1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Palm Beach County, Florida
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Palm Beach County is a county located in the state of Florida, directly north of Broward County. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,320,134, the largest city and county seat is West Palm Beach. Named after one of its oldest settlements, Palm Beach, the county was established in 1909, the countys modern-day boundaries were established in 1963. Palm Beach County is one of the three counties in South Florida and is part of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to an estimated 6,012,331 people at the 2015 census. In 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane struck West Palm Beach and caused thousands of deaths, since then, a number of other tropical cyclones have impacted the area. More recently, the county acquired national attention during the 2000 presidential election, as of 2004, Palm Beach County is Floridas wealthiest county, with a per capita personal income of $44,518. It leads the state in agricultural productivity, agriculture is Palm Beach Countys 2nd largest industry, approximately 10,200 years ago, Native Americans began migrating into Florida. The tribes settling in modern-day Palm Beach County included the Ais, Calusas, Jaegas, Mayaimis, an estimated 20,000 Native Americans lived in South Florida when the Spanish arrived. Their population diminished significantly by the 18th century, due to warfare, enslavement, and diseases from Europe. In 1513, Juan Ponce de León, who led a European expedition to Florida earlier that year, became the first non-Native American to reach Palm Beach County, after landing in the modern day Jupiter area. Runaway African slaves started coming to what was then Spanish Florida in the late 17th century, during the Seminole Wars, these African-American slaves fought with the Seminoles against White settlers and bounty hunters. Portions of the Second Seminole War occurred in Palm Beach County, the oldest surviving structure, the Jupiter Lighthouse, was built in 1860, after receiving authorization to the land from President Franklin Pierce in 1854. During the American Civil War, Florida was a member of the Confederate States of America, to aid the cause of their state, Augustus O. Lang and James Paine removed the lighting mechanism, dimming the lighthouse and assisting their blockade runners. Lang was also the first white settler in Palm Beach County and he built a palmetto shack along the eastern shore of Lake Worth in 1863 after abandoning the cause of the Confederacy. After the Civil War ended, the Jupiter Lighthouse was re-lit in 1866, thirteen years later, a National Weather Service office was established at the lighthouse complex. However, the office was moved to Miami after that citys population began to rapidly grow, in October 1873, a hurricane caused a shipwreck between Biscayne Bay and the New River. The crew survived, but nearly died due to starvation because of the desolation of the area. An Act of Congress on June 20,1874, resulted in the establishment of five houses of Houses of Refuge along the east coast of Florida from the Fort Pierce Inlet southward to Biscayne Bay
3.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
4.
Populous (company)
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Populous is a global architectural firm specializing in the design of sports facilities, arenas and convention centers, as well as the planning of major special events. Populous formerly operated as HOK Sport Venue Event, which was part of the HOK Group, in January 2009, Populous was created through a management buyout, becoming independently owned and operated. It is reported to be one of the largest architecture firms in the world, in 1983, HOK under Jerry Sincoff created a sports group. The firm initially consisted of eight architects in Kansas City, on several projects, HOK Sport had teamed with international design practice LOBB Partnership, which maintained offices in London, England, and Brisbane, Australia. On HOK Sports 15th anniversary in November 1998, the merged with LOBB. The new practice retained headquarters in all three cities, the Kansas City, Missouri, office was first based in the citys Garment District in the Lucas Place office building. It was the first major company to relocate to the neighborhood in several decades, in March 2009, HOK Sport Venue Event changed its name to Populous after a managers’ buyout by HOK Group. In October 2015, Populous relocated to its new headquarters at the newly renovated Board of Trade building at 4800 Main street near the Country Club Plaza in Kansas City. Other firms with sports design presence in Kansas City that trace their roots to Kivett include Ellerbe Becket Inc. Populous is credited for spearheading a new era of baseball park design in the 1990s, beginning with Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Starting with the Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati in 2003, subsequent stadium exteriors featuring this motif opened in Washington and Minnesota. And because the stadiums were designed for baseball instead of several sports, Camden Yards was not only hugely popular with baseball fans. The success of a new ballpark in downtown Baltimore convinced many cities to invest public funds in their own new ballparks to help revitalize struggling urban neighborhoods, from 1992 to 2012, HOK Sport/Populous were the lead architects on 14 Major League Baseball stadiums and helped renovate four existing stadiums. One sportswriter said the attempt to emulate the old parks in this way is contrived. S, Louis, Missouri – St. Louis Cardinals Nationals Park, Washington, D. C. Sir Bobby Robson Stand at Portman Road – Ipswich, England, UK – Ipswich Town Football Club Estádio da Luz – Lisbon, benfica Estádio Algarve – Loulé, Portugal – S. C. Monterrey Stade des Lumières – Décines, France – Olympique Lyonnais City of Manchester Stadium expansion – Manchester, UK – Manchester City F. C. C. Petersburg, Florida (joint project with Lescher & Mahoney Sports & Criswell, Blizzard & Blouin Architects Ervin J. Paul, Minnesota, USA2015 – Final Four - Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Official website
5.
Gulf Coast League Cardinals
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The Gulf Coast League Cardinals are a minor league baseball team that plays in the Gulf Coast League. The Cardinals were originally a team from 1964–1976, but were reactivated in 2007, the Cardinals play their home games in Jupiter, Florida at Roger Dean Stadium, which is also the spring training home of the St. Louis Cardinals and the Miami Marlins. In 2007, the Cardinals were reactivated in the Gulf Coast League and played their first game since folding in 1976 on June 20, the Cardinals won their next game, but then began a 6-game losing streak that lasted until June 30. In July, the Cardinals went 16-14, still heading into August with a sub-500 record, in August, the Cardinals went 8-13, finishing 24-30 and in 3rd place in the East, and missing the playoffs. Gulf Coast League Website GCL Cardinals GCL Cardinals at oursportscentral Team Roster
6.
Gulf Coast League
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The Gulf Coast League is a Minor League Baseball league that operates in Florida. It is a league, and together with the Arizona League it forms the lowest rung on the minor-league ladder. GCL teams play at the minor league spring training complexes of their parent Major League Baseball clubs and are owned by parent clubs. Admission is not charged and no concessions are operated at the teams games, prior to the formation of this league, three separate leagues used the Gulf Coast League name, a 1907–1908 Class D league, a 1926 class D league and a 1950–1953 Class C League. All three leagues operated around the Gulf coasts of Texas and Louisiana, MLB teams needed an entry level to professional baseball for 18- and 19-year-old players graduating from high schools or signed from Latin America. They are typically considered the lowest rung on the league ladder. The league was founded in 1964 as the Sarasota Rookie League with four teams playing in Sarasota and it was originally intended to be the Gulf Coast division of a statewide rookie league, with the eastern division based in Cocoa. However, the eastern and western teams never played each other, the SRLs four teams consisted of squads sponsored by the Chicago White Sox, Milwaukee Braves, New York Yankees and St. Louis Cardinals. The SRL Braves, managed by Paul Snyder, future Atlanta farm system director, the league added teams in Bradenton in 1965 and changed its name to the Florida Rookie League. The league adopted its current name, Gulf Coast League, for the 1966 season and it expanded to Floridas east coast in the 1990s. On June 21,2016, the GCL hired Jen Pawol, the first female umpire in Minor League Baseball since 2007, the league plays a 60-game season that runs from mid-June to late August. Teams in the league are divided into four divisions, East, Northeast, Northwest, should the Northeast and Northwest Divisions finish 1st and 4th, the semifinal matchups place 1st vs. 3rd and 2nd vs. 4th. The semifinal winners meet in a game series for the Gulf Coast League championship. Some of these teams share stadiums with their clubs High-A affiliate in the Florida State League, the Detroit Tigers and New York Yankees are fielding two teams, the first time since 1981 when the Houston Astros and Kansas City Royals did so. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball, Minor League Baseball, Gulf Coast League BR Bullpen, Gulf Coast League BR Bullpen, Florida Rookie League BR Bullpen, Sarasota Rookie League
7.
Jupiter Hammerheads
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The Jupiter Hammerheads are a minor league baseball team based in Jupiter, Florida, named for the hammerhead shark. The team, which plays in the Florida State League, is the Class A Advanced affiliate of the Miami Marlins major-league club, the Hammerheads call Roger Dean Stadium home. Opened in 1998, the park seats 7,200 fans and they share the facility with the Palm Beach Cardinals, also of the FSL. On May 23,2011 The Hammerheads gained national attention after playing in a 23 inning game against the Clearwater Threshers. In 2012, the Hammerheads won the 2nd Half Division Title, Jupiter would lose in the FSL Championship in the fifth and final game against the Lakeland Flying Tigers, despite holding a 2-1 lead after Game 3. 2012, Defeated St. Lucie 2-0 in semifinals, lost to Lakeland 3-2 in finals,2003, Lost to St. Lucie 2-0 in semifinals. 2002, Lost to Lakeland 2-0 in semifinals,1999, Lost to Kissimmee 2-1 in semifinals. 1998, Lost to St. Lucie 2-0 in semifinals
8.
Florida State League
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The Florida State League is a minor baseball league based in the state of Florida. It is one of three leagues currently classified as Class A-Advanced, the third highest classification of minor leagues, each team in the league is affiliated with a Major League Baseball team, and most play in their affiliates spring training facility. The league was founded in 1919, and has continued almost entirely uninterrupted to the present day, most players in the Florida State League do not reach this level until their third or fourth year of professional play. The league originated in 1919 with teams in Bartow, Bradenton, Lakeland, Orlando, Sanford, the league closed down in 1928 and resumed play in 1936. It has continued uninterrupted, except for a suspension during World War II. In 2009, the Florida State League established a Hall of Fame commemorating the great players, managers, owners. The awards and ceremonies for the class will take place at the FSLs winter meetings in Daytona Beach in November. Since 1979, the winner of the League Championship Series has become the holder—until the following seasons championship—of the Watson Spoelstra Florida State League Championship Trophy. Florida State League Player of the Year Award Florida State League Pitcher of the Year Award Florida State League Manager of the Year Award The Florida State League Hall of Fame began in 2009, Baseball awards#Florida State League Florida State League official website
9.
Montreal Expos
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The Montreal Expos were a Canadian professional baseball team based in Montreal, Quebec. The Expos were the first Major League Baseball franchise located outside the United States and they played in the National League East Division from 1969 until 2004. Following the 2004 season, the relocated to Washington, D. C. Named after the Expo 67 Worlds Fair, the Expos originally played at Jarry Park Stadium before moving to Olympic Stadium in 1977, the Expos failed to post a winning record in any of their first ten seasons. The team won its division title in the strike-shortened 1981 season. The team was sold in 1991 by its majority, founding owner, Charles Bronfman, felipe Alou was promoted to the teams field manager in 1992, becoming MLBs first Dominican-born manager. He led the team to four winning seasons, including 1994, Alou became the Expos leader in games managed. The aftermath of the 1994 strike initiated a downward spiral as the Expos chose to sell off their best players, Major League Baseball purchased the team prior to the 2002 season after the club failed to secure funding for a new ballpark. In their final two seasons, the team played 22 home games each year at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On September 29,2004, MLB announced the franchise would relocate to Washington, D. C. for the 2005 season, the Expos posted an all-time record of 2,753 wins,2,943 losses and 4 ties during their 36 years in Montreal. Vladimir Guerrero led the franchise in both runs and batting average, and Steve Rogers in wins and strikeouts. Three pitchers threw four no-hitters, Bill Stoneman, Charlie Lea, and Dennis Martínez, professional baseball in Montreal dates back to 1890 when teams briefly played in the International Association. A second attempt at hosting a pro team failed in 1895, the Montreal Royals of the Eastern League were subsequently founded in 1897 and played 20 seasons. The Royals were revived in 1928 and were purchased by the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1939 to serve as one of their Triple-A affiliates, under Dodgers management, the Royals won seven International League championships and three Junior World Series titles between 1941 and 1958. In 1946, Jackie Robinson joined the Royals and led the team to a Junior World Series title in advance of his breaking baseballs colour barrier one year later. Almost immediately upon the Royals demise, Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau, on May 27,1968, National League president Warren Giles announced the league would add expansion teams in San Diego and Montreal at a cost of US$10 million each. With the franchise secured, Snyder built a group of six partners led by financier Jean-Louis Lévesque. Lévesque was originally tapped as chairman and the face of the ownership group since he was a francophone
