1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Palm Beach County, Florida
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Palm Beach County is a county located in the state of Florida, directly north of Broward County. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,320,134, the largest city and county seat is West Palm Beach. Named after one of its oldest settlements, Palm Beach, the county was established in 1909, the countys modern-day boundaries were established in 1963. Palm Beach County is one of the three counties in South Florida and is part of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. In 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane struck West Palm Beach and caused thousands of deaths, since then, a number of other tropical cyclones have impacted the area. More recently, the county acquired national attention during the 2000 presidential election, as of 2004, Palm Beach County is Floridas wealthiest county, with a per capita personal income of $44,518. It leads the state in agricultural productivity, agriculture is Palm Beach Countys 2nd largest industry, approximately 10,200 years ago, Native Americans began migrating into Florida. The tribes settling in modern-day Palm Beach County included the Ais, Calusas, Jaegas, Mayaimis, an estimated 20,000 Native Americans lived in South Florida when the Spanish arrived. Their population diminished significantly by the 18th century, due to warfare, enslavement, and diseases from Europe. In 1513, Juan Ponce de León, who led a European expedition to Florida earlier that year, became the first non-Native American to reach Palm Beach County, after landing in the modern day Jupiter area. Runaway African slaves started coming to what was then Spanish Florida in the late 17th century, during the Seminole Wars, these African-American slaves fought with the Seminoles against White settlers and bounty hunters. Portions of the Second Seminole War occurred in Palm Beach County, the oldest surviving structure, the Jupiter Lighthouse, was built in 1860, after receiving authorization to the land from President Franklin Pierce in 1854. During the American Civil War, Florida was a member of the Confederate States of America, to aid the cause of their state, Augustus O. Lang and James Paine removed the lighting mechanism, dimming the lighthouse and assisting their blockade runners. Lang was also the first white settler in Palm Beach County and he built a palmetto shack along the eastern shore of Lake Worth in 1863 after abandoning the cause of the Confederacy. After the Civil War ended, the Jupiter Lighthouse was re-lit in 1866, thirteen years later, a National Weather Service office was established at the lighthouse complex. However, the office was moved to Miami after that citys population began to rapidly grow, in October 1873, a hurricane caused a shipwreck between Biscayne Bay and the New River. The crew survived, but nearly died due to starvation because of the desolation of the area. An Act of Congress on June 20,1874, resulted in the establishment of five houses of Houses of Refuge along the east coast of Florida from the Fort Pierce Inlet southward to Biscayne Bay
3.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
4.
Populous (company)
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Populous is a global architectural firm specializing in the design of sports facilities, arenas and convention centers, as well as the planning of major special events. Populous formerly operated as HOK Sport Venue Event, which was part of the HOK Group, in January 2009, Populous was created through a management buyout, becoming independently owned and operated. It is reported to be one of the largest architecture firms in the world, in 1983, HOK under Jerry Sincoff created a sports group. The firm initially consisted of eight architects in Kansas City, on several projects, HOK Sport had teamed with international design practice LOBB Partnership, which maintained offices in London, England, and Brisbane, Australia. On HOK Sports 15th anniversary in November 1998, the merged with LOBB. The new practice retained headquarters in all three cities, the Kansas City, Missouri, office was first based in the citys Garment District in the Lucas Place office building. It was the first major company to relocate to the neighborhood in several decades, in March 2009, HOK Sport Venue Event changed its name to Populous after a managers’ buyout by HOK Group. In October 2015, Populous relocated to its new headquarters at the newly renovated Board of Trade building at 4800 Main street near the Country Club Plaza in Kansas City. Other firms with sports design presence in Kansas City that trace their roots to Kivett include Ellerbe Becket Inc. Populous is credited for spearheading a new era of baseball park design in the 1990s, beginning with Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Starting with the Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati in 2003, subsequent stadium exteriors featuring this motif opened in Washington and Minnesota. And because the stadiums were designed for baseball instead of several sports, Camden Yards was not only hugely popular with baseball fans. The success of a new ballpark in downtown Baltimore convinced many cities to invest public funds in their own new ballparks to help revitalize struggling urban neighborhoods, from 1992 to 2012, HOK Sport/Populous were the lead architects on 14 Major League Baseball stadiums and helped renovate four existing stadiums. One sportswriter said the attempt to emulate the old parks in this way is contrived. S, Louis, Missouri – St. Louis Cardinals Nationals Park, Washington, D. C. Sir Bobby Robson Stand at Portman Road – Ipswich, England, UK – Ipswich Town Football Club Estádio da Luz – Lisbon, benfica Estádio Algarve – Loulé, Portugal – S. C. Monterrey Stade des Lumières – Décines, France – Olympique Lyonnais City of Manchester Stadium expansion – Manchester, UK – Manchester City F. C. C. Petersburg, Florida (joint project with Lescher & Mahoney Sports & Criswell, Blizzard & Blouin Architects Ervin J. Paul, Minnesota, USA2015 – Final Four - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Official website
5.
Gulf Coast League Cardinals
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The Gulf Coast League Cardinals are a minor league baseball team that plays in the Gulf Coast League. The Cardinals were originally a team from 1964–1976, but were reactivated in 2007, the Cardinals play their home games in Jupiter, Florida at Roger Dean Stadium, which is also the spring training home of the St. Louis Cardinals and the Miami Marlins. In 2007, the Cardinals were reactivated in the Gulf Coast League and played their first game since folding in 1976 on June 20, the Cardinals won their next game, but then began a 6-game losing streak that lasted until June 30. In July, the Cardinals went 16-14, still heading into August with a sub-500 record, in August, the Cardinals went 8-13, finishing 24-30 and in 3rd place in the East, and missing the playoffs. Gulf Coast League Website GCL Cardinals GCL Cardinals at oursportscentral Team Roster
6.
Gulf Coast League
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The Gulf Coast League is a Minor League Baseball league that operates in Florida. It is a league, and together with the Arizona League it forms the lowest rung on the minor-league ladder. GCL teams play at the minor league spring training complexes of their parent Major League Baseball clubs and are owned by parent clubs. Admission is not charged and no concessions are operated at the teams games, prior to the formation of this league, three separate leagues used the Gulf Coast League name, a 1907–1908 Class D league, a 1926 class D league and a 1950–1953 Class C League. All three leagues operated around the Gulf coasts of Texas and Louisiana, MLB teams needed an entry level to professional baseball for 18- and 19-year-old players graduating from high schools or signed from Latin America. They are typically considered the lowest rung on the league ladder. The league was founded in 1964 as the Sarasota Rookie League with four teams playing in Sarasota and it was originally intended to be the Gulf Coast division of a statewide rookie league, with the eastern division based in Cocoa. However, the eastern and western teams never played each other, the SRLs four teams consisted of squads sponsored by the Chicago White Sox, Milwaukee Braves, New York Yankees and St. Louis Cardinals. The SRL Braves, managed by Paul Snyder, future Atlanta farm system director, the league added teams in Bradenton in 1965 and changed its name to the Florida Rookie League. The league adopted its current name, Gulf Coast League, for the 1966 season and it expanded to Floridas east coast in the 1990s. On June 21,2016, the GCL hired Jen Pawol, the first female umpire in Minor League Baseball since 2007, the league plays a 60-game season that runs from mid-June to late August. Teams in the league are divided into four divisions, East, Northeast, Northwest, should the Northeast and Northwest Divisions finish 1st and 4th, the semifinal matchups place 1st vs. 3rd and 2nd vs. 4th. The semifinal winners meet in a game series for the Gulf Coast League championship. Some of these teams share stadiums with their clubs High-A affiliate in the Florida State League, the Detroit Tigers and New York Yankees are fielding two teams, the first time since 1981 when the Houston Astros and Kansas City Royals did so. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, Minor League Baseball, Gulf Coast League BR Bullpen, Gulf Coast League BR Bullpen, Florida Rookie League BR Bullpen, Sarasota Rookie League
7.
Jupiter Hammerheads
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The Jupiter Hammerheads are a minor league baseball team based in Jupiter, Florida, named for the hammerhead shark. The team, which plays in the Florida State League, is the Class A Advanced affiliate of the Miami Marlins major-league club, the Hammerheads call Roger Dean Stadium home. Opened in 1998, the park seats 7,200 fans and they share the facility with the Palm Beach Cardinals, also of the FSL. On May 23,2011 The Hammerheads gained national attention after playing in a 23 inning game against the Clearwater Threshers. In 2012, the Hammerheads won the 2nd Half Division Title, Jupiter would lose in the FSL Championship in the fifth and final game against the Lakeland Flying Tigers, despite holding a 2-1 lead after Game 3. 2012, Defeated St. Lucie 2-0 in semifinals, lost to Lakeland 3-2 in finals,2003, Lost to St. Lucie 2-0 in semifinals. 2002, Lost to Lakeland 2-0 in semifinals,1999, Lost to Kissimmee 2-1 in semifinals. 1998, Lost to St. Lucie 2-0 in semifinals
8.
Florida State League
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The Florida State League is a minor baseball league based in the state of Florida. It is one of three leagues currently classified as Class A-Advanced, the third highest classification of minor leagues, each team in the league is affiliated with a Major League Baseball team, and most play in their affiliates spring training facility. The league was founded in 1919, and has continued almost entirely uninterrupted to the present day, most players in the Florida State League do not reach this level until their third or fourth year of professional play. The league originated in 1919 with teams in Bartow, Bradenton, Lakeland, Orlando, Sanford, the league closed down in 1928 and resumed play in 1936. It has continued uninterrupted, except for a suspension during World War II. In 2009, the Florida State League established a Hall of Fame commemorating the great players, managers, owners. The awards and ceremonies for the class will take place at the FSLs winter meetings in Daytona Beach in November. Since 1979, the winner of the League Championship Series has become the holder—until the following seasons championship—of the Watson Spoelstra Florida State League Championship Trophy. Florida State League Player of the Year Award Florida State League Pitcher of the Year Award Florida State League Manager of the Year Award The Florida State League Hall of Fame began in 2009, Baseball awards#Florida State League Florida State League official website
9.
Montreal Expos
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The Montreal Expos were a Canadian professional baseball team based in Montreal, Quebec. The Expos were the first Major League Baseball franchise located outside the United States and they played in the National League East Division from 1969 until 2004. Following the 2004 season, the relocated to Washington, D. C. Named after the Expo 67 Worlds Fair, the Expos originally played at Jarry Park Stadium before moving to Olympic Stadium in 1977, the Expos failed to post a winning record in any of their first ten seasons. The team won its division title in the strike-shortened 1981 season. The team was sold in 1991 by its majority, founding owner, Charles Bronfman, felipe Alou was promoted to the teams field manager in 1992, becoming MLBs first Dominican-born manager. He led the team to four winning seasons, including 1994, Alou became the Expos leader in games managed. The aftermath of the 1994 strike initiated a downward spiral as the Expos chose to sell off their best players, Major League Baseball purchased the team prior to the 2002 season after the club failed to secure funding for a new ballpark. In their final two seasons, the team played 22 home games each year at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On September 29,2004, MLB announced the franchise would relocate to Washington, D. C. for the 2005 season, the Expos posted an all-time record of 2,753 wins,2,943 losses and 4 ties during their 36 years in Montreal. Vladimir Guerrero led the franchise in both runs and batting average, and Steve Rogers in wins and strikeouts. Three pitchers threw four no-hitters, Bill Stoneman, Charlie Lea, and Dennis Martínez, professional baseball in Montreal dates back to 1890 when teams briefly played in the International Association. A second attempt at hosting a pro team failed in 1895, the Montreal Royals of the Eastern League were subsequently founded in 1897 and played 20 seasons. The Royals were revived in 1928 and were purchased by the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1939 to serve as one of their Triple-A affiliates, under Dodgers management, the Royals won seven International League championships and three Junior World Series titles between 1941 and 1958. In 1946, Jackie Robinson joined the Royals and led the team to a Junior World Series title in advance of his breaking baseballs colour barrier one year later. Almost immediately upon the Royals demise, Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau, on May 27,1968, National League president Warren Giles announced the league would add expansion teams in San Diego and Montreal at a cost of US$10 million each. With the franchise secured, Snyder built a group of six partners led by financier Jean-Louis Lévesque. Lévesque was originally tapped as chairman and the face of the ownership group since he was a francophone
10.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
11.
St. Louis Cardinals
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The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis, Missouri. The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League Central division. Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006, with origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Upon the discontinuation of the AA, St. Louis joined the NL in 1892, at time, they were called the Browns. One of the most successful franchises in history, the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships. Their 19 National League pennants rank third in NL history, in addition, St. Louis has won 13 division titles in the East and Central divisions. While still in the AA, St. Louis won four league championships, the Cardinals have won 105 or more games in four different seasons and won 100 or more a total of nine times. Cardinals players have won 20 league MVPs, four batting Triple Crowns, and three Cy Young Awards. Baseball Hall of Fame inductees include Lou Brock, Dizzy Dean, Bob Gibson, Whitey Herzog, Rogers Hornsby, Joe Medwick, Stan Musial, Branch Rickey, Red Schoendienst, Ozzie Smith, and Bruce Sutter. In 2016, Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.6 billion, making them the 7th-most valuable franchise in MLB, their revenue the year was $300 million. Since their purchase in 1995, owner William DeWitt, Jr. s investment group has seen enormous growth from the $147 million purchase price, John Mozeliak is the general manager and Mike Matheny is the manager. Professional baseball began in St. Louis with the inception of the Brown Stockings in the National Association in 1875, the NA folded following that season, and the next season, St. Louis joined the National League as a charter member, finishing in third place at 45-19. George Bradley hurled the first no-hitter in Major League history, the NL expelled St. Louis from the league after 1877 due to a game-fixing scandal and the team went bankrupt. Without a league, they continued play as a barnstorming team through 1881. For the 1882 season, Chris von der Ahe purchased the team, reorganized it, and made it a member of the American Association. 1882 is generally considered to be the first year existence of the St. Louis Cardinals, the next season, St. Louis shortened their name to the Browns. Soon thereafter they became the dominant team in the AA, as manager Charlie Comiskey guided St. Louis to four pennants in a row from 1885 to 1888. Pitcher and outfielder Bob Caruthers led the league in ERA and wins in 1885 and he also led the AA in OBP and OPS in 1886 and finished fourth in batting average in 1886 and fifth in 1887
12.
Palm Beach Cardinals
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The Palm Beach Cardinals are a minor league baseball team based in Jupiter in Palm Beach County, Florida. The team, which plays in the Florida State League, is the High-A affiliate of the St. Louis Cardinals major-league club, the Cardinals call Roger Dean Stadium home. Opened in 1998, the park seats 6,871 fans and they share the facility with the Jupiter Hammerheads, also of the FSL. Robby the Redbird is their mascot and he is a Cardinal that hatched in January 2003 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and was named in a contest with local schools. Robbie first flew into Roger Dean Stadium on Friday, March 28,2003 prior to the Palm Beach Cardinals first game,2005, Defeated Vero Beach 2-1 in semifinals, defeated Lakeland 3-2 to win championship. 2006, Lost to St. Lucie 2-0 in semifinals,2008, Lost to Daytona 2-1 in semifinals. 2015, Lost to Charlotte 2-0 in semifinals, Palm Beach Cardinals - Official website St. Louis Cardinals Minor Leagues at Scout. com Roger Dean Stadium - Fact Sheet
13.
GCL Marlins
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The Gulf Coast League Marlins are one of the Rookie Level minor league affiliates of the Miami Marlins. The team plays in Jupiter, Florida, at Roger Dean Stadium, the Marlins include mostly players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents. The GCL Marlins were based in Kissimmee, Florida in 1992–1993, the GCL Marlins threw a combined perfect game against the GCL Astros on July 19,2012. Justin Jackson pitched the first six innings, Patrick Merkling pitched the seventh inning and Dane Stone pitched the last two innings
14.
Miami Marlins
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The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami, Florida. The Marlins compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League East division. Their home park is Marlins Park, though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title, the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team. The stadium was later called Pro Player Park, Pro Player Stadium, Dolphin Stadium, Dolphins Stadium, Land Shark Stadium, since the 2012 season, they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami, on the site of the former Orange Bowl in Little Havana, Florida. The new park, unlike Sun Life Stadium, was designed foremost as a baseball park, the new parks name is a temporary one until naming rights are purchased. Per agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County, the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11,2011 and they also adopted a new logo, color scheme, and uniforms. The 2003 season was notable for the firing of manager Jeff Torborg after 38 games, the Marlins were in last place in the NL East with a 16–22 record at the time. Torborgs successor, 72-year-old Jack McKeon, led them to the NL wild card berth in the postseason, the Marlins moved into their new ballpark, Marlins Park in 2012, which coincided with a change in the team colors/uniforms and name to the Miami Marlins. No-Hitters, Marlins pitchers have pitched five no-hitters in team history, four coming against teams in the NL West. Hitting for the cycle, No Marlins player has hit for the cycle in franchise history. See also, List of Major League Baseball retired numbers § Alternative methods of recognition, from 1993 until 2011, the Marlins had retired the number 5 in honor of Carl Barger, the first president of the Florida Marlins who died prior to the teams inaugural season. Bargers favorite player was Joe DiMaggio, thus the selection of number 5, with the move to the new ballpark, the team opted to honor Barger with a plaque. Logan Morrison, a Kansas City native and fan of Royals Hall-of-Famer George Brett, after José Fernández death as a result of a boating accident on September 25,2016, the Miami Marlins announced plans to build a memorial at Marlins Park in his honor. However, Fernández number 16 has yet to be officially retired, the Marlins began construction of a new, state-of-the-art stadium at the Miami Orange Bowl site on July 18,2009. The now approved stadium was the subject of a legal battle. A lawsuit by local automobile franchise mogul and former Philadelphia Eagles owner Norman Braman contested the legality of the deal with Miami-Dade County, however, Miami-Dade County Judge Beth Cohen dismissed all the charges in Bramans lawsuit. The seating capacity for Marlins Park is 36,742, making it the third smallest stadium in the MLB and its first regular season game was April 4,2012, against the St. Until a naming-rights deal is reached, the park will be known as Marlins Park, the Marlins flagship radio station from their inception in 1993 through 2007 was WQAM560 AM
15.
Baseball park
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A baseball park, also known as a ballpark or diamond, is a venue where baseball is played. A baseball park consists of the field and the surrounding spectator seating. While the diamond and the areas denoted by white painted lines adhere to rules, guidelines for the rest of the field are flexible. The term ballpark sometimes refers either to the structure, or sometimes to just the playing field. A home run where the player makes it around the bases, sometimes a home run over the fence is called out of the ballpark, but that phrase more often means a home run that clears the stands and lands outside the building. The playing field is most often called the ballfield, though the term is used interchangeably with ballpark when referring to a small local or youth league facility. A baseball field can be referred to as a diamond, the infield is a rigidly structured diamond of dirt containing the three bases, home plate, and the pitchers mound. The space between the bases and home is normally a grass surface, save for the mound in the center. Some ballparks, like Torontos Rogers Centre, have grass or artificial turf between the bases, and dirt only around the bases and pitchers mound, others, such as Koshien Stadium in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, have an entirely dirt infield. Two white lines run out from the plate area, aligned with first. These are the lines or base lines, usually differentiated by referring to them as the first base line. If a ball hit by the lands outside of the space between these two lines, or rolls out of this space before reaching first or third base, the ball is foul. If it lands between or on the lines, it is fair, at the end of the lines are two foul poles, which help the umpires judge whether a ball is fair or foul. These foul poles are actually in fair territory, so a ball hits them on the fly is a home run. On either side of plate are the two batters boxes This is where the batter stands when at bat. Behind home is the box, where the catcher and the home plate umpire stand. Next to first and third base are two boxes, where the first and third base coaches guide the baserunners, generally with gestures or shouts. As the baserunner faces away from the outfield when running from second base to third, they see where the ball is
16.
Jupiter, Florida
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Jupiter is the northernmost town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. According to the 2015 Census Bureau estimate, the town had a population of 62,707. It is one of the northernmost communities of the Miami metropolitan area and it was rated as the 9th Happiest Seaside Town in America by Coastal Living in 2012. The area where the town now sits was named for the Hobe Indian tribe which lived at the mouth of the Loxahatchee River. A mapmaker misunderstood the Spanish spelling Jobe of the Indian name Hobe, subsequent mapmakers further misunderstood this to be the Latin translation of the god Jupiter, and they anglicized the name from Jove to Jupiter. The Roman god Jupiter is the chief Roman god, and god of light, of the sky and weather, jupiters consort was Juno, inspiring a neighboring town to name itself Juno Beach. The most notable landmark is the Jupiter Inlet Lighthouse, completed in 1860, made of brick, it was painted red in 1910 to cover discoloration caused by humidity. Hurricane Jeanne in 2004 sandblasted the paint from the portion of the tower. The lighthouse is used as the symbol for Jupiter. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 21.1 square miles. Jupiter has a Tropical savanna climate, much of the year is warm to hot in Jupiter, and frost is very rare. As is typical in Florida, there are two seasons in Jupiter, a mild and dry winter, and a hot and wet summer. Daily thundershowers are common in the hot season, though they are brief, the city of Jupiter is home to many tropical and subtropical plants and trees, and the city is known for its lush landscaping around private homes and public parks. As of 2010, there were 29,825 households out of which 19. 8% were vacant. In 2000,26. 6% had children under the age of 18 living with them,55. 8% are married couples living together,8. 4% have a householder with no husband present. 25. 8% of all households are made up of individuals and 10. 4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older, the median age is 42 years. For every 100 females there are 97.2 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.2 males. In 2000, the income for a household in the town is $54,945
17.
Luxury box
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Luxury boxes and club seating constitute the most exclusive class of seating in arenas and stadiums, and generate much higher revenues than regular seating. A Luxury box is a special seating section located within stadiums, arenas and other sporting. They are typically located in the midsection of a stadium grandstand, some have glass panels that can be opened, in order for the spectators to feel closer to and more immersed in the action of the event. The inside of a luxury box typically includes a bar, televisions, a seating area. The boxes are usually catered, with guests enjoying corporate hospitality, with champagne, canapés, shrimp, the lease to a box usually comes with allocated parking spaces at the venue and access is usually provided with separate entrances, away from the general public gates. Luxury boxes are a significant source of revenue for most professional sports teams, while originally widespread among North American major pro sports, this trend is also gaining popularity in Europe. For instance, Emirates Stadiums revenue from premium seating and corporate boxes alone is nearly as high as the revenue from Arsenal F. C. s previous stadium at Highbury. Most luxury boxes are leased by contract on a yearly basis and these methods usually grant access to the box by the leaseholder or owner for every event held at the venue. A few venues rent them on a per-event basis, prices vary from US$5,000 up to the millions of dollars depending on the venue and events held there. Luxury boxes that are rented on an event basis can range from US$500 for low-key events to up to at least US$250,000 for high-end events such as sporting final matches. Also, the location of the box and how many people the box can hold usually makes up the price, standing room tickets may also be purchased at an additional fee but are usually less money than an actual suite ticket. If a normal box ticket with a seat costs US$500 per ticket then standing room tickets might be around US$250–US$300 per ticket. These tickets will allow people in a box, but they wont have seats. Average private box rental prices for events based on location, matchup. Typical luxury boxes for most events fall within the following ranges, The stadium with the most luxury boxes is the Estadio Monumental U in Lima. The first stadium to contain a luxury box was the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway constructed their first luxury boxes in 1973 as part of the existing motel complex on the grounds. One unique set of boxes is located on the campus of Boston College. The schools main indoor arena, Conte Forum, is attached to its football venue
18.
Minor League Baseball
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All of the minor leagues are operated as independent businesses. Most are members of the organization known as Minor League Baseball. Several leagues, known as independent baseball leagues, do not have any links to Major League Baseball. Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball teams may enter into a PDC for a two- or four-year term. At the expiration of a PDC term, teams may renew their affiliation, or sign new PDCs with different clubs, though many relationships are renewed and endure for extended time periods. Minor League teams that are owned directly by the major league club do not have PDCs with each other and are not part of the reaffiliation shuffles that occur every other year, several more independent leagues operate in the United States and Canada. The earliest professional baseball association, the National Association of 1871 to 1875 and this system proved unworkable, however, as there was no way to ensure competitive balance, and financially unsound clubs often failed in midseason. This problem was solved in 1876 with the formation of the National League, with a membership which excluded less competitive. Professional clubs outside the National League responded by forming regional associations of their own, there was a series of ad hoc groupings, such as the New England Association of 1877 and the Eastern Championship Association of 1881. These were loose groups of independent clubs which agreed to play a series of games for a championship pennant, the first minor league is traditionally considered to be the Northwestern League of 1883 to 1884. Unlike the earlier minor associations, it was conceived as a permanent organization and it also, along with the National League and the American Association, was a party to the National Agreement of 1883. Included in this was the agreement to respect the reserve lists of clubs in each league, teams in the National League and the American Association could only reserve players who had been paid at least $1000. Northwest League teams could reserve players paid merely $750, implicitly establishing the division into major and minor leagues, over the next two decades, more minor leagues signed various versions of the National Agreement. Eventually, the minor leagues joined together to negotiate jointly, in the late 1890s, the Western League run by the fiery Ban Johnson decided to challenge the National Leagues position. Representatives of the different minor leagues met at the Leland Hotel in Chicago on September 5,1901, in response to the National–American battle, they agreed to form the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, called the NAPBL, or NA for short. The purpose of the NA at the time was to maintain the independence of the leagues involved, several did not sign the agreement and continued to work independently. Powers was made the first president of the NAPBL, whose offices were established in Auburn, in 1903, the conflict between the American and National Leagues ended in the National Agreement of 1903. The NAPBL became involved in the stages of the negotiations to develop rules for the acquisition of players from their leagues by the National
19.
Gulf Coast Marlins
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The Gulf Coast League Marlins are one of the Rookie Level minor league affiliates of the Miami Marlins. The team plays in Jupiter, Florida, at Roger Dean Stadium, the Marlins include mostly players who are in their first year of professional baseball either as draftees or non-drafted free agents. The GCL Marlins were based in Kissimmee, Florida in 1992–1993, the GCL Marlins threw a combined perfect game against the GCL Astros on July 19,2012. Justin Jackson pitched the first six innings, Patrick Merkling pitched the seventh inning and Dane Stone pitched the last two innings
20.
Spring training
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Practices andthe start of the regular season. Spring training allows new players to try out for roster and position spots, Spring training typically starts in mid-February and continues until just before Opening Day of the regular season, traditionally the first week of April. In some years, teams not scheduled to play on Opening Day will play spring training games that day, pitchers and catchers report to spring training first because pitchers benefit from a longer training period. A few days later, position players arrive and team practice begins, Spring training by major league teams in sites other than their regular season game sites first became popular in the 1890s and by 1910 was in wide use. Hot Springs, Arkansas has been called the birthplace of Spring Training baseball. The location of Hot Springs and the concept of getting the players ready for the season was the brainchild of Chicago White Stockings team President Albert Spalding. In 1886, the White Stockings traveled to Hot Springs to prepare for the upcoming season, practicing at the Hot Springs Baseball Grounds, the White Stockings had a successful season and other teams took notice and began holding spring training in Hot Springs. The Cleveland Spiders, Detroit Tigers, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, Brooklyn Dodgers, Whittington Park/Ban Johnson Park, Majestic Park and Fogel Field were all built in Hot Springs to host Major League teams. Famously, a young pitcher named Babe Ruth of the Boston Red Sox was playing a game at first base on St. Patricks Day,1918. Ruth would hit two home runs that day in Hot Springs, and the second was a 573-foot shot that landed across the street from Whittington Park in a pond of the Arkansas Alligator Farm, soon he was playing the field more often. The First Boys of Spring is a 2015 documentary about Hot Springs Spring Training, the film was narrated by area native, actor Billy Bob Thornton, and produced by filmmaker Larry Foley. The documentary began airing nationally on the MLB Network in February,2016. The Detroit Tigers are credited with being the first team to conduct spring training camp in Arizona and they trained in Phoenix at Riverside Park at Central Avenue and the Salt River in 1929. The Philadelphia Phillies were the first of the current major-league teams to train in Florida, Spring training in Florida began in earnest in 1913, when the Chicago Cubs played in Tampa, and the Cleveland Indians in Pensacola. One year later, two teams moved to Florida for spring training, the real start of the Grapefruit League. Since 2010, major league teams have been divided during spring training. All but six of the league teams have gone to spring training in Florida at one time or another. Many of the most famous players in history have called Florida home for 4–6 weeks every spring. According to the autobiography of former Cleveland Indians owner Bill Veeck, in 1947, Veeck was the owner of the minor league Milwaukee Brewers and the team trained in Ocala, Florida
21.
Washington Nationals
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The Washington Nationals are a professional baseball team based in Washington, D. C. The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League East division. From 2005 to 2007, the played in RFK Stadium. The Nationals are the major league franchise to be based in Washington, D. C. The original Washington Senators, who were referred to as the Nationals. They were followed by a second Washington Senators franchise in 1901, a member of the new American League. The second Senators franchise moved to Minnesota in 1961 and became the Minnesota Twins and they were replaced that season by a third Senators franchise, who eventually moved to Arlington, Texas, after the 1971 season and became the Texas Rangers. The current National League club was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos, part of the MLB expansion, which included the Seattle Pilots, Kansas City Royals, based in Montreal, the Expos were the first Major League team in Canada. Home games were played at Jarry Park Stadium and later in Olympic Stadium, the franchise had its highest winning percentage in the strike-shortened season of 1994, when the team had the best record in baseball. While the team struggled after moving to Washington, the Nationals have experienced moderate success in recent years, winning division titles in 2012,2014. Two of the teams first overall picks in the MLB Draft, Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010, attracted new levels of attention to the team. At the time of his selection, Strasburg was called the pick in draft history. The Montreal Expos joined the National League in 1969, along with the San Diego Padres, with a majority held by Charles Bronfman. Named after the Expo 67 Worlds Fair, the Expos initial home was Jarry Park, starting in 1977, the teams home venue was Montreals Olympic Stadium, built for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Two years later, the team won a franchise-high 95 games, the team spent most of the 1980s in the middle of the NL East pack, finishing in third or fourth place in eight out of nine seasons from 1982 to 1990. Buck Rodgers was hired as manager before the 1985 season and guided the Expos to a.500 or better five times in six years, with the highlight coming in 1987. They finished third, but were just four games behind the division-winning Cardinals, Bronfman sold the team to a consortium of owners in 1991, with Claude Brochu as the managing general partner. Rodgers, at that second only to Gene Mauch in number of Expos games managed, was replaced partway through the 1991 season
22.
Houston Astros
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The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston, Texas. The Astros are members of the American League West division in Major League Baseball, the Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000. The Astros were established as the Houston Colt. 45s and entered the National League in 1962 with the expansion New York Mets. The current name—reflecting Houstons role as the center of the U. S. space program—was adopted three years later, when they moved into the Astrodome, the worlds first domed sports stadium. The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 and they played in the West division from 1969 to 1993, and the Central division from 1994 to 2012. The Astros have played in one World Series in 2005 against the Chicago White Sox, from 1888 until 1961, Houstons professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes. Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962, Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior. There were four men responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston, George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan. They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston and they called the new league the Continental League. Wanting to protect potential new markets, both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten, however, plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner, Marty Marion, could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team. To make matters worse, the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960, however, on October 17,1960, the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season. Eventually, the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes, at this point majority-owned by William Hopkins, the Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the citys NL club. The new Houston team was named the Colt. 45s after a Name The Team contest was won by William Irving Neder, the Colt.45 was well known as the gun that won the west. The colors selected were blue and orange. The first team was formed mostly through a draft after the 1961 season. The Colt. 45s and their cousins, the New York Mets. Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league, Manager Harry Craft, who had joined Houston in 1961, remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season. General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager, similarly, the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise
23.
Baseball field
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A baseball field, also called a ball field or a baseball diamond, is the field upon which the game of baseball is played. The term is used as a metonym for baseball park.5 inches. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8. 5-inch sides is a batters box, the point of home plate where the two 12-inch sides meet at right angles is at one corner of a ninety-foot square. The other three corners of the square, in order from home plate, are called first base, second base. Three canvas bags fifteen inches square mark the three bases and these three bags along with home plate form the four points at the corners of the infield. All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory, thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. Thus, although the points of the bases are 90 feet apart, the lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the field between the foul lines is fair territory, the rest is foul territory. The area in the vicinity of the square formed by the bases is called the infield, most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is set at a distance ranging from 300 to 420 feet from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole and these poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball. First base is the first of four bases that must be touched by a player on the team in order to score a run. Unlike when a player reaches second or third base, it is permissible for a batter-runner to overrun first base without being in jeopardy of being put out. After contact is made with the base, the batter-runner may slow down and return to first base at his leisure, the runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body. The first baseman is the player responsible for the area near first base. A professional first baseman is often a slow runner and tall, a tall first baseman presents a large target to which other fielders can throw, and his height gives him a larger range in reaching and catching errant throws. Also, a right-handed first baseman must, when setting himself up to receive a throw from an infielder, execute a half-pivot near the base, there are three infield positions that can only effectively be occupied by right-handed players, 2nd base, 3rd base, and shortstop
24.
Space Coast Stadium
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Space Coast Stadium is a baseball stadium in Viera, Florida. It has served as the training facility for the Florida Marlins, Montreal Expos. After renovation, it is scheduled to reopen as a baseball/softball venue – part of a new multisport complex – in 2017, Space Coast Stadium was completed before the 1994 Major League Baseball season as part of a plan to bring the Florida Marlins to Viera for spring training. Ground was broken for the new stadium in what had been a pasture on April 29,1993, the Florida Marlins held spring training at Space Coast Stadium through the 2002 season. The Expos held two seasons of training at Space Coast Stadium in 2003 and 2004, the Expos franchise then moved from Montreal to Washington, D. C. to become the Washington Nationals. The Nationals conducted spring training at Space Coast Stadium from their season in 2005 through 2016. They played from seven to fifteen games per season in the stadium, Game attendance averaged from 4,690 in 2010 to 3,433 in 2011. The Nationals contracted to make annual $765,000 stadium-construction bond payments through March 2013, Space Coast Stadium was the home of the Brevard County Manatees, a minor league baseball franchise that played in the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, from 1994 to 2016. In 2008, the Florida State League All-Star Game was played at Space Coast Stadium for the first time since 1996, the game was played again at Space Coast Stadium in 2010. U. S. President George W. Bush held one of his campaign rallies for the 2004 U. S. presidential election at the stadium on October 23,2004. About $5 million worth of improvements funded by Brevard Countys tourist tax were made to the stadium between 2005 and 2010. In 2011, the county assessed the 33.4 acres stadium site as having a value of US$26.5 million The Nationals held spring training at Space Coast Stadium for the last time in 2016. The teams last game at the stadium was a 7–2 victory over the Atlanta Braves on March 27,2016. The Nationals′ last scheduled game at the stadium on March 28,2016, was rained out, the Brevard County Manatees also departed after the 2016 season, relocating to Kissimmee, Florida, to become the Florida Fire Frogs. The departure of the Nationals and the Manatees after the 2016 season left Space Coast Stadium without a tenant, the United States Specialty Sports Association bought it and the surrounding spring training fields, announcing plans to renovate the entire complex. The association plans to make the complex into a venue that will host a variety of sports and sports tournaments. Plans called for work to begin in January 2017 and to be complete in the fall of 2017. The entire complex will include 1.3 million square feet of turf
25.
Viera, Florida
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Viera is a master planned community located in the central coastal region of Brevard County, Florida. It is part of an unincorporated section adjacent to the Melbourne, for census purposes, it is divided between the Census Designated Places of Viera East and Viera West. At the 2010 census, Viera East had a population of 10,757, the Viera area borders 8 miles along Interstate 95 starting at exit 195 and extending south 3 miles beyond exit 191. About half of this has set aside for conservation. The community consists of 76 neighborhoods in two areas named Viera East and Central Viera, Viera East Golf Club includes the communities of Aberdeen, Addington, Ashton, Blackheath, Brightwood, Canterbury, Collingtree, Durban Park, Oaklefe, Parkstone, Stratford Place, and Woodhall. Villages of Viera East includes the communities of Bennington, Somerville, and Templeton. Addison Village, which is a part of Central Viera, has the communities of Bridgewater at Viera, Kerrington, Loren Cove, Reeling Park, Seville, Strom Park, Trasona Cove East, and Trasona Cove West. The land was developed by the Viera Company, a subsidiary of A. Duda, the family has donated a total of 622.7 acres of land to various organizations. In 1992 construction began on what would become Viera East, in 1995, a 6, 000-acre expansion was approved by Brevard County as a Substantial Deviation to the original DRI. Application was made for Substantial Deviation #2 in 2006 and was approved to plan for the expansion of the community. The 11, 567-acre expansion will include 5,112 acres to be set aside as managed protected land, conservation areas, parks and open space. The Viera Wilderness Park will join with the 44, 000-acre River Lakes Conservation Area, a. Duda & Sons, Inc. continues to raise cattle on the West Viera property as well as a portion of the River Lakes Conservation Area. The Avenue Viera, a shopping center, opened in 2004. It contains over 100 shops/restaurants with 600,000 square feet of retail/restaurant space, there are several nationally known restaurant chains and department stores. Viera has several organizations, government offices and non-profits, such as the Brevard Zoo, Brevard Public Schools, the first Park-N-Ride lot, in unincorporated Brevard County, is located there. The countys administration complex is located in Viera 1 mile west of Interstate 95, the Harry T. and Harriette V. Moore Justice Center and the Brevard County School Board offices are also located within the administrative complex. The developer of the property, the Viera Company, hosts a variety of each year for both the community and for the Central Brevard area. Several main events include the Light Up Viera Holiday Parade, the July 4th Great American Celebration, the Viera area is within Floridas 8th congressional district represented by Bill Posey
26.
Tropical cyclone
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Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such as hurricane, typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply cyclone. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface and this energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as noreasters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of momentum imparted by the Earths rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a result, they form within 5° of the equator. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km in diameter, Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. Cyclone refers to their nature, with wind blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect, in addition to strong winds and rain, tropical cyclones are capable of generating high waves, damaging storm surge, and tornadoes. They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their energy source. For this reason, coastal regions are vulnerable to damage from a tropical cyclone as compared to inland regions. Heavy rains, however, can cause significant flooding inland, though their effects on human populations are often devastating, tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes. Tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure in the troposphere. On Earth, the pressures recorded at the centers of tropical cyclones are among the lowest ever observed at sea level, the environment near the center of tropical cyclones is warmer than the surroundings at all altitudes, thus they are characterized as warm core systems. The near-surface wind field of a cyclone is characterized by air rotating rapidly around a center of circulation while also flowing radially inwards. At the outer edge of the storm, air may be nearly calm, however, due to the Earths rotation, as air flows radially inward, it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum. At an inner radius, air begins to ascend to the top of the troposphere and this radius is typically coincident with the inner radius of the eyewall, and has the strongest near-surface winds of the storm, consequently, it is known as the radius of maximum winds. Once aloft, air flows away from the center, producing a shield of cirrus clouds
27.
Hurricane Frances
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Hurricane Frances was the sixth named storm, the fourth hurricane, and the third major hurricane of the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. The system crossed the open Atlantic during mid-to-late August, moving to the north of the Lesser Antilles while strengthening and its outer bands affected Puerto Rico and the British Virgin Islands while passing north of the Caribbean sea. The storms maximum sustained wind speeds peaked at 145 miles per hour, as the system slowed down its forward motion, the eye passed over San Salvador Island and very close to Cat Island in the Bahamas. Frances was the first hurricane to impact the entire Bahamian archipelago since 1928, a significant tornado outbreak accompanied the storm across the eastern United States, nearly equaling the outbreak from Hurricane Beulah. Very heavy rains fell in association with this slow moving and relatively large hurricane,49 people died from the cyclone. A strong tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa on August 21, moving under the base of the subtropical ridge, it moved westward for several days, remaining disorganized despite favorable conditions. Thunderstorms associated with the wave began organizing early on August 24. The tropical storm, now named Frances, further intensified on August 26 in an environment of low wind shear as its track bent to the west-northwest. Frances rapidly intensified, developing an eye and reaching hurricane strength late that afternoon, an approaching upper level trough caused Frances to move more northwesterly on August 27. The cyclone reached its peak intensity of 135 miles per hour on August 28. The hurricane turned back to its westward motion on August 29, as the upper trough moved away the region. Over the next day, the hurricane underwent a replacement cycle. This weakening trend was short lived, and the storm reintensified during the afternoon of August 30, the storm continued strengthening as it turned west-northwestward, reaching its peak intensity of 145 miles per hour on September 2 while 555 miles east-southeast of West Palm Beach, Florida. On September 2, Frances entered the Bahamas, passing directly over San Salvador Island, on September 3, Frances passed into the vicinity of Abaco Island and directly over Grand Bahama while continuing to slowly weaken. The storm regained Category 2 hurricane intensity prior to passing over Grand Bahama Island, parts of South Florida began to be affected by squalls and the outer rainbands of the hurricane at this time. Gusts from 40 miles per hour to as high as 87 miles per hour were reported from Jupiter Inlet to Miami. Frances moved slowly, between 5 to 10 miles per hour, as it crossed the warm Gulf Stream between the Bahamas and Florida, leading to the concern that it could restrengthen, at 11 pm, the western edge of Frances eyewall began moving onshore. Because of Frances large eye, which was roughly 80 miles across, and its forward motion
28.
Hurricane Jeanne
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Hurricane Jeanne was the deadliest hurricane in the 2004 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the named storm, the seventh hurricane. After wreaking havoc on Hispaniola, Jeanne struggled to reorganize, eventually strengthening and performing a loop over the open Atlantic. It headed westwards, strengthening into a Category 3 hurricane and passing over the islands of Great Abaco, Jeanne made landfall later in the day in Florida just 2 miles from where Frances had struck a mere 3 weeks earlier. Building on the rainfall of Frances and Ivan, Jeanne brought near-record flood levels as far north as West Virginia, Jeanne is blamed for at least 3,006 deaths in Haiti with about 2,800 in Gonaïves alone, which was nearly washed away by floods and mudslides. Final property damage in the United States was $6.8 billion, Tropical Depression Eleven formed from a tropical wave 70 miles east-southeast of Guadeloupe in the evening of September 13, and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Jeanne the next day. Jeanne passed south of the U. S. Virgin Islands on September 15, making landfall near Yabucoa, Jeanne moved offshore the Dominican Republic late in the afternoon of September 17. By that time, Jeanne had weakened to depression strength. Even though Jeanne did not strike Haiti directly, the storm was large enough to cause flooding and mudslides, on September 18, while the system was being tracked near Great Inagua and Haiti, a new center formed well to the northeast and the previous circulation dissipated. The system restrengthened, becoming a hurricane on September 20, Jeanne continued to meander for several days before beginning a steady westward motion toward the Bahamas and Florida. Jeanne continued strengthening as it headed west, passing over Great Abaco in the Bahamas on the morning of September 25, shortly thereafter, the hurricane reached Category 3 strength. Jeanne maintained this intensity as it passed Grand Bahama Island. At 11,50 p. m. EDT on September 25, Jeanne made landfall on Hutchinson Island, just east of Sewalls Point, Florida, Stuart, Florida and Port Saint Lucie, Florida and this is the same place Hurricane Frances struck Florida three weeks earlier. Jeannes track continued to follow within 20 miles of that of Frances until it reached Pasco County. The cyclone then swung more rapidly to the north, and the center remained over land all the way to the Georgia state line, Jeanne became an extratropical cyclone over Virginia on September 28 and the system moved back into the Atlantic offshore the New Jersey coast the next day. The watches were upgraded to storm warnings early on the morning of September 14. Later in the morning, tropical storm warnings were issued for St. Kitts and Nevis, while tropical storm watches were issued for Anguilla. During the afternoon, tropical storm warnings were lowered for Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten, while hurricane warnings were issued for Puerto Rico, late on the morning of September 15, a hurricane watch was issued for the British Virgin Islands
29.
2013 World Baseball Classic
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The 2013 World Baseball Classic was an international professional baseball competition, held from March 2 to March 19,2013. This was the iteration of the WBC, following the two previous tournaments, held in 2006 and 2009. Unlike the two previous WBCs, which consisted of the sixteen countries, only the twelve countries that won at least one game in the 2009 WBC were guaranteed a berth in the main tournament. The automatic qualifiers were Australia, China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Puerto Rico, South Korea, the United States, and Venezuela. Four qualification brackets were held in late 2012 and respectively won by Canada, Taiwan, Spain, and Brazil, as in the 2006 tournament, the first round had a round-robin format, which led to South Korea being eliminated on a run difference tiebreaker. Venezuela also failed to advance out of a tough group, the fourth-place teams in each group – Brazil, Australia, Spain, and Mexico – will have to participate in the qualifying round in order to return for the 2017 tournament. The Netherlands improved on its surprising 2009 run by advancing to the semifinal game, however, the two-time defending champions Japan were eliminated in the semi-finals game against stunning Puerto Rico. In the final game, the Dominican Republic defeated Puerto Rico to become the first WBC champion from the Western Hemisphere, robinson Canó was named the Most Valuable Player of the Classic. JPBPA demanded a share of advertising and merchandise sponsorship revenue for the tournament. In July 2012 the JPBPA voted unanimously to boycott the 2013 World Baseball Classic, the move was interpreted by some news outlets as a non-final decision, aimed at raising the pressure on MLB. In September 2012, Japanese players agreed to part after reaching a compromise with tournament organizers on sharing sponsorship. The automatic qualifiers were Australia, China, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Puerto Rico, South Korea, the United States, and Venezuela. The other four teams from the 2009 tournament contested a round in late 2012. The qualifying round was organized as four independent modified double-elimination tournaments, the modification was that the final game was winner-take-all, even if won by the team emerging from the losers bracket. Although this modified format was used in some rounds of the 2009 World Baseball Classic, in that tournament the final game was only for seeding. As practiced in the 2013 qualifiers, the team emerging from the winners bracket might be eliminated from the tournament despite losing one game. The composition of the pools was determined based on geographical location, competitive balance. In Qualifier 1, South Africa took on France, Israel, in Qualifier 2, Canada took on the Czech Republic, Germany, and Great Britain, with the games taking place in Regensburg, Germany
30.
France national baseball team
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They are currently ranked 25th in the world. The history of the French team began in 1929 with their first official game against Spain in Barcelona with a 10–6 victory, the team made its debut in competition in 1955 when it played in the finals of the second European Baseball Championship, finishing fifth out of five teams. The French team has qualified for the World Cup finals three times, the first time in 1994, in order to qualify for the finals a playoff game was played against South Africa. France lost seven games during the competition, and finished in 16th place out of 16 teams, in 2001, as well as 2003, les Bleus made their way into the World Cup finals. During the 2001 edition the French team finished in 15th place and they also finished in 15th place in 2003, out of 15 teams. After 3 trips to the World Cup and 21 games, the French team has yet to record a win, in the fall of 2012, France participated in their first World Baseball Classic Qualifier. The team played in the Jupiter, Florida pool alongside South Africa, Spain, France lost both its games to Spain and South Africa. Les Bleus are expected to participate in the following WBC, scheduled for fall 2016/spring 2017, in September 2013, France named former MLB pitcher Éric Gagné new head coach. The team played a series of games in Florida in October 2013 and in Phoenix. In early September 2014, France hosted the inaugural France International Baseball Tournament, France won the first exhibition game 8-7 vs. Japan before claiming game 1 6-3 over Belgium and game 2 10-5, again over Japan. Les Bleus claimed their first ever victory over the Netherlands with a 12-8 win on September 8,2014 before falling 3-2 against the Dutch in the game the following night. Every two years, France participates in the European Baseball Championship, Frances best result came in 1999 when the team finished third. The French National team finished 6th in the 2014 European Championships, going 4-1 in Regensburg, GER before falling to Czech Republic, Holland and Spain in the Brno, CZ. In March 2015 French pitcher Owen Ozanich was Frances lone representative on Team Europe which split two contests at the Tokyo Dome against Samurai Japan, in July 2015 France sent many of its national team players to participate in the 2015 World University Summer Games in South Korea. Rouen manager Keino Perez was the manager for this competition, once back in Europe, the national team played a series of games in Antwerp, Belgium, July 23–24 against Sweden and the host country, Belgium. With a 2-0 record, France won the Flanders invitational tournament with Belgium coming in second, in November and December 2015 Ozanich along with Leonel Cespedes represented France on Team Europe during the Asian Winter League held in Taichung, Taiwan. Cespedes was sold out of the bullpen with a 4.50 ERA, Ozanich led the team in innings pitched, strikeouts and ERA. The French National Team competed in the 2016 World Baseball Classic Qualifiers held in March 2016 in Panama, in game one, Panama beat France behind long time MLB catcher Carlos Ruizs two home runs in front of a crowd of over 11,000
31.
Israel national baseball team
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Israel national baseball team represents Israel in international competitions. Israel has baseball teams in all ages from 10 to 30, the current manager is Jerry Weinstein. In June 2015, Israel senior national team player Dean Kremer became the first Israeli to be selected in the Major League Baseball draft and he was picked by the San Diego Padres in the 38th round. On 22 July it was announced that Kremer would fulfill his commitment, after playing for the Rebels for the 2016 season, Dean Kremer was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers and assigned to the Ogden Raptors. Since Israel did not come in last in the first round of the 2017 World Baseball Classic, the team competed in the September 2012 Qualifier 1 round, in Jupiter, Florida against Spain, France, and South Africa. Israel won easily in their first game, Israel then beat Spain in the winners bracket. Spain then eliminated South Africa to earn a rematch with Israel, Spain won the winner-take-all final game, 9–7 in 10 innings, to advance to the main tournament. In September 2016, Team Israel competed in the 2017 Qualifier 4 round, colorado Rockies coach Jerry Weinstein served as the manager. Israels roster included 20 MLB-affiliated minor leaguers, making up 86% of the team, Israel won all three of their games in the qualifier, beating Great Britain twice and Brazil once. With the win, Israel advanced to play in Pool A in South Korea in March 2017, against South Korea, Taiwan, and the Netherlands. Prior to the start of the 2017 tournament, ESPN considered Israel, ranked 41st in the world, to be the biggest underdog in the tournament, referring to them as the Jamaican bobsled team of the WBC. Israel began the round robin tournament with wins against world #3 Korea and world #4 Chinese Taipei, Team Israels first round performance afforded it a spot in the second round, in Pool E in Japan and ensured its participation in the 2021 tournament. Ryan Lavarnway was named Pool A MVP, in the first game of the second round, Team Israel beat Team Cuba by a score of 4−1. Israel lost the two games, to the Netherlands and world #1 Japan, and came in third in Pool E. Baseball in Israel Israel Baseball League
32.
Southeast Missourian
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The Southeast Missourian is a daily newspaper published in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States, and serves the southeastern portion of Missouri. The paper began publication on October 3,1904 as The Daily Republican, brothers George and Fred Naeter of St. Louis purchased a defunct paper of that name after visiting the town in September 1904 and revived it. The paper changed its name to the Southeast Missourian in 1918, when Fred Naeter died in 1965, the Naeters nephew, Harry A. Naeter, Jr. became publisher. In late 1976, the paper was sold to Thomson Newspapers and it was then purchased by Gary Rust in 1986, and continues to be owned by Rust Communications. The Southeast Missourian Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005, an earlier paper which went by the name Southeast Missourian was founded in 1895 by W. W. Wright in New Madrid, Missouri
33.
Miami
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Miami is a seaport city at the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Florida and its Atlantic coast. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, Miamis metro area is the eighth-most populous, Miami is a major center, and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2012, Miami was classified as an Alpha−World City in the World Cities Study Groups inventory, in 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked 33rd among global cities, in 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami Americas Cleanest City, for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets, and citywide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, Miami is nicknamed the Capital of Latin America and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality. Miami has the third tallest skyline in the U. S. with over 300 high-rises, Downtown Miami is home to the largest concentration of international banks in the United States, and many large national and international companies. The Civic Center is a center for hospitals, research institutes, medical centers. For more than two decades, the Port of Miami, known as the Cruise Capital of the World, has been the number one cruise port in the world. It accommodates some of the worlds largest cruise ships and operations, Metropolitan Miami is the major tourism hub in the American South, number two in the U. S. after New York City and number 13 in the world, including the popular destination of Miami Beach. The Miami area was inhabited for thousands of years by indigenous Native American tribes, the Tequestas occupied the area for a thousand years before encountering Europeans. An Indian village of hundreds of people dating to 500–600 B. C. was located at the mouth of the Miami River, in 1566 the explorer, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, claimed it for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later in 1567, Spain and Great Britain successively controlled Florida, and Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the US built Fort Dallas as part of its development of the Florida Territory and attempt to suppress, the Miami area subsequently became a site of fighting during the Second Seminole War. Miami is noted as the major city in the United States conceived by a woman, Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower. The Miami area was known as Biscayne Bay Country in the early years of its growth. In the late 19th century, reports described the area as a promising wilderness, the area was also characterized as one of the finest building sites in Florida. The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miamis growth, as the crops of the Miami area were the ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced Henry Flagler, a tycoon, to expand his Florida East Coast Railway to the region
34.
History of the Miami Marlins
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The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball team that currently plays in the city of Miami. Founded in 1991 as the Florida Marlins, the Marlins began play in 1993 in the suburb of Miami Gardens, Huizenga stated his intention to aggressively pursue an expansion franchise. MLB had announced a few months earlier that it intended to add two new teams to the National League and it was a foregone conclusion that one of them would be placed in Florida, the only question was whether Huizenga would beat out competing groups from Orlando and Tampa Bay. Orlando fielded a very spirited campaign bolstered by its tourism industry. Tampa Bay already had a baseball park—the Florida Suncoast Dome in St. Petersburg, however, on June 10,1991, the National League awarded a Miami-based franchise to Huizenga for a $95 million expansion fee. One name considered early on was the Florida Flamingos, in November 1991, the Marlins hired Fredi González as the Marlins first Minor League manager. On December 16,1991, they made their first-ever signing, inking 16-year-old Dominican pitcher Clemente Núñez to a contract and they selected catcher Charles Johnson of the University of Miami with their first-ever first round draft pick in June 1992. Later that year Marlins President Carl Barger collapsed and died at the winter meetings in Louisville. The team drafted its initial lineup of players in the 1992 MLB Expansion Draft, the Marlins defeated the Houston Astros 12–8 in their inaugural Spring training game. Jeff Conine hit Floridas first homer before a crowd of 6,696 at the Cocoa Expo Sports Complex, the Marlins won their first game on April 5,1993, against the Dodgers. Charlie Hough was the pitcher for that game. Jeff Conine went 4-4 as well, making him a crowd favorite. By the end of his tenure with Florida, he would earn the nickname Mr. Marlin, Gary Sheffield and Bryan Harvey represented the Marlins as the clubs first All-Star Game selections, and Sheffield homered in the Marlins first All-Star Game at-bat. The team finished the five games ahead of the last-place New York Mets. In that season, the Marlins traded their young set-up reliever Trevor Hoffman, while Sheffield helped Florida immediately and became an all-star, Hoffman eventually emerged as the best closer in the National League. After the 1993 season, Donald A. Smiley was named the second President in club history, the Marlins finished last in their division in the strike-shortened season of 1994 and fourth in 1995. Lachemann was replaced as manager midway through the 1996 season by director of player development John Boles, the Marlins had some bright spots on the mound and behind the plate in 1996. The teams 3.95 ERA ranked third in the NL, thanks in part to newcomer Kevin Brown, who finished the season with a 17–11 win-loss record
35.
1992 Major League Baseball expansion draft
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The 1990 collective bargaining agreement between MLB owners and the MLB Players Association allowed the NL to expand by two members to match the American League. In June 1991, MLB accepted bids of groups from Miami, Florida, the Marlins and Rockies used the expansion draft to build their teams using different strategies. As the Rockies had an operating budget than the Marlins. All three rounds of the draft were televised by ESPN, as opposed to previous expansion drafts, players from both the American League and National League were available to the expansion clubs. Each existing club could protect 15 players on their 40-man roster from being drafted, at the end of each round, NL teams could protect an additional three players and AL teams could protect an additional four. To further protect the AL teams, a maximum of eight AL teams could have three players chosen, all unprotected MLB and minor league players were eligible except those chosen in the amateur drafts of 1991 or 1992 and players who were 18 or younger when signed in 1990. Players who were free agents after the 1992 season were not eligible for selection in the draft, the Colorado Rockies and Florida Marlins, however, were not restricted in offering contracts to free agents. The Rockies signed their first free agent, Andrés Galarraga, to a contract the day before the expansion draft. Colorado won the toss and chose to pick first overall, with the first pick, the Rockies chose David Nied, who had a 3–0 win–loss record with a 1.17 earned run average in six MLB appearances with the Atlanta Braves. The Marlins first selection, Nigel Wilson, spent the 1992 season with the Double-A Knoxville Smokies of the Toronto Blue Jays organization, in total, the Rockies and Marlins chose 41 pitchers with their combined 72 selections. Of the 72 players chosen,11 were All-Stars during their careers, the following trades were announced at the conclusion of the expansion draft, The Marlins traded Danny Jackson to the Philadelphia Phillies for Joel Adamson and Matt Whisenant. The Marlins traded Greg Hibbard to the Chicago Cubs for Gary Scott, the Marlins traded Eric Helfand and Scott Baker to the Oakland Athletics for Walt Weiss. The Marlins traded Tom Edens to the Houston Astros for Héctor Carrasco, the Rockies traded Kevin Reimer to the Milwaukee Brewers for Dante Bichette. The Rockies traded Jody Reed to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Rudy Seánez, the Cincinnati Reds traded Norm Charlton to the Seattle Mariners for Kevin Mitchell. Several older star players who were left unprotected, including Danny Tartabull, Jack Morris, based on the results of the expansion draft, the Marlins were projected to have a higher payroll in 1993 than the Rockies. The Rockies payroll appeared to be $4 million, less than what the Marlins would pay Bryan Harvey and they attempted to revoke the assignment of Hayes and Ausmus to the Rockies and Everett to the Marlins. Invoking the best interests of baseball clause, Commissioner Bud Selig, in the 1993 Major League Baseball season, the Marlins and Rockies both finished sixth out of seven teams in their respective divisions. Ritz and Painter, both selected in the draft, started Games 1 and 2 of the 1995 National League Division Series for the Rockies
