was modified with luxury upholstery for four passengers and a small separate sleeping compartment. The aircraft remained in service as a transport from 1933 until 1939. There are no reports, however, on whether the president actually flew in the aircraft. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am-crewed Boeing 314 flying boat to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco, the threat from the German submarines throughout the Battle of the Atlantic made air travel the preferred method of VIP transatlantic transportation. Concerned about relying upon commercial airlines to transport the president, USAAF leaders ordered the conversion of an aircraft to accommodate the special needs of the Commander-in-Chief. The first dedicated aircraft proposed for use was a C-87A VIP transport aircraft. This aircraft, number 41-24159, was re-modified in 1943 for use as a presidential VIP transport, had it been accepted, it would have been the first aircraft to be used in presidential service, in effect the first Air Force One. However, after a review of the C-87s highly controversial safety record in service, the Guess Where II was used to transport senior members of the Roosevelt administration on various trips
17.
African Americans
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African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
18.
Wendell Ford
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Wendell Hampton Ford was an American politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He served for years in the U. S. Senate and was the 53rd Governor of Kentucky. He was the first person to be elected lieutenant governor, governor. The Senate Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999, he was considered the leader of the states Democratic Party from his election to governor in 1971 until his retirement from the Senate in 1999. At the time of his retirement, he was the senator in Kentuckys history. Born in Daviess County, Kentucky, Ford attended the University of Kentucky, after the war, he graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance and returned to Kentucky to help his father with the family insurance business. He also continued his service in the Kentucky Army National Guard. He worked on the campaign of Bert T. Combs in 1959. Encouraged to run for the Kentucky Senate by Combs ally and successor, Ned Breathitt, Ford won the seat and he was elected on a split ticket with Republican Louie B. Four years later, Ford defeated Combs in an upset in the Democratic primary en route to the governorship, as governor, Ford made government more efficient by reorganizing and consolidating some departments in the executive branch. He raised revenue for the state through a tax on coal. He purged most of the Republicans from statewide office, including helping Walter Dee Huddleston win the Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Republican stalwart John Sherman Cooper, in 1974, Ford himself ousted the other incumbent senator, Republican Marlow Cook. As senator, Ford was a defender of Kentuckys tobacco industry. He also formed the Senate National Guard Caucus with Missouri senator Kit Bond, chosen as Democratic party whip in 1991, Ford considered running for floor leader in 1994 before throwing his support to Connecticuts Christopher Dodd. He retired from the Senate in 1999 and returned to Owensboro, Wendell Ford was born near Owensboro, in Daviess County, Kentucky, on September 8,1924. He was the son of Ernest M. and Irene Woolfork Ford and his father was a state senator and ally of Kentucky Governor Earle C. Clements. Ford obtained his education in the public schools of Daviess County. From 1942 to 1943, he attended the University of Kentucky, on September 18,1943, Ford married Jean Neel of Owensboro at the home of the brides parents
19.
Open skies agreements
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For open skies to become effective, a bilateral Air Transport Agreement must be concluded between two or more nations. Since World War II, most states have invested national pride in the creation, Air transportation differs from many other forms of commerce, not only because it has a major international component, but also because many of these airlines were wholly or partly government owned. Thus, as international competition grew, various degrees of protectionism were imposed, a bilateral air transport agreement is a contract to liberalize aviation services, usually commercial civil aviation, between two contracting states. A bilateral air services agreement allows the airlines of both states to launch commercial flights that covers the transport of passengers and cargoes of both countries, a bilateral agreement may sometimes include the transport of military personnel of the contracting states. A multilateral air services agreement is the same as bilateral agreement, the Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed at Chicago, was intended to prepare a framework within which civil air transport could develop. To land in state for non-traffic purposes, e. g. refueling without boarding or disembarking passengers. To land in the territory of the first state and disembark passengers coming from the state of the airline. To land in the territory of the first state and board passengers travelling to the state of the airline. Because only the first five freedoms have been recognised by international treaties. The last twenty-five years have seen significant changes in airline regulation, the United States began pursuing Open Skies agreements in 1979, and, by 1982 it had signed twenty-three bilateral air service agreements worldwide, mainly with smaller nations. That was followed in the 1990s by agreements with individual European states, a huge step was taken in 1992 when the Netherlands signed the first open skies agreement with the United States, in spite of objections posited by European Union authorities. The agreement gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on each others soil, normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment takes a lot of negotiating, often between governments rather than between the companies involved, other alliances would struggle for years to overcome transnational barriers or still do so. In 2001 the United States signed the Multilateral Agreement on the Liberalization of International Air Transportation with Brunei, Chile, New Zealand, and Singapore. The United States has enjoyed a powerful negotiating position but the European Commission, as a supranational body and these negotiations led to the text of an agreement being initialed on 2 March 2007. Contending issues are, cabotage — opening up the hub and spoke networks on both sides of the Atlantic would be contentious, the U. S. rules on foreign ownership. The airlines, as a quid pro quo, benefit through a priority over the carriage of military, the provisions of the Fly America Act. There might also be problems in harmonising the framework of antitrust policy, Open Skies Agreement was one of the most significant open skies agreements concluded in recent years, applying to civil aviation traffic between two of the worlds three largest markets
20.
Stan Kasten
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Stan Kasten is the former President of the Atlanta Braves and Washington Nationals and the current president, and part-owner, of the Los Angeles Dodgers. Kasten was a fixture in Atlanta professional sports primarily due to his association with Ted Turner. It started in 1979, when at age 27 he became the youngest general manager in the National Basketball Association and he held this position until 1990, while becoming the Hawks president in 1986. During his lengthy tenure in the Hawks front office, Kasten became the first NBA executive to win back-to-back NBA Executive of the Year awards and he was also able to build Atlanta into a perennial playoff contender. Led by the Hall of Fame play of superstar Dominique Wilkins, Kastens Hawks achieved four straight 50-win seasons, in the 1990s, he guided Atlanta to a stretch of 7 consecutive playoff appearances, including three 50-win seasons during the decade. Kasten would also become president of the Atlanta Braves in 1986, from 1987 to 2003, the Braves won more games than any other team in major league baseball. As president of the Braves, he delegated all baseball decisions to Atlanta GM John Schuerholz, who put together strong, talented teams that consistently competed for a world championship. The Braves of that time, under the managerial leadership of Bobby Cox, were centered on a powerful pitching staff which featured Greg Maddux, Tom Glavine, Steve Avery. They also featured All-Star third baseman Chipper Jones, who is regarded as one of the best hitters in Braves history as well as one of the best switch-hitters and third basemen ever. He held all these positions until 2003, when he stepped down and it was reported on September 23,2010 that Kasten would step down as Nationals team president. In January 2012, Kasten joined Magic Johnson, Peter Guber, on March 27 it was reported that the partnership, led by Guggenheim controlling partner Mark Walter, had submitted a winning bid of $2.15 billion -- some 25% above the nearest offer. Kasten became team president once the sale closed, on April 30,2012, Kasten graduated from Columbia Law School while living in John Jay Hall. He is also a graduate of New York University and he had also attended Ner Israel Rabbinical College as a high school student for a short time before graduating from the Yeshiva University High School for Boys in 1969. He is married to Helen Weisz Kasten, and has four children, Alana Kasten Sonenshine, Corey Kasten, Sherry Kasten Marks, Q&A with Stan Kasten Stan Kasten Q&A Scout. com
21.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
22.
Washington Nationals
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The Washington Nationals are a professional baseball team based in Washington, D. C. The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League East division. From 2005 to 2007, the played in RFK Stadium. The Nationals are the major league franchise to be based in Washington, D. C. The original Washington Senators, who were referred to as the Nationals. They were followed by a second Washington Senators franchise in 1901, a member of the new American League. The second Senators franchise moved to Minnesota in 1961 and became the Minnesota Twins and they were replaced that season by a third Senators franchise, who eventually moved to Arlington, Texas, after the 1971 season and became the Texas Rangers. The current National League club was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos, part of the MLB expansion, which included the Seattle Pilots, Kansas City Royals, based in Montreal, the Expos were the first Major League team in Canada. Home games were played at Jarry Park Stadium and later in Olympic Stadium, the franchise had its highest winning percentage in the strike-shortened season of 1994, when the team had the best record in baseball. While the team struggled after moving to Washington, the Nationals have experienced moderate success in recent years, winning division titles in 2012,2014. Two of the teams first overall picks in the MLB Draft, Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010, attracted new levels of attention to the team. At the time of his selection, Strasburg was called the pick in draft history. The Montreal Expos joined the National League in 1969, along with the San Diego Padres, with a majority held by Charles Bronfman. Named after the Expo 67 Worlds Fair, the Expos initial home was Jarry Park, starting in 1977, the teams home venue was Montreals Olympic Stadium, built for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Two years later, the team won a franchise-high 95 games, the team spent most of the 1980s in the middle of the NL East pack, finishing in third or fourth place in eight out of nine seasons from 1982 to 1990. Buck Rodgers was hired as manager before the 1985 season and guided the Expos to a.500 or better five times in six years, with the highlight coming in 1987. They finished third, but were just four games behind the division-winning Cardinals, Bronfman sold the team to a consortium of owners in 1991, with Claude Brochu as the managing general partner. Rodgers, at that second only to Gene Mauch in number of Expos games managed, was replaced partway through the 1991 season
23.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
24.
Squire Patton Boggs
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Squire Patton Boggs is an international law firm with 46 offices in 21 countries. It was formed in 2014 by the merger of law firm Squire Sanders with Washington. It is one of the 30 largest law firms in the world by total headcount and gross revenue, twelfth largest firm in the UK by revenue and it is also one of the largest US-headquartered law firms in Asia. Its largest offices are in Washington, London and Cleveland, each having more than 100 lawyers, Squire Patton Boggs is currently the third-largest lobbying firm in the U. S. after Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld and Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck. The lobbying arm, long managed by Thomas Hale Boggs, Jr. is currently managed by former United States Senators John Breaux, the firm was founded in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1890 as Squire, Sanders & Dempsey. Until the 1990s, it was primarily an Ohio law firm, with small offices in several other US cities. It subsequently absorbed a number of legal practices including several Pacific Rim offices of Graham & James. The firm also made overtures toward mergers with Denton Wilde Sapte, Seyfarth Shaw, hammonds was an international law firm headquartered in Leeds, United Kingdom, with offices in Beijing, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels, Hong Kong, Leeds, Madrid, Manchester, Munich and Paris. Hammonds origins dated back to the founding of a practice in Yorkshire in 1887. Although it was a firm in Yorkshire and the West Midlands region. In 2000 Hammond Suddards and Edge Ellison merged, forming Hammond Suddards Edge, the firms rapid expansion left it £30 million in debt in the early 2000s and led to a downsizing through 2005. The firm was ranked 20th in the UK by turnover in The Lawyer UK1002006, throughout 2005-2009, the firm underwent significant restructuring under the stewardship of Managing Partner Peter Crossley. As of 2009, the partnership consisted of approximately 180 partners, hammonds converted to a Limited Liability Partnership in May 2008. Hammonds and Squire, Sanders & Dempsey announced that they were in talks in August 2010. The partnerships of both firms voted in favor of a merger in November 2010, and it was completed on January 1,2011, London overtook Cleveland as the largest office of the combined firm. The American Lawyer estimated Squire Sanders to be the 24th largest law firm in the world by number of lawyers, the firm of Patton Boggs was founded in 1962 by James R. Patton, Jr. and joined soon after by George Blow and Thomas Hale Boggs, Jr. It has participated in the formation of major multilateral trade agreement considered by Congress. Boggs joined the firm in 1966 after serving as an economist for the Joint Economic Committee and in the executive office of President Lyndon B. Johnson
25.
Risk management
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Risk management’s objective is to assure uncertainty does not deflect the endeavor from the business goals. There are two types of events i. e. negative events can be classified as risks while positive events are classified as opportunities. Several risk management standards have developed including the Project Management Institute, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, actuarial societies. Certain aspects of many of the risk management standards have come under criticism for having no measurable improvement on risk, whereas the confidence in estimates and decisions seem to increase. For example, it has shown that one in six IT projects experience cost overruns of 200% on average. A widely used vocabulary for risk management is defined by ISO Guide 73,2009, intangible risk management identifies a new type of a risk that has a 100% probability of occurring but is ignored by the organization due to a lack of identification ability. For example, when deficient knowledge is applied to a situation, relationship risk appears when ineffective collaboration occurs. Process-engagement risk may be an issue when ineffective operational procedures are applied and these risks directly reduce the productivity of knowledge workers, decrease cost-effectiveness, profitability, service, quality, reputation, brand value, and earnings quality. Intangible risk management allows management to create immediate value from the identification and reduction of risks that reduce productivity. Risk management also faces difficulties in allocating resources and this is the idea of opportunity cost. Resources spent on risk management could have spent on more profitable activities. Again, ideal risk management minimizes spending and also minimizes the effects of risks. According to the definition to the risk, the risk is the possibility that an event will occur, therefore, risk itself has the uncertainty. Risk management such as COSO ERM, can help managers have a control for their risk. Each company may have different internal components, which leads to different outcomes. For the most part, these methods consist of the elements, performed, more or less. After establishing the context, the step in the process of managing risk is to identify potential risks. Risks are about events that, when triggered, cause problems or benefits, hence, risk identification can start with the source of our problems and those of our competitors, or with the problem itself
26.
Federal Emergency Management Agency
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The agencys primary purpose is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities. The governor of the state in which the disaster occurs must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the president that FEMA, FEMA also provides these services for territories of the United States, such as Puerto Rico. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, or the Space Shuttle Columbia in the 2003 return-flight disaster, in addition to this, FEMA provides funds for training of response personnel throughout the United States and its territories as part of the agencys preparedness effort. Federal emergency management in the U. S. has existed in one form or another for over 200 years, a series of devastating fires struck the port city of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, early in the 19th century. The 7th U. S. Congress passed a measure in 1803 that provided relief for Portsmouth merchants by extending the time they had for remitting tariffs on imported goods and this is widely considered the first piece of legislation passed by the federal government that provided relief after a disaster. Between 1803 and 1930, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times for relief or compensation after a disaster, examples include the waiving of duties and tariffs to the merchants of New York City after the Great Fire of New York. After the collapse of the John T, fords Theater in June 1893, the 54th Congress passed legislation compensating those who were injured in the building. After the start of the Great Depression in 1929, President Herbert Hoover had commissioned the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932, the purpose of the RFC was to lend money to banks and institutions to stimulate economic activity. RFC was also responsible for dispensing federal dollars in the wake of a disaster, RFC can be considered the first organized federal disaster response agency. The Bureau of Public Roads in 1934 was given authority to finance the reconstruction of highways and roads after a disaster. The Flood Control Act of 1944 also gave the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers authority over control and irrigation projects. This agency would oversee disasters until its incorporation into FEMA in 1978, over the years, Congress increasingly extended the range of covered categories for assistance, and several presidential executive orders did the same. In time, this array of agencies themselves underwent reorganization. One of the first such federal agencies was the Federal Civil Defense Administration, functions to administer disaster relief were then given to the President himself, who delegated to the Housing and Home Finance Administration. Subsequently, a new office of the Office of Defense Mobilization was created, then, in 1978 an effort was made to consolidate the several singular functions, FEMA was created to house civil defense and disaster preparedness under one roof. This was a controversial decision. FEMA was established under the 1978 Reorganization Plan No,3, and activated April 1,1979, by President Jimmy Carter in his Executive Order 12127. In July, Carter signed Executive Order 12148 shifting disaster relief efforts to the new federal-level agency, FEMA was also given the responsibility for overseeing the nations Civil Defense, a function which had previously been performed by the Department of Defenses Defense Civil Preparedness Agency
27.
James Lee Witt
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Witt was born in Paris, Arkansas, and was raised in Dardanelle, in Yell County, Arkansas. He and Clinton met as boys in Little League in 1974 and he founded a construction business in 1968. At 34, he was elected County Judge of Yell County, Witt was re-elected to the post six times and was recognized by the National Association of Counties for his work. Witt was a charter Board Chairman of Child Development Inc. which works to advance Head Start programs, there he reorganized the states emergency management process. Clinton subsequently moved the new Fire Protection Services Program to OES, including the board and the grant program, when Clinton was elected President, he appointed Witt to head FEMA, for which Witt was confirmed by the U. S. Senate in 1993. In 1996, FEMA was given cabinet rank, during his tenure Witt was able to overcome FEMAs previously poor reputation. How did Witt turn FEMA around so quickly, well, he is the first director of the agency to have emergency-management experience. He stopped the staffing of the agency by political patronage, most important, he instilled in the agency a spirit of preparedness, of service to the customer, of willingness to listen to ideas of local and state officials to make the system work better. Witts eight-year term in office saw approximately 348 Presidentially declared disaster areas in more than 6,500 counties and in all 50 states, Witt supervised the response to the 1997 Red River Flood— a devastating flood in the Dakotas—the most costly earthquake, and a dozen serious hurricanes. On September 3,2005, he was hired by Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco to oversee reconstruction efforts in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. In December 2005, the University of Texas System hired his firm to prepare, process, Witt served as CEO of the International Code Council, which sets international standards for building construction, 2003-06. In 2013, the merged with OBriens Response Management to become Witt|OBriens. In 2015, it was acquired by SEACOR, Witt announced in October 2013 that he expected to run for Congress in 2014 in Arkansass 4th congressional district. On November 4,2014 Witt lost the race to GOP candidate Bruce Westerman 53. 7-42. 6%, Witt Associates, a public safety and crisis management firm website Appearances on C-SPAN
28.
Africare
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Africare is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D. C. which provides development aid for Africa. It was founded by Dr. Joseph Kennedy and C. Payne Lucas in 1970, former Peace Corps members who had worked in eastern, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. In 1970, when Africare was founded, West Africa was in the midst of one of the most severe droughts in its history, the Kirkers themselves had been working in Africa, to improve African health care, since 1966, but eventually they needed more support. C. Payne Lucas, then the director of the Peace Corps Office of Returned Volunteers in Washington, D. C. had served previously in Niger and he and others decided to form an organization to answer Hamanis appeal. In 1970 Africare was incorporated in Hawaii, with Kirker as its founder, in 1971 Africare was permanently re-incorporated in Washington, D. C. Lucas became the executive director, and Kirker joined the Board. In addition to Kirker and Lucas, other incorporators were Oumarou G. Youssoufou, a Nigerian diplomat, Kennedy, Ph. D. then in the Peace Corps. It began with a $39,550 budget, a U. S. headquarters in the basement of Lucass home, Africare first concentrated on helping to alleviate the effects of severe drought in West Africa. The President and CEO of Africare since November,2015, is Robert L. Mallett and he develops Africare’s strategic vision in a new environment for development assistance. He articulates Africare’s unique guiding philosophy and value proposition, Mr. Mallett has a diverse background in law, government, public policy, healthcare and international development. Before joining Africare in late 2015, Mr. Mallett served on the Board of Directors for seven years and as President and he was a senior corporate executive at two of the world’s largest companies. He is a graduate of Morehouse College and received a law degree from Harvard University, in mid-June 2002, C. Payne Lucas retired after 31 years as president and Africare hired its third president, Julius E. Coles, a 28-year veteran of the U. S. Dr. Darius Mans assumed the position of President of Africare on January 4,2010, prior to joining Africare, Dr. Mans served as Acting Chief Executive Officer of Millennium Challenge Corporation. Dr. Mans has over 30 years of development experience with a focus on African countries. Mans also served as MCC’s Managing Director for Africa, where he drove an increase in commitments to Africa by $1.6 billion,1975 Africares president received honorary doctorates from the University of Maryland Eastern Shore, and Fisk University for Africare leadership. 1980 -1990 Africare President C. Payne Lucas received National Orders of Benin, Cote dIvoire, Niger, Senegal and Zambia,1980 The Capitol Press Club selected Africares C. Payne Lucas as its Humanitarian of the Year for his leadership of Africare. 1983 C. Payne Lucas was a member of the American delegation to Geneva, led by U. S. presidential appointee Shirley Temple Black,1984 United States president Ronald Reagan presented C. Payne Lucas with the Presidential End Hunger Award. 1986 The Phelps-Stokes Fund presented Africare with the Aggrey Medal for accomplishments in establishing enduring links of friendship,1990 Africare was the first recipient of the Land Grant College Distinguished Bicentennial Award. 1991 C. Payne Lucas was the first African-American recipient of the American Political Science Associations Hubert H. Humphrey Public Service for Africare leadership,1993 Lucas was appointed to the Board of Directors of the African Development Foundation
29.
Harlem
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Harlem is a large neighborhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Since the 1920s, Harlem has been known as a major African-American residential, cultural, originally a Dutch village, formally organized in 1658, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. Harlems history has been defined by a series of economic boom-and-bust cycles, African-American residents began to arrive by a lot in 1905, with numbers fed by the Great Migration. In the 1920s and 1930s, Central and West Harlem were the focus of the Harlem Renaissance, however, with job losses in the time of the Great Depression and the deindustrialization of New York City after World War II, rates of crime and poverty increased significantly. Harlems African-American population peaked in the 1950s, in the second half of the 20th century, Harlem became a major hub of African-American businesses. In 2008, the United States Census found that for the first time since the 1930s, less than half of residents were black, since New York Citys revival in the late 20th century, long-time residents of Harlem have been experiencing the effects of gentrification and new wealth. Harlem is located in Upper Manhattan, often referred to as Uptown by locals. Central Harlem is bounded by Fifth Avenue on the east, Central Park on the south, Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Avenue and Edgecombe Avenue on the west, and the Harlem River on the north. A chain of three large linear parks—Morningside Park, St. Nicholas Park and Jackie Robinson Park—are situated on steeply rising banks, on the east, Fifth Avenue and Marcus Garvey Park, also known as Mount Morris Park, separate this area from East Harlem. The bulk of the falls under Manhattan Community Board No.10. In the late 2000s, South Harlem, emerged from area redevelopment, the West Harlem neighborhoods of Manhattanville and Hamilton Heights comprise part of Manhattan Community Board No.9. The two neighborhoods area is bounded by Cathedral Parkway on the South, 155th Street on the North, nicholas/Bradhurst/Edgecome Avenues on the East, and Riverside Park/the Hudson River on the west. Morningside Heights is located in the southern most section of West Harlem, Manhattanville begins at roughly 123rd Street and extends northward to 135th Street. The northern most section of West Harlem is Hamilton Heights, the New York City Police Department patrols six precincts located within Harlem. The New York City Fire Department operates 9 firehouses in Harlem, as many as several hundred farmed the Harlem flatlands. Between 1637 and 1639, a few settlements were established, during the American Revolution, the British burned Harlem to the ground. It took a time to rebuild, as Harlem grew more slowly than the rest of Manhattan during the late 18th century. After the American Civil War, Harlem experienced an economic boom starting in 1868, the neighborhood continued to serve as a refuge for New Yorkers, but increasingly those coming north were poor and Jewish or Italian
30.
United Way of America
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The main areas include education, income, and health. United Way in America has been the largest non-profit organisation by donations from the public, the organization has roots in Denver, Colorado, where in 1887 church leaders began the Charity Organization Society, which coordinated services and fundraising for 22 agencies. The first Community Chest was founded in 1913 in Cleveland, Ohio, the number of Community Chest organizations increased from 39 to 353 between 1919 and 1929, and surpassed 1,000 by 1948. Laidlaw merged the Community Chest and other Detroit charities to form the United Foundation, walter Laidlaws work with the United Foundation became the model for united funds nationally and eventually the United Way organisation. In 1928, a Community Chest organization was established in Cape Town, by 1974, there were enough United Way organizations internationally to demand the kind of support provided by the national organization, United Way of America and United Way International was born. Its staff spoke eight languages, with a Board of Directors from more than seven countries, amundsen, Chief Administrative Officer, served as interim president during a yearlong search. By 1963, and after several changes, the term United Way was adopted. Laidlaw fell ill, William Aramony became CEO of the governing body known as the United Community Funds and Council of America. It moved from New York City to Alexandria, Virginia in 1971, after Aramonys departure in 1992, Kenneth W. Dam was named interim CEO until Elaine Chao was selected as UWAs second president. Betty Stanley Beene took over in 1997 and stayed until 2001, in 2014, Brian Gallagher received $1.54 million in compensation while the organization experienced its largest worldwide loss in revenue, volunteers and donors in many years. In May 2009, United Way of America and United Way International were integrated as one global entity, all of this is done in collaboration with diverse partners. Since 2008, the United Way of America has teamed up with the United Way of Southeastern Michigan, United Way also helps to promote other community service projects through their Alternative Spring Break Programs, such as the 10,000 Hours Show. The concert is organized by a campus and their local United Way. The programs mission is to raise awareness across the nation that young people can make a difference by joining their efforts to meet their communities needs. The goal in part is helping develop the next generation of active community leaders, the 10,000 Hours Show was founded in the fall of 2002 by undergraduates at the University of Iowa. Ben Folds performed the first show in the fall of 2003, since then, there have been a number of other successful shows. Because of the conditions in each community, the issues United Ways address are determined locally. Kobe Bryant has hosted the walk for several consecutive years, nearly 50,000 walkers have participated and raised over $4 million to help fight homelessness and successfully placed 14,000 people in permanent housing who previously were on the streets
31.
Delta Air Lines
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Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a major American airline, with its headquarters and largest hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia. Regional service is operated under the brand name Delta Connection, One of the five remaining legacy carriers, Delta is the sixth-oldest operating airline by foundation date, and the oldest airline still operating in the United States. The companys history can be traced back to Huff Daland Dusters, founded in 1924 in Macon, Georgia as a crop dusting operation. The company moved to Monroe, Louisiana, and was later renamed Delta Air Services, in reference to the nearby Mississippi Delta region, among predecessors of todays Delta Air Lines, Western Airlines and Northwest Airlines began flying passengers in 1926 and 1927, respectively. In 2013, Delta Air Lines was the worlds largest airline in terms of scheduled passengers carried, Delta Air Lines began as a crop dusting operation called Huff Daland Dusters, Incorporated. The company was founded on May 30,1924 in Macon, Georgia and they flew a Huff-Daland Duster, the first true crop duster, designed to combat the boll weevil infestation of cotton crops. Collett E. Woolman, one of the directors, purchased the company on September 13,1928. Service began on June 17,1929 with the flight between Dallas, Texas and Jackson, Mississippi. Delta moved its headquarters to its current location in Atlanta in 1941, and continued to grow through the addition of routes and they replaced propeller planes with jets in the 1960s and entered international competition to Europe in the 1970s and across the Pacific in the 1980s. Deltas more recent history is marked by its emergence from bankruptcy on April 25,2007, the merger was announced April 14,2008, and was set to create the worlds largest airline. After approval of the merger on October 29,2008, Northwest continued to operate as an owned subsidiary of Delta until December 31,2009 when both carriers operating certificates were merged. Delta completed the integration with Northwest on January 31,2010 when their reservation systems and websites were combined, Delta Air Lines as it exists today is the result of numerous mergers over its history. Predecessor carriers forming the current Delta Air Lines include, Chicago, Delta flew under the carrier name of Delta-C&S for the following two years. After successfully introducing 50-seat planes into the United States, it was acquired by Delta in October 1999, Comair became the main carrier of Delta Connection and operated over 400 daily flights from Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport throughout the U. S. Mexico, and Caribbean. Comair ceased operations on September 29,2012, and was folded into Delta Connection operations, Delta Express began service in October 1996 in an attempt by Delta to compete with low cost airlines on leisure-oriented routes. Its main base of operations was Orlando International Airport and it used Boeing 737–200 aircraft and it ceased operations in November 2003 after Song was established. Song began service on April 15,2003 as an airline operated by Delta to compete directly with JetBlue Airways from both airlines hub at New York–JFK. While the brand was considered an addition to the Northeast-to-Florida market
32.
Verizon Communications
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The company is based at 1095 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, but is incorporated in Delaware. Bell Atlantic came into existence in 1984 with a footprint from New Jersey to Virginia, as part of the rebranding that the Baby Bells took in the mid-1990s, all of the operating companies assumed the Bell Atlantic name. In 1997, Bell Atlantic expanded into New York and the New England states by merging with fellow Baby Bell NYNEX, although Bell Atlantic was the surviving company, the merged company moved its headquarters from Philadelphia to NYNEXs old headquarters in New York City. In 2000, Bell Atlantic merged with GTE, which operated telecommunications companies across most of the rest of the country that was not already in Bell Atlantics footprint, Bell Atlantic, the surviving company, changed its name to Verizon, a portmanteau of veritas and horizon. As of 2016, Verizon is one of three companies that had their roots in the former Baby Bells, the other two, like Verizon, exist as a result of mergers among fellow former Baby Bell members. One, SBC Communications, bought out its former parent AT&T Corporation, the other, CenturyLink, was formed initially in 2011 by the acquisition of Qwest. Bell Atlantic Corporation was created as one of the original Regional Bell Operating Companies in 1984, in 1994, Bell Atlantic became the first RBOC to entirely drop the original names of its original operating companies. In 1996, CEO and Chairman Raymond W. Smith orchestrated Bell Atlantics merger with NYNEX, when it merged, it moved its corporate headquarters from Philadelphia to New York City. NYNEX was consolidated into this name by 1997, the approval came with 25 stipulations to preserve competition between local phone carriers, including investing in new markets and broadband technologies. The new venture was headed by co-CEOs Charles Lee, formerly the CEO of GTE, upon its inception, Verizon became the largest local telephone company in the United States, operating 63 million telephone lines in 40 states. The company also inherited 25 million mobile phone customers, additionally, Verizon offered internet services and long-distance calling in New York, before expanding long-distance operations to other states. The name Verizon derives from the combination of the words veritas, Latin for truth, the name was chosen from 8,500 candidates and the company spent $300 million on marketing the new brand. The companies established Verizon Wireless as its own business operated by Bell Atlantic, Vodafone retained 45% of the company. The deal was valued at approximately $70 billion and created a mobile carrier with 23 million customers, Verizon Wireless merged Bell Atlantics wireless network, Vodafones AirTouch and PrimeCo holdings, and the wireless division of GTE. Due to its size, Verizon Wireless was able to offer national coverage at competitive rates, in another partnership with MSN in 2002, Verizon Wireless launched the mobile content service VZW with MSN and a phone that utilized the Microsoft Windows operating system. In August 2000, approximately 85,000 Verizon workers went on an 18-day labor strike after their contracts expired. The strike affected quarterly revenues, resulting in Verizon Wireless postponement of the companys IPO, Verizon launched 3G service in 2002, which doubled the Internet speeds of the time to 144kb a second. In August 2002, Verizon began offering local, long-distance, and mobile calling, as well as Internet service and it was initially only available to customers in New York and Massachusetts
33.
Atkins (company)
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WS Atkins plc is a British multinational engineering, design, planning, architectural design, project management and consulting services company headquartered in Epsom, Surrey. It was founded in 1938 by Sir William Atkins, as of 2016, Atkins is UKs largest engineering consultancy and the worlds 11th largest global design firm. It employs approximately 18,000 staff based in 300 offices across 29 countries and has projects in over 150 countries. Its motto is Plan, Design, Enable, Atkins is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index. The original company, WS Atkins & Partners, was established by the late Sir William Atkins in 1938 with offices in Westminster in London, in 1996, WS Atkins was admitted to the London Stock Exchange and began trading as WS Atkins plc. In 1996 it also acquired Faithful+Gould, a cost and project management consultancy firm, in the late 1990s WS Atkins worked on the Burj al Arab hotel, which was completed in 1999. The company has been trading under the Atkins name since 2002, in that year it also bought Hanscomb, construction consultants. Keith Clarke replaced him, joining from Skanska, Atkins was one of the five shareholders in Metronet, the London Underground maintenance company that failed in 2007 leading to Atkins having to write off its investment. In 2009 Atkins was selected as the engineering design services provider for the London 2012 Games. The company provided building services design, civil engineering and structural engineering, acoustics, fire protection engineering, pBS&J, founded in 1960, was a Florida-based, nationwide provider of engineering, planning, architecture, construction, environmental, and program management services. In June 2011, Atkins announced it was buying the oil and gas business of Finnish global consulting firm, as a result of the acquisition, around 130 staff from Pöyrys Perth, Stavanger and Aberdeen offices integrated into Atkins Energy business unit. In 2014, Houston-based oil and gas offshore engineering business, Houston Offshore Engineering, was acquired for £45 million and this acquisition added another 150 people to the business and increased the headcount of oil and gas specialists to over 1,000 from its operations worldwide. In 2014 Atkins were in the running to purchase Parsons Brinckerhoff from Balfour Beatty, on April 2017, the company received a £2. 1bn bid from Canadian rival SNC-Lavalin just two months after it rebuffed overtures from with US rival CH2M Hill. Uwe Krueger was appointed as executive in August 2011 following Keith Clarkes retirement. As of August 2016, the current WS Atkins board members are, Allan Cook CBE, Chairman Prof. Dr
34.
Takata Corporation
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Takata Corporation is an automotive parts company based in Japan. The company has facilities on four continents, with its European headquarters located in Germany. In 2013, A series of deaths and injuries associated with defective Takata airbag inflators had led Takata to initially recall 3.6 million cars equipped with such airbags. S. Takata was founded in 1933 in Shiga Prefecture, Japan, by Takezo Takada and started to produce lifelines for parachutes, in the early 1950s, the company started to research seat belts. In the 1960s, Takata started to sell seat-belts and built the worlds first crash test plant for testing seat-belts under real world conditions, in the 1970s, Takata developed child restraint systems. In the 1980s, the changed its name to Takata Corporation and expanded to Korea, the United States. In the 1990s, Takata expanded internationally, in 2000, Takata Corporation acquired German competitor Petri AG, forming the European subsidiary Takata-Petri, renamed Takata AG in early 2012. Takata AG makes steering wheels and plastic parts, not only for the automotive industry. In May 1995, a recall in the U. S. affecting 8,428,402 predominantly Japanese built vehicles made from 1986 to 1991 with seat belts manufactured by the Takata Corporation of Japan, was begun. It was called at the time the second largest recall in the 30 year history of the Department of Transportation and it revealed that potentially faulty Takata seat belts were not limited only to Honda vehicles, but to other Japanese imports as well. NHTSA opened up an investigation on Takata seatbelts broadly as well as individual investigations on the vehicle manufacturers using Takata seat belts to determine the magnitude of the defect. This second investigation was limited to the front seat belt buckles and in particular Takatas 52X. This determined that a total of 11 manufacturers were affected by the investigation, Japanese models sold in the United States by American Honda Motor Co. Nissan North America, Daihatsu Motor Co, American, Mitsubishi Motor Sales of America Inc. and Subaru of America Inc. also had affected seat belt buckles. Ford had vehicles such as the Probe manufactured by Mazda on its MX-6 platform and the Festiva made by Kia in South Korea, however, unlike Chrysler and General Motors, Ford did not admit that their seat belts could be defective. Through exposure to light over a period of time, the plastic became brittle and pieces fell off. In addition, NHTSA assessed a $50,000 civil penalty against both Honda and Takata for failing to notify the agency about the seat belt defect in a timely manner. Honda was fined, because NHTSA believed the company knew about the hazard at least five years before the recall, Takata began making airbags in 1988 and, as of 2014, holds 20 percent of the market
35.
Toyota
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Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. As of 2016, Toyota is the worlds second-largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
36.
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
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Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV, also known as FCA, is an Italian-controlled multinational corporation incorporated in the Netherlands. And currently the world’s seventh-largest auto maker, the group was established in late 2014 by merging Fiat S. p. A. into a new holding company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N. V. which is incorporated in the Netherlands for tax purposes. The holding company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, exor S. p. A, an Italian investment group owned by the Agnelli family, owns 29. 19% of FCA and controls 44. 31% through a loyalty voting mechanism. FCA’s mass-market brands operates through two main subsidiaries, FCA Italy and FCA US, the company’s portfolio includes many well-known automotive names including Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Dodge, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Ram Trucks, Abarth, Mopar and SRT. FCA also owns Maserati, Comau, Magneti Marelli, and Teksid, today FCA operates in four regions. The CEO and executive management including twenty-two employees work between Auburn Hills, Michigan and Turin, Italy, FCA carries out its mass-market automotive operations through two main subsidiaries, FCA Italy and FCA US. Both name changes were announced in December 2014, FCA Italy includes the Italian-based brands that include Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Lancia and the engine manufacturing subsidiary VM Motori. FCA US includes the American-based brands that include Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, other companies include luxury car and components manufacturers as well as firms working on production automation and metal foundry. Other joint ventures and subsidiaries are undertaken via the FCA Italy, FCA also operates in the print media and advertising fields through its Italiana Editrice subsidiary and an interest in RCS Media Group. In January 2016, Ferrari became an independent company, after FCA listed 10% of the company on the NYSE in October 2015, the integration between Fiat and Chrysler dates back to 2009 after Chrysler filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on 30 April 2009. On 10 June 2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat. Overall, to acquire Chrysler cost Fiat US$4.9 billion, on 29 January 2014 Fiat announced a reorganization and intended merger into a new holding company. Fiat S. p. A. merged into FCA on 12 October 2014 following approval of the board on 15 June 2014, on 29 October 2014 the group announced the intention to separate Ferrari S. p. A. from FCA. The transaction was completed on 3 January 2016, on July 14,2015, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV chief executive Sergio Marchionne and Dennis Williams, President of the United Auto Workers entered into negotiations on July 14,2015. As negotiations between the UAW and Detroit Three automakers began, Marchionne leaned in to embrace Williams in a hug seen round the world, on May 6,2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its 5-year business plan. The Group updated its business plan targets in January 2016 at the time FY2015 were announced, much of the global growth will be focused around Jeep, due to its high visibility globally as well as the growing SUV market in developing markets. Chrysler will be re-positioned as the companys mainstream North American brand to compete with Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota, and Volkswagen, while Dodge will focus on performance-based vehicles. Alfa Romeo will become the premium marque to compete with Mercedes-Benz, BMW
37.
C-SPAN
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C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request
38.
Alan Stephenson Boyd
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Alan Stephenson Boyd is an American attorney and transportation executive who led several large corporations and also served the U. S. Government in various transportation-related positions. He was the first United States Secretary of Transportation, appointed by Lyndon Johnson, additionally, he served in executive positions with the Civil Aeronautics Board, the U. S. Department of Commerce, and was a president of Amtrak. Boyd was born on July 20,1922, in Jacksonville, Florida, to Clarence Boyd and Elizabeth Stephenson Boyd and he graduated from high school in 1939, and graduated from the University of Florida in 1941. He joined the United States Army Air Forces in 1942 and remained there through the end of the war, Boyd married, the former Flavil Juanita Townsend on April 3,1943. They had one son, Mark Boyd and he had two grandchildren, Heather and Alan Boyd. After leaving the service in 1945, Boyd returned to college, Boyd practiced law in Florida, and was on a commission exploring the regulation of the transportation industry. In 1959, Boyd was appointed to the Civil Aeronautics Board by US President Dwight Eisenhower and he was promoted to chairman of that board by US President John F. Kennedy. He helped the industry by standardizing fare reductions and by approving government subsidies to encourage airline service for smaller cities. He was appointed undersecretary of commerce for transportation in 1965 by Lyndon Johnson and he was unpopular with labor leaders when he advocated reducing government restrictions on the maritime industry, and when he denounced featherbedding by railroad workers. Boyd was part of a committee that lobbied for the creation of the United States Department of Transportation, Boyd became the first Secretary of Transportation in November 1966. In that capacity he worked in areas including airports, the air traffic control system, automobile safety, driver education, alcoholism. One of his sources of power was holding funding control over the interstate highways and he was unsuccessful in trying to encourage passenger train service. The federal government investigated the potential conflict of interest because that railroad had received aid from Boyds department before he resigned, Boyd was later the president of Amtrak until June 20,1982, and the president of Airbus Industrie. In 1979 he became the chairman of Warner Blue & Mahan, Boyd retired to Florida and later moved to Edmonds, Washington. In 1994, Boyd received the Tony Jannus Award for his contributions to commercial aviation and he also received the 2009 Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement from Aviation Week & Space Technology. For his lifelong service to aviation, including shaping policy in the U. S, since the death of Nicholas Katzenbach in May 2012, Boyd has been the earliest surviving former U. S. In August 2016, Boyd published an autobiography, A Great Honor, recipient of the 2009 Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement List of railroad executives Media related to Alan Stephenson Boyd at Wikimedia Commons
39.
John Volpe
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Volpe was born on December 8,1908 in Wakefield, Massachusetts. He was the son of Italian immigrants Vito and Filomena, who had come from Abruzzo to Bostons North End on the SS Canopic in 1905, his father was in the construction business. Volpe attended the Wentworth Institute in Boston where he majored in construction and entered the construction business. On June 18,1934, Volpe married the former Giovaninna Benedetto, known as Jennie, during World War II, he volunteered to serve stateside as a United States Navy Seabees training officer. In 1960, Volpe was elected Governor of Massachusetts, defeating Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth Joseph D. Ward and he served as governor from 1961 to 1963. In 1962, Volpe was narrowly defeated for reelection, losing to former Governors Councillor Endicott Peabody, Peabody had been a close friend of then President John F. Kennedy. Despite the Democratic landslide nationwide that year, Volpe defeated Bellotti in a close race, in 1966, Volpe was elected to the first four-year term in Massachusetts history, defeating former Massachusetts Attorney General Edward J. McCormack, Jr. Governor Volpe also raised revenues by his long, and ultimately successful and he served as president of the National Governors Association from 1967 to 1968. In 1968, Governor Volpe ran unsuccessfully as a Favorite son candidate for the Republican presidential nomination and he was defeated in the state presidential primary by a spontaneous write-in campaign for New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. It was widely believed that he was hoping to be chosen as his partys candidate for Vice President, following the election of President Richard M. Nixon, Volpe was named Secretary of Transportation. He resigned as governor to assume the cabinet post, and served in that position from 1969 to 1973, during his tenure as Secretary of Transportation, Amtrak was created. Volpe was the second to serve in this role following the position becoming a Cabinet-level appointment and he received the Award of Excellence in 1970 from Engineering News-Record for his service as Secretary of Transportation. In 1973, Volpe was nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by the United States Senate as United States Ambassador to Italy, Volpe died in Nahant, Massachusetts on November 11,1994, at the age of 85. He was buried at Forest Glade Cemetery in Wakefield, Massachusetts, the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center in Cambridge was named in his memory, as well as the Governor John A. Volpe Library at Wakefield High School in Wakefield. The papers of John A. Volpe are in the Archives and Special Collections of the Northeastern University Libraries, in Boston
40.
Claude Brinegar
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Claude Stout Brinegar was the third United States Secretary of Transportation, serving from February 2,1973, to February 1,1975. Holding a PhD from Stanford University in economic research, Brinegar had previously been an oil company executive, Brinegar was Secretary of Transportation during the 1973 oil crisis. Claude Brinegar was born Claude Rawles Stout on December 16,1926, to Lyle Rawles Stout and Claude Leroy Stout in Rockport, California, after her husband abandoned her and her toddler, Lyle Stout got a teaching job on an Indian reservation. He legally took his stepfather’s last name in 1951 and he was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa. Mr. Brinegar was a Research Assistant with the Food Research Institute in Stanford, California, in October 1965, Union Oil and the Pure Oil Company merged. Brinegar was appointed president of Pure Oil and remained in position when Pure became Union 76. He was also elected vice president of the firm and a member of Union Oils board of directors. Brinegar was nominated to the post of United States Secretary of Transportation by Richard Nixon and he also served under Gerald Ford, but when Ford said he intended to seek the presidency, Brinegar resigned and returned to an executive position at Union Oil. In 1980–81, Brinegar was on Ronald Reagans transition team, biographical Sketches of the Secretaries of Transportation. U. S. Department of Transportation Office of the Historian, archived from the original on 2011-03-16. White House press release, December 7,1972, Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library Brinegar, Claude Stout Sobel, Robert. Biographical directory of the United States executive branch, 1774–1989
41.
William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.
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William Thaddeus Bill Coleman Jr. was an American attorney and politician. Coleman was the fourth United States Secretary of Transportation, from March 7,1975, to January 20,1977, as an attorney, Coleman played a major role in significant civil rights cases. At the time of his death, Coleman was the oldest living former Cabinet member, Coleman was born to William Thaddeus Coleman Sr. and Laura Beatrice Coleman in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Colmans mother came from six generations of Episcopal ministers, including an operator of the Underground Railroad, duBois and Langston Hughes would visit the family’s home for dinner. When Coleman attempted to join the swim team he was again suspended. Coleman’s swim team coach wrote him a letter of recommendation and he was accepted into the University of Pennsylvania. He graduated summa cum laude from the University of Pennsylvania with a B. A. in history in 1941, there, he was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society. He was elected to the Pi Gamma Mu international honor society in 1941, Coleman was also a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Colman was accepted to the Harvard Law School but left in 1943 to enlist in the Army Air Corps, instead, Coleman spent the war defending the accused in court-martials. After the war, Coleman returned to Harvard Law, where he became the first black staff member accepted to the Harvard Law Review, and graduated first in his class and magna cum laude in 1946. He began his career in 1947, serving as law clerk to Judge Herbert F. Goodrich of the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. He was the first African American to serve as a Supreme Court law clerk, fellow clerks, including Elliot Richardson, would have difficulty finding restaurant where they could eat together. Coleman was hired by the New York law firm of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, board of Education, in which the U. S. Supreme Court held racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. He served as a member of the NAACPs national legal committee, director and member of its executive committee, Coleman was also a member of President Dwight D. Eisenhowers Committee on Government Employment Policy and a consultant to the U. S. The Commission sent Coleman as an investigator and he met with Castro on a boat off the coast of Cuba. Castro denied any involvement in the assassination of President Kennedy during Colemans three-hour questioning, Coleman reported the results of his investigation and interview with Castro directly to Commission Chairman Earl Warren, the Chief Justice of the United States. Coleman was co-counsel to the petitioners in McLaughlin v. Florida, in 1969, he was a member of the U. S. delegation to the twenty-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly. Coleman was also a member of the National Commission on Productivity, Coleman served in the boardrooms of PepsiCo, IBM, Chase Manhattan Bank, and Pan American World Airways
42.
Brock Adams
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Brockman Brock Adams was an American politician and member of Congress. Adams was a Democrat from Washington and served as a U. S. Representative, Senator, Adams was born in Atlanta, Georgia, and attended the public schools in Portland, Oregon. He graduated in 1949 and was admitted to Harvard Law School, Adams served in the U. S. Navy from 1944 to 1946, and was admitted to the Washington state bar in 1952, opening a private practice in Seattle. Adams was also a member of the American Bar Association, Adams taught law at the American Institute of Banking from 1954 to 1960, and served as United States Attorney for the Western District of Washington from 1961 to 1964. Adams was elected as a Democrat to the House and served six terms beginning January 3,1965 and he was chairman of the newly created Budget Committee during the 94th Congress, and was considered a strong candidate for Speaker of the House. On January 22,1977, Adams resigned to become the fifth Secretary of Transportation following his appointment by President Jimmy Carter and confirmation by the Senate. After resigning his Cabinet post on July 20,1979, Adams resumed law practice, on November 4,1986, Adams was elected as a U. S. senator, narrowly defeating incumbent Republican Slade Gorton. Serving one term, he compiled a record and was strongly supportive of his partys leadership. Adams was accused by Kari Tupper, the daughter of a longtime friend, Adams denied the allegations, but his popularity statewide was weakened considerably by the scandal and he chose to retire rather than risk losing the seat for his party. Adams never lost an election, and lived in Stevensville, Maryland, adamss willingness to plunge into controversial issues was evident in the contrasting assessments of his tenure and accomplishments during a tumultuous period in transportation. Adams was also a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, lobbying in the United States Brock Adams Papers. 14.85 cubic feet including oversize material,2 microfilm reels,65 videocassettes,1 audio disc,11 reel to reel sound tapes plus 3 items, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Voting record maintained by the Washington Post
43.
Neil Goldschmidt
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Neil Edward Goldschmidt is an American businessman and Democratic politician from the state of Oregon who held local, state and federal offices over three decades. After serving as the governor of Oregon, Goldschmidt was once considered the most influential figure in the states politics and his legacy and career were severely damaged by revelations that he had a sexual relationship with a young teenage girl during his first term as mayor of Portland. Goldschmidt was elected to the Portland City Council in 1970 and then as mayor of Portland in 1972, becoming the youngest mayor of any major American city. He was appointed U. S. Secretary of Transportation by President Jimmy Carter in 1979, in that capacity he worked to revive the ailing automobile industry and he served until the end of Carters presidency in 1981 and then served as a senior executive with Nike for several years. He was elected the 33rd governor of Oregon in 1986, serving a single term and he faced significant challenges, particularly a rising anti-tax movement and a doubling of the states prison population. He worked across party lines to reduce regulation and to repair the states infrastructure, during his term, Oregon emerged from nearly eight years of recession. His reforms to the State Accident Insurance Fund, a workers compensation insurance company were heralded at the time. Despite his popularity, Goldschmidt left office only one term. In 2003, Governor Ted Kulongoski appointed him to the Oregon Board of Higher Education, Goldschmidt was born in Eugene, in Oregons Willamette Valley, on June 16,1940, to Lester H. Goldschmidt and Annette Levin. He graduated from South Eugene High School and he later attended the University of Oregon, also in Eugene. He served as student body president at the school before graduating in 1963 with a Bachelors degree in political science and he served as an intern for U. S. Senator Maurine Neuberger in 1964 in Washington, D. C, while there, he was recruited by New York Congressman Allard K. Lowenstein to do voter registration in Mississippis 1964 Freedom Summer civil rights campaign. Goldschmidt married Margaret Wood in 1965 and they had two children, Joshua and Rebecca, and divorced in 1990. Goldschmidt earned a law degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1967, from 1967 to 1970 he worked as a legal aid lawyer in Portland, Oregon. In 1970, Neil Goldschmidt entered politics in Oregon and this began three decades of being in the public eye in the state, serving as mayor of Oregons most populous city and as the states governor. In between he served in the Cabinet of President Jimmy Carter, Goldschmidt won a seat on the Portland City Council in 1970. As City Commissioner and later as Mayor of Portland, Goldschmidt participated in the revitalization of the section of that city. During his mayoral campaign, he questioned the benefit of expanding the citys police force, according to Nigel Jaquiss, a reporter for Willamette Week, for thirty years he was Oregons most successful and charismatic leader
44.
Andrew L. Lewis Jr.
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Andrew Lindsay Drew Lewis Jr. was an American businessman and politician from the state of Pennsylvania. Andrew Lindsay Lewis Jr. was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania and he received his Bachelor of Science in 1953 from Haverford College in Haverford, Pennsylvania, and in 1955 his Master of Business Administration from Harvard University. He did postgraduate work at MIT in 1968, in June 1950, he married the former Marilyn Stoughton, a Republican former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The Lewises had four children together and fourteen grandchildren, son Andrew L. Lewis, III and his son Andrew Andy Lewis, IV, served as a township commissioner in Haverford Township between 2004 and 2007 and was elected in 2007 to the Delaware County Council. Lewiss sister, Floy Lewis Bakes, graduated from Ursinus College, he donated $3 million to Ursinus to build a field house, at the time of his nomination for Transportation Secretary, he was a member of the Schwenkfelder Church. Lewis died of complications from pneumonia in Prescott, Arizona on February 10,2016, in the 1950s he held several positions at Henkels and McCoy, Inc. In the 1960s he rose up the ranks of National Gypsum Company, from 1972 to 1974 he was president and Chief Executive Officer of Snelling and Snelling, Inc. From 1974 to 1981 he headed Lewis and Associates, a consulting firm. He became involved in politics through a friend, Richard S. Schweiker, for whom he managed successful campaigns for the U. S. House of Representatives and U. S. Senate. The Philadelphia Inquirer described him as among the two or three most powerful Republicans in Pennsylvania and one of the most powerful in the Northeast. During the 1976 Republican presidential campaign, Lewis, as head of the powerful Pennsylvania delegation, had backed Gerald Ford, at the Republican convention, Reagan announced that if nominated he would name Richard Schweiker, Lewis friend, as his running mate. Lewis had already committed to Ford and so honored his word, Reagan remembered his loyalty in 1980, and appointed Lewis to head his Pennsylvania campaign organization. In 1980, Lewis served as Reagans Pennsylvania campaign chairman, when Reagan was elected President, he named Lewis as his Secretary of Transportation, where he served from 1981 to 1983. During his tenure, the 1981 air traffic controllers strike occurred despite his efforts to avoid it, when the strikers defied Reagans threat to fire them if they did not return to work, it was Lewis who announced their controversial en masse dismissal. Another milestone was the enactment of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982, by the time he left Washington, The Washington Post reported that Lewis was generally regarded here as the most able domestic Cabinet officer in the administration. In 1983, Lewis was hired as chairman and CEO of Warner-Amex Cable Communications, in this role, he was also chairman of the WACCI subsidiary, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment Company, which eventually became known as MTV Networks after a public offering in 1984. In 1986, Lewis appeared at the commencement exercises of his alma mater, Haverford College and he said he did so out of respect for the Quaker tradition of making decisions by consensus. In October 1986, he became president and CEO of Union Pacific Corporation, one year later, on October 1,1987, he became Chairman and CEO of Union Pacific Corporation, succeeding William S. Cook
